84:
additional increases in blood volume) will indirectly cause relatively greater stimulation of arterial baroreceptor reflex which will in fact reduce the heart rate. Thus, the effect of the
Bainbridge reflex on heart rate may be counteracted by the baroreceptor reflex so that the net effect is determined by the balance of both reflexes, or, rather, the balance of factors determining their individual amplitude.
83:
together control heart rate: the
Bainbridge reflex responds to increased blood volume, whereas the baroreceptor reflex responds to changes in arterial blood pressure. The reflex is most potent when heart rate is low; when heart rate is already high, additional venous return to the right atrium (i.e.
183:
has a direct positive chronotropic effect on the rate of the SA node, and may by itself increase heart rate by as much as 15%. This local response involves stretch-activated ion channels, as was demonstrated by stretching single isolated pacemaker cells while recording their cellular electrical
59:
to the right atrium. Mechanistically, the increased heart rate evoked by the
Bainbridge reflex acts to increase the transit rate of venous blood across the heart into the arterial side of the cardiovascular system, thereby decreasing blood pressure on the venous side to reach a homeostatic
196:
reported that infusing fluid into the circulatory system of dogs leads to an increase in heart rate regardless of whether arterial blood pressure changed, but only when central venous pressure increases enough to cause distension of the righ atrium. He also found that bilateral
208:. Thus, the positive chronotropic response of the heart to stretch must, at least in part, have been accomplished by mechanisms related to the SA node itself. This led to the suggestion to refer to the response discovered by Bainbrindge as an 'effect' rather than a 'reflex'.
143:
as well as the vagus nerve itself. Unusually, this tachycardia is mediated by increased sympathetic activity to the SAN with no fall in parasympathetic activity. Effects on cardiac contractility and stroke volume are insignificant. Bainbridge reflex is attenuated by both
231:: When the blood flow through the juxtaglomerular apparatus decreases, blood pressure is considered low, and the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone to increase sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct, thereby increasing blood pressure.
431:
Cooper PJ, Lei M, Cheng LX, Kohl P. Axial stretch increases spontaneous pacemaker activity in rabbit isolated sinoatrial node cells. J Appl
Physiol (1985). 2000 Nov;89(5):2099-104. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.2099. PMID
441:
BLINKS JR. Positive chronotropic effect of increasing right atrial pressure in the isolated mammalian heart. Am J Physiol. 1956 Aug;186(2):299-303. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.186.2.299. PMID 13362527.
243:: The hypothalamus detects the extracellular fluid hyperosmolality and the posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone to increase water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
462:
Lange G, Lu HH, Chang A, Brooks CM. Effect of stretch on the isolated cat sinoatrial node. Am J Physiol. 1966 Nov;211(5):1192-6. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.5.1192. PMID 4380793.
237:: When the stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus increase, the blood pressure is considered to be elevated and the heart rate decreases to lower blood pressure.
99:
alone - to ensure adequate perfusion of tissues as well to compensate for decreased pumping efficiency of the heart due to decreased filling in accordance with the
175:
The
Bainbridge reflex is the predominant but not the only mechanism mediating increases in heart rate in response to increased atrial stretch: stretching of the
377:
343:
279:
845:
111:
Increased blood volume in the right atrium leads to inflates the atrium, stretching of the atrial walls. This stretching is sensed by
508:
672:
824:
225:: When the atrium stretches, blood pressure is considered to be increased and sodium is excreted to lower blood pressure.
92:
88:
64:
204:
Subsequent work demonstrated a stretch-induced increase in heart rate in isolated hearts or even the fully separated
55:
The
Bainbridge reflex is involved in matching heart rate to effective circulating blood volume which is signified to
222:
140:
764:
719:
193:
91:) is below normal, changes in atrial stretch do not evoke any Bainbridge reflex response. However, below normal
450:
Deck, K.A. Dehnungseffekte am spontanschlagenden, isolierten
Sinusknoten. Pflügers Archiv 280, 120–130 (1964).
