488:
961:. They are the fastest growing woody plants in the world. One Japanese species has been recorded as growing over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) a day. There are over 1,600 species found in diverse climates from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. About 40 million hectares (100 million acres) of the Earth is covered with bamboo, mostly in Asia. The high growth rate of bamboo and the fact that bamboo can grow in diverse climates makes the bamboo plant a sustainable and versatile resource.
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average yields for bamboo of up to 60 tonnes per hectare (27 short tons per acre) greatly exceeding the average yields of 20 tonnes per hectare (9 short tons per acre) for most trees, and 2 tonnes per hectare (1 short ton per acre) for cotton, bamboo's high yield per hectare becomes very significant.
976:
Once a new shoot emerges from the ground, the new cane will reach its full height in just eight to ten weeks. Each cane reaches maturity in three to five years. It is a grass and so regenerates after being cut just like a lawn without the need for replanting. This regular harvesting actually benefits
529:
culms, which go through a process of alternating pounding with stones and retting in water lasting several days, followed by a combing to remove the pith, leaving the cream white fibres and a stub of the bamboo. The fibre is too coarse and the process very cumbersome, to be of much use in making fine
562:
for construction. In this case, as opposed to bamboo fabrics for clothing, bamboo fibres are extracted through mechanical needling and scraping or through a steam explosion process where bamboo is injected with steam and placed under pressure and then exposed to the atmosphere where small explosions
298:. After time, temperature, and various inorganic and organic additives (including the amount of air contact) determining the final degree of polymerization, the xanthate is acidified to regenerate the cellulose and release dithiocarbonic acid that later decomposes back to carbon disulfide and water.
1027:
Bamboo planting can slow deforestation, providing an alternative source of timber for the construction industry and cellulose fibre for the textile industry. It allows communities to turn away from the destruction of native forests and construct commercial bamboo plantations that can be selectively
453:
Bamboo can be cultivated quickly, can be used as a cash crop in impoverished regions of the developing world. It is a natural fibre (as opposed to popular synthetics like polyester) whose cultivation results in a decrease in greenhouse gases. There may be environmental problems with the cultivation
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There is no need for pesticides or fertilizers when growing bamboo, but herbicide and fertilizer applications are common in some places to encourage edible shoot growth. Bamboo also contains a substance called bamboo-kunâan antimicrobial agent that gives the plant a natural resistance to pest and
511:
is then spun into yarn. In fine counts the yarn has a silky touch. The same manufacturing process is used to produce linen fabric from flax or hemp. Bamboo fabric made from this process is sometimes called bamboo linen. The natural processing of litrax bamboo allows the fibre to remain strong and
301:
Viscose manufactured from bamboo is promoted as having environmental advantages over viscose made with cellulose extracted from wood pulp. Bamboo crops may be grown on marginal land unsuitable for forestry; demand for bamboo has sometimes led to clearing forests to plant bamboo. But this was less
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Bamboo can be used as food, fibre and shelter and due to its ease of growth and extraordinary growth rate it is a cheap, sustainable and efficient crop. Bamboo grows very densely, its clumping nature enables a lot of it to be grown in a comparatively small area, easing pressure on land use. With
462:
Even though bamboo fabrics are often advertised as antibacterial, finished bamboo fabric only retains some of bamboo's original antibacterial properties. Some studies have shown rayon-bamboo to possess a certain degree of anti-bacterial properties. Studies in China (2010) and India (2012) have
478:
The USA's
Federal Trade Commission has charged companies with false antimicrobial claims when the fibre has been made with rayon. Critics cite the cotton industry's powerful lobbying groups in influencing the FTC decision, and dismissal of the international studies proving otherwise.
475:. While the Indian study found that "bamboo rayon showed excellent and durable antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria", the Chinese study concluded "the bamboo pulp fabric just like cotton fabric has not possessed antimicrobial property".
1064:
Like other cellulose-based clothing materials, bamboo fibre is biodegradable in soil by micro organisms and sunlight. Having reached the end of its useful life, clothing made from bamboo can be composted and disposed of in an organic and environmentally friendly manner.
