527:
22:
312:
146:
charge, this can be described as saying that we deal with a probe and that back-reaction is neglected. However, a real object also carries (in general) a mass and a charge itself. These properties imply that the model of the original environment needs to be modified to reach self-consistency. For
321:
is an open question of debate among cosmologists. The existence of a homogeneity length scale can be considered to be that at which the calculations with and without backreaction give the same results. As of 2017, the existence of such a scale needs experimental confirmation.
404:; MacCallum, Malcolm A.H.; Ostrowski, Jan J.; Räsänen, Syksy; Roukema, Boudewijn F.; Andersson, Lars; Coley, Alan A.; Wiltshire, David L. (2015-10-13). "Is there proof that backreaction of inhomogeneities is irrelevant in cosmology?".
169:
317:(which comes from the non-linearity of Einstein field equations) and the dynamical evolution of spatial slices of space-time. As of 2017, the role of backreaction in possibly leading to an alternative to
163:, in which structure formation is taken into account in a general-relativistic model of the Universe, the term "backreaction" is used for a measure of the non-commutativity of the averaging procedure
151:. Taking into account the constraints implied on the model by the particle's properties – the back-reaction – is one way of reaching a more accurate model than if those constraints are ignored.
568:
307:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }({\overline {g_{\alpha \beta }}})\neq {\overline {G_{\mu \nu }(g_{\alpha \beta })}}={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}{\overline {T_{\mu \nu }}}}
480:
467:; MacCallum, Malcolm A.H.; Ostrowski, Jan J.; Räsänen, Syksy; Roukema, Boudewijn F.; Andersson, Lars; Coley, Alan A.; Wiltshire, David L. (2016-01-20).
561:
592:
343:
554:
105:
43:
39:
86:
406:
58:
587:
65:
504:
32:
72:
468:
160:
54:
476:
425:
362:
534:
131:
119:
460:
441:
415:
397:
378:
352:
148:
538:
433:
370:
79:
437:
429:
366:
526:
581:
143:
445:
382:
464:
401:
318:
21:
374:
341:
Buchert, Thomas (2008). "Dark Energy from structure: a status report".
147:
example, a particle can be described as helping to curve the space in
130:) is often necessary to calculate the self-consistent behaviour of a
420:
357:
15:
142:
When a particle is considered to have no mass or to have an
542:
505:"The Trenches of Discovery: Cosmological Backreaction"
336:
334:
172:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
306:
469:"The Universe is inhomogeneous. Does it matter?"
562:
8:
569:
555:
419:
356:
290:
284:
276:
259:
238:
222:
215:
195:
189:
177:
171:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
330:
7:
523:
521:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
134:or an object in an external field.
541:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
344:General Relativity and Gravitation
14:
459:Buchert, Thomas; Carfora, Mauro;
396:Buchert, Thomas; Carfora, Mauro;
525:
20:
503:Shaun Hotchkiss (1 July 2015).
483:from the original on 2016-01-23
31:needs additional citations for
438:10.1088/0264-9381/32/21/215021
247:
231:
209:
186:
1:
407:Classical and Quantum Gravity
299:
251:
204:
609:
520:
593:Theoretical physics stubs
375:10.1007/s10714-007-0554-8
161:inhomogeneous cosmology
308:
309:
477:Institute of Physics
170:
138:Intuitive definition
40:improve this article
588:Theoretical physics
535:theoretical physics
533:This article about
430:2015CQGra..32u5021B
367:2008GReGr..40..467B
120:theoretical physics
461:Ellis, George F.R.
398:Ellis, George F.R.
304:
149:general relativity
550:
549:
302:
282:
254:
207:
116:
115:
108:
90:
600:
571:
564:
557:
529:
522:
515:
513:
511:
492:
491:
489:
488:
456:
450:
449:
423:
393:
387:
386:
360:
351:(2–3): 467–527.
338:
313:
311:
310:
305:
303:
298:
297:
285:
283:
281:
280:
271:
260:
255:
250:
246:
245:
230:
229:
216:
208:
203:
202:
190:
185:
184:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
608:
607:
603:
602:
601:
599:
598:
597:
578:
577:
576:
575:
518:
509:
507:
502:
500:
495:
486:
484:
465:Kolb, Edward W.
458:
457:
453:
402:Kolb, Edward W.
395:
394:
390:
340:
339:
332:
328:
286:
272:
261:
234:
218:
217:
191:
173:
168:
167:
157:
140:
112:
101:
95:
92:
55:"Back-reaction"
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
606:
604:
596:
595:
590:
580:
579:
574:
573:
566:
559:
551:
548:
547:
530:
499:
498:External links
496:
494:
493:
451:
414:(21): 215021.
388:
329:
327:
324:
315:
314:
301:
296:
293:
289:
279:
275:
270:
267:
264:
258:
253:
249:
244:
241:
237:
233:
228:
225:
221:
214:
211:
206:
201:
198:
194:
188:
183:
180:
176:
156:
153:
139:
136:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
605:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
583:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
519:
516:
506:
497:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
455:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
392:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
354:
350:
346:
345:
337:
335:
331:
325:
323:
320:
294:
291:
287:
277:
273:
268:
265:
262:
256:
242:
239:
235:
226:
223:
219:
212:
199:
196:
192:
181:
178:
174:
166:
165:
164:
162:
154:
152:
150:
145:
144:infinitesimal
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
124:back-reaction
121:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
543:expanding it
532:
517:
508:. Retrieved
501:
485:. Retrieved
472:
454:
411:
405:
391:
348:
342:
316:
158:
141:
128:backreaction
127:
123:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
319:dark energy
582:Categories
510:23 January
487:2016-01-21
421:1505.07800
326:References
96:April 2017
66:newspapers
358:0707.2153
300:¯
295:ν
292:μ
266:π
252:¯
243:β
240:α
227:ν
224:μ
213:≠
205:¯
200:β
197:α
182:ν
179:μ
155:Cosmology
481:Archived
446:51693570
383:17281664
132:particle
426:Bibcode
363:Bibcode
80:scholar
444:
381:
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
537:is a
442:S2CID
416:arXiv
379:S2CID
353:arXiv
87:JSTOR
73:books
539:stub
512:2016
473:CQG+
126:(or
59:news
434:doi
371:doi
159:In
118:In
42:by
584::
479:.
475:.
471:.
463:;
440:.
432:.
424:.
412:32
410:.
400:;
377:.
369:.
361:.
349:40
347:.
333:^
122:,
570:e
563:t
556:v
545:.
514:.
490:.
448:.
436::
428::
418::
385:.
373::
365::
355::
288:T
278:4
274:c
269:G
263:8
257:=
248:)
236:g
232:(
220:G
210:)
193:g
187:(
175:G
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
