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significant loss in accuracy. For this reason, ammunition was issued in two forms: one, loose balls, in standard carbine caliber with greased patches for accurate shooting, with loose powder inside a flask equipped with a spring-loaded charger to automatically measure out the correct amount of powder; and two, paper cartridges similar to regular musket ammunition. The requirement for the Baker armed troops to be able to perform regular infantry tasks, such as form square against cavalry, or resist a bayonet attack, led to the rather cumbersome 23½-inch-long sword-bayonet which, when fitted, made the rifle-bayonet length some 65 inches, nearly the same as a bayonet-fitted musket. There were even talks early in the rifle's adoption of additionally equipping the riflemen with short pikes instead of bayonets; however, this impractical idea was never put into actual use.
525:'s Corps of Sharpshooters, which ordered models with a 33-inch barrel, in August 1803. A second pattern of Baker Rifle was fitted with a "Newland" lock that had a flat-faced ring neck cock. In 1806, a third pattern was produced that included a "pistol grip" style trigger guard and a smaller patch box with a plain rounded front. The lock plate was smaller, flat, and had a steeped-down tail, a raised semi-waterproof pan, a flat ring neck cock, and a sliding safety bolt. With the introduction of a new pattern Short Land Pattern Flintlock Musket ('Brown Bess') in 1810, with its flat lock and ring-necked cock, the Baker's lock followed suit for what became the fourth pattern. It also featured a "slit stock"—the stock had a slot cut in its underpart just over a quarter-inch wide. This was done after Ezekiel Baker had seen reports of the
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hence more time to seat properly inside a rifle's barrel, especially after repeated firing had fouled the barrel, compared to a loose fitting musket ball which could easily roll down. Early on each rifleman was even provided with a small mallet to help seat the ball inside the muzzle, but this later was abandoned as unnecessary.
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For accurate firing, a Baker rifle could not usually be reloaded as fast as a musket, as the slightly undersized lead balls had to be wrapped in patches of greased leather or linen so that they would more closely fit the lands of the rifling. The tight-fitting patched ball took considerable force and
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Accuracy was of more importance than the rate of fire when skirmishing. The rifleman's primary battlefield role was to utilize cover and skirmish (frequently against enemy skirmishers), whereas his musket-armed counterparts in the line infantry fired in volley or mass-fire. This could further reduce
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as originally manufactured was expected to be capable of firing at a range of up to 200 yards (183 meters) with a high hit rate. The Baker rifle was used by skirmishers facing their opponents in pairs, sniping at the enemy either from positions in front of the main lines or from hidden positions in
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that was trained and employed as skirmishers but these were only issued with muskets). With the advantage of the greater range and accuracy provided by the Baker rifle, the highly trained
British skirmishers were able to defeat their French counterparts routinely and in turn disrupt the main French
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The rifle had a simple folding rear sight with the standard large lock mechanism (initially marked "Tower" and "G.R." under a crown; later ones after the battle of
Waterloo had "Enfield"), with a swan-neck cock as fitted to the "Brown Bess". Like the German Jäger rifles, it had a scrolled brass
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Troops issued with the Baker rifle were also occasionally required to "stand in the line" and serve as regular infantry if the situation called for it. The higher rate of fire (and therefore the volume of fire) of the musket was required when deployed as line infantry, even if this came with a
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Rifle (a simplified version lacking a patch box), the 1809 pattern, which was .75 (musket) caliber, and the 1800/15, which was modified from existing stocks to use a socket bayonet. The most common field modification was the bent stock: riflemen in the field found that the stock was not bent
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musket in the hands of a trained infantryman. However, the average time to reload a rifle is dependent on the level of training and experience of the user; twenty seconds (or three shots a minute) is possible for a highly proficient rifleman. Using a hand-measured powder charge for accurate
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grooves; this model was accepted as the
Infantry Rifle, but more changes were made until it was finally placed into production. The third and final model had the barrel shortened from 32 to 30 inches, and the caliber reduced to .653, which allowed the rifle to fire a .625 caliber
422:. However, existing rifle designs were considered too cumbersome, slow-firing, fragile or expensive to be put to use on any scale beyond irregular companies. Rifles had been issued on a limited basis and consisted of parts made to no precise pattern, often brought in from
541:. It was reported that many rifles sent to the British Army inspectors were not complete, to the extent of even having no barrel, since the rifle was sent on to another contractor for finishing. Ezekiel Baker's production during the period 1805–1815 was 712 rifles.
