77:
2210:
2152:
1998:
155:. It depends on transport through the spaces that exist between epithelial cells. It is regulated by cellular junctions that are localized in the laminal membranes of the cells. This is the main route of passive flow of water and solutes across the intestinal epithelium. Regulation depends on the intercellular tight junctions which have the most influence on paracellular transport. Disruption of the tight junction barrier can be a trigger for the development of intestinal diseases.
263:
leads to diverse gastrointestinal or extra-gastrointestinal symptoms. Other environmental triggers may contribute to alter permeability in celiac disease, including intestinal infections and iron deficiency. Once established, this increase of permeability might self-sustain the inflammatory immune responses and perpetuate a vicious cycle. Eliminating gluten from the diet leads to normalization of intestinal permeability and the autoimmune process shuts off.
1883:
2230:
1553:
also promote changes in permeability. Intestinal infection and iron deficiency can stimulate the expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) CD71 in enterocytes. ... Once established, the alterations in intestinal permeability, notably the retro-transport of IgA-gliadin peptides, might self-sustain the inflammatory immune responses and perpetuate a vicious circle.
194:, select enteric viruses, parasites, and stress can all modulate intestinal tight junction structure and function, and these effects may contribute to the development of chronic intestinal disorders. So called absorption modifying excipients, investigated for the possibility of increasing intestinal drug absorption, can increase the gut permeability.
2242:
641:
tight junctions. This process takes place in all individuals who ingest gluten. For the majority, these events do not lead to abnormal consequences. However, these same events can lead to an inflammatory process in genetically predisposed individuals when the immunologic surveillance system mistakenly recognizes gluten as a pathogen.
1552:
Changes in intestinal paracellular and transcellular permeability appear secondary to the abnormal immune reaction induced by gluten. Gliadin was suggested to increase junction permeability to small molecules through the release of prehaptoglobin-2. Environmental triggers of CD other than gliadin may
640:
Previous studies have shown that gliadin can cause an immediate and transient increase in gut permeability. This permeating effect is secondary to the binding of specific undigestible gliadin fragments to the CXCR3 chemokine receptor with subsequent release of zonulin, a modulator of intercellular
262:
A well studied model is celiac disease, in which increased intestinal permeability appears secondary to the abnormal immune reaction induced by gluten and allows fragments of gliadin protein to get past the intestinal epithelium, triggering an immune response at the intestinal submucosa level that
97:
of the body. However, the intestinal mucin can also be barriers for the host antimicrobial peptides, thus plays a bidirectional barrier for host-microbial interaction. The intestinal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells and serves two crucial functions. First, it acts as a barrier,
129:
across the epithelial cells. It is predominantly regulated by the activities of specialised transporters that translocate specific electrolytes, amino acids, sugars, short chain fatty acids and other molecules into or out of the cell. Specialized cells in the intestinal epithelium called
64:) can transit through the paracellular space uptake route. There is some evidence abnormally increased intestinal permeability may play a role in some chronic diseases and inflammatory conditions. The most well understood condition with observed increased intestinal permeability is
366:
can cure many systemic health conditions. However, reliable source evidence to support this claim has not been published. Nor has there been published any reliable evidence that the treatments promoted for so-called "leaky gut syndrome"—including nutritional supplements,
1031:
Dahlgren D, Roos C, Lundqvist A, Tannergren C, Langguth P, Sjöblom M, et al. (December 2017). "Preclinical Effect of
Absorption Modifying Excipients on Rat Intestinal Transport of Model Compounds and the Mucosal Barrier Marker Cr-EDTA".
202:
Most people do not experience adverse symptoms, but the opening of intercellular tight junctions (increased intestinal permeability) can act as a trigger for diseases that can affect any organ or tissue depending on genetic predisposition.
80:
Scheme of selective permeability routes of epithelial cells (red arrows). The transcellular (through the cells) and paracellular (between the cells) routes control the passage of substances between the intestinal lumen and
45:, into the rest of the body. The intestine normally exhibits some permeability, which allows nutrients to pass through the gut, while also maintaining a barrier function to keep potentially harmful substances (such as
258:
diseases, among others. In the majority of cases, increased permeability develops prior to disease, but the cause–effect relationship between increased intestinal permeability in most of these diseases is not clear.
328:
in people with celiac disease, with the aim to reduce the intestinal permeability caused by gluten and its passage through the epithelium, and therefore mitigating the resulting cascade of immune reactions.
