Bacon's Rebellion - Knowledge (XXG)

957:, despite pleas from Lawrence about the people having been grievously oppressed and requests to remain neutral. Grantham tried to persuade Berkeley to use meekness, which Berkeley soon used to good effect, but insisted that the pardons not be allowed to Lawrence and Drummond. Grantham then went up the York River to the Pate house at West Point, and used cunning and force to disarm the rebels there. Ingram yielded the West Point garrison with 300 men, four great guns and many small arms, then Grantham tricked his way into the rebel garrison at John West's house with a barrel of brandy and promises of pardon. However, after surrendering the post with 3 cannon, 500 muskets and fowling pieces and 1000 pounds of bullets, and once they were safely in the hold, he turned the ship's guns on them and disarmed the rebels. Berkeley invited Ingram and Langston to dine with him on shipboard, after their surrender at Tindall's Point, after the men had toasted the King and governor, they were allowed to disperse. Then to secure the submission of Gregory Wakelett's cavalry, Berkeley offered not only a pardon, but part of the wampum Bacon's former men had taken from the Indians. 358:

grown and captured for trade goods, colonists had learned to farm grain and raise livestock for themselves; furs (caught and prepared by natives or frontiersmen) became the new primary trade good. Tensions arose because native croplands were attractive not only to the colonists' generally free-roving pigs (which damaged their crops), but also as easily switched to tobacco. Because colonists' farming methods drained fields of nutrients (both because of erosion and because fertilization was rarely practiced or effective for more than another century), new fields constantly were sought. Furthermore, more emigrants were surviving their indentures, and thus wanted to establish themselves with their new skills as tobacco farmers. In Virginia's

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firearms to "savages". When no militia deaths were reported in April and May, Berkeley proclaimed his plan a success, but Bacon's people complained that garrisons could not pursue raiders without the governor's express permission, and meanwhile outlying plantations were burned, livestock stolen, and settlers killed or taken captive. Frontier planters demanded the right to defend themselves. Bacon later attributed these actions to Berkeley's desire not to impede the beaver fur trade, but historians also note that militia were often unwilling to distinguish between friendly and unfriendly natives. Upset at Governor Berkeley's refusal to retaliate against the Native Americans' raids, farmers in

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refused to yield to the pressure, rushing out to meet Bacon in the street and declaring him a traitor. When Bacon had his men take aim at Berkeley, he responded by "baring his breast" and told Bacon to shoot him. Seeing that the governor would not be moved, Bacon then had his men take aim at the burgesses viewing the street spectacle from the windows of nearby houses. When the burgesses invited Bacon into their Long Room, the governor yielded and signed the military commissions, as well as wrote the King justifying Bacon's conduct. The assembly in Bacon's absence had also rushed through "Bacon's Laws", possibly drafted by Lawrence and Drummond, or by

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deserter. Bacon also sent Captain George Farlow (formerly one of Cromwell's men) and 40 soldiers to capture Governor Berkeley at the plantation of council member John Custis in Accomack County on Virginia's Eastern Shore, but the raid failed, and Farloe was captured and hanged. Nor was a manifesto to the people of the Eastern Shore effective. Thus, Bacon issued orders that the estates of the governor and his friends be ransacked to supply his army. Taking cattle, sheep, hogs, Indian corn and household furnishings, Bacon's soldiers seemed to plunder both friend and foe, eroding his support. Bacon made his final headquarters at the house of Major

813:) and issued a proclamation declaring Berkeley, Chicheley, Ludwell, Beverley and others traitors, as well as threatened to confiscate their estates unless they surrendered within four days. Bacon also summoned all the leading planters to a conference. Seventy assembled and 69 took three oaths: (1) that they would join with him against the Indians, (2) that they would arrest anyone trying to raise troops against him, and (3) (with demurrers) that they would oppose any English troops sent to Virginia until Bacon could plead his case before the King. Among the oath's signers were burgesses or councillors 855:

horse troops to gather the wives of some of the governor's supporters. Thus, Elizabeth Page, Angelica Bray, Anna Ballard, Frances Thorpe and Elizabeth Bacon (wife of his senior cousin) were placed on the ramparts together with some Native American prisoners, to be endangered should firing resume. On September 15, some of Berkeley's troops sallied out, but without success, so Berkeley's Councillors advised abandoning the town. They spiked the guns, took stores aboard vessels and slipped down the river at night. Bacon's forces thus retook the town. However, Bacon also learned that his former follower,

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Americans in the colony's northern part could be destroyed, in order to provide a "great Terror and Example and Instruction to all other Indians", and that an expedition against them could be funded by enslaving the women and children and selling them outside the colony. Allowing enslavement of Indians for damages done to frontiersman had been permitted by the General Assembly in the case of John Powell of Northumberland County. Thus, soon colonists declared war on the nearby natives. By 1669, colonists had patented the land on the west of the

970: 691:) to leave their villages and attack the Susquehannock to the west, Bacon and his men refused to pay for those services, but instead demanded provisions and beaver pelts. Not receiving them, they murdered the Occaneechi chief and most of the Occaneechi men, women, and children, which ranged from 100 to 400 people, remaining at the villages, then plundered their larders before proceeding eastward back toward Jamestown. Meanwhile, Berkeley had gathered about 300 men and led them to the falls of the James River (modern day 1043:." No record of the king's comments have been found, and the origin of the story appears to have been colonial legend that arose at least 30 years after the events. The king prided himself on the clemency he had shown to his father's enemies. Berkeley left his wife, Frances Berkeley, in Virginia and returned to England. She sent a letter to let him know that the current governor was making a bet that the king would refuse to receive him. However, William Berkeley died in July 1677, shortly after he landed in England. 395:, in particular a new rule that tobacco grown in the colonies could only be sold to English merchants and shipped to England on English ships. Since much colonial tobacco was low quality and usually sold to Dutch traders or to the Continental market, English merchants had an oversupply of tobacco by the mid-1600s and its price plummeted. Thus, while the Dutch had paid three pence per pound for tobacco and a small planter could grow 1000 pounds in a year, English traders would only pay a half penny per pound or less. 44: 1022:

