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758:. The soil below ground level stays cool by virtue of being several meters below the surface. The insulation and heat capacity of the overlying earth maintains the same stable temperature day and night, and as nights in arid climates are quite cold, often below freezing, that stable temperature is quite cool. The air is also
935:
280:, but with openings to the side, pointing in multiple directions. More sections reduce the flow rate, but increase the efficiency at suboptimal wind angles. If the wind hits the opening square-on, it will go in, but if it hits it at a sufficiently oblique angle, it will tend to slip around the tower, instead.
476:
Airflow speed is also important, especially for evaporative cooling (since it only works on dry air, and humidifies the air). It is possible for a windtower-ventilated building to have very high flow rates; 30 air changes per hour were measured in one experiment. Uniform, stable flow with no stagnant
275:
direction at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it may have only one opening, and no internal partitions. In areas with more variable wind directions, there may also be radial internal walls, which divide the windtower into vertical sections. These sections are like
516:
Routing the wind through the building cools the people in the building interior. The air flows through the house, and leaves from the other side, creating a through-draft; the rate of airflow itself can provide a cooling effect. Windcatchers have been employed in this manner for thousands of years.
283:
Windcatchers in areas with stronger winds will have smaller total cross-sections, and areas with very hot wind may have many smaller shafts in order to cool the incoming air. Windtowers with square horizontal cross-sections are more efficient than round ones, as the sharp angles make the flow less
612:
Courtyards in hot climates fill with cold air at night. This cold air then flows from the courtyard into adjacent rooms. The cold night air will flow in easily, as it is more dense than the rising warm air it is displacing. But in the day, the courtyard walls and awning shade it, while the air
322:
may be necessary. Some dust can be dumped at the bottom of the windcatcher as the air slows (see diagram below), and more can be filtered out by suitable plantings or insect mesh. Physical filters generally reduce throughflow, unless the flow is very gusty. It may also be possible to fully or
777:
is a type of fountain with a thin sheet of flowing water, shaped to maximize surface area and thus evaporative cooling. Windcatchers are often used with salasabils may be used to maximize the flow of unsaturated air over the water surface and carry the cooled air to where it is needed in the
781:
Wetted matting can also be hung inside the windcatcher to cool incoming air. This can reduce flow, especially in weak winds. However, it can also produce a downdraft of cool air in windless conditions. The evaporative cooling within a windtower causes the air in the tower to sink, driving
504:
If a windcatcher's open side faces the prevailing wind, it can "catch" it, and bring it down into the heart of the building. Suction from the lee side of a windtower is also an important driving force, usually somewhat more constant and less gusty than the pressure on the upwind side (see
1168:
Windcatchers tend to have one, four, or eight openings. In the city of Yazd, all windcatchers are four- or eight-sided. The construction of a windcatcher depends on the direction of airflow at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it is built with only one
709:
are traditionally used to store water frozen overnight in desert areas, or over winter in temperate areas. They may use windcatchers to circulate air into an underground or semi-underground chamber, evaporatively cooling the ice so that it melts only slowly and stays fairly dry (see
746:, or underground canal (which also makes use of the subterranean heat reservoir described above). In this method, the open side of the tower faces away from the direction of the prevailing wind (the tower's orientation may be adjusted by directional ports at the top). When only the
947:
738:
effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.
586:
lattice). It is designed to capture a cross-draft. The breeze is at least partly driven by convection (since one court will generally be warmer than the other), and may also be driven by wind pressure and evaporative cooling, so the garden and courtyard are used as windcatchers.
766:. The dry air is thus also humidified before entering the building. The cooled air is drawn up through the house and finally out the windcatcher, again by the Coandă effect. On the whole, the cool air flows through the building, decreasing the structure's overall temperature.
394:
of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day. Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as
1221:
678:, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day; in hot-arid climates, thick walls with high
617:, the hot air floating on top of the cold air with little mixing. The fact that the openings are at the top will trap the cool air below, though it cannot cause the temperature to drop below the nightly minimum temperature. This mechanism also works in windtowers.
1284:
473:). The relative importance of these two forces has been debated. The importance of windpressure increases with increasing wind speed, and is generally more important than buoyancy under most conditions in which the windcatcher is working effectively.
910:
with the vertical side left open and facing directly up or down wind (one of each per building). They work best if oriented within 10 degrees of wind direction; larger angles allow the wind to escape. Windcatchers were used in traditional
2331:
356:
s are more often used in damper climates, where high-volume air flow is more important compared to evaporative cooling. In hotter climates, they are narrower, and air is cooled on its way in. They are more commonly used in Africa.
1653:
1356:(inland southern France). It incorporates a very large aluminium windcatcher, which is much lighter than the equivalent masonry windcatcher would be. The size of the windcatcher allows it to work in any wind direction; the
186:. Windcatchers have also been used experimentally to cool outdoor areas in cities, with mixed results; traditional methods include narrow, walled spaces, parks and winding streets, which act as cold-air reservoirs, and
5995:
520:
The windtower essentially creates a pressure gradient to draw air through the building. Windtowers topped with horizontal airfoils have been built to enhance these pressure gradients. The shape of the traditional
2011:. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. 247–266.
608:
means that the night air is colder than the daytime air; in arid climates, much colder. This creates appreciable buoyancy forces. Buildings may be designed to spontaneously increase ventilation at night.
1197:
1589:
1322:, Australia, has 3-story-tall "shower towers", made of cloth kept wet by a showerhead trickling at the top of each one. Evaporative cooling chills the air, which then descends into the building.
2472:
1128:
tend to be packed very closely together with high walls and ceilings, maximizing shade at ground level. The heat of direct sunlight is minimized with small windows that face away from the sun.
267:, with the vertical side left open and facing directly up or down wind (often one of each per building). This design works well in areas with strong low-level winds from a consistent direction.
2132:
754:. This pulls air into an intake on the other side of the building. The hot air brought down into the qanat tunnel is cooled by coming into contact with the water flow and the surrounding
814:
because they facilitate cooling in a warmer climate. Windcatchers can reduce temperature inside the house by 8 to 12 °C (14 to 22 °F) in comparison to the outdoor temperature.
971:
711:
571:), but this heats the house and makes it less comfortable. A more practical technique is to cool the air as it flows down and in, using heat reservoirs and/or evaporative cooling.
5945:
3842:
5975:
2886:
1242:
6141:
149:
conditions, and not all techniques will work everywhere; local factors must be taken into account in design. Windcatchers of varying designs are widely used in North Africa,
941:
Dwelling house in
Ancient Egypt with windcatcher. From a painting at the Pharaonic house of Neb-Ammun, Egypt, which dates from the 19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BC (British Museum).
363:, on the other hand, are multisided (usually 4-sided), and they are typically tall towers (up to 34 meters tall) which can be closed in winter. They are more common in the
6151:
2446:"Industrial architecture in Egypt in the 19th and 20th centuries, Arsenal in the Citadel of Cairo: workshop hall with timber roof construction and wind catcher (malqaf)"
841:
406:. The heat in the air goes into evaporating some of the water, and will not be released until the water re-condenses. This is a very effective way of cooling dry air.