506:
flax into linen fibre. In this way, the woody part of the bamboo is crushed mechanically before an enzyme-retting and washing process is used to break down the walls and extract the fibre. The natural enzyme comes from pre-existing microorganisms on the bamboo. This
968:, or just moso. Moso bamboo is the most important bamboo in China, where it covers about 3 million hectares (7.4 million acres) â about two percent of China's forest area. It is the main species for bamboo timber and plays an important ecological role.
302:
common after
Chinese forestry policy reforms in the 1990s, although subsequently deforestation was pursued by the government once again. The viscose processing results in the same chemical waste products as wood-pulp viscose, notably
174:, a fiber made by dissolving the cellulose in the bamboo, and then extruding it to form fibres. This process removes the natural characteristics of bamboo fibre, rendering it identical to rayon from other cellulose sources.
1055:
is associated with less soil erosion. The bamboo plant's root system can hold soil together along river banks, deforested areas and in places prone to mudslides. Like forest trees, it also greatly reduces rain run-off.
1018:
than similar stands of trees. A bamboo plantation sequesters 62 tonnes per hectare (28 short tons per acre) of carbon dioxide per year, as compared with 15 tonnes per hectare (7 short tons per acre) for a young forest .
289:
Bamboo leaves and the soft, inner pith from the hard bamboo trunk are extracted using a steeping process and then mechanically crushed to extract the cellulose. The viscose rayon process then treats the fibers with
158:
Examples include clothing such as shirt tops, pants, and socks for adults and children, as well as bedding such as sheets and pillow covers. Bamboo yarn can also be blended with other textile fibres, such as
1651:
239:, thin strips of bamboo were woven together into hats and shoes. One particular design of bamboo hats was associated with rural life, worn mostly by farmers and fishermen for protection from the sun.
523:, India. The handcrafted bamboo artifact, known locally as "odapoovu" is in the form of a tuft of white fibres of up to 30 cm (1 ft) in length. The article is made out of newly emerging
328:, liver damage, and blindness. Rayon factories rarely give information on their occupational exposure limits and compliance. Even in developed countries, safety laws are too lax to prevent harm.
515:
Another means of extracting fibre from bamboo, and probably the only purely mechanical process of extraction anywhere in the world, is practiced in the days preceding the annual festival of the
441:(EPA) noted that the manufacturing process further purifies the cellulose, alters the physical form of the fibre, and modifies the molecular orientation within the fibre and its degree of
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within the bamboo due to steam release allows for the collection of fibre. Bamboo fibre can be in a pulped form in which the material is extremely fine and in a powdered state.
1225:
1708:
806:
1738:"Sustainable Textiles: the Role of Bamboo and a Comparison of Bamboo Textile Properties-Part 2 â Waite â Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management"
417:, some legal limits for occupational exposure are still far higher than recommended by medical researchers. Rayon factories vary widely in the amount of CS
1916:
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harvested annually without the destruction of the grove. Tree plantations have to be chopped down and terminated at harvest but bamboo keeps on growing.
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258:
and steel wire, was sometimes used as a structural component in corsets, bustles and other types of structural elements of fashionable women's dresses.
1874:"Bamboo for biomass â India Environment Portal â News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development â India, South Asia"
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the health of the plantâstudies have shown that felling of canes leads to vigorous re-growth and an increase in the amount of biomass the next year.
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155:, in recent years various technologies have been developed that allow bamboo fibre to be used for a wide range of textile and fashion applications.
410:. Inhaling it causes serious health problems. Around 75 percent of all polluting emissions from the bamboo viscose process occur as air emissions.
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433:(FTC) has ruled that unless a yarn is made directly with bamboo fibre â often called "mechanically processed bamboo" â it must be called "
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Bamboo uses considerable water, but there is evidence that its water-use efficiency (relative to growth) may be greater than many trees.
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1248:
1418:"FTC Warns 78 Retailers, Including Wal-Mart, Target, and Kmart, to Stop Labelling and Advertising Rayon Textile Products as 'Bamboo'"
351:
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384:
119:
1930:
1672:
Li, Yu; Fu, Jiajia; Wang, Hongbo; Gao, Weidong (September 2022). "Evaluation of bamboo water-retting for fiber bundle extraction".
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made from cellulose extracted from bamboo. Bamboo is used whole and in strips; these strips may be considered stiff fibers.