Virginia government after Bacon's death. Some former rebels of lower classes were ordered to make public apologies, and many were fined or ordered to pay court costs. The childless, elderly Governor's seizing property of several (but not all) rebels for the colony provoked considerable unrest and dissatisfaction. However, whereas in the initial trials, many of the accused were denied counsel, such were present in several of the later trials. Berkeley in particular grew displeased with his former King's Counsel,

2846:"Robert Beverley, ca. 1673–1722. The History and Present State of Virginia, in Four Parts. I. The History of the First Settlement of Virginia, and the Government Thereof, to the Present Time. II. The Natural Productions and Conveniencies of the Country, Suited to Trade and Improvement. III. The Native Indians, Their Religion, Laws, and Customs, in War and Peace. IV. The Present State of the Country, as to the Polity of the Government, and the Improvements of the Land. By a Native and Inhabitant of the Place" 149: 847: 679:. Governor Berkeley was furious that Bacon's militia had driven the Pamunkeys into hiding and declared the action illegal and rebellious, notwithstanding Bacon's letter ordering payment of monies he owed the governor and reiterating that he had no evil intentions against the government nor him. However, not finding Susquehannocks, Bacon's militiamen turned their back upon settlements and struck south until they came to the 780:

expected to march the next day, only to learn that Philip Ludwell and Robert Beverley were recruiting other troops on behalf of Governor Berkeley in Gloucester County to their rear, alleging that Bacon's commission was illegal because it had been procured by force, but the troops refused to gather for the governor upon learning they were to oppose the popular hero Bacon. On July 30, 1676, Bacon and his army issued the "

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sit with the committee on Indian Affairs never came to a vote, and the Queen of the Pamunkeys demanded compensation for the former war in which her husband had been killed assisting the English as a precondition to furnishing warriors in this conflict, although ultimately the burgesses authorized an army of 1000 men. The recomposed House of Burgesses ultimately enacted a number of sweeping reforms, known as

736: 1039:, Berkeley was relieved of the governorship and recalled to England. According to one historian, "Because the tobacco trade generated a crown revenue of about £5–£10 per laboring man, King Charles II wanted no rebellion to distract the colonists from raising the crop." Charles II was reported to have commented, "That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the 619:

medal of Lord Baltimore and paper pledge from a former Maryland governor produced by one of the chiefs. Although the tribesmen in the fort continued to resist despite their leaders' unexplained disappearance, many ultimately managed to escape with their wives and children. Maryland authorities impeached Major Trueman, and Governor Berkeley expressed outrage when he heard about the massacre.

1162:, connected the calamity of Bacon's Rebellion, namely the potential for lower-class revolt, with the colony's transition over to slavery, saying, "But for those with eyes to see, there was an obvious lesson in the rebellion. Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than resentment of an upper class. Virginians did not immediately grasp it. It would sink in as time went on." 942:

single combat in the medieval style, and the loyalists' rank and file laid down their arms and went home. Another large force gathered in Middlesex County but dispersed after Ingram sent out Gregory Wakelett and a body of horse troops. Thus Berkeley's plan to close in on Ingram from the south of the York River, while other loyalists attacked from the north and east failed miserably.

3022: 501: 695:), but too late to intercept Bacon's forces. So he issued another proclamation declaring Bacon and his followers as unlawful, mutinous and rebellious, and his wife issued her own proclamation that Bacon's promises to provide for his follower's wives and children only promoted vain hopes. Lady Berkeley declared that Bacon owed his trading partner 838:

Governor Berkeley about serving with his crew under duress, so Philip Ludwell and two boats of soldiers sailed out and recaptured the ship. Berkeley then embarked 200 men on two ships and six or seven sloops and returned to the Western Sore, sailing up the James River toward Jamestown, where Bacon's garrison fled without firing a shot.

310:. Government forces arrived soon after and spent several years defeating pockets of resistance and reforming the colonial government to be once more under direct Crown control. While the rebellion did not succeed in the initial goal of driving the Native Americans from Virginia, it did result in Berkeley being recalled to England. 1051:

In order for the Virginia elite to maintain the loyalty of the common planters in order to avert future rebellions, one historian commented, they "needed to lead, rather than oppose, wars meant to dispossess and destroy frontier Indians." He elaborated that this bonded the elite to the common planter

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Executions continued for several months. Berkeley acknowledged executing 13 rebels. While his headquarters remained on the Eastern Shore, Berkeley condemned many rebels and executed five. Hansford pleaded that he be shot as a soldier not hanged like a dog, and protested his loyalty as he stood on the

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Although rebel forces were suppressed, the colony was in a deplorable condition, with many plantations deserted or plundered. The government lacked money, and the absence of labor had resulted in small harvests of both tobacco and grain. Nonetheless, at year's end, tobacco ships began to come in with

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though Bacon had never lived there), as well as Colonel West's house near West Point, Councillor Bacon's house at King's Creek and Yorktown (both on the York River) as well as Col. John Washington's house in Westmoreland County to the north. Berkeley launched a series of successful amphibious attacks

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When Bacon's forces again reached Jamestown, it seemed impregnable, approachable only via a narrow isthmus defended by three heavy guns. Nonetheless, Bacon ordered a crude fortification constructed at the end of the isthmus, and when Berkeley's forces fired on the crude structure, sent out parties of

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Trueman invited five Susquehannock chiefs to a parley. After the chiefs denied responsibility for the July attacks in Stafford County despite witnesses having noticed Susquehannocks wearing clothing of some murdered settlers, they were killed without trial and despite the parley promises as well as a