153:, and India. A simple, widespread idea, there is evidence that windcatchers have been in use for many millennia, and no clear evidence that they were not used into
224:
The same interior. This wind tower has four openings and brown cloth vertical walls on the interior diagonals, so it can catch the wind from a range of directions.
3552:
3476:
3039:
578:
is a space similar to the ancient Roman tablinum, opening both onto a heavily shaded courtyard and onto a rear garden court (the garden side being shaded with a
5990:
2398:"The effect of wind-catchers (el-Malaqef) on the internal natural ventilation in hot climates with special reference to Egypt: A study on small physical models"
567:), so that it rises and pulls air out of the top of the house, creating a draft. This effect can be enhanced with a heat source at the bottom of the windtower (
3471:
2705:
Kassir, Radwan M (September 4, 2015). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling wind-towers: A case study using simulation with field-corroborated results".
4644:
2532:
2508:
138:(HVAC) systems. The maintenance costs are also lower. Unlike powered air-conditioning and fans, windcatchers are silent and continue to function when the
5483:
4732:
135:
2483:
4072:
1191:
and other northern cities in Iran. These seem to function more as ventilators than as the temperature regulators seen in the central deserts of Iran.
417:
of body-warmed and water-saturated air clinging to the skin, so a human will feel cooler in moving air than in stagnant air of the same temperature.
5985:
5917:
2879:
786:(PDEC). It may also be generated using spray nozzles (which have a tendency to get blocked if the water is hard) or cold-water cooling coils (like
6116:
2136:
978:
1141:
effect is strongest in the driest climates, such as on the
Iranian plateau, leading to the ubiquitous use of windcatchers in drier areas such as
915:, and only started to fall out of use in the mid-1900s C.E.. Their use is now being re-examined, as air conditioning accounts for 60% of Egypt's
2353:
Nouh Ma’bdeh, Shouib; Fawwaz
Alrebei, Odi; M. Obeidat, Laith; Al-Radaideh, Tamer; Kaouri, Katerina; I. Amhamed, Abdulkarem (December 29, 2022).
2286:"Studies of ventilation and thermal comfort in different wind tower-room configurations considering humidification for a warm climate of Mexico"
1230:, in Kashan, central Iran. Built in 1857, it is an excellent example of ancient Persian desert architecture. The two tall windcatchers cool the
461:
The windcatcher can function in two ways: directing airflow using the pressure of wind blowing into the windcatcher, or directing airflow using
2563:
1714:
402:
Windcatchers that cool by drawing air over water use the water as a heat reservoir, but if the air is dry, they are also cooling the air with
5790:
4649:
4288:
3620:
5950:
5912:
2445:
1473:
383:
Night-flushing cools the house by increasing ventilation at night, when the outdoor air is cooler; windtowers can assist night flushing.
4583:
2872:
1265:
5773:
3545:
3032:
134:. Generally, the cost of construction for a windcatcher-ventilated building is less than that of a similar building with conventional
762:
when some of the water in the qanat evaporates as the hot, dry surface air passes over it; the heat energy in the air is absorbed as
5815:
5528:
5064:
4793:
4588:
2054:
1741:
871:
2397:
2853:
1825:
694:
are more modernly sometimes used). Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as
4884:
3637:
1131:
The windcatcher's effectiveness had led to its routine use as a refrigerating device in Iran. Many traditional water reservoirs (
2355:"Quantifying Energy Reduction and Thermal Comfort for a Residential Building Ventilated with a Window-Windcatcher: A Case Study"
6136:
6131:
5965:
5779:
5159:
4557:
2187:
2676:
Bahadori, Mehdi N. (1994). "Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regions of the middle east".
126:
Neglected by modern architects in the latter half of the 20th century, the early 21st century saw them used again to increase
6156:
4723:
4654:
4335:
1850:
1063:
Windcatchers are common feature across many Middle
Eastern countries influenced by the spread of culture under Islamic rule.
954:
2585:
218:
1137:), which are capable of storing water at near freezing temperatures during summer months, are built with windcatchers. The
6146:
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5927:
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5866:
5443:
4971:
4634:
4629:
4624:
3580:
3538:
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1349:
1345:
1109:
1016:
912:
164:
Windcatchers vary dramatically in shape, including height, cross-sectional area, and internal sub-divisions and filters.
6166:
6126:
5488:
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4960:
4919:
4639:
4619:
4614:
4593:
4466:
3854:
3698:
3590:
916:
32:
1954:. International Conference "Passive and Low Energy Cooling 1021 for the Built Environment", May 2005, Santorini, Greece
6106:
5831:
5633:
5144:
5079:
4997:
4909:
4773:
3615:
3509:
2742:
Montazeri, H.; Azizian, R. (2008). "Experimental study on natural ventilation performance of one-sided wind catcher".
390:, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. The
167:
Windcatching has gained some ground in
Western architecture, and there are several commercial products using the name
5980:
5861:
5568:
5333:
5177:
4017:
3190:
803:
560:. The hot air, which is less dense, tends to travel upwards and escape out the top of the house via the windtower.
127:
1948:
1330:
231:
6033:
5892:
5856:
5658:
5288:
5243:
5171:
5023:
4966:
3610:
3600:
3100:
1621:"Simulation and Analysis of Ventilation Flow Through a Room Caused by a Two-sided Windcatcher Using a LES Method"
1364:
811:
799:
605:
2539:
2515:
496:, walls, and fountains, for instance, as integral parts of an overall ventilation and heat-management strategy.
6161:
6080:
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541:
510:
1101:. They are used in the hot, dry areas of the Central Iranian Plateau, and in the hot, humid coastal regions.
613:
outside is heated by the sun. The cool masonry will also chill the nearby air. The courtyard air will become
6075:
6000:
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Simply moving the air also has a cooling effect. Humans cool themselves using evaporative cooling when they
6065:
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3445:
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2239:
907:
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264:
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5722:
5438:
5109:
4929:
4320:
3723:
3681:
3661:
3079:
2114:
1368:
714:). At night, the windcatchers may even bring sub-freezing night air underground, helping to freeze ice.
614:
546:
92:
42:(water reservoir) with windcatchers (openings near the top of the towers) in the central desert city of
111:
are unidirectional, bidirectional, or multidirectional, on how they change with altitude, on the daily
2602:
171:. Some modern windcatchers use sensor-controlled moving parts or even solar-powered fans to make semi-
5887:
5877:
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5758:
5653:
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5182:
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4666:
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2396:
Ahmed Abdel Wahab Ahmed Rizk; Mohamed Abdel
Mawgoud Abdel Ghaffar; Mohamed Hefnawy (April 11, 2007).
2251:
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747:
706:
691:
638:
466:
158:
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1436:
1430:
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920:
772:
759:
735:
403:
335:
172:
87:
2284:
Carreto-Hernandez, L.G.; Moya, S.L.; Varela-Boydo, C.A.; Francisco-Hernandez, A. (April 1, 2022).
2168:
1403:, where it functions without the addition of mechanical devices in order to regulate temperature.
