146:
659:. The woman died in February 2010 and the man survived with partial paralysis of his right arm. The CDC was notified by a physician on December 14, 2009, about possible transplant transmission in these two patients. Histopathologic testing of donor and recipient tissues confirmed the transmission. Two other patients who received heart and liver transplants from the same donor, but in different hospitals, were placed on preemptive therapy and remain unaffected. A second cluster of transplant-transmitted
166:
190:
36:
663:
in
Arizona was reported in the same weekly report. Four recipients were identified, two from Arizona (liver and kidney-pancreas), one from California (kidney), and another from Utah (heart). Recipients from Arizona—a 56-year-old male and a 24-year-old male—both succumbed to GAE within a span of 40
1715:
Spottiswoode, Natasha; Pet, Douglas; Kim, Annie; Gruenberg, Katherine; Shah, Maulik; Ramachandran, Amrutha; Laurie, Matthew T; Zia, Maham; Fouassier, Camille; Boutros, Christine L; Lu, Rufei; Zhang, Yueyuan; Servellita, Venice; Bollen, Andrew; Chiu, Charles Y; Wilson, Michael R; Valdivia, Liza;
1369:; Messacar, Kevin; Dunnebacke, Thelma; Naccache, Samia N.; Federman, Scot; Bouquet, Jerome; Mirsky, David; Nomura, Yosuke; Yagi, Shigeo; Glaser, Carol; Vollmer, Michael; Press, Craig A.; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, Bette K.; Dominguez, Samuel R.; Chiu, Charles Y. (2015).
564:
culturing including rat glioma cells, human lung cells, and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. These animal cells are added to a specified sterilized growth medium for co culturing with the pathogen. This can also help differentiate between
848:
Frederick L. Schuster; Thelma H. Dunnebacke; Gregory C. Booton; Shigeo Yagi; Candice K. Kohlmeier; Carol Glaser; Duc Vugia; Anna
Bakardjiev; Parvin Azimi; Mary Maddux-Gonzalez; A. Julio Martinez; Govinda S. Visvesvara (July 2003).
632:
in 2021, following a seizure that was identified to have resulted from CNS invasive
Balamuthia infection, survived and recovered from the disease, indicating that nitroxoline might be a promising medication.
937:
422:, but binucleated forms are occasionally seen. Cysts are also uninucleated, possessing three walls: an outer thin irregular ectocyst, an inner thick endocyst, and a middle amorphous fibrillar mesocyst.
1628:
Laurie, Matthew T.; White, Corin V.; Retallack, Hanna; Wu, Wesley; Moser, Matthew S.; Sakanari, Judy A.; Ang, Kenny; Wilson, Christopher; Arkin, Michelle R.; DeRisi, Joseph L.; Bassler, Bonnie (2018).
712:
Cope, Jennifer R.; Landa, Janet; Nethercut, Hannah; Collier, Sarah A.; Glaser, Carol; Moser, Melanie; Puttagunta, Raghuveer; Yoder, Jonathan S.; Ali, Ibne K.; Roy, Sharon L. (2019-05-17).
414:, consists of a cystic stage and a non-flagellated trophozoite stage, both of which are infectious, and both of which can be identified in the brain tissue on microscopic examination of
1494:
1630:"Functional Assessment of 2,177 U.S. and International Drugs Identifies the Quinoline Nitroxoline as a Potent Amoebicidal Agent against the Pathogen Balamuthia mandrillaris"
1532:
1479:
449:(GAE), which is usually fatal. This granulomatous feature is mostly seen in immunocompetent patients; immunocompromised individuals exhibit a "perivascular cuffing".
590:
Infection seems to be survivable if treated early. Two individuals, a 5-year-old girl and a 64-year-old man, developed GAE. After diagnosis, they were treated with
1371:"Clinical metagenomic identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis and assembly of the draft genome: the continuing case for reference genome sequencing"
475:. The lesion is usually localized and very slow to heal, or fails to heal altogether. In some presentations, this infection may be mistaken for certain forms of
1909:
903:
336:
has been isolated from soil. It is believed to be distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world. This is supported somewhat by the detection of
468:
53:
1134:
Baig, A. M. (2015). "Pathogenesis of amoebic encephalitis: Are the amoebae being credited to an 'inside job' done by the host immune response?".