445:. The end product is still cellulose, and is functionally identical to rayon made from cellulose from other plant sources.
72:
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Mechanically produced bamboo fiber and bamboo rayon have markedly different properties. They look different under a
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as a raw material for textiles. Reaching up to 35 metres (115 ft) tall, bamboo is the largest member of the
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they expose their workers to, and in the information they give about their safety limits or their compliance.
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209:
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investigated the antibacterial nature of bamboo-rayon fabric against even harsh levels of bacteria such as
68:
2645:
1521:"Is bamboo really an environmentally friendly alternative to wood for making paper? buzzle.com, editorial"
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744:
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525:
794:
465:
2052:
Kozlowski, Ryszrd M. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of natural fibers (Vol.1). Cambridge: Woodhead
Publishing.
306:. But bamboo cellulose is suitable for a closed-loop viscose process that captures all solvents used.
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1051:. The extensive root system of bamboo and the fact that it is not uprooted during harvesting means
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167:. Bamboo is an alternative to plastic that is renewable and can be replenished at a fast rate.
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406:. Bamboo rayon manufacture, like other rayon manufacture, exposes rayon workers to volatile
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Textiles labelled as being made from bamboo are usually not made by mechanical crushing and
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1596:"Antibacterial and acid and cationic dyeable bamboo cellulose (rayon) fabric on grafting"
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There are various approaches to the use of bamboo in composites and as an additive in
546:). Bamboo rayon varies in physical properties, as would be expected from the range of
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produce a high quality product. This process gives a material that is very durable.
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fungi infestation, though some pathogen problems exist in some bamboo plantations.
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fibres. While bamboo was historically used only for structural elements, such as
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1555:
Qin, Zhongyue; Chen, Yuyue; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Guangyu; Liu, Yan (2010-04-12).
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35:
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1634:"FTC Charges Companies with 'Bamboo-zling' Consumers with False Product Claims"
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17:
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On the other hand forest has been cleared to make way for bamboo plantations.
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Some bamboo fibre is made by a mechanical-bacterial process similar to
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Modern clothing labeled as being made from bamboo is usually viscose
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2010:
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extracted or fabricated from natural bamboo, but they vary widely.
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1523:. Buzzle.com. 2006-10-07. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16
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is a semi-synthetic fiber made by chemically reshaping cellulose.
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1226:"China imposes deforestation in the pursuit of food independence"
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1557:"Structure and properties of Cu(II) complex bamboo pulp fabrics"
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291:
29:
1713:
Baby Key â Designer Kids
Clothes for Boys, Girls & Babies
1167:. Duxford, U.K: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 183, 176, 175.
1707:
BaKey â Designer Kids
Clothes for Boys, Girls & Babies.
220:'s series of woodblock prints illustrating the 108 Suikoden
1440:"Profile Of The Plastic Resin And Man-made Fiber Industry"
2079:
1200:
1198:
1196:
286:(rayon is also made from cellulose from other sources).
254:
In the West, bamboo, alongside other components such as
1444:
National
Service Center for Environmental Publications
1149:
Fashion: The
Collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute
279:
extracted from bamboo is suitable for processing into
294:, and adds carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose
1272:
Fake silk : the lethal history of viscose rayon
1133:
Vignettes from the Late Ming: A Hsiao-p'in
Anthology
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2413:
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While it is possible to protect workers from the CS
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Textile made from various parts of the bamboo plant
1010:. Because it is fast-growing, bamboo fixes more CO
1757:Solvent Spun Rayon, Modified Cellulose Fibers and
1006:results in fewer trees to fix rising levels of CO
1972:J. Janssen, Technical University Eindhoven, 2000
1399:"Shades of Green: Decoding Eco Fashion's Claims"
224:Bamboo can be cut into thin strips and used for
136:A scarf made of bamboo yarn and synthetic ribbon
1493:Faruk, Omar; Sain, Mohini (25 September 2014).
964:The bamboo species used for clothing is called
320:) used to make bamboo viscose. Effects include
1496:Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials
1370:
1368:
1091:"Why bamboo fabric and eco-friendly materials"
2095:
1771:"Kew: Plants: Bamboos - giants among grasses"
1135:, University of Washington Press, pp. 17, 112
1047:Yearly replanting of tillage crops increases
929:
8:
1416:Federal Trade Commission (3 February 2010).