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on 22 February 1800 in order to select a standard rifle pattern; the rifle designed by
Ezekiel Baker was chosen. During the trial, of the twelve shots fired, eleven were placed in a 6-foot (1.8 m) circular target at a distance of 300 yards (270 m).
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to butt, 12 inches shorter than the infantry musket, and weighed almost nine pounds. Although
Infantry Muskets were not issued with cleaning kits, the Baker rifle had a cleaning kit, greased linen patches and tools, stored in the "butt-trap" or
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at an unknown but long range (as much as 600 yards (550 m) according to some sources). He then shot
Colbert's aide-de-camp, Latour-Maubourg, who went to the aid of his general, suggesting that the success of the first shot was not due to luck.
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The rifle is referred to almost exclusively as the "Baker Rifle", but it was produced by other manufacturers and sub-contractors from 1800 to 1837. Most of the rifles produced between 1800 and 1815 were not made by
Ezekiel Baker, but under the
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to help ensure a firm grip and a raised cheek-piece on the left-hand side of the butt. The stocks were made of walnut and held the barrel with three flat captive wedges. The rifle also had a metal locking bar to accommodate a 24-inch sword
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the Baker was reported to be effective at long range due to its accuracy and dependability under battlefield conditions. In spite of its advantages, the rifle did not replace the standard
British musket of the day, the
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sufficiently at the wrist to allow accurate firing, so stocks were bent by steaming. As this technique produces temporary results (lasting approximately five years), no examples found today exhibit this bend.
664:), and others, acquired rifles for use by some in their light companies during the time of the Peninsular War. These units were employed as an addition to the common practice of fielding
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746:. The Baker was also used in Canada in the War of 1812. It is recorded that the British Army still issued Baker rifles in 1841, three years after its production had ceased.
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That rifleman
Plunkett and others were able to regularly hit targets at ranges considered to be beyond the rifle's effective range speaks for both their
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A British Rifle Man: The
Journals and Correspondence of Major George Simmons, Rifle Brigade, During the Peninsular War and the Campaign of Waterloo
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The rifle was used by what were considered elite units, such as the 5th battalion and rifle companies of the 6th and 7th Battalions of the
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738:(sharpshooters) company equipped with the Baker rifle. The rifle was also supplied to or privately purchased by numerous volunteer and
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After the Baker entered service, more modifications were made to the rifle and several variations were produced. A lighter and shorter
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as well as sharpshooter platoons within the Light Companies of the KGL Line Bns also used the Baker. Each of the Portuguese
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are known to have been carrying Baker rifles, as well as Brown Bess muskets. They were also supplied to the government of
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in advance of the main column, who were used to weaken and disrupt the waiting enemy lines (the French also had a light
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Thus a rifleman was expected to be able to fire two aimed shots a minute, compared to the four shots a minute for the
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jamming in the stock after the build-up of residue in the ramrod channel, and when the wood warped after getting wet.
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units; these examples often differ from the regular issue pattern. Some variants were used by cavalry, including the
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had been issued on a limited basis of 10 per regiment to units serving in the American War of Independence.
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fouling built up in the rifling grooves, and the weapon became much slower to load and less accurate.
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was introduced, and a number of volunteer associations procured their own models, including the
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as an example of what was needed. The second model he made had a .75 caliber bore, the same
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The rifle was used in several countries during the first half of the 19th century; indeed,
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system, and he sub-contracted the manufacture of parts of the rifle to over 20 British
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The accuracy of the rifle in capable hands is most famously demonstrated at the
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The British Army had learnt the value of rifles from their experience in the
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A British rifleman firing a Baker rifle (engraving from an 1803 book by
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as the infantry musket. It had a 32-inch barrel, with eight rectangular
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long-range shots could increase the load time to as much as a minute.