1804:
1771:
1111:
643:
1957:
560:
have been suggested as a possible cheaper and faster alternative to culture the organism. Several types of animal cells have been used in
355:
William
Balamuth, for his contributions to the study of amoebae. Visvesvara isolated and studied the pathogen for the first time in 1993.
1967:
1947:
467:, which can progress to GAE. Patients experiencing this particular syndrome may report a skin lesion (often similar to those caused by
585:
446:
311:
100:
1952:
664:
days from transplantation. The other two were placed on preemptive therapy after the first two were reported and remain unaffected.
119:
72:
79:
437:
impossible. Instead, the immune system attempts to contain them at the portal of entry (usually an open wound) by mounting a
57:
1587:
Piper, Keenan H.; Foster, Haidn; Susanto, Daniel; Maree, Cynthia L.; Thornton, Sean D.; Cobbs, Charles S. (December 2018).
1101:
86:
1942:
1010:
Siddiqui, R.; Khan, N. A.; Jarroll, E. L. (2009). "The cyst wall carbohydrate composition of
Balamuthia mandrillaris".
1886:
655:. Two kidney recipients, a 31-year-old woman and a 27-year-old man, suffered from post-transplant encephalitis due to
683:"A rare but fatal case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis with brain abscess: the first case reported from Turkey"
189:
68:
1962:
323:
1914:
769:
Visvesvara, G S; Martinez, A J; Schuster, F L; Leitch, G J; Wallace, S V; Sawyer, T K; Anderson, M (1990-12-28).
438:
714:"The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Balamuthia mandrillaris Disease in the United States, 1974 – 2016"
480:
46:
1169:
Di
Gregorio, C.; Rivasi, F.; Mongiardo, N.; De Rienzo, B.; Wallace, S.; Visvesvara, G. S. (December 1992).
145:
1854:
1366:
1526:
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93:
1718:"Successful Treatment of Balamuthia mandrillaris Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis with Nitroxoline"
629:
681:
Sarica, Feyzi Birol; Tufan, Kadir; Cekinmez, Melih; Erdoğan, Bülent; Altinörs, Mehmet Nur (2009).
165:
1546:
Deetz, T. R.; Sawyer, M. H.; Billman, G.; Schuster, F. L.; Visvesvara, G. S. (15 November 2003).
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Thelma H. Dunnebacke; Frederick L. Schuster; Shigeo Yagi; Gregory C. Booton (September 2004).
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1767:"Balamuthia mandrillaris transmitted through organ transplantation --- Mississippi, 2009"
1766:
1800:"Notes from the field: transplant-transmitted Balamuthia mandrillaris --- Arizona, 2010"
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1429:
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and might be a possible treatment for this infection. A man treated with nitroxoline at
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352:
177:
1430:"Identification of novel anti-amoebic pharmacophores from kinase inhibitor chemotypes"
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850:
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770:
1931:
1589:"Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris brain infection associated with improper nasal lavage"
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241:
231:
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870:
771:"Leptomyxid ameba, a new agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and animals"
603:
522:
434:
415:
410:
383:
1548:"Successful Treatment of Balamuthia Amoebic Encephalitis: Presentation of 2 Cases"
1264:"Balamuthia mandrillaris: An opportunistic, free-living ameba – An updated review"
1206:"Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: ghost response of an immunocompromised host?"
1428:
Ferrins L, Buskes MJ, Kapteyn MM, Engels HN, Enos SE, Lu C; et al. (2023).
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614:. Both patients recovered. In 2018, an unsuccessful attempt at treatment of a
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symptoms such as facial paralysis, difficulty swallowing, and double vision.
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is a soil-dwelling amoeba and was first discovered in 1986 in the brain of a
17:
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445:, or in some cases, may migrate to the brain, causing a condition known as
1901:
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812:
1871:
1175:
meningoencephalitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"
729:
221:
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651:
transmission occurred through organ transplantation in
December 2009 in
1495:"Novel culture medium for the axenic growth of Balamuthia mandrillaris"
546:
trophozoites in the perivascular space. The cysts can be visualized by
511:
464:
341:
978:
463:
may also cause a variety of non-neurological symptoms, including skin
418:
performed on infected individuals. The trophozoite is pleomorphic and
503:
495:
307:
1848:
618:
infection after nasal lavage with untreated tap water was reported.