6016:
5960:
5897:
5674:
5553:
5548:
5338:
5149:
5134:
4716:
3605:
3492:
2927:
2730:
2664:
2305:
2197:. Vol. 18, no. 2. Klmath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 1–11.
2091:
2016:
1784:
1742:"'California and Texas are warnings': blackouts show US deeply unprepared for the climate crisis"
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2050:
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1004:
100:
54:
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853:
807:
751:
553:
Buoyancy is usually not the main effect driving windcatcher air circulation during the day.
157:. The "place of invention" of windcatchers is thus intensely disputed; Egypt, Iran, and the
131:
108:
82:
65:, has an elaborate 18-m windtower with two levels of openings, plus some smaller windtowers.
6050:
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3585:
3250:
2418:
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1418:
1384:
1315:
1304:
1271:
1227:
1187:
in traditional
Persian architecture. Shish-khans can still be seen on top of ab anbars in
705:), which maintain frigid temperatures in the middle of the day even without windcatchers.
671:
646:
599:
488:
Other elements are often used in combination with the windcatchers to cool and ventilate:
391:
289:
272:
176:
142:
power fails (a particular concern in places where grid power is unreliable or expensive).
139:
104:
2150:
926:
Windcatchers in Egypt are often used in conjunction with other passive cooling elements.
2796:
2755:
2644:
2413:
2255:
2188:"An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Residential Geothermal Heat Pump Owner"
1036:
625:
5800:
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5473:
5453:
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5273:
5114:
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5013:
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4783:
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4155:
4124:
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3792:
3074:
2652:
695:
506:
462:
454:
414:
396:
254:
2564:"How Ancient Persian Architecture Captured Wind Energy Underground to Green Buildings"
641:
which may be ventilated with windcatchers. The fountain pool adds evaporative cooling.
6171:
6100:
5882:
5733:
5628:
5593:
5363:
5358:
5313:
5308:
5154:
5129:
5124:
5099:
5069:
4939:
4838:
4818:
4798:
4709:
4160:
4145:
2734:
2689:
2668:
2309:
2006:
1549:
1057:
1008:
634:
564:
296:
2473:"Designing the Malqaf for summer cooling in low-rise housing, an experimental study"
2206:
2095:
119:, and on how much dust needs to be removed. Despite the name, windcatchers can also
6060:
5738:
5638:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5533:
5468:
5348:
5318:
5258:
5253:
5228:
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5018:
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4858:
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3149:
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450:
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315:
304:
285:
210:
146:
2033:
1591:
Designing the Malqaf for summer cooling in low-rise housing, an experimental study
2805:
2780:
1180:
Windcatchers in Iran may be quite elaborate, due to their use as status symbols.
1177:, 50 kilometers from Yazd: the windcatchers are short and have a single opening.
6070:
5712:
5643:
5583:
5563:
5558:
5433:
5393:
5378:
5323:
5248:
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4894:
4813:
4027:
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3284:
3115:
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2087:
659:
482:
112:
2301:
1565:
722:
332:
are usually bidirectional, set in symmetrical pairs, and are often used with a
203:
107:
in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs, depending on whether local
50:
5826:
5748:
5679:
5648:
5523:
5493:
5423:
5373:
5343:
5328:
5303:
5208:
5008:
4904:
4823:
4763:
4598:
4512:
4491:
4451:
4350:
4262:
3997:
3910:
3846:
3761:
3420:
3400:
3340:
2965:
2945:
2904:
2631:
Bahadori, Mehdi N. (1978). "Passive
Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture".
2371:
2354:
2071:
1673:
1412:
1158:
958:
701:
Windcatchers are also often used to ventilate lower-level indoor spaces (e.g.
581:
575:
536:
489:
368:
319:
310:
If the wind is dusty or polluted, or there are insect-borne illnesses such as
300:
240:
187:
183:
154:
2864:
2814:
2771:
2726:
2718:
2697:
2660:
2240:"The development of commercial wind towers for natural ventilation: A review"
2202:
1690:"A Glimpse of America's Future: Climate Change Means Trouble for Power Grids"
1548:
Saadatian, Omidreza; Haw, Lim Chin; Sopian, K.; Sulaiman, M.Y. (April 2012).
817:
A window windcatcher can reduce the total energy use of a building by 23.3%.
5785:
5463:
5458:
5408:
5383:
5238:
5034:
4283:
4241:
4223:
3992:
3915:
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3415:
3325:
3315:
3269:
3225:
2238:
Richard Hughes, Ben; Kaiser
Calautit, John; Abdul Ghani, Saud (April 2012).
2076:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings
1319:
1162:
702:
630:
481:
is more effective at maintaining human comfort (for an extreme example, see
150:
1300:
190:-like arrangements (see sections on night flushing and convection, below).
2224:
670:, often loosely referred to as "geothermal heat pumps" by laypeople). The
5768:
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2049:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
2005:
Mohamed, Mady A. A. (2010). S. Lehmann; H.A. Waer; J. Al-Qawasmi (eds.).
1448:
1388:
1232:
1170:
1133:
1023:
436:
116:
38:
4673:
2829:
2381:
1433: – Thin-sheet fountain for evaporatively cooling buildings or water
5278:
4950:
4562:
4385:
4370:
4360:
4345:
4198:
4042:
3940:
3870:
3817:
3530:
3519:
3380:
3365:
3355:
3330:
3320:
3305:
3154:
3017:
2955:
2072:"Measurements of the performance of a wind-driven ventilation terminal"
1851:"Arab States Obstructing Registration Of Iranian Windcatcher At UNESCO"
1117:
755:
674:
of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. In
440:
311:
277:
236:
58:
3129:
1715:"U.S. power and natgas prices spike in Texas and California heatwaves"
651:
A windcatcher can also cool air by bringing it into contact with cool
556:
In a windless environment, a windcatcher can still function using the
182:
Windscoops have long been used on ships, for example in the form of a
17:
5955:
5707:
5513:
5263:
4522:
4471:
4461:
4456:
4441:
4409:
4380:
4355:
4330:
4257:
4203:
4129:
4077:
4057:
3945:
3935:
3920:
3905:
3435:
3425:
3405:
3360:
3240:
3215:
3210:
3164:
3159:
3144:
1275:
1253:
1188:
1174:
1154:
1150:
1146:
962:
568:
563:
Heating of the windtower itself can heat the air inside (making it a
1290:
A windtower from below, inside, showing that it is partly closed-off
742:
Windcatchers are used for evaporative cooling in combination with a
386:
A windcatcher can also cool air by drawing it over cool objects. In
2135:. National Groundwater Association. August 23, 2015. Archived from
953:
Ancient Egyptian House miniature showing windcatchers, dating from
5970:
5403:
4537:
4517:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4108:
4098:
4047:
4002:
3987:
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3899:
3894:
3889:
3865:
3812:
3746:
3370:
3350:
3345:
3274:
3259:
3235:
3195:
2781:"Windcatchers and their applications in contemporary architecture"
2405:
2332:"Ancient windcatchers in Iran give architects cooling inspiration"
2169:"Ground Temperatures as a Function of Location, Season, and Depth"
1654:"Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice"
1424:
1378:
1329:
1299:
1125:
1056:, in the 1800s: two-walled square towers with a diagonally-sloped
1047:
1035:
743:
727:
721:
687:
683:
624:
540:
477:
corners is important. Turbulent flow should therefore be avoided;
425:
424:
410:
253:
248:
230:
49:
31:
2480:
26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA2009)
1599:
PLEA2009 – 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture
5478:
5398:
4527:
4486:
4272:
4246:
4103:
4022:
3838:
3807:
3450:
3430:
3385:
3310:
3300:
3264:
3230:
3220:
2983:
1445: – Architecture based on local needs, materials, traditions
1400:
1257:
1212:
1208:
1142:
1105:
493:
244:
96:
62:
43:
4705:
3534:
3021:
2868:
3410:
1785:"Power grid struggles in Texas similar to those in California"
824:
666:
temperature (MATT) (it is this depth which is used for many
1367:
in the UK uses windcatcher towers. The Queen's Building of
1427: – Water management system using underground channels
549:
of air inside a room. Note hot air rising from the person.