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issued as a standard weapon for all line companies in a regiment. The
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responded, albeit with some delay. Prior to the formation of an
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History of Baker Rifle patterns and development - 2/95th Rifles
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the firing rate of the rifle compared to musket during battle.
1140:, Volume 7, No. 3, p. 10, pp. 12–13; ISSN 1524-8666.
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Rifleman Thomas Plunkett: 'A Pattern for the Battalion.'
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in 2004, but many had deteriorated beyond recovery.
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1134:Cline, Kenneth (December 2005). "The Baker Rifle".
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1166:Development & Description of the Baker Rifle
968:"Armas Antigas usadas pelo Exercito Brasileiro"
321:. It was the first British-made rifle that the
332:The Baker rifle was first produced in 1800 by
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556:and swivel-mounted ramrod, the 1801 pattern
1106:British Military Flintlock Rifles 1740–1840
812:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
603:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
386:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1065:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1045:A History of the Peninsular War: 1807–1809
266:User dependent, Usually 2+ rounds a minute
31:
1596:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1801
832:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1176:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars
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552:. Variations included a carbine with a
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1121:British Military Firearms, 1650–1850
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810:adding citations to reliable sources
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916:and the capabilities of the rifle.
456:, responsible for establishing the
313:used by the rifle regiments of the
1151:How to Load and Fire a Baker Rifle
874:heights overlooking battlefields.
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281:Effective firing range
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1484:Rifle, Anti-Tank, .55 in, Boys
1094:Antill, P. (3 February 2006).
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1119:Blackmore, Howard L. (1994).
1108:. Andrew Mowbray Publishers.
712:(3rd Batt./95th (Rifles), at
704:between 1808 and 1814 in the
438:in 1800, a trial was held at
234:0.615 in. (15.6 mm) lead ball
132:Brazilian War of Independence
1591:Rifles of the United Kingdom
1550:No.2 "Lifebuoy" flamethrower
716:), and again in 1815 at the
327:Pattern 1776 Infantry rifle
304:Pattern 1800 Infantry Rifle
39:a.k.a. Baker infantry rifle
36:Pattern 1800 Infantry Rifle
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1083:. London: A & C Black.
889:in 1809) by the action of
420:American Revolutionary War
1545:Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar
1337:De Lisle Commando carbine
1280:Enfield 1853 rifle-musket
1024:Edwards, Eric W. (2013),
336:, a master gunsmith from
302:(officially known as the
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120:French Revolutionary Wars
65:Place of origin
45:
1446:Charlton Automatic Rifle
954:"ArmasBrasil - Carabina"
897:) of the 1st Battalion,
891:Rifleman Thomas Plunkett
643:, designer of the rifle)
436:Experimental Rifle Corps
158:1800–1838 (all variants)
68:Kingdom of Great Britain
1385:Thompson submachine gun
1314:Lee–Enfield No.5 Mk.I "
1209:Beaumont–Adams revolver
1192:Commonwealth of Nations
1048:, vol. 1, Oxford,
926:British military rifles
734:battalions included an
1332:Rieder Automatic Rifle
1322:Howell Automatic Rifle
1104:Bailey, D. W. (2002).
1042:Oman, Charles (1902),
700:that served under the
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262:Rate of fire
1441:Vickers K machine gun
714:Battle of New Orleans
698:95th Regiment of Foot
694:60th Regiment of Foot
662:Royal Welch Fusiliers
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1504:17 pdr anti-tank gun
1327:Huot Automatic Rifle
1030:, Pitt Rivers Museum
806:improve this section
726:King's German Legion
597:improve this section
428:Revolutionary France
380:improve this section
323:British armed forces
272:Muzzle velocity
59:Muzzle-loading rifle
29:Muzzle-loading rifle
1499:6 pdr anti-tank gun
1494:2 pdr anti-tank gun
1123:. Greenhill Books.