1564:
1547:
332:
can infect the body through open wounds or possibly by inhalation.
1798:
Centers for
Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (17 September 2010).
1765:
Centers for
Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (17 September 2010).
554:
on the cyst wall. Trophozoites appear circular during infection.
542:
cells. Formalin-fixed paraffinized biopsy specimens may indicate
1852:
1103:
Tropical
Infectious Diseases:Principles, Pathogens and Practice
572:
Axenic culture methods that are of importance to antiprotozoal
29:
498:
of skin lesions, sinuses, lungs, and the brain can detect of
1493:
Lares-Jiménez LF, Gámez-Gutiérrez RA, Lares-Villa F (2015).
382:
or a similar polysaccharide), and with an abnormally large
961:
Kaneshiro, E. S.; Marciano-Cabral, F.; Moura, H. (2014).
394:
in diameter. The cysts fall around this range, as well.
310:
that causes the rare but deadly neurological condition
453:-induced GAE can cause focal paralysis, seizures, and
1262:
Bhosale, Namrata K.; Parija, Subhash Chandra (2021).
1861:
586:
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis § Treatment
441:reaction. Upon introduction, the amoeba may form a
351:was given by Govinda Visvesvara, after his mentor,
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
576:have also been reported within the last decade
1687:"Repurposed drug battles 'brain-eating' amoeba"
1179:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
370:amoeba, consisting of a standard complement of
1045:Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui; Naveed Ahmed Khan (2015).
855:Associated with a Case of Amebic Encephalitis"
433:is larger than human leukocytes, thus making
8:
1593:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
1531:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1478:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
829:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1849:
1100:Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF (2011).
647:in September 2010, two confirmed cases of
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1321:Martínez AJ, Visvesvara GS (March 2001).
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923:
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827:"Balamuthia mandrillaris ameba infection"
802:
745:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
673:
1524:
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967:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1805:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1772:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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644:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
7:
1051:: Morphology, biology and virulence"
530:does not feed on bacteria. Instead,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
641:According to a report published in
1511:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.04.007
963:"Govinda S. Visvesvara: A Tribute"
471:), which does not respond well to
447:granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
312:granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
25:
1148:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.022
624:has shown interesting properties
487:lesions are most often painless.
787:10.1128/jcm.28.12.2750-2756.1990
775:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
188:
34:
1204:Mannan Baig, Abdul (Dec 2014).
871:10.1128/JCM.41.7.3175-3180.2003
390:trophozoite is about 30 to 120
45:needs additional citations for
27:Species of pathogenic Amoebozoa
374:surrounded by a three-layered
1:
538:or human brain microvascular
1835:Balamuthia | Parasites | CDC
1722:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1552:Clinical Infectious Diseases
851:"Environmental Isolation of
718:Clinical Infectious Diseases
534:must be cultured on primate
491:Culturing and identification
1958:Neglected American diseases
1984:
1968:Protists described in 1993
1948:Monotypic eukaryote genera
1685:Kornei, Katherine (2023).
1606:10.1016/j.ijid.2018.09.013
1499:Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
1447:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149145
1344:10.1099/0022-1317-50-3-205
1106:(3rd ed.). Saunders.
583:
324:San Diego Wild Animal Park
1716:DeRisi, Joseph L (2023).
1388:10.1186/s13073-015-0235-2
1024:10.1007/s00436-009-1346-8
506:cannot be cultured on an
284:
277:
185:Scientific classification
183:
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143:
136:
69:"Balamuthia mandrillaris"
1953:Rare infectious diseases
1845:in culture. Credit: DPDx
1068:10.4103/2229-5070.149888
439:type IV hypersensitivity
344:in healthy individuals.
1892:Balamuthia_mandrillaris
1695:10.1126/science.adh0048
1367:Greninger, Alexander L.