295:
Taller windcatchers catch higher winds. Higher winds blow
2133:"Groundwater temperature's measurement and significance"
2779:
Sangdeh, Parham Kheirkhah; Nasrollahi, Nazanin (2022).
2639:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 144–154.
1453:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
849:
2707:
Building Services Engineering Research and Technology
1826:"An ancient engineering feat that harnessed the wind"
1619:
Niktash, Amirreza; Huynh, B. Phuoc (July 2–4, 2014).
1395:
A windcatcher has been used in the visitor center at
977:
Model of an Ancient Egyptian house with windcatcher,
358:
998:
901:
895:
770:
579:
522:
444:
430:
351:
341:
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258:
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4138:
4086:
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3485:
3459:
3293:
3173:
3137:
3088:
3062:
3055:
2997:
2974:
2926:
2903:
1415: – Vent installed at the peak of a sloped roof
1340:has an extremely wide aluminium windcatcher scoop.
750:side is left open, air is drawn upwards using the
590:Buoyancy forces are used to cause night flushing.
2008:Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt
1173:opening. This is the style most commonly seen in
527:roof also creates suction as wind blows over it.
271:The construction of a windcatcher depends on the
2082:(SB2). London, UK: Thomas Telford Ltd: 129–136.
1628:Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering
1478:Architectural Record: Building for Social Change
3477:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1360:perpendicular to the wind flow remains large.
4717:
3546:
3033:
2880:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
690:) are common (though thinner walls with high
8:
3472:Traditional Persian residential architecture
1949:"Badgir in traditional Iranian architecture"
1335:
1116:. Most buildings are constructed from thick
457:below while allowing hot air rise out of it.
1824:Abdolhamidi, Shervin (September 27, 2018).
1767:"A Tale of Two Grids: Texas and California"
371:. Taller windcatchers also have a stronger
6142:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
5484:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
4733:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4724:
4710:
4702:
4310:
3736:
3553:
3539:
3531:
3059:
3040:
3026:
3018:
2887:
2873:
2865:
2842:Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1910:Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture
1391:also uses a very wide aluminium windscoop.
1215:: one of the tallest existing windcatchers
658:Below approximately 6m of depth, soil and
429:A pair of short traditional windcatchers (
307:). Higher air is also usually less dusty.
136:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
27:Architectural element for creating a draft
2804:
2586:"Queen's Building, DeMontfort University"
2380:
2370:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1672:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
872:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:in Egypt in 1878. Short wood-and-matting
6152:Architecture in the United Arab Emirates
5918:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1554:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
545:Vertical temperature gradient caused by
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1464:
1371:uses stack-effect towers to ventilate.
1193:
984:
979:Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim
928:
784:passive downdraught evaporative cooling
145:Windcatchers rely on local weather and
2828:G.R Dehghan Kamaragi (January 2016). "
2024:
2014:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1439: – Thermal convection power plant
838:The examples and perspective in this
292:; suitable shaping increases suction.
5791:Programmable communicating thermostat
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
655:. These are often found underground.
647:Passive cooling § Earth coupling
600:Passive cooling § Night flushing
326:The short, wide right-triangle-prism
323:partially close the windcatcher off.
7:
5913:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1964:(the English is hard to understancd)
1550:"Review of windcatcher technologies"
692:resistance against heat transmission
2566:. This Big City.net. March 20, 2012
1740:Singh, Maanvi (February 19, 2021).
1094:
1077:In Iran, a windcatcher is called a
894:In Egypt windcatchers are known as
86:
5774:Minimum efficiency reporting value
4589:Influences on Western architecture
2860:. Vol. III. pp. 368–370.
2653:10.1038/scientificamerican0278-144
2195:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
1688:Plumer, Brad (February 16, 2021).
919:(and thus the need for 60% of its
856:, or create a new, as appropriate.
25:
5816:Standard temperature and pressure
5529:Packaged terminal air conditioner
5065:Passive daytime radiative cooling
4794:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2838:"The wind factor in air movement"
2713:(1). SAGE Publications: 103–120.
2330:Hambling, David (July 13, 2023).
2228:of this article in February 2001.
1906:"The wind factor in air movement"
1588:Attia, Shady (June 22–24, 2009).
1451: – Ancient Persian ice-house
1352:is a multi-purpose hall built in
1337:Zénith de Saint-Étienne Métropole
1044:in Doha has unusual windcatchers.
340:(evaporative cooling unit) and a
4885:Absorption-compression heat pump
4685:
4672:
3760:
3128:
2471:Shady Attia (June 22–24, 2009).
1661:Architectural Research Quarterly
1421: – Building design approach
1283:
1264:
1241:
1220:
1196:
1183:A small windcatcher is called a
1015:
990:
970:
946:
934:
829:
217:
202:
5780:Normal temperature and pressure
5160:Vapor-compression refrigeration
4558:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2290:Journal of Building Engineering
1809:unreliability of American grids
906:. They are generally shaped as
794:Windcatchers and climate change
120:
6117:Islamic architectural elements
2764:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.005
2750:(12). Elsevier BV: 2193–2202.
2419:Microsoft Word document (.doc)
2264:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.066
2186:Rafferty, Kevin (April 1997).
1652:Ford, Brian (September 2001).
955:Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
662:is always at about the annual
569:such as humans, ~80 Watts each
435:); wind is forced down on the
1:
5928:Testing, adjusting, balancing
5872:Building information modeling
5867:Building services engineering
5444:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
4972:Demand controlled ventilation
4920:Building insulation materials
2684:(5–8). Elsevier BV: 879–892.