879:Battle of Cacabelos
755:Battle of the Alamo
219:30.375 in. (762 mm)
190:9 lb (4.08 kg)
1540:SBML 2-inch mortar
1421:QF 2 pdr "Pom-Pom"
1075:Verner, Willoughby
901:, who shot French
865:Accuracy and range
724:Battalions of the
718:Battle of Waterloo
702:Duke of Wellington
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523:Duke of Cumberland
426:. The war against
348:History and design
244:0.625 in (15.9 mm)
142:Production history
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1380:F1 submachine gun
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1137:Military Heritage
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791:This section
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641:Ezekiel Baker
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582:This section
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365:This section
363:
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343:
339:
335:
334:Ezekiel Baker
330:
328:
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292:Muzzle loaded
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106:United States
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44:
33:
27:
19:
1581:Early rifles
1269:
1135:
1120:
1105:
1097:
1079:
1044:
1032:, retrieved
1026:
1003:
991:
984:Edwards 2013
962:
948:
931:
914:marksmanship
911:
894:
876:
868:
859:
855:
847:
843:
828:
822:January 2024
819:
804:Please help
792:
774:Rate of fire
748:
744:10th Hussars
735:
729:
691:
646:
619:
613:January 2024
610:
595:Please help
583:
554:safety catch
550:service life
543:
531:
512:
486:
449:
435:
432:British Army
417:
402:
396:January 2024
393:
378:Please help
366:
342:British Army
331:
315:British Army
303:
299:
297:
216: length
208:in (1162 mm)
90:Used by
83:British Army
26:
1426:Vickers gun
1411:Gardner gun
1406:Gatling gun
1375:Sterling L2
1305:Lee–Enfield
1300:Lee–Metford
1270:Baker rifle
996:Verner 1899
899:95th Rifles
885:retreat to
769:Performance
763:Nepali Army
710:War of 1812
666:skirmishers
647:During the
466:Jäger rifle
458:Rifle Corps
338:Whitechapel
317:during the
300:Baker rifle
166: built
128:War of 1812
81:1801–1837 (
18:Baker Rifle
1575:Categories
1519:Field guns
1394:Rapid-fire
1360:Lanchester
1310:Ross rifle
1254:Brown Bess
1034:5 December
1018:References
850:Brown Bess
736:Atiradores
720:. The two
654:Brown Bess
558:West India
462:Brown Bess
1509:L6 Wombat
1476:Anti-tank
1431:Lewis gun
1416:Maxim gun
1194:1722–1965
1008:Oman 1902
793:does not
731:Caçadores
677:force by
674:battalion
584:does not
539:gunsmiths
508:gunpowder
504:patch box
367:does not
308:flintlock
255:Flintlock
230:Cartridge
150:1798–1800
1461:Bren gun
1370:Owen gun
1342:L1A1 SLR
1265:Nock gun
1246:carbines
1227:revolver
1221:Mk. I–VI
1201:Handguns
1190:and the
1077:(1899).
1061:citation
920:See also
881:(during
683:officers
672:in each
440:Woolwich
306:) was a
284:Variable
276:Variable
174:Variants
155:Produced
147:Designed
98:Portugal
1054:1539767
906:Colbert
903:General
895:Plunket
887:Corunna
883:Moore's
814:removed
799:sources
753:at the
740:militia
679:sniping
670:company
605:removed
590:sources
519:cavalry
515:carbine
495:bayonet
479:carbine
474:rifling
470:caliber
451:Colonel
424:Prussia
388:removed
373:sources
240:Caliber
203:⁄
169:22,000+
1523:others
1256:musket
1241:Rifles
1127:
1112:
1052:
932:Sharpe
708:, the
527:ramrod
499:muzzle
482:bullet
340:. The
250:Action
214:Barrel
195:Length
110:Mexico
102:Brazil
1456:Besal
940:Notes
871:rifle
759:Nepal
311:rifle
1489:PIAT
1451:Besa
1365:Sten
1125:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1067:link
1050:OCLC
1036:2013
893:(or
869:The
797:any
795:cite
687:NCOs
685:and
588:any
586:cite
544:The
371:any
369:cite
298:The
187:Mass
116:Wars
55:Type
808:by
681:at
599:by
565:Use
382:by
164:No.
1577::
1063:}}
1059:{{
976:^
689:.
198:45
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205:4
201:3
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20:)
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