228:
149:
112:
87:
The
Bainbridge reflex is active only when atrial stretch is above normal; when atrial stretch (and therefore
817:
557:
100:
592:
533:
120:
217:
123:). The information about the degree of atrial stretch is then conveyed through afferent fibres of the
802:
561:
538:
501:
471:
Rossberg F. Der
Bainbridge-Effekt . Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1973 Sep 1;28(17):513-8. German. PMID 4588170.
240:
153:
797:
739:
647:
553:
116:
96:
80:
79:
The
Bainbridge reflex may raise heart rate by as much as 40% to 60%. The Bainbridge reflex and the
754:
749:
698:
642:
629:
160:
that mediating the Bainbridge reflex is destroyed), and can be entirely abolished by bilateral
850:
812:
612:
566:
414:
394:
373:
339:
304:
275:
165:
128:
49:
807:
782:
693:
677:
406:
45:
41:
115:(which are located at the venoatrial junction), causing an increased in the firing rate of
787:
724:
662:
607:
543:
494:
205:
180:
145:
729:
667:
657:
617:
597:
576:
548:
525:
176:
839:
734:
637:
587:
68:
56:
132:
37:
40:
due to increased filling of the right atrium with venous blood. It is detected by
652:
410:
124:
368:
Koeppen, Bruce M.; Stanton, Bruce A.; Swiatecka-Urban, Agnieszka, eds. (2024).
296:
744:
234:
169:
157:
33:
418:
95:
will likewise lead to proportional increases in heart rate - mediated by the
308:
67:
as intrathoracic pressure decreases during inspiration, causing increased
792:
198:
161:
136:
517:
451:
29:
44:
embedded within the wall of the right atrium, and regulated by a
490:
338:(14th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 224–225.
393:
Reitz, Bruce A.; Dong, Eugene; Stinson, Edward B. (May 1971).
274:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 547–548.
486:
479:
Berne, R., Levy, M., Koeppen, B., & Stanton, B. (2004)
334:
Hall, John E.; Hall, Michael E.; Guyton, Arthur C. (2021).
395:"The Bainbridge Reflex in Canine Cardiac Autotransplants"
36:
in response to increased stretching of the wall of the
775:
707:
686:
628:
575:
524:
270:Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. (2017).
303:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
336:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
502:
8:
372:(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
295:Pakkam, Madona L.; Moore, Marlyn J. (2024),
139:are then conveyed back to the heart through
509:
495:
487:
152:of innervated hearts (as one or the other
253:
7:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
329:
327:
325:
323:
265:
263:
261:
259:
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150:beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists
452:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00363751
14:
63:Bainbridge reflex also mediates
483:, Fifth Edition. Elsevier, Inc.
297:"Physiology, Bainbridge Reflex"
137:contraction strength (inotropy)
1:
825:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
125:vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
93:effective circulating volume
89:effective circulating volume
65:respiratory sinus arrhythmia
411:10.1161/01.CIR.43.5S1.I-136
370:Berne & Levy Physiology
867:
223:Atrial natriuretic peptide
846:Cardiovascular physiology
201:abolished this response.
194:Francis Arthur Bainbridge
229:Renin-angiotensin system
172:is entirely destroyed).