332:
Genetic disruption of arginase-2 in mouse attenuates the onset of senescence and extends lifespan. Arginase inhibitors have been developed to reduce the effect of NO on intestinal permeability.
142:, which consist of immune cell aggregates that may recognize and react to the transcytosed antigens. Typically this promotes intestinal homeostasis, but certain bacterial pathogens, such as
1904:
Brandt A, Baumann A, Hernández-Arriaga A, Jung F, Nier A, Staltner R, Rajcic D, Schmeer C, Witte OW, Wessner B, Franzke B, Wagner KH, Camarinha-Silva A, Bergheim I (December 2022).
2107:
Dziewiecka, Hanna; Buttar, Harpal S.; Kasperska, Anna; Ostapiuk–Karolczuk, Joanna; Domagalska, Małgorzata; Cichoń, Justyna; Skarpańska-Stejnborn, Anna (7 July 2022).
1518:
Heyman M, Abed J, Lebreton C, Cerf-Bensussan N (September 2012). "Intestinal permeability in coeliac disease: insight into mechanisms and relevance to pathogenesis".
324:(previously known as AT-1001) is a zonulin receptor antagonist that has been probed in clinical trials. It seems to be a drug candidate for use in conjunction with a
1754:"Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes"
403:, especially with intense exercise. In mice, exercise reduced the richness of the microbial community, but increased the distribution of bacterial communities.
134:(M cells) will sample bacteria and their antigens in the gut lumen, which bind to apical receptors on the M cell and are subsequently engulfed and undergo
2058:
Van Wijck, Kim; Lenaerts, Kaatje; Van Bijnen, Annemarie A.; Boonen, Bas; Van Loon, Luc J. C.; Dejong, Cornelis H. C.; Buurman, Wim A. (December 2012).
1667:
556:
Fasano A (Jan 2011). "Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer".
1486:
Kiefer D, Ali-Akbarian L (2004). "A brief evidence-based review of two gastrointestinal illnesses: irritable bowel and leaky gut syndromes".
479:
452:
387:
Exercise-induced stress can diminish intestinal barrier function. In humans, the level of physical activity modulates the gastrointestinal
1297:"Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases"
149:, can induce intestinal epithelial cells to transform into M cells, which may be a mechanism that aids bacterial invasion of the body.
118:, water and various other beneficial substances from the intestinal lumen. Selective permeability is mediated via two major routes:
1906:"Impairments of intestinal arginine and NO metabolisms trigger aging-associated intestinal barrier dysfunction and 'inflammaging'"
2011:
Keirns, Bryant H.; Koemel, Nicholas A.; Sciarrillo, Christina M.; Anderson, Kendall L.; Emerson, Sam R. (1 October 2020).
468:
Thoma YM, Anderson JM, Turner JR (2012). "Tight
Junctions and the Intestinal Barrier". In Johnson LR, et al. (eds.).
49:) from leaving the intestine and migrating to the body more widely. In a healthy human intestine, small particles (< 4
1265:
363:
314:
34:
2220:
422:
231:
76:
1215:
Yeoh N, Burton JP, Suppiah P, Reid G, Stebbings S (Mar 2013). "The role of the microbiome in rheumatic diseases".
1127:
Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W, Ockhuizen T, Schulzke JD, Serino M, Tilg H, Watson A, Wells JM (Nov 18, 2014).
2262:
943:"Possible links between intestinal permeability and food processing: A potential therapeutic niche for glutamine"
417:
2165:
Yan, Qiuyu; Zhai, Wenhui; Yang, Chenghao; Li, Zihao; Mao, Longfei; Zhao, Mingyi; Wu, Xiushan (12 October 2021).
891:
Näslund E, Hellström PM (September 2007). "Appetite signaling: from gut peptides and enteric nerves to brain".
606:
Leonard MM, Sapone A, Catassi C, Fasano A (2017). "Celiac
Disease and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity: A Review".
1349:"Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling"
1335:
In patients with schizophrenia, there are increased intestinal permeability and change in intestinal function
842:"The Roles of Peyer's Patches and Microfold Cells in the Gut Immune System: Relevance to Autoimmune Diseases"
302:
2209:
2151:
1997:
565:
143:
1955:"Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes"
308:
227:
169:
86:
42:
38:
1803:
Crespo Pérez L, et al. (Jan 2012). "Non-dietary therapeutic clinical trials in coeliac disease".