2151:"Mean Annual Air Temperature"
1110:diurnal temperature variation
913:ancient Egyptian architecture
798:Windcatchers can be used for
5489:High-pressure cut-off switch
5040:Ice storage air conditioning
4961:Dedicated outdoor air system
4650:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
2806:10.1016/j.enbenv.2020.10.005
2785:Energy and Built Environment
2690:10.1016/0960-1481(94)90108-2
2603:"Zion Canyon Visitor Center"
2533:"Air-conditioning avoidance"
2509:"Air-conditioning avoidance"
2448:. Dainst.org. Archived from
1097:). The devices were used in
917:peak electrical power demand
812:adaptation to climate change
804:buildings energy consumption
800:mitigation of climate change
782:circulation. This is called
5832:Thermostatic radiator valve
5634:Thermostatic radiator valve
5145:Underfloor air distribution
5080:Radiant heating and cooling
4998:Energy recovery ventilation
4910:Automobile air conditioning
4774:Domestic energy consumption
3510:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
2412:. p. 1. Archived from
2088:10.1680/stbu.2010.163.2.129
1124:. Towns centered on desert
999:
902:
896:
852:, discuss the issue on the
788:hydronic underfloor heating
771:
594:Night flushing (colder air)
580:
523:
445:
431:
359:
352:
342:
334:
328:
259:
6188:
5981:Institute of Refrigeration
5862:Architectural technologist
5334:Electrostatic precipitator
4018:Islamic geometric patterns
2302:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103675
2115:"Whither the Windcatcher?"
2047:The Physics of Atmospheres
1566:10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.037
1070:
644:
597:
534:
6034:Volatile organic compound
5893:Environmental engineering
5857:Architectural engineering
5659:Ultra-low particulate air
5244:Automatic balancing valve
5172:Variable refrigerant flow
5024:Heat recovery ventilation
4967:Deep water source cooling
4663:
4452:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
3758:
3126:
2791:(1). Elsevier BV: 56–72.
2404:(in English and Arabic).
2372:10.3390/buildings13010086
2070:Shea, Andy (April 2010).
1674:10.1017/S1359135501001312
1365:Bluewater Shopping Centre
1236:(courtyard) of the house.
606:diurnal temperature cycle
453:vent), used to shade the
130:and cut power demand for
99:(Persia), used to create
6081:Template:Home automation
5903:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
5599:Solar-assisted heat pump
5199:Air conditioner inverter
4978:Displacement ventilation
4869:Vapour pressure of water
4854:Thermal destratification
4568:Museum with No Frontiers
2744:Building and Environment
2719:10.1177/0143624415603281
802:as they can "reduce the
668:ground-source heat pumps
305:in a different direction
6076:World Refrigeration Day
5923:Refrigerant reclamation
5852:Architectural acoustics
5796:Programmable thermostat
5728:Clean air delivery rate
5624:Thermal expansion valve
5539:Pressurisation ductwork
5449:Ground source heat pump
4890:Absorption refrigerator
4679:Architecture portal
2045:Houghton, John (2002).
1474:"The Windcatcher House"
1443:Vernacular architecture
1346:Saint-Étienne Métropole
1099:Achaemenid architecture
1052:Simple windcatchers in
908:right triangular prisms
443:side. In the center, a
439:side and leaves on the
413:. A draft disrupts the
265:right triangular prisms
6137:Appropriate technology
6132:Architectural elements
6066:Glossary of HVAC terms
6028:Sick building syndrome
5908:Mechanical engineering
5619:Smoke exhaust ductwork
5050:Mixed-mode ventilation
4584:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3984:(multicoloured ashlar)
1947:A. A'zami (May 2005).
1601:. Quebec City, Canada.
1392:
1341:
1336:
1312:
1060:
1045:
764:energy of vaporization
731:
642:
550:
458:
268:
251:
209:Wind tower, exterior,
66:
47:
6157:Architecture in Egypt
6086:Template:Solar energy
5764:Intelligent buildings
5723:Carbon dioxide sensor
5110:Room air distribution
4930:Central solar heating
4321:Congregational mosque
3779:(four-arch structure)
2858:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2830:Badgirs, Persian Gulf
2607:National Park Service
2423:on September 23, 2015
2222:The author issued an
1382:
1369:DeMontfort University
1333:
1303:
1051:
1039:
1003:roofs shading narrow
734:In dry climates, the
725:
628:
547:stable stratification
544:
511:Bernoulli's principle
467:temperature gradients
428:
257:
234:
121:function without wind
93:architectural element
53:
35:
6147:Sustainable building
6122:Islamic architecture
6112:Architecture in Iran
5888:Duct leakage testing
5878:Deep energy retrofit
5822:Thermographic camera
5759:Infrared thermometer
5234:Air source heat pump
5183:Water heat recycling
4749:Air changes per hour
4645:Ottoman architecture
4635:Moorish architecture
4630:Islamic architecture
4625:Iranian architecture
4048:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3902:(or müezzin mahfili)
3562:Islamic architecture
3520:List of ziyarat-gahs
3467:Islamic architecture
3049:Iranian architecture
2545:on October 23, 2007.
2521:on October 23, 2007.
2212:on February 17, 2012
1358:cross-sectional area
1354:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
1250:Ganjali Khan Complex
1073:Persian architecture
1032:Middle East and Asia
840:may not represent a
760:evaporatively cooled
639:Iranian architecture
621:Subterranean cooling
159:United Arab Emirates
6167:Passive ventilation
6127:Low-energy building
5754:HVAC control system
5744:Home energy monitor
5718:Building automation
5504:Inverter compressor
5166:Variable air volume
5075:Passive ventilation
5045:Kitchen ventilation
4945:Constant air volume
4915:Autonomous building
4682: •
4669: •
4655:Yemeni architecture
4640:Mughal architecture
4620:Berber architecture
4615:Arabic architecture
4279:Salsabil (fountain)
4013:Islamic calligraphy
3460:Theory and analysis
2797:2022EnBEn...3...56S
2756:2008BuEnv..43.2193M
2645:1978SciAm.238b.144B
2633:Scientific American
2256:2012ApEn...92..606H
2139:on August 23, 2015.
1791:. February 18, 2021
1437:Solar updraft tower
1431:Salsabil (fountain)
1203:The windcatcher of
1139:evaporative cooling
1042:University of Qatar
961:near Cairo. Now in
921:generating capacity
736:evaporative cooling
718:Evaporative cooling
404:evaporative cooling
365:Persian Gulf region
235:An eight-sectioned
173:passive ventilation
91:) is a traditional
6107:Cooling technology
6017:Indoor air quality
5961:ASTM International
5898:Hydronic balancing
5675:Wood-burning stove
5554:Radiator reflector
5339:Evaporative cooler
5150:Underfloor heating
5135:Thermal insulation
4356:Kuttab (or maktab)
3493:Architects of Iran
3294:Traditional cities
2989:Human-lifting kite
2928:Vehicle propulsion
2034:low-res bw version
1694:The New York Times
1397:Zion National Park
1393:
1387:cricket ground in
1342:
1313:
1061:
1046:
732:
726:A windcatcher and
643:
551:
459:
367:and in areas with
269:
252:
67:
48:
6094:
6093:
6010:Health and safety
5589:Scroll compressor
5544:Process duct work
5299:Convection heater
5294:Condensing boiler
5224:Air-mixing plenum
5120:Solar combisystem
4956:Cross ventilation
4759:Building envelope
4699:
4698:
4546:
4545:
4302:
4301:
4289:Shading Umbrellas
4073:Stucco decoration
3973:For overview, see
3788:Four-centred arch
3528:
3527:
3124:
3123:
3015:
3014:
2976:Kite applications
2852:Roaf, S. (1988).