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outside Jamestown, as well as 5 houses in the colonial capital which he mostly rented out, 400 cattle and 60 horses, as well as several hundred sheep, valuable household silver and nearly a thousand pounds sterling worth of grain in storage). Berkeley's favorites often commanded the local militia in

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website, "For many years, historians considered the Virginia Rebellion of 1676 to be the first stirring of revolutionary sentiment in America, which culminated in the American Revolution almost exactly one hundred years later. However, in the past few decades, based on findings from a more distant

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for defending former rebels. Former customs collector Giles Bland and Anthony Arnold were executed on March 8, then John Isles and Richard Pomfrey on March 15 and John Whitson and William Scarburgh on March 16. Scholars differ as to the number of men executed, although roughly double the number in

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However, despite receiving orders to return to England, Berkeley delayed his departure for several months, during which he presided over additional trials, apparently disregarding the clemency suggested by the royal representatives. Bacon's wealthy landowning followers returned their loyalty to the

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In late July, Bacon completed preparations for his Indian campaign, including enlisting officers and armed bands from many counties, which were to meet at the falls of the James River. Bacon addressed seven hundred gathered horse and six hundred gathered foot troops, took the oath of allegiance and

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Bacon returned to Jamestown with hundreds of enraged followers demanding "no levies" (meaning no additional taxes nor military conscription). Bacon demanded a military commission to lead forces against the Indians, as well as blank commissions for his officers. Governor Berkeley, however, initially

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At the same time, the primary policy disagreement between Bacon and Berkeley was in how to handle the Native American population, with Bacon favoring harsher measures. Berkeley believed that it would be useful to keep some as subjects, stating, "I would have preserved those Indians that I knew were

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to smaller farmers who cleared and farmed the land on their vast estates. In 1662 Governor Berkeley warned English officials that the low tobacco prices did not even cover freight and customs charges, much less provide a subsistence income for small farmers, who grew discontent, and in 1667 several

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Starting in the 1650s, when high tobacco prices encouraged both tobacco planting and immigration, colonists began cutting forests as well as trying to farm tobacco on land already cleared by Native Americans. Whereas decades earlier, Native Americans had been able to trade foodstuffs which they had

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Lawrence, Whaley and three others fled westward, risking torture at the hands of natives rather than fall into the governor's control. They were last seen pushing through the snow on the extreme frontier, and may have died of hunger and exposure, or found refuge in some other colony. Drummond was

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Despite most new members being sympathetic to Bacon's grievances, Governor Berkeley at first exerted control over the newly elected House of Burgesses. Berkeley first insisted upon the legislature taking care of Indian business, but a debate as to whether the House would ask for two Councillors to

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both black and white had joined the frontier rebellion. Seeing them united in a cause alarmed the ruling class. Historians believe the rebellion hastened the hardening of racial lines associated with slavery, as a way for planters and the colony to control some of the poor. For example, historian

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However, Berkeley's forces also suffered losses. A planned surprise raid on the York River garrison at King's Creek ended with the death of its leader, Capt. Hubert Farril. Major Lawrence Smith had gathered loyalists in Gloucester county, but when they faced Ingram's forces, Major Bristow offered

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natives began moving into the Northern Neck region as they were displaced from Maryland as well as rapidly settling areas of eastern Virginia, and joined local tribes in defending their land and resources. In June 1666, Governor Berkeley told General Robert Smith of Rappahanock County that Native

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and suppressed the revolt. Berkeley also had a royal monopoly of the important beaver fur trade, and charged fur traders in the interior a license fee for bringing furs which they or Native Americans gathered and which the traders then sold to Berkeley's company. Berkeley grew unpopular after the

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captured a ship 'Rebecca" commanded by Captain Larrimore and refitted her with guns, although two other ships escaped. Bland and Carver and 250 men with three ships then attempted to block the mouth of the James River, but ended up anchoring off Accomac, where Captain Larrimore sent a message to

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later called "Bacon's great engine" in the assembly). Although repealed by the burgesses in the 1677 session, they limited the governor's powers, set certain fees for governmental actions, made it illegal for one person to hold more than one important county office at one time (the offices being

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However, the Gloucester troops balked at further oaths. This disappointed Bacon, so he arrested Rev. James Wadding, who had tried to dissuade the people from subscribing. Bacon also set up courts martial to try some of this opponents, or exchange them for Carver and Bland, but only executed one

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and Col. Goodrich to pursue the raiders, but soon recalled that expedition and decided upon a defensive war. The House of Burgesses approved of Berkeley's plan to build and staff eight forts along the frontier with 500 men, provided for the enlistment of friendly natives, and prohibited selling

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and the right to 11 years worth of quitrents in arrears (which seemed like additional taxes). Discontent had become widespread by 1670, when most landless taxpayers lost the right to vote for representatives in the House of Burgesses. One set of aggrieved petitioners met at Lawne's Creek parish

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John Berry, Francis Moryson, and Herbert Jefferys, "A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, Most Humbly and Impartially Recorded by His Majesties Commissioners, Appointed to inquire into the Affairs of the Said Colony." Ed. by Charles Andrews, in

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John Berry, Francis Moryson, and Herbert Jefferys, "A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, Most Humbly an Impartially Recorded by His Majesties Commissioners, Appointed to inquire into the Affairs of the Said Colony", Ed. by Charles Andrews, in

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writes, "The fear of civil war among whites frightened Virginia's ruling elite, who took steps to consolidate power and improve their image: for example, restoration of property qualifications for voting, reducing taxes, and adoption of a more aggressive American Indian policy." Some of these

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Dutch were defeated, in part because the tobacco boom had ended, as well as because of the conflict and more personal reasons. Like King Charles, Berkeley refused to call for legislative elections for more than a decade during the English Civil Wars (during part of which Puritan-leaning

402:, had taken office and sailed to the colony shortly before the English Civil War began, and remained in office or with significant power for about 35 years. Berkeley had traveled back to England to fight (unsuccessfully) for King Charles before returning to the colony in 1645 after 2236:"A List of Those That Have Been Executed for the Late Rebellion in Virginia Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America, from the Discovery of the Country to the Year 1776. Collected by Peter Force. Vol. I." 924:

The rebellion did not last long after that. Ingram kept his main force at the head of the York River, with small garrisons at strategic points—including Governor Berkeley's residence at Green Spring and Major Arthur Allen's across the James River (at what came to be called

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sent to aid Berkeley. Neither Lawrence nor Drummond had military experience, and Giles Bland who had such experience was already Berkeley's prisoner, having been captured along with Carver during the failed kidnapping attempt. Thus, the remaining rebels elected

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between cleared and farmed land in southeastern Virginia and cleared and farmed land in eastern Maryland), rather than rent farmland from their former employers, freed indentured servants and other European immigrants began clearing and squatting on land which

scaffold. Major Cheeseman died in prison, though his wife pleaded that she be hung in his place. Farloe produced his military commission and was told that it authorized fighting only against Indians, not the Governor, and so was also executed, as were

732:. Upon being taken to the Governor, Bacon behaved as a gentleman and was granted leniency—parole upon signing a paper promising to refrain from further disobedience to the government, then allowed to plead his submission before the Governor's Council. 1247:

and spent eleven days acting in bizarre and foolish ways before recovering. After recovery from the plant the soldiers claimed to not remember anything from the past 11 days. This led to the plant being known as Jamestown weed, and later jimsonweed.

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More nuanced approaches on Berkeley's supposed tyranny or mismanagement entertained specialist historians throughout the middle of the twentieth century, leading to a diversification of factors responsible for Virginia's contemporary instability.

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In January 1676, Susquehannocks retaliated by attacking plantations, killing 60 settlers in Maryland and a further 36 in Virginia. Other tribes joined in, killing settlers, burning houses and fields and slaughtering livestock as far south as the

1134:(1957). Rather than singing Bacon's praises and chastising Berkeley's tyranny, Washburn found the roots of the rebellion in the colonists' intolerable demand to "authorize the slaughter and dispossession of the innocent as well as the guilty." 832:

against the Pamunkey, finding a village in the swamps and capturing 45 prisoners (although the queen of the Pamunkeys escaped) as well as stores of wampum, skins, fur and English goods. Meanwhile, on August 1, Bacon's followers Giles Bland and

921:, Bacon's second in command but a saddler by trade, as their leader. However, he faced daunting problems in feeding his men, as well as the militarily strategic need to cover hundreds of thousands of acres of land with many vulnerable areas. 719:

to represent them in the House of Burgesses. However, when Bacon and 40 of his armed followers attempted to dock their sloop at Jamestown, they were fired on by the fort, and so disembarked under cover of darkness to consult with followers

1126:, which one scholar in 2011 called "one of the worst books on Virginia that a reputable scholarly historian ever published." The central area of debate is Bacon's controversial character and complex disposition, as illustrated by 569:

hoeurly at our mercy to have beene our spies and intelligence to find out the more bloudy Ennimies", whereas Bacon found this approach too compassionate, stating, "Our Design ... to ruin and extirpate all Indians in General."

1173:, integrates the rebellion into a larger story emphasizing the actions of multiple Native Americans, as well as placing it in the context of politics in Europe. In this telling, the climax of Bacon's Rebellion comes with the " 423:

had replaced him as the colony's chief executive during the "Long Assembly"). He also issued large land grants to favorites (of 2000, 10,000 or even 30,000 acres) and was extremely wealthy compared to small planters (owning

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had raised an army in the northern counties and was marching south to attack Bacon and his men. Thus, Bacon, Lawrence, Drummond and others decided to torch Jamestown, the colony's capital, on September 19.

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in wars against Indians, their common enemy, and enabled the elites to appease free whites with land. Taylor writes, "To give servants greater hope for the future, in 1705 the assembly revived the

2557: 3951: 2796: 345:) disturbed the colonial upper class. They responded by hardening the racial caste of slavery in an attempt to divide the two races from subsequent united uprisings with the passage of the 602:

tribe and killed 14 of them. The attack ceased only when someone from the cabin managed to escape and confront Mason, telling him that they were not Doegs. On August 31, Virginia Governor

590:, killed two settlers and destroyed fields of corn and cattle. The Stafford County militia tracked down the raiders, killing 10 Doeg in a cabin. Meanwhile, another militia, led by Colonel 3072: 1952: 3095: 715:

to better address the Native American raids and other matters. Ignoring the sheriff's reading of Berkeley's proclamation against Bacon, voters elected Bacon and his friend Capt.

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and after calling in Rev. Wadding for last rites, died on October 26, 1676. His body was never found; upon being exhumed on Berkeley's orders, the casket contained only stones.

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discussed below. However, by this time Bacon had escaped Jamestown, telling Berkeley that his own wife was ill, but soon placing himself at the head of a volunteer army in

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On the one hand, the Rebellion featured a coalition of both black and white laborers, including women, against the Virginia aristocracy represented by Governor Berkeley.

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viewpoint, historians have come to understand Bacon's Rebellion as a power struggle between two stubborn, selfish leaders rather than a glorious fight against tyranny."

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reported, in his 1705 book on the history of Virginia, that some soldiers who had been dispatched to Jamestown to quell Bacon's Rebellion gathered and ate leaves of

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proclaimed that the Susquehannock had been involved in the Stafford County attack with the Doeg. On September 26, 1,000 members of Maryland militia led by Major

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John Harold Sprinkle, Jr., Loyalists and Baconians: the participants in Bacon's Rebellion, 1676–1677 (William & Mary 1992) available at W&M ScholarWorks

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and ultimately torching the settlement. The rebellion was first suppressed by a few armed merchant ships from London whose captains sided with Berkeley and the

3615: 3343: 3109: 2761: 1229:, which created several strict laws upon people of African background. Additionally, the codes were intended to socially segregate the white and black races. 1014:

and John Baptista (the latter not mentioned by Berkeley) were tried at Middle Plantation (Williamsburg) not far from Green Spring and executed on January 20.