133:heart rate (chronotropy)
131:; efferents controlling
113:atrial stretch receptors
818:Crossed extensor reflex
567:Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
558:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
32:causing an increase in
593:Brachioradialis reflex
534:Pupillary light reflex
121:low pressure receptors
28:) is a cardiovascular
765:Churchill–Cope reflex
720:Bezold–Jarisch reflex
218:Low pressure receptor
206:sinoatrial node (SAN)
687:Superficial reflexes
562:Oculocephalic reflex
539:Accommodation reflex
241:Antidiuretic hormone
117:group B nerve fibers
798:Golgi tendon reflex
740:Oculocardiac reflex
554:Caloric reflex test
97:baroreceptor reflex
81:baroreceptor reflex
755:Reflex tachycardia
750:Reflex bradycardia
699:Cremasteric reflex
630:Primitive reflexes
272:Medical Physiology
141:sympathetic nerves
101:Frank–Starling law
833:
832:
813:Withdrawal reflex
715:Bainbridge reflex
613:Ankle jerk reflex
379:978-0-323-84790-2
345:978-0-323-59712-8
281:978-1-4557-4377-3
129:medulla oblongata
50:medulla oblongata
42:stretch receptors
24:(also called the
22:Bainbridge effect
18:Bainbridge reflex
858:
808:Startle response
783:List of reflexes
694:Abdominal reflex
577:Stretch reflexes
511:
504:
497:
488:
472:
469:
463:
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454:
448:
442:
439:
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429:
423:
422:
390:
384:
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365:
350:
349:
331:
318:
317:
316:
315:
292:
286:
285:
267:
146:anticholinergics
866:
865:
861:
860:
859:
857:
856:
855:
836:
835:
834:
829:
788:Acoustic reflex
771:
725:Coronary reflex
703:
682:
624:
608:Patellar reflex
571:
544:Jaw jerk reflex
520:
515:
476:
475:
470:
466:
461:
457:
449:
445:
440:
436:
430:
426:
392:
391:
387:
380:
367:
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353:
346:
333:
332:
321:
313:
311:
294:
293:
289:
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269:
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255:
250:
214:
190:
181:sinoatrial node
177:pacemaker cells
168:portion of the
109:
77:
12:
11:
5:
864:
862:
854:
853:
848:
838:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
822:
821:
820:
810:
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790:
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773:
772:
770:
769:
768:
767:
759:
758:
757:
752:
742:
737:
732:
730:Cushing reflex
727:
722:
717:
711:
709:
708:Cardiovascular
705:
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701:
696:
690:
688:
684:
683:
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665:
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632:
626:
625:
623:
622:
621:
620:
618:Plantar reflex
615:
610:
602:
601:
600:
598:Triceps reflex
595:
590:
581:
579:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
551:
549:Corneal reflex
546:
541:
536:
530:
528:
522:
521:
516:
514:
513:
506:
499:
491:
485:
484:
474:
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455:
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424:
385:
378:
351:
344:
319:
287:
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252:
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245:
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232:
226:
220:
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189:
186:
108:
105:
76:
73:
52:of the brain.
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
863:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
826:
823:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
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791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
774:
766:
763:
762:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Diving reflex
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
710:
706:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
689:
685:
679:
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669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
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633:
631:
627:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:Biceps reflex
586:
585:
583:
582:
580:
578:
574:
568:
565:
563:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
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532:
531:
529:
527:
526:Cranial nerve
523:
519:
512:
507:
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498:
493:
492:
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306:
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159:
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147:
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134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
82:
74:
72:
70:
69:venous return
66:
61:
60:equilibrium.
58:
57:venous return
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:atrial reflex
23:
19:
761:Respiratory
714:
480:
467:
458:
446:
437:
427:
402:
398:
388:
369:
335:
312:, retrieved
300:
290:
271:
203:
191:
174:
156:part of the
110:
86:
78:
62:
54:
38:right atrium
25:
21:
17:
15:
803:Optokinetic
643:Gastrocolic
399:Circulation
840:Categories
745:Baroreflex
673:Tonic neck
481:Physiology
314:2024-06-22
301:StatPearls
248:References
235:Baroreflex
184:activity.
170:reflex arc
158:reflex arc
75:Physiology
34:heart rate
678:Parachute
432:11053369.
419:0009-7322
192:In 1915,
107:Mechanism
851:Reflexes
793:H-reflex
663:Stepping
518:Reflexes
309:31082061
212:See also
199:vagotomy
166:afferent
164:(as the
162:vagotomy
154:afferent
668:Sucking
658:Rooting
405:(5s1).
188:History
179:of the
127:to the
48:in the
638:Galant
417:
376:
342:
307:
278:
46:center
30:reflex
776:Other
648:Grasp
653:Moro
604:Leg
584:Arm
415:ISSN
374:ISBN
340:ISBN
305:PMID
276:ISBN
148:and
135:and
16:The
407:doi
20:or
842::
413:.
403:43
401:.
397:.
354:^
322:^
299:,
256:^
103:.
71:.
560:/
556:/
510:e
503:t
496:v
421:.
409::
382:.
348:.
284:.
119:(
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