2410:Assiut University
1307:. Wind towers in
1205:Dowlatabad Garden
1122:insulation values
997:Windcatchers and
882:
881:
874:
615:stably stratified
101:cross ventilation
55:Aghazadeh Mansion
16:(Redirected from
6179:
6056:Building science
5811:Smart thermostat
5806:Room temperature
5389:Fireplace insert
5095:Radon mitigation
4993:Electric heating
4988:District heating
4983:District cooling
4900:Air conditioning
4726:
4719:
4712:
4703:
4692:Islam portal
4690:
4689:
4688:
4677:
4676:
4311:
3976:Islamic ornament
3855:South Asian dome
3783:Discharging arch
3764:
3737:
3581:Anatolian Seljuk
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3501:s, castles, and
3441:Takht-e Soleymān
3251:Persian Garden (
3132:
3060:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3019:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2861:
2845:
2818:
2808:
2775:
2738:
2701:
2678:Renewable Energy
2672:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2538:. Archived from
2537:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2514:. Archived from
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2482:. Archived from
2477:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2374:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2205:. Archived from
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:builditsolar.com
2165:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2002:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1898:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1789:ABC7 Los Angeles
1781:
1775:
1774:
1773:. March 2, 2021.
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1658:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1560:(3): 1477–1495.
1545:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1472:Malone, Alanna.
1469:
1454:
1339:
1287:
1268:
1245:
1224:
1200:
1096:
1054:Hyderabad, Sindh
1022:Windcatchers in
1019:
1002:
994:
974:
950:
938:
905:
899:
877:
870:
866:
863:
857:
833:
832:
825:
808:carbon footprint
776:
730:used for cooling
585:
526:
448:
434:
362:
355:
345:
339:
331:
262:
221:
206:
132:air-conditioning
109:prevailing winds
95:, originated in
90:
21:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6162:Passive cooling
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6051:ASHRAE Handbook
6039:
6023:Passive smoking
6005:
5938:
5932:
5844:
5842:
5836:
5690:
5684:
5665:Whole-house fan
5579:Run-around coil
5574:Reversing valve
5519:Mechanical room
5509:Kerosene heater
5499:Infrared heater
5429:Gasoline heater
5369:Fan filter unit
5284:Condensate pump
5269:Centrifugal fan
5187:
5090:Radiant heating
5085:Radiant cooling
5060:Passive cooling
5055:Microgeneration
4925:Central heating
4873:
4849:Thermal comfort
4741:
4735:
4730:
4700:
4695:
4686:
4684:
4671:
4659:
4603:
4594:Moorish Revival
4572:
4542:
4508:Albarrana tower
4496:
4425:
4412:in modern Iran)
4326:Dar al-Muwaqqit
4298:
4249:(fountain type)
4234:
4228:
4191:
4185:
4176:Reflecting pool
4171:Persian gardens
4166:Paradise garden
4134:
4111:(entrance hall)
4082:
4038:Nagash painting
3960:
3882:
3876:
3827:
3798:Lambrequin arch
3765:
3756:
3728:
3699:Sudano-Sahelian
3564:
3559:
3529:
3524:
3515:List of mosques
3481:
3455:
3289:
3169:
3133:
3120:
3084:
3051:
3046:
3016:
3011:
2993:
2970:
2922:
2899:
2895:Application of
2893:
2851:
2847:(free fulltext)
2836:Fathy, Hassan.
2835:
2825:
2778:
2741:
2704:
2675:
2630:
2627:
2625:Further reading
2622:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2452:on May 13, 2013
2444:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2225:updated version
2223:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2121:. May 23, 2012.
2113:
2112:
2103:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2023:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1968:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1857:. June 16, 2019
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1721:. June 16, 2021
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1635:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1547:
1546:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1452:
1419:Passive cooling
1409:
1385:Kensington Oval
1377:
1328:
1316:Council House 2
1309:concrete canyon
1305:Council House 2
1298:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1272:Golestan Palace
1269:
1260:
1248:Windcatcher of
1246:
1237:
1228:Borujerdi House
1225:
1216:
1201:
1075:
1069:
1058:skillion rooves
1034:
1027:
1020:
1011:
995:
981:
975:
966:
951:
942:
939:
892:
887:
878:
867:
861:
858:
847:
834:
830:
823:
796:
720:
696:heat reservoirs
672:thermal inertia
649:
635:earth-sheltered
623:
602:
596:
539:
533:
502:
463:buoyancy forces
423:
397:heat reservoirs
392:thermal inertia
381:
379:Cooling methods
290:flow separation
273:prevailing wind
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
222:
214:
213:
207:
196:
177:passive cooling
140:electrical grid
105:passive cooling
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6185:
6183:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6099:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6020:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5942:
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5934:
5933:
5931:
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5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5801:Psychrometrics
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5698:Air flow meter
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5474:Heating system
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5454:Heat exchanger
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Gas compressor
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5354:Expansion tank
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5274:Ceramic heater
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5115:Solar air heat
5112:
5107:
5105:Renewable heat
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5016:
5014:Forced-air gas
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4864:Thermodynamics
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Psychrometrics
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4789:Gas compressor
4786:
4784:Fluid dynamics
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4608:Category pages
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
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4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Medina quarter
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
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4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:Riwaq (arcade)
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:Islamic garden
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
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4045:
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4035:
4030:
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4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3968:
3966:
3962:
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3959:
3958:
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3908:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Multifoil arch
3800:
3795:
3793:Horseshoe arch
3790:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3743:
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3507:
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3448:
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3428:
3423:
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3413:
3408:
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3398:
3393:
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3333:
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3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
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3290:
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3287:
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3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Dalan e Vorudi
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3075:Parthian style
3072:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
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2963:
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2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
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2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2849:
2833:
2824:
2823:External links
2821:
2820:
2819:
2776:
2739:
2702:
2673:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2594:
2577:
2548:
2524:
2500:
2489:on May 3, 2013
2463:
2437:
2402:www.aun.edu.eg
2388:
2345:
2334:. The Guardian
2322:
2276:
2244:Applied Energy
2230:
2178:
2160:
2155:www.icax.co.uk
2142:
2124:
2101:
2062:
2055:
2037:
1966:
1922:
1868:
1842:
1811:
1802:
1776:
1758:
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1706:
1680:
1667:(3): 271–280.
1633:
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967:
952:
945:
943:
940:
933:
931:
891:
888:
886:
883:
880:
879:
844:of the subject
842:worldwide view
837:
835:
828:
822:
819:
795:
792:
719:
716:
653:thermal masses
645:Main article:
622:
619:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
535:Main article:
532:
529:
507:Venturi effect
501:
498:
422:
421:Airflow forces
419:
415:boundary layer
380:
377:
288:, encouraging
223:
216:
215:
208:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
195:
192:
161:all claim it.