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wrote a personal account of Bacon's Rebellion. Her account was in the form of a letter written in 1676 and published in its original form in 1804 in the

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The 71-year-old governor Berkeley returned to the burned capital and his looted Green Spring home at the end of January 1677. His wife described their

938:. Major Beverley captured Captain Thomas Hansford and his Yorktown garrison, then returned to capture Major Edmund Cheesemen and Capt. Thomas Wilford. 659:

Against Berkeley's previous order, and as Bacon sought a commission to go and attack Indians, his armed militiamen crossed the Chickahominy River into

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sheriff, clerk of court, surveyor and escheator) and restored suffrage to landless freemen (including in taxes levied by county courts and vestries).

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measures, by appeasing the poor white population, may have had the purpose of inhibiting any future unification with the enslaved black population.

4022: 3755: 3421: 2788: 905: 334: 299: 295: 2535: 1018:, William Cookson and John Digbie ("Darby" being named as a former servant in Berkeley's list) were tried at Jamestown and hanged on January 24. 2265: 1732: 1424: 1255:

but effects can be close to schizophrenia and dissociative disorder – which explains why soldiers acted irrationally, or "went crazy" for days.

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at a tavern. However, he was discovered returning to his sloop, chased upriver, and forced to surrender to Capt. Thomas Gardiner of the warship

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upon hearing rumors of a new raiding party. Nathaniel Bacon arrived with a quantity of brandy; after it was distributed, he was elected leader.

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weather events cause the tobacco crop to fail. Nonetheless, after the Restoration of the monarchy, the king granted English-based favorites the

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400 pounds sterling and his cousin Nathaniel Bacon Sr. 200 pounds sterling and that his own father had refused to honor his bills of exchange.

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Historians question whether the rebellion by Bacon against Berkeley in 1676 had any lasting significance for the more-successful

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by promising each freedman fifty acres of land, a promise that obliged the government to continue taking land from the Indians."

318: 2996:(University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1957), a standard scholarly history 1150:

pushed the novel thesis that it was a question of access to resources, a failure to fully transplant Old World society to New.

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Tarter, Brent. "Bacon's Rebellion, the Grievances of the People, and the Political Culture of Seventeenth-Century Virginia,"

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Tarter, Brent. "Bacon's Rebellion, the Grievances of the People, and the Political Culture of Seventeenth-Century Virginia."

479:). By 1670, they had driven most of the Doeg out of the Virginia colony and into Maryland—apart from those living beside the 1006:, and was almost as much to repair as if it had been new to build, and no sign that ever there had been a fence around it... 825:. Meanwhile, Bacon's father, Thomas Bacon, was pleading with the King to pardon his son, presenting "The Virginians' Plea". 290:, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native American Indians out of Virginia. Thousands of Virginians from all 2940:

Thompson, Peter (2006). "The Thief, the Householder, and the Commons: Languages of Class in Seventeenth-Century Virginia".

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Thomas Young, James Wilson ("Harris" per Berkeley), Henry Page and Thomas Hall were executed on January 12, 1677. Then

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Cave, Alfred A. "Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia" (University of Nebraska Press, 2011)

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Craven, Wesley Frank. The Colonies in Transition: 1669–1713. Harper & Row, Publishers (New York: 1968.) Print.

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Jimsonweed is a hallucination inducing plant that was first documented by a Virginian colonist named Robert Beverly.

806: 519: 2753: 784:". The declaration criticized Berkeley's administration in detail. It leveled several accusations against Berkeley: 3977: 3779: 3730: 3577: 3254: 3032: 2986: 1587: 1270: 1023: 829: 721: 412: 1209:. This understanding of the conflict was reflected in 20th-century commemorations, including a memorial window in 439:

church across from Jamestown in December 1673, and in 1674 two rebellions in Virginia failed for want of leaders.

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nominally seeking the Susquehannock warriors responsible for recent raids, and so traveled first toward the

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marched to the Susquehannock stronghold in Maryland. They were soon joined by Virginia militia led by Col.

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Governor Berkeley baring his breast for Bacon to shoot after refusing him a commission (1895 engraving)

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Bailyn, Bernard, "Politics and Social Structure in Virginia." Seventeenth-Century America, pp. 90–108.

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After raids in Virginia in February 1676, Berkeley initially called up the Virginia militia under Sir

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Berkeley's report. One scholar counted 25 executions another states 23 men were executed by hanging.

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peoples from Pennsylvania and northern Maryland had been displaced by the peoples aligned with the

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that "upon specious pretense of public works raised great unjust taxes upon the commonality";

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The Invention of the White Race, Vol. 2: The Origins of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America.

2845: 2400:

Westbury, Susan (March 2004). "Theatre and Power in Bacon's Rebellion: Virginia, 1676–77".

1534:

Morgan, "American Slavery American Freedom" p. 233 citing Wm&M.Q.(3d) XVI (1936) p. 591

3682: 3663: 3657: 3588: 3313: 3152: 946: 913: 846: 640: 611: 559: 392: 383:, fewer people chose to emigrate from England to flee that internal conflict. Between the 745: 1558:. Sandra Gioia Treadway, Cynthia A. Kierner. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 2014. 752:, where natives had renewed raids and killed 8 settlers, including wiping out families. 3894: 3560: 3328: 3209: 3092: 1147: 931: 822: 696: 688: 591: 555: 407: 330: 2011: 1478: 17: 3971: 3924: 3900: 3807: 3802: 3432: 3377: 3319: 3118: 2429: 1728: 1194: 1103:

wrote in 1704 (the year before his death), and which had been acquired for President

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After Bacon's followers torched the capital and left their encampment at Berkeley's

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Tales from a Revolution: Bacon's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America

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Tales from a Revolution: Bacon's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America