1723:"The therapeutic management of gut barrier leaking: the emerging role for mucosal barrier protectors"
355:
223:
2012:
1182:
570:
1570:"The potential utility of tight junction regulation in celiac disease: focus on larazotide acetate"
1398:"Potential mechanisms for the emerging link between obesity and increased intestinal permeability"
190:. This leads to increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Bacterial infections such as
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2040:
1543:
1240:
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916:
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523:
444:
Inflammatory Bowel
Disease: A Clinical Case Approach to Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
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341:
321:
280:
1619:"Intestinal permeability and its regulation by zonulin: diagnostic and therapeutic implications"
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442:
325:
294:
139:
742:"Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease in mice"
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1887:
1882:
283:
with glutamine is helpful in conditions where there is increased intestinal permeability.
219:
215:
94:
90:
65:
2167:"The Relationship among Physical Activity, Intestinal Flora, and Cardiovascular Disease"
2109:"Physical activity induced alterations of gut microbiota in humans: a systematic review"
1695:
1093:
1068:
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2193:
2166:
2135:
2108:
1981:
1954:
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1905:
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diets)—have any beneficial effect for most of the conditions they are claimed to help.
350:" is a hypothetical, medically unrecognized condition. It has been popularized by some
211:
131:
54:
17:
1045:
2256:
2044:
1435:
Festi D, Schiumerini R, Eusebi LH, Marasco G, Taddia M, Colecchia A (November 2014).
635:
235:
138:
across the M cells' basolateral membrane. M cells are associated with subepithelial
107:
1547:
1244:
1110:
958:
721:. San Rafael, California: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. Bookshelf ID NBK54098
182:(a glycoprotein present in wheat) activates zonulin signaling in all people who eat
2093:
1686:
1273:
740:
Hartmann P, Chen P, Wang HJ, Wang L, McCole DF, Brandl K, et al. (July 2013).
527:
400:
351:
187:
135:
2013:"Exercise and intestinal permeability: another form of exercise-induced hormesis?"
1721:
Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F, Bruno G, Petito V, Franceschi F, Gasbarrini A (2015).
1181:
Viggiano D, Ianiro G, Vanella G, Bibbò S, Bruno G, Simeone G, et al. (2015).
920:
904:
2076:
2059:
1413:
1397:
1396:
Teixeira TF, Collado MC, Ferreira CL, Bressan J, Peluzio Mdo C (September 2012).
1364:
1921:
1269:
376:
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have also been shown to significantly reduce increased intestinal permeability.
276:
247:
115:
110:. Second, it acts as a selective filter which facilitates the uptake of dietary
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1816:
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681:
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511:
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290:
286:
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858:
2060:"Aggravation of Exercise-Induced Intestinal Injury by Ibuprofen in Athletes"
666:"Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis"
392:
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Increased intestinal permeability is a factor in several diseases, such as
1990:
1129:"Intestinal permeability--a new target for disease prevention and therapy"
807:
1770:
111:
50:
46:
992:"Mechanisms of intestinal tight junctional disruption during infection"
255:
243:
191:
179:
173:
126:
99:
57:
791:"Transcriptional regulators of claudins in epithelial tight junctions"
757:
2017:
American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
1312:
1069:"Regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by tight junctions"
372:
239:
183:
33:
is a term describing the control of material passing from inside the
1295:
Yarandi SS, Peterson DA, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, Pasricha PJ (2016).
89:
separates the external environment (the contents of the intestinal
251:
165:
103:
1008:
991:
391:, an increased intensity and volume of exercise may lead to gut
279:
that are part of the intestinal barrier, but it is not clear if
61:
840:
Kobayashi N, Takahashi D, Takano S, Kimura S, Hase K (2019).
300:
have been found to reduce increased intestinal permeability.
164:
One way in which intestinal permeability is modulated is via
98:
preventing the entry of harmful substances such as foreign
1886: This article incorporates text available under the
1668:"Glutamine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease"
1959:
1727:
European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
1190:
European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
93:) from the body and is the most extensive and important
1838:
Xiong Y, Yepuri G, Montani JP, Ming XF, Yang Z (2017).
1183:"Gut barrier in health and disease: focus on childhood"
441:
M. Campieri; C. Fiocchi; S.B. Hanauer (31 March 2002).
1568:
Khaleghi S, Ju JM, Lamba A, Murray JA (January 2016).
1122:
1120:
498:(February 2012). "Leaky Gut and Autoimmune Diseases".
2218:
1176:
1174:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
601:
599:
597:
1840:"Arginase-II Deficiency Extends Lifespan in Mice"
1563:
1561:
1666:Akobeng AK, Elawad M, Gordon M (February 2016).