1325:Balamuthia mandrillaris
1049:Balamuthia mandrillaris
906:Balamuthia mandrillaris
853:Balamuthia mandrillaris
528:Balamuthia mandrillaris
481:cutaneous leishmaniasis
378:(thought to be made of
303:Balamuthia mandrillaris
294:Visvesvara et al., 1993
288:Balamuthia mandrillaris
258:Visvesvara et al., 1993
175:Balamuthia mandrillaris
158:Balamuthia mandrillaris
138:Balamuthia mandrillaris
1734:10.3201/eid2901.221531
1223:10.1099/jmm.0.081315-0
408:s lifecycle, like the
1646:10.1128/mBio.02051-18
1268:Tropical Parasitology
1012:Parasitology Research
925:10.1099/mic.0.27218-0
637:Organ transplantation
1837:for images: Cyst of
687:Turkish Neurosurgery
569:and other protozoa.
330:B. mandrillaris
270:B. mandrillaris
54:improve this article
1943:Parasitic amoebozoa
1841:and Trophozoite of
1281:10.4103/tp.tp_36_21
918:(Pt 9): 2837–2842.
630:UCSF Medical Center
1863:Balamuthia mandril
908:from soil samples"
859:J. Clin. Microbiol
730:10.1093/cid/ciy813
366:is a free-living,
1963:Amoebozoa species
1925:
1924:
1855:Taxon identifiers
1558:(10): 1304–1312.
1331:J. Med. Microbiol
1113:978-0-7020-3935-5
979:10.1111/jeu.12143
781:(12): 2750–2756.
724:(11): 1815–1822.
550:, which binds to
347:The generic name
322:that died in the
306:is a free-living
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936:. Archived from
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865:(7): 3175–3180.
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1779:(36): 1165–70.
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502:infection. The
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43:This article
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18:Balamuthiidae
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1173:Acanthamoeba
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1136:Acta Tropica
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523:Acanthamoeba
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510:coated with
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420:uninucleated
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1700:10 February
1689:. Science.
1440:: 1149145.
1119:6 September
653:Mississippi
622:Nitroxoline
600:fluconazole
596:pentamidine
592:flucytosine
540:endothelial
536:hepatocytes
477:skin cancer
473:antibiotics
443:skin lesion
154:Trophozoite
1932:Categories
1381:(1): 113.
1327:infection"
973:(1): 1–2.
947:2017-06-20
668:References
661:Balamuthia
657:Balamuthia
649:Balamuthia
616:Balamuthia
584:See also:
567:Balamuthia
558:Vero cells
544:Balamuthia
532:Balamuthia
508:agar plate
485:Balamuthia
461:Balamuthia
451:Balamuthia
403:Balamuthia
398:Life cycle
388:Balamuthia
372:organelles
359:Morphology
349:Balamuthia
338:antibodies
334:Balamuthia
253:Balamuthia
110:April 2021
80:newspapers
1654:2150-7511
1599:: 18–22.
1397:1756-994X
1290:2229-5070
1142:: 72–76.
795:0095-1137
738:1058-4838
608:macrolide
580:Treatment
517:Naegleria
455:brainstem
426:Pathology
380:cellulose
376:cell wall
264:Species:
212:Amoebozoa
202:Eukaryota
1938:Discosea
1899:BioLib:
1878:Q1159908
1872:Wikidata
1818:20847722
1785:20847719
1752:36573629
1672:30377287
1615:30243910
1574:14583863
1519:25957459
1466:37234530
1457:10206040
1415:26620704
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1087:25709948
1032:19214576
997:25040661
934:15347743
889:12843060
756:30239654
699:19621290
626:in vitro
496:Biopsies
320:mandrill
238:Family:
222:Discosea
208:Phylum:
198:Domain:
1743:9796214
1663:6212833
1406:4665321
1299:8579774
1191:1456885
1078:4326988
988:5674982
833:14 June
813:2280005
747:7453664
512:E. coli
465:lesions
342:protist
340:to the
314:(GAE).
248:Genus:
228:Order:
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1236:S2CID
941:(PDF)
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101:JSTOR
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835:2014
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791:ISSN
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469:MRSA
178:cyst
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1738:PMC
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