2413: 1712: 1108: 1015: 901: 735: 668: 583: 450:, and moved south into Maryland (where they were initially welcomed) and Virginia. 1167:

Tales from a Revolution: Bacon's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America

801:

Berkeley then followed Robert Beverley's advice and fled across Chesapeake Bay to

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Book of Record: The Official Account of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676–1677

1312: 1264: 872: 716: 624: 455: 52: 711:, Bacon's faction discovered that Berkeley had called for new elections to the 3624: 2120:, ed. Charles McLean Andrews, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915, p. 139. 1457: 1069: 1003: 909: 684: 459: 342: 99: 2913: 2789:"Oddities & Curiosities: The Colonial Case of the Mysterious Jimson Weed" 2489: 2421: 1720: 1641: 1633: 1617: 1573: 3600: 3360: 2983:

Torchbearer of the Revolution: The Story of Bacon's Rebellion and its Leader

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Bacon promised his army tax breaks, predetermined wages, and freedom from

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Billings, Warren M. "The Causes of Bacon's Rebellion: Some Suggestions,"

1603:

Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat from Mayflower to Modern

900:

Bacon and his rebels never encountered a Crown force consisting of 1,000

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Standard, Mary Newton (October 1907). "The Story of Bacon's Rebellion".

871:. They then crossed the York River and encamped in Gloucester County at 2953: 2497: 276: 2994:

The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia

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Burning of Jamestown, further raids, courts martial and Bacon's death

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American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia

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American slavery, American freedom: the ordeal of colonial Virginia

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American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia

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Meanwhile, after an investigative committee returned its report to

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a century later. The most idolizing portrait of Bacon is found in

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had reserved for Native Americans since 1634. However, with the

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that he monopolized the beaver trade with the Native Americans;

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people in May. After convincing Occaneechi warriors (and their

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Historic Jamestowne Part of National Historical Parks Virginia

1665:

Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia

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Rival recruiting attempts and the "Declaration of the People"

1949:"Bacon's Declaration in the Name of the People 30 July 1676" 1097:

The Beginning, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion

27:

1675–1676 Virginia rebellion against the colonial government

3952:

List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America

1697:"Theatre and Power in Bacon's Rebellion: Virginia, 1676–77" 934:

and defeated the small pockets of insurgents spread across

850:

A 19th-century engraving depicting the burning of Jamestown

2315:, Lewis historical publishing company, 1915, Vol. I p. 226 2905:

Dec 1968, Vol. 3 Issue 8, p. 4 ff., popular account.

2632:. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. (New York: 1975.) 270. 1449:

Lancaster County, Virginia: Where the river meets the bay

362:(a relatively undeveloped area in the watersheds of the 2102:

The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast

2073:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 89. 1794:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915, pp. 111–113. 2925:

Rice, James D. "Bacon's Rebellion in Indian Country,"

2288:

Colonial Women: 23 Europeans Who Helped Build a Nation

978:

supplies of clothing, cloth, medicines, and sundries.

828:

Bacon then led his army through upper Gloucester and

2912:(1969), excerpts from primary and secondary sources 2298: 2296: 2173: 2171: 1406:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009), p. 100. 333:

took place shortly afterward). The alliance between

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Change in Virginia's Native American-Frontier policy