26:
24:
14:
13:
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5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
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5944:
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5941:
5939:organizations
5935:
5929:
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5921:
5919:
5916:
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5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Duct cleaning
5881:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
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5757:
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5734:Control valve
5732:
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5709:
5706:
5704:
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5654:Turning vanes
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Thermal wheel
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:Solar chimney
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
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5565:
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5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:Fan coil unit
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5309:Cooling tower
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Vapor barrier
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Solar heating
5128:
5126:
5125:Solar cooling
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Refrigeration
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Passive house
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:Chilled water
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Sensible heat
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Noise control
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:Heat transfer
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Hasht-Bihisht
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Jama'at Khana
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Mughal garden
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Caravanserais
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Early Islamic
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2427:September 21,
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2056:0-521-01122-1
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1480:. McGraw-Hill
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1009:Cairo Citadel
1006:
1001:
993:
988:
985:
980:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
944:
937:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
918:
914:
909:
904:
898:
889:
884:
876:
873:
865:
855:
851:
850:improve this
845:
843:
836:
827:
826:
820:
818:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
793:
791:
790:in reverse).
789:
785:
779:
775:
774:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Coandă effect
749:
745:
740:
737:
729:
724:
717:
715:
713:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:arid climates
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
648:
640:
636:
632:
627:
620:
618:
616:
610:
607:
601:
593:
591:
588:
584:
583:
577:
572:
570:
566:
565:solar chimney
561:
559:
554:
548:
543:
538:
530:
528:
525:
518:
514:
512:
508:
500:Wind pressure
499:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
456:
452:
447:
442:
438:
433:
427:
420:
418:
416:
412:
407:
405:
400:
398:
393:
389:
388:arid climates
384:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
354:
349:
344:
338:
337:
330:
324:
321:
320:air filtering
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
281:
279:
274:
266:
261:
256:
250:
246:
242:
239:windtower in
238:
233:
220:
212:
205:
193:
191:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
6061:Fireproofing
5845:and services
5841:Professions,
5739:Gas detector
5669:
5639:Trickle vent
5614:Smoke damper
5609:Smoke canopy
5604:Space heater
5534:Plenum space
5469:Heating film
5349:Exhaust hood
5319:Dehumidifier
5259:Blast damper
5254:Barrier pipe
5229:Air purifier
5140:Thermosiphon
5019:Free cooling
4935:Chilled beam
4859:Thermal mass
4844:Stack effect
4829:Particulates
4809:Infiltration
4740:Fundamental
4683:
4670:
4667:Islamic arts
4447:Caravanserai
4293:
3972:
3926:Loudspeakers
3851:Persian dome
3813:Pointed arch
3611:Indo-Islamic
3601:Great Seljuk
3502:
3498:
3280:Windcatchers
3279:
3252:
3006:
2961:Land sailing
2941:Sailing ship
2913:Wind turbine
2857:
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2788:
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2606:
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2450:the original
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2414:the original
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2382:10919/113078
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2207:the original
2194:
2181:
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2163:
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2137:the original
2127:
2119:Conservation
2118:
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2075:
2065:
2046:
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1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1902:Hassan Fathy
1859:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
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1829:
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1788:
1779:
1771:www.nrdc.org
1770:
1761:
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1746:The Guardian
1745:
1735:
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1718:
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1693:
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1477:
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1311:to the left.
1231:
1184:
1182:
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1167:
1132:
1130:
1114:arid climate
1108:shows large
1103:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1062:
1007:courtyards,
925:
893:
868:
859:
839:
821:Regional use
816:
797:
780:
768:
741:
733:
700:
680:thermal mass
664:mean-average
657:
650:
611:
603:
589:
573:
562:
558:stack effect
555:
552:
519:
515:
503:
487:
479:laminar flow
475:
471:stack effect
460:
451:roof lantern
408:
401:
385:
382:
373:stack effect
350:vent). Wide
348:roof lantern
325:
316:dengue fever
309:
294:
282:
270:
211:Dubai Museum
181:
168:
166:
163:
147:microclimate
144:
125:
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6071:Warm Spaces
5713:Blower door
5691:and control
5689:Measurement
5670:Windcatcher
5644:Trombe wall
5584:Sail switch
5564:Refrigerant
5559:Recuperator
5434:Grease duct
5394:Freeze stat
5379:Fire damper
5249:Back boiler
5219:Air ionizer
5214:Air handler
5178:Ventilation
5030:Hybrid heat
4895:Air barrier
4814:Latent heat
4294:Windcatcher
4275:(courtyard)
4028:Mosque lamp
4008:Girih tiles
3965:Decorations
3843:Arabic dome
3376:Khorramabad
3063:Pre-Islamic
3007:Windcatcher
2999:Air current
2897:wind energy
2612:October 29,
2025:|work=
1855:ifpnews.com
1830:www.bbc.com
1089:"catcher" (
957:, found in
862:August 2020
660:groundwater
483:Tesla valve
369:dust storms
169:windcatcher
128:ventilation
113:temperature
71:windcatcher
6101:Categories
5827:Thermostat
5749:Humidistat
5680:Zone valve
5649:TurboSwing
5524:Oil heater
5494:Humidifier
5424:Gas heater
5374:Fan heater
5344:Evaporator
5329:Economizer
5304:Compressor
5209:Air filter
5192:Components
5009:Forced-air
4905:Antifreeze
4878:Technology
4824:Outgassing
4764:Convection
4577:Influences
4492:Well house
4263:Mashrabiya
3911:Hussainiya
3847:Onion dome
3638:Indonesian
3626:Qutb Shahi
3421:Shahrisabz
3401:Persepolis
3391:Nakhchivan
3341:Gur-e-Amir
3070:Achaemenid
2966:Rotor ship
2946:Power kite
2905:Wind power
2433:EL-MALAQEF
2338:August 28,
2315:August 28,
2269:August 28,
1459:References
1413:Ridge vent
1185:shish-khan
1120:with high
1071:See also:
1000:shuksheika
986:cityscapes
959:Abou Rawsh
810:" and for
778:building.
712:lede image
707:Ice houses
703:shabestans
582:mashrabiya
576:takhtabush
537:Convection
531:Convection
524:shuksheika
490:courtyards
446:shuksheika
343:shuksheika
241:Souq Waqif
188:takhtabush
184:dorade box
155:prehistory
115:cycle, on
79:wind scoop
75:wind tower
5937:Industry
5786:OpenTherm
5464:Heat pump
5459:Heat pipe
5409:Fume hood
5384:Fireplace
5289:Condenser
5239:Attic fan
5035:Hydronics
4551:Resources
4314:Religious
4284:Shabestan
4242:Hypostyle
4224:Shadirvan
3993:Arabesque
3916:Imamzadeh
3881:Religious
3861:Semi-dome
3808:Ogee arch
3777:Chahartaq
3740:Materials
3667:Almoravid
3642:Malaysian
3416:Samarkand
3326:Ctesiphon
3270:Shabestan
3226:Imamzadeh
3201:Chahartaq
2918:Wind mill
2815:2666-1233
2772:0360-1323
2735:111048250
2727:0143-6244
2698:0960-1481
2669:119819386
2661:0036-8733
2570:March 20,
2493:April 22,
2456:April 22,
2359:Buildings
2310:244435768
2216:March 21,
2203:0276-1084
2027:ignored (
2017:cite book
1958:March 21,
1320:Melbourne
1296:Australia
1134:ab anbars
1085:"wind" +
854:talk page
773:salasabil
686:, stone,
633:, a cool
631:shabestan
276:parallel
179:systems.