554:Bamboo composite and biopolymer construction
2387:
2123:
2102:
2088:
2080:
1303:Monosson, Emily (2016). "Toxic textiles".
936:
922:
570:
491:Tufts of retted bamboo fibers for sale at
454:of land expressly for bamboo plantations.
365:. Please do not remove this message until
1862:. Vol. 22, no. 5. pp. 5â7.
1376:"How to Avoid Bamboozling Your Customers"
1161:Senthilkannan Muthu, Subramanian (2017).
385:Learn how and when to remove this message
143:is any cloth, yarn or clothing made from
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1759:. American Chemical Society. p. 45.
1594:Teli, M.D.; Sheikh, Javed (2012-02-10).
1207:"Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You?"
361:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1378:. Federal Trade Commission. August 2009
1355:"How Much Pollution Does Bamboo Cause?"
1243:
1241:
1082:
582:
483:Mechanically produced fine bamboo fiber
178:Different forms of bamboo-derived fiber
1915:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1908:
1533:
1853:"Chinese Moso Bamboo: Its Importance"
542:(the mechanically produced fiber has
404:health threats from rayon manufacture
7:
2620:
1709:"How Eco-Friendly is Bamboo Fabric?"
1014:and generates up to 35 percent more
439:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2011:âCan Bamboo Replace Thirsty Trees?â
634:Global trade of secondhand clothing
437:" or "rayon made from bamboo". The
1561:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1250:The health burden of viscose rayon
1115:Reimold, Orlando Schairer (1911).
25:
1224:Lemaßtre, Frédéric (2023-06-27).
807:Sustainability of vintage fashion
2619:
2610:
2609:
1118:Industrial Studies and Exercises
953:Bamboo has many advantages over
902:
888:
590:
340:
34:
1164:Sustainable Fibres and Textiles
700:Biodegradable athletic footwear
600:Environmental impact of fashion
193:. They are generally synthetic
45:needs additional citations for
1982:Bamboo deforestation interview
755:Socially responsible investing
268:Rayon § Production method
1:
1878:indiaenvironmentportal.org.in
1612:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.005
1397:Smith, Ray A. (25 May 2008).
216:, holding a bamboo hat, from
2656:Clothing and the environment
1819:www.mastergardenproducts.com
1793:"Kew: A year at Kew: Places"
859:Environmental record of Nike
540:scanning electron microscope
310:Workers are seriously harmed
1659:Repositorium.Sdum.Uminho.pt
725:Environmental impact design
367:conditions to do so are met
2672:
1851:Fu, Jinhe (October 2001).
1069:Pesticides and fertilizers
530:yarn, thread or textiles.
265:
2605:
1755:Turbak, Albin F. (1977).
1686:10.1177/00405175211062048
1540:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1499:. Elsevier. p. 511.
1274:. Yale University Press.
567:Ecological considerations
1674:Textile Research Journal
1471:. O2Wear. Archived from
1147:and Tamami Suoh (2002),
431:Federal Trade Commission
212:(Yang Lin), hero of the
2063:"Bamboo Clothing Facts"
1325:10.1126/science.aak9834
1270:Blanc, Paul D. (2016).
1151:, Taschen, pp. 154, 284
1438:EPA (September 1997).
745:Reconstructed clothing
735:Public interest design
526:Ochlandra travancorica
499:
251:
221:
182:Bamboo fibres are all
137:
1600:Carbohydrate Polymers
1121:. World Book Company.
490:
466:Staphylococcus aureus
458:Anti-bacterial claims
245:
208:
135:
1680:(17â18): 3289â3298.
720:Environmental design
619:Ecological footprint
54:improve this article
2067:fashionandearth.com
2023:Singleton, Nathan.
1832:Not Panicking Ltd.
1403:Wall Street Journal
1317:2016Sci...354..977M
1211:Scientific American
649:Textile performance
534:Material properties
398:Occupational safety
354:of this section is
2073:on 5 October 2011.