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It was led by 2445:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 2351:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 1667:(University of Nebraska Press, 2011) pp. 148–161 317:in which discontented frontiersmen took part (a 1095:. The following year, the same paper published 652:on the James River, the scene of a massacre in 2929:vol. 101, no. 3 (Dec. 2014), pp. 726–750. 2910:Bacon's Rebellion: Prologue to the Revolution? 2578:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2515:Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860 3073: 2758:Virginia General Assembly – Capitol Classroom 2447:. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 150–152. 2353:. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 150–151. 2191:. New York: The New York Press. p. 281. 1379:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 10–13. 667:lands, only to find the people had fled into 8: 2934:Virginia Magazine of History & Biography 2645:. Oxford University Press (Oxford: 2012.) 2336:Colonial America: From Jamestown to Yorktown 522:. There might be a discussion about this on 263:100–400 Native Americans massacred by rebels 2885:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 2517:, Univ of South Carolina Press, 2001, p. 9. 1833:Narrative of the Insurrections 1675 to 1690 1792:Narrative of the Insurrections 1675 to 1690 1555:Virginia women : their lives and times 1093:An account of our late troubles in Virginia 884:, in Gloucester County a few miles east of 3620: 3348: 3114: 3080: 3066: 3058: 2118:Narratives of the Insurrections, 1675–1690 1872:Susan P. Castillo; Ivy Schweitzer (2001). 1421:Historic Jamestowne, National Park Service 945:In November 1676, the royal navy arrived. 671:. They then continued westward toward the 598:, attacked a nearby cabin of the friendly 114:Mass executions of the rebellion's leaders 42: 33: 4003:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies 3957:Mass racial violence in the United States 2377:, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1902, p. 110 1169:, whose emphasis on Bacon's flaws echoes 634: 542:Learn how and when to remove this message 2230: 2228: 2226: 1543:Morgan p. 233 citing Hening II pp. 15–16 554:Bacon's rebellion was motivated by both 2901:Cullen, Joseph P. "Bacon's Rebellion," 2887:1970, Vol. 78 Issue 4, pp. 409–435 2783: 2781: 2779: 2333:Geiter, Mary K., William Arthur Speck, 2189:A People's History Of The United States 1912: 1910: 1398: 1396: 1292: 2964:1676, the end of American independence 2667:from the original on February 25, 2015 2070:1676: The End of American Independence 2010:Edward Channing; Eva G. Moore (1908). 1955:from the original on September 6, 2020 1929:from the original on February 25, 2015 1579: 1376:1676: The End of American Independence 1345:1676: The End of American Independence 1323:from the original on February 18, 2020 675:, a travel and trading path along the 404:Natives had massacred settlers in 1644 3993:Rebellions against the British Empire 2799:from the original on January 10, 2023 2718: 2716: 2684: 2682: 2580:119, no. 1 (2011): 6; Rice, James D. 2268:from the original on October 15, 2014 1427:from the original on October 15, 2014 1404:Give Me Liberty!: An American History 1031:Royal commission and Berkeley's death 775:Declaration of the People of Virginia 429:various counties, as well as charged 7: 2852:from the original on October 2, 2022 2734:from the original on August 22, 2018 2538:from the original on October 7, 2022 1307: 1305: 973:Ruins of Jamestown (1878 engraving). 961:found hiding in Chickahominy Swamp. 635:Berkeley's forts and Bacon's raiders 341:(a mix of indentured, enslaved, and 4013:Native American history of Virginia 3096:in the history of the United States 2691:"Nathaniel Bacon, Saint or Sinner?" 1876:The literatures of colonial America 1735:from the original on April 19, 2023 1319:. Africans in America/Part 1. PBS. 452:Secocowon (then known as Chicacoan) 377:Restoration of the English monarchy 3988:Anti-Indigenous racism in Virginia 3919:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 2689:Gardner, Andrew G. (Spring 2015). 2313:Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography 475:(now Theodore Roosevelt Island in 25: 4038:Events that led to courts-martial 4033:Slave rebellions in North America 4008:Colonial American and Indian wars 3907:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot 2764:from the original on June 1, 2018 2754:"About the Capitol – High School" 2701:from the original on May 22, 2018 1111:permission to have it published. 707:Upon returning to their lands in 3639:San Francisco Vigilance Movement 3509:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall 3422:New York anti-abolitionist riots 3308:Protestant Revolution (Maryland) 3020: 2695:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1880:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 797:that he was pro-Native American. 499: 147: 3756:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854 2981:Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson. 2961:Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 2818:Karen Ordahl Kupperman (2012). 2375:Old Virginia and Her Neighbours 2067:Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1373:Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1342:Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1193:Nonetheless, many in the early 4023:1676 in the Colony of Virginia 2942:The William and Mary Quarterly 2528:"Ann Cotton (fl. 1650s–1670s)" 2470:The William and Mary Quarterly 2414:10.1080/0268117x.2004.10555536 2013:A history of the United States 1713:10.1080/0268117X.2004.10555536 1695:Westbury, Susan (March 2004). 1501:Virginians and their Histories 1213:and a prominent tablet in the 912:squadron under the command of 1: 3983:1676 in the Thirteen Colonies 3913:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot 3184:New York Slave Revolt of 1712 2967:. Syracuse University Press. 2903:American History Illustrated, 2824:. Oxford UP. pp. 89–90. 2821:The Atlantic in World History 2655:McCulley, Susan (June 1987). 1917:McCulley, Susan (June 1987). 1622:The American Indian Quarterly 1165:James Rice's 2012 narrative, 1120:Torchbearer of the Revolution 1107:, who gave his former mentor 991:, Wilford, and John Johnson. 3551:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot 3527:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842 3279:Gloucester County Conspiracy 2927:Journal of American History, 1227:Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 1124:Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker 347:Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 335:European indentured servants 117:Berkeley recalled to England 3532:Philadelphia nativist riots 3261:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 3189:New York Conspiracy of 1741 3043:about Bacon's Rebellion 2793:Williamsburg Yorktown Daily 1951:. University of Groningen. 