1576:(Review. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural).
60:pore pathways, and particles up to 10–15 Å (3.5
2113:BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
2064:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
1716:
1714:
936:
934:
932:
930:
474:. Vol. 1. Academic Press. pp. 1043–.
1953:Clark, Allison; Mach, Núria (5 January 2016).
1752:Ganesan K, Chung SK, Vanamala J, Xu B (2018).
670:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1301:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
719:Regulation of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Growth
123:Transepithelial or transcellular permeability
8:
1488:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
500:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
186:, irrespective of the genetic expression of
1758:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1675:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1513:
1511:
1509:
1347:Severance EG, Yolken RH, Eaton WW (2016).
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1980:
1970:
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1154:
1144:
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1007:
966:
867:
857:
816:
806:
765:
729:– via National Library of Medicine.
715:"Intestinal Architecture and Development"
689:
569:
125:. This consists of specific transport of
1623:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1574:Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
471:Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
75:
2225:
1437:"Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome"
433:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1805:European Journal of Internal Medicine
664:Groschwitz KR, Hogan SP (July 2009).
7:
1073:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1272:. 26 February 2015. Archived from
275:plays a key role in signalling in
25:
1441:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1046:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00353
941:Rapin JR, Wiernsperger N (2010).
375:diets; low-sugar, antifungal, or
2240:
2228:
2208:
2150:
1996:
1881:
990:O'Hara JR, Buret AG (May 2008).
959:10.1590/S1807-59322010000600012
395:, and supplementation may keep
53:in radius) can migrate through
1687:10.1002/14651858.CD007348.pub2
789:Khan N, Asif AR (2015-01-01).
713:Rao JN, Wang JY (2010-01-01).
1:
905:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.017
2077:10.1249/mss.0b013e318265dd3d
1414:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.07.003
1365:10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.027
1217:Current Rheumatology Reports
360:restoring normal functioning
315:Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
2171:Cardiovascular Therapeutics
1922:10.1016/j.redox.2022.102528
371:, herbal remedies, (or low-
2279:
2126:10.1186/s13102-022-00513-2
1817:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.08.030
1532:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300327
1067:Suzuki T (February 2013).
682:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.038
580:10.1152/physrev.00003.2008
423:Intestinal mucosal barrier
339:
232:inflammatory bowel disease
168:receptors in cells in the
85:The barrier formed by the
1972:10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6
1635:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.08.012
1617:Fasano A (October 2012).
1494:(3): 22–30, quiz 31, 92.
1454:10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16079
1229:10.1007/s11926-012-0314-y
1146:10.1186/s12876-014-0189-7
1085:10.1007/s00018-012-1070-x
893:Physiology & Behavior
795:Mediators of Inflammation
512:10.1007/s12016-011-8291-x
418:Environmental enteropathy
153:Paracellular permeability
2029:10.1152/ajpgi.00232.2020
1857:10.3389/fphys.2017.00682
1586:10.1177/1756283X15616576
859:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02345
1034:Molecular Pharmaceutics
996:Frontiers in Bioscience
846:Frontiers in Immunology
447:. Springer. p. 7.
383:Exercise-induced stress
303:Lactobacillus rhamnosus
31:Intestinal permeability
18:Bacterial translocation
1353:Schizophrenia Research
676:(1): 3–20, quiz 21–2.
620:10.1001/jama.2017.9730
281:supplementing the diet
271:In normal physiology,
82:
35:gastrointestinal tract
558:Physiological Reviews
354:and practitioners of
309:Lactobacillus reuteri
228:spondyloarthropathies
198:Clinical significance
170:intestinal epithelium
87:intestinal epithelium
79:
2184:10.1155/2021/3364418
1771:10.3390/ijms19123720
1266:"Leaky gut syndrome"
1133:BMC Gastroenterology
356:alternative medicine
224:rheumatoid arthritis
1447:(43): 16079–16094.
808:10.1155/2015/219843
267:Research directions
238:, certain types of
172:, which respond to
1402:Nutrition Research
348:Leaky gut syndrome
342:Leaky gut syndrome
336:Leaky gut syndrome
322:Larazotide acetate
298:strain Nissle 1917
83:
2070:(12): 2257–2262.
1040:(12): 4243–4251.
758:10.1002/hep.26321
481:978-0-12-382027-3
454:978-0-7923-8772-5
16:(Redirected from
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2023:(4): G512–G518.
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1629:(10): 1096–100.
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880:. Art. No. 2345.
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326:gluten-free diet
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1681:(2): CD007348.
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