1994:"Share and Repair"
1956:"Share and Repair"
1205:Michelle Nijhuis.
1053:bamboo cultivation
981:Yield and land use
909:Environment portal
869:Laundry wastewater
817:Zero-waste fashion
500:
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1998:BambooCentral.org
1960:bamboocentral.org
1640:. 11 August 2009.
1573:10.1002/app.32169
1281:978-0-300-20466-7
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864:Ecological design
802:Textile recycling
429:In the U.S., the
425:False advertising
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218:Utagawa Kuniyoshi
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874:Vintage clothing
715:Cotton recycling
705:Circular fashion
639:Impact investing
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583:Clothing and the
571:
550:in other rayon.
493:Kottiyoor Temple
472:Escherichia coli
408:carbon disulfide
390:
383:
379:
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314:carbon disulfide
312:by inhaling the
304:carbon disulfide
151:and the ribs of
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69:"Bamboo textile"
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1131:Yang Ye (1999),
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994:All plants fix
992:
983:
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840:Green marketing
835:Business ethics
830:
822:
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690:
682:
681:
662:
654:
653:
614:Cotton industry
609:
584:
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517:Kottiyur Temple
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210:KinhyĆshi yĆrin
203:
184:cellulose fibre
180:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Bamboo textiles
15:
12:
11:
5:
2669:
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2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
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2419:
2417:
2415:Semi-synthetic
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2378:
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2374:
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2114:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2054:
2045:
2025:"Bamboo About"
2015:
2003:
1985:
1974:
1965:
1947:
1922:
1883:
1865:
1843:
1824:
1806:
1803:on 2005-02-14.
1784:
1781:on 2005-02-14.
1762:
1747:
1729:
1699:
1664:
1643:
1625:
1586:
1547:
1512:
1505:
1485:
1465:"Bamboo Fibre"
1456:
1430:
1408:
1389:
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1346:
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1024:
1021:
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996:carbon dioxide
991:
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895:Fashion portal
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747:
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740:Organic cotton
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689:Sustainability
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443:polymerization
426:
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348:
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339:
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176:
141:Bamboo textile
128:
127:
42:
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33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2668:
2657:
2654:
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2649:
2647:
2646:Bambooworking
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2177:
2174:
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2159:
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2139:
2137:
2134:
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2125:
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2120:
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2112:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2035:on 2013-03-02
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1937:on 2009-05-10
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1898:on 2006-02-14
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1834:"h2g2 â Oops"
1828:
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1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
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1776:
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1763:
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1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1719:on 2015-09-13
1718:
1714:
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1562:
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1551:
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1543:
1537:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1506:9781782421276
1502:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1475:on 2011-10-14
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:Fiber Element
1356:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:(6315): 977.
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1252:
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1212:
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1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1174:9780081020418
1170:
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1157:
1154:
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1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1060:Biodegradable
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1023:Deforestation