1251:Described as a "cooler" by 1215:Virginia House of Delegates 1099:, which former participant 998:in a letter to her cousin: 4054: 3780:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 3731:Marais des Cygnes massacre 3725:Battles of Franklin's Fort 3578:1811 German Coast uprising 3255:Philadelphia Election riot 2987:Princeton University Press 2599:The Governor and the Rebel 2388:The Governor and the Rebel 2286:Waldrup, Carole Chandler, 1616:Schmidt, Ethan A. (2012). 1271:Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief) 1171:The Governor and the Rebel 1144:The Colonies in Transition 1132:The Governor and the Rebel 772: 272:was an armed rebellion by 3849:New York City draft riots 3832:New York City Police riot 3814:Detroit race riot of 1863 2918:Morgan, Edmund S. (1975) 2663:. National Park Service. 2588:(Oxford: 2012.) p. 204. 2290:, McFarland, 1999, p. 86. 2258:"Green Spring Plantation" 2106:Columbia University Press 1925:. National Park Service. 1512:John Bennett Boddie III, 1446:Carolyn H., Jett (2003). 1417:"Green Spring Plantation" 1350:Syracuse University Press 1142:in the 1968 publication, 782:Declaration of the People 588:Stafford County, Virginia 485:Caroline County, Virginia 436:Northern Neck Proprietary 319:somewhat similar uprising 262: 239: 214: 169: 128: 41: 3873:Cincinnati riots of 1855 3556:1831 Snow Town race riot 3473:Cincinnati riots of 1841 3468:Cincinnati riots of 1836 3463:Cincinnati riots of 1829 3035:, and library resources 2339:, Macmillan, 2002, p. 63 1634:10.1353/aiq.2012.a487083 1047:Historical disagreements 807:Virginia's Eastern Shore 111:Failure of the rebellion 49:The Burning of Jamestown 4018:17th-century rebellions 3868:Cincinnati riot of 1853 2728:www.virginiahistory.org 2586:Oxford University Press 2402:The Seventeenth Century 1701:The Seventeenth Century 1481:(unpaginated text file) 1475:Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 1205:against the control of 996:Green Spring Plantation 865:Green Spring Plantation 426:Green Spring Plantation 315:North American colonies 3785:Baltimore riot of 1861 3583:Nat Turner's Rebellion 3503:Philadelphia race riot 3392:Abolition Riot of 1836 3386:Ursuline Convent riots 1586:: CS1 maint: others ( 1008: 974: 949:, captain of the ship 904:troops led by Colonel 851: 740: 703:Returning to Jamestown 448:Iroquois Confederation 389:Second Anglo-Dutch War 18:Bacon's rebellion 3878:Battle of Fort Fizzle 3808:Detroit brothel riots 3701:Pottawatomie massacre 3230:War of the Regulation 3194:Battle of Golden Hill 3052:Encyclopedia Virginia 2992:Washburn, Wilcomb E. 2936:(2011) 119#1 pp 1–41. 2880:London: Verso (1997). 2532:Encyclopedia Virginia 2443:Taylor, Alan (2001). 2349:Taylor, Alan (2001). 2220:Wertenbaker pp. 48–49 2211:Wertenbaker pp. 50–51 2187:Zinn, Howard (1997). 2138:Wertenbaker pp. 46–47 2129:Wertenbaker pp. 45–46 2100:Bragdon Kathleen J., 2048:Wertenbaker pp. 41–43 2039:Wertenbaker pp. 41–42 2016:. Macmillan. p. 2000:Wertenbaker pp. 38–41 1991:Wertenbaker pp. 36–38 1973:Wertenbaker pp. 32–33 1904:Wertenbaker pp. 30–31 1862:Wertenbaker pp. 28–30 1853:Wertenbaker pp. 27–28 1844:Wertenbaker pp. 26–27 1812:Wertenbaker pp. 25–26 1803:Wertenbaker pp. 22–24 1780:Wertenbaker pp. 21–22 1762:Wertenbaker pp. 19–20 1753:Wertenbaker pp. 18–19 1676:Wertenbaker pp. 14–17 1654:Wertenbaker pp. 12–14 1471:Thomas J. Wertenbaker 1299:see note on talk page 1211:Colonial Williamsburg 1030: 1000: 982:Trials and executions 972: 849: 841: 738: 677:Appalachian Mountains 629:York River watersheds 578:Native American raids 398:Virginia's governor, 385:First Anglo-Dutch War 235:Casualties and losses 3931:Southern bread riots 3844:Buffalo riot of 1862 3719:Battle of Osawatomie 3713:Battle of Fort Titus 3707:Battle of Black Jack 3458:1792 Cincinnati riot 3291:Chesapeake rebellion 3218:Culpeper's Rebellion 3029:at Wikimedia Commons 2908:Frantz, John B. ed. 2795:. October 22, 2021. 2030:NRIS for Warner Hall 1281:Culpeper's Rebellion 877:Augustine Warner Jr. 512:confusing or unclear 391:, the Crown adopted 296:indentured servitude 294:(including those in 134:Virginia colonists, 4028:Jamestown, Virginia 3737:Battle of the Spurs 3695:Sacking of Lawrence 3595:Baltimore bank riot 3521:Lombard Street riot 3178:Leisler's Rebellion 2922:(1975) pp. 250–270. 2874:Allen, Theodore W. 2657:"Bacon's Rebellion" 2628:Morgan, Edmund S. 2563:Library of Congress 2262:Historic Jamestowne 1919:"Bacon's Rebellion" 1525:Wertenbaker pp. 6–9 1490:Wertenbaker pp. 1–3 1313:"Bacon's Rebellion" 1203:American Revolution 1187:Historic Jamestowne 1175:Glorious Revolution 1140:Wesley Frank Craven 1128:Wilcomb E. Washburn 1116:American Revolution 1065:Indentured servants 1041:murder of my father 646:Charles City County 520:clarify the section 136:indentured servants 3998:Colony of Virginia 3428:Flour riot of 1837 3236:Battle of Alamance 3200:1788 doctors' riot 3127:1689 Boston revolt 3041:in other libraries 2511:Cooper, William J. 1452:. pp. 31–34. 1352:. pp. 87–93. 975: 936:Tidewater Virginia 888:, but fell ill of 852: 830:Middlesex Counties 741: 713:House of Burgesses 616:Isaac Allerton Jr. 364:Rappahannock River 154:Colony of Virginia 77:Colony of Virginia 3978:Conflicts in 1676 3965: 3964: 3940: 3939: 3838:Dead Rabbits riot 3803:1849 Detroit riot 3761:Portland Rum Riot 3610: 3609: 3497:Fries's Rebellion 3491:Whiskey Rebellion 3397:Broad Street Riot 3338: 3337: 3285:Bacon's Rebellion 3132:Boston bread riot 3047:Bacon's Rebellion 3027:Bacon's Rebellion 3025:Media related to 3006:Wiseman, Samuel. 2974:978-0-8156-0361-0 2896:978-0-8032-4834-2 2831:978-0-19-533809-6 2302:Wertenbaker p. 52 2247:Wertenbaker p. 47 2177:Wertenbaker p. 50 2165:Wertenbaker p. 49 2147:Wertenbaker p. 48 2080:978-0-8156-0361-0 2057:Wertenbaker p. 43 1982:Wertenbaker p. 35 1891:978-0-631-21125-9 1821:Wertenbaker p. 26 1771:Wertenbaker p. 20 1685:Wertenbaker p. 17 1565:978-0-8203-4741-7 1386:978-0-8156-0361-0 1359:978-0-8156-0361-0 1244:Datura stramonium 1233:Use of jimsonweed 1185:According to the 1156:'s 1975 classic, 1091:under the title, 1088:Richmond Enquirer 908:transported by a 552: 551: 544: 381:English Civil War 285:Colonial Governor 270:Bacon's Rebellion 267: 266: 258: 257: 230: 229: 160: 159: 37:Bacon's Rebellion 16:(Redirected from 4045: 3621: 3439:Astor Place Riot 3349: 3224:Cary's Rebellion 3159:Shays' Rebellion 3115: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3024: 2978: 2957: 2898:pp. 147–165 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2785: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2524: 2518: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2346: 2340: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2311:Tyler, Lyon G., 2309: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1914: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1879: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1663:Alfred A. 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