175:and semi-
151:West Asia
6044:See also
5769:LonWorks
5703:Aquastat
5569:Register
5549:Radiator
5204:Air door
5004:Firestop
4804:Humidity
4779:Enthalpy
4769:Dilution
4754:Bake-out
4742:concepts
4665:Part of
4501:Military
4437:Baradari
4430:Civilian
4253:Jharokha
4214:Mechouar
4151:Charbagh
4094:Andaruni
4068:Socarrat
4033:Muqarnas
3931:Maqsurah
3823:Vaulting
3752:Tadelakt
3733:Elements
3682:Zayyanid
3662:Aghlabid
3396:Nishapur
3285:Yakhchāl
3246:Panjdari
3186:Andaruni
3181:Ab anbar
3174:Elements
3155:Khaneqah
3106:Ilkhanid
3080:Sasanian
2951:SkySails
2936:Sailboat
2854:"Bādgīr"
2096:55886961
1915:July 29,
1904:(1986).
1861:July 29,
1835:July 29,
1795:July 29,
1751:July 29,
1725:July 29,
1699:July 29,
1484:July 27,
1449:Yakhchal
1407:See also
1389:Barbados
1375:Americas
1233:andaruni
1171:downwind
1112:with an
1104:Central
1024:Khartoum
1005:airshaft
903:malaaqef
848:You may
637:room in
437:windward
336:salsabil
297:stronger
278:chimneys
194:Location
117:humidity
59:Abarkooh
39:ab anbar
5843:trades,
5414:Furnace
5279:Chiller
4951:Coolant
4599:Mudéjar
4563:ArchNet
4513:Alcázar
4386:Musalla
4371:Maqbara
4361:Madrasa
4351:Külliye
4346:Khanqah
4336:Gongbei
4235:cooling
4233:Passive
4199:Chhatri
4192:objects
4190:Outdoor
4139:Gardens
4115:Mirador
4053:Shabaka
4043:Qashani
3998:Banna'i
3941:Minaret
3883:objects
3873:(eaves)
3871:Chhajja
3818:Squinch
3719:Umayyad
3714:Timurid
3704:Swahili
3689:Ottoman
3672:Almohad
3657:Moorish
3647:Iranian
3616:Bengali
3596:Fatimid
3591:Chinese
3586:Ayyubid
3576:Abbasid
3503:ghal'eh
3381:Mashhad
3366:Kashmar
3356:Isfahan
3331:Derbent
3321:Bukhara
3306:Andijan
3160:Mosques
3145:Bazaars
3116:Safavid
3111:Timurid
3089:Islamic
3056:Periods
2956:Iceboat
2793:Bibcode
2752:Bibcode
2641:Bibcode
2252:Bibcode
2250:: 606.
1719:Reuters
1118:ceramic
1091:Persian
1026:, Sudan
748:leeward
441:leeward
360:Baudgir
318:, then
312:malaria
286:laminar
260:Malqafs
237:masonry
83:Persian
5996:SMACNA
5956:ASHRAE
5776:(MERV)
5730:(CADR)
5708:BACnet
5661:(ULPA)
5514:Louver
5439:Grille
5314:Damper
5264:Boiler
5162:(VCRS)
4963:(DOAS)
4523:Kasbah
4472:Kasbah
4462:Hammam
4457:Ghorfa
4442:Bazaar
4421:Zawiya
4410:takyeh
4381:Mosque
4331:Dargah
4258:Kucheh
4204:Eidgah
4130:Zenana
4078:Zellij
4063:Sitara
4058:Shamsa
3946:Minbar
3936:Mihrab
3921:Kiswah
3906:Gonbad
3770:Arches
3724:Yemeni
3694:Somali
3677:Hafsid
3652:Mamluk
3631:Mughal
3621:Deccan
3569:Styles
3446:Tehran
3436:Tabriz
3426:Shiraz
3406:Qazvin
3361:Kashan
3241:Kucheh
3216:Hashti
3211:Gonbad
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3165:Takyeh
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1350:Zénith
1326:Europe
1278:, Iran
1276:Tehran
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1189:Qazvin
1175:Meybod
1161:, and
1155:Sirjan
1151:Kashan
1147:Kerman
1095:بادگیر
1079:bâdgir
963:Louvre
930:models
900:, pl.
897:malqaf
885:Africa
432:malqaf
353:malqaf
329:malqaf
301:cooler
88:بادگیر
46:, Iran
18:Badgir
6036:(VOC)
6030:(SBS)
6019:(IAQ)
5976:CIBSE
5971:BSRIA
5874:(BIM)
5818:(STP)
5782:(NTP)
5404:Freon
5174:(VRF)
5168:(VAV)
5026:(HRV)
5000:(ERV)
4974:(DCV)
4947:(CAV)
4538:Ribat
4533:Qalat
4518:Amsar
4477:Mahal
4416:Türbe
4406:Takya
4401:Surau
4396:Rauza
4391:Qubba
4376:Mazar
4366:Maqam
4307:Types
4219:Sebil
4109:Liwan
4099:Harem
4087:Rooms
4003:Girih
3988:Alfiz
3982:Ablaq
3956:Zarih
3951:Qibla
3900:Dikka
3895:Bedug
3890:Anaza
3866:Tajug
3832:Roofs
3747:Qadad
3709:Tatar
3606:Hausa
3486:Lists
3371:Khiva
3351:Herat
3346:Hatra
3336:Ganja
3275:Talar
3260:Qanat
3253:hayāt
3236:Kariz
3138:Types
2731:S2CID
2665:S2CID
2589:(PDF)
2543:(PDF)
2536:(PDF)
2519:(PDF)
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2406:Asyut
2306:S2CID
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1952:(PDF)
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1425:Qanat
1274:, in
1252:, in
1126:oases
890:Egypt
756:earth
744:qanat
728:qanat
688:brick
684:adobe
494:domes
465:from
411:sweat
303:(and
249:Qatar
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6172:Wind
5991:LEED
5951:AMCA
5946:AHRI
5479:HEPA
5399:Flue
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4408:(or
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4247:Howz
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3311:Baku
3301:Amol
3265:Sahn
3231:Iwan
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2811:ISSN
2768:ISSN
2723:ISSN
2694:ISSN
2657:ISSN
2614:2018
2572:2012
2495:2013
2458:2013
2429:2016
2340:2023
2317:2023
2271:2023
2218:2009
2199:ISSN
2051:ISBN
2029:help
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1863:2023
1837:2023
1797:2023
1753:2023
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1258:Iran
1213:Iran
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