1022:
1020:
1017:
1005:
1004:deforestation
997:
989:
987:
980:
978:
971:
969:
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885:
884:
883:
882:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:
853:The True Cost
850:
848:
847:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
826:
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818:
815:
813:
810:
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766:
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751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:Green textile
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:Clothing swap
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
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686:
685:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
658:
657:
650:
647:
645:
644:Microplastics
642:
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627:
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622:
620:
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531:
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397:
389:
386:
378:
368:
364:
358:
357:
353:
347:
338:
337:
331:
329:
327:
326:heart attacks
323:
315:
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124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2561:Polyethylene
2145:
2071:the original
2066:
2057:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:the original
2028:
2018:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1925:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1846:
1837:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1801:the original
1796:
1787:
1779:the original
1774:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1712:
1702:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1525:. Retrieved
1515:
1495:
1488:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:the original
1468:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1446:. p. 46
1443:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1411:
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1271:
1265:
1255:, retrieved
1253:, 2017-02-20
1249:
1229:. Retrieved
1219:
1210:
1183:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1097:. 2016-02-12
1095:Panda London
1094:
1085:
1072:
1063:
1049:soil erosion
1046:
1043:Soil erosion
1038:
1030:
1026:
993:
984:
975:
963:
959:grass family
952:
851:
844:
750:Slow fashion
695:Anti-fashion
624:Fast fashion
557:
537:
524:
514:
501:
477:
470:
464:
461:
452:
449:Agricultural
428:
412:
401:
381:
375:January 2020
372:
350:
308:
300:
288:
271:
262:Bamboo rayon
253:
230:
223:
201:Stiff strips
188:
181:
169:
157:
140:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2392:Regenerated
2336:Spider silk
1797:www.kew.org
1775:www.kew.org
1423:18 December
1382:18 December
1145:Akiko Fukai
966:moso bamboo
790:Procurement
765:Advertising
760:Sustainable
672:Fur farming
585:environment
560:biopolymers
2640:Categories
2541:Modacrylic
2536:Microfiber
2453:Triacetate
2405:Milk fiber
2271:Camel hair
2203:Lotus silk
2039:2013-01-21
1941:2009-05-11
1902:2009-05-11
1723:2015-08-27
1527:2009-06-19
1479:2015-04-26
1469:O2Wear.com
1450:2014-12-16
1257:2017-07-17
1231:2024-08-19
1101:2022-05-16
1078:References
972:Harvesting
780:Industries
608:Key issues
548:properties
509:bast fibre
402:There are
352:neutrality
266:See also:
80:newspapers
2556:Polyester
2428:Diacetate
2383:Synthetic
2286:Chiengora
1838:bbc.co.uk
1694:245297960
1652:"Retting"
1620:0144-8617
1581:0021-8995
1290:961828769
1035:Water use
846:RiverBlue
795:Transport
629:Fur trade
363:talk page
322:psychosis
277:Cellulose
256:whalebone
110:July 2017
2651:Textiles
2615:Category
2524:Technora
2486:Metallic
2369:Asbestos
2311:Pashmina
2276:Cashmere
2013:May 2009
1911:cite web
1815:"Bamboo"
1742:ncsu.edu
1536:cite web
1341:45869497
1333:27884997
812:Trashion
667:Cashmere
576:a series
574:Part of
356:disputed
296:xanthate
246:An 1881
226:basketry
214:Suikoden
2625:Commons
2583:Vinylon
2578:Vectran
2573:Spandex
2504:Acrylic
2496:Polymer
2463:Mineral
2443:Piñatex
2433:Lyocell
2423:Acetate
2361:Mineral
2291:Guanaco
2141:Bagasse
2119:Natural
1638:FTC.gov
1313:Bibcode
1305:Science
1189:Viscose
829:Related
775:Fashion
677:Leather
661:By type
504:retting
281:viscose
191:retting
165:spandex
153:corsets
149:bustles
94:scholar
2588:Vinyon
2566:UHMWPE
2551:Olefin
2519:Kevlar
2514:Twaron
2509:Aramid
2481:Basalt
2476:Carbon
2346:Vicuña
2331:Tendon
2321:Rabbit
2316:Qiviut
2306:Mohair
2281:Catgut
2266:Byssus
2261:Angora
2256:Alpaca
2248:Animal
2228:Rattan
2218:Raffia
2161:Cotton
2146:Bamboo
2111:Fibers
1860:Bamboo
1692:
1618:
1579:
1503:
1339:
1331:
1288:
1278:
1171:
1016:oxygen
955:cotton
949:Growth
785:Market
770:Design
521:Kerala
497:Kerala
332:Issues
250:design
248:bustle
145:bamboo
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2593:Zylon
2546:Nylon
2529:Nomex
2471:Glass
2448:Rayon
2438:Modal
2301:Llama
2233:Sisal
2223:Ramie
2198:Kenaf
2193:Kapok
2176:Linen
2166:Fique
2151:BashĆ
2136:AbacĂĄ
2128:Plant
1856:(PDF)
1690:S2CID
1655:(PDF)
1337:S2CID
544:nodes
435:rayon
284:rayon
273:Rayon
237:Japan
233:China
195:rayon
172:rayon
101:JSTOR
87:books
2341:Wool
2326:Silk
2296:Hair
2238:Wood
2213:Pine
2208:Piña
2188:Jute
2183:Hemp
2171:Flax
2156:Coir
1917:link
1616:ISSN
1577:ISSN
1542:link
1501:ISBN
1425:2011
1384:2011
1329:PMID
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