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mile inside their outer home signal must usually be clear; the quarter mile is a precaution in case the driver fails to stop in time for the outer home signal. However, it is possible to accept a train under the "Warning
Arrangement" if the block section, but not the quarter-mile overlap, is clear. As its name implies, the signaller must stop and caution the driver of the train concerned, and the warning signal simply replaces the signaller's caution where this operation is frequent. Because there is no margin for braking error, the warning arrangement cannot usually be applied to passenger trains: its commonest use is to allow a goods train to run into a section to shunt a siding in the middle of that section, while a train is still occupying the station ahead.
843:
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red signal clears when it is proven that the approaching train must have slowed to an appropriate speed for the conditions ahead. Typically for low speed junctions (e.g. 25 mph (40 km/h) crossover on a 90 mph (140 km/h) line), the train will be brought down to nearly standing at the signal before it clears. Approach control is achieved by maintaining the signal at danger until the approach track circuit has been occupied for a specified period of time. After the track circuit has been occupied for the specified period of time, the signal is allowed to "step-up" to the highest available aspect and display the junction indicator where applicable. The length of time required varies on the design of the installation.
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1329:) occurs at the main signal. They are normally unlit but following a SPAD they display a steady red light between two flashing red lights arranged vertically. Any driver who sees a SPAD indicator illuminated must stop their train immediately and subsequently contact the signaller for further instructions, even if they can see that the signal pertaining to their line is showing a proceed aspect. SPAD indicators are mounted against a blue backplate or surround to prevent confusion with a failed signal, as SPAD indicators are unlit. Initial testing of SPAD indicators occurred in 1994, with the current design being installed in 1996. Advances in train protection systems, especially decision to install
688:
267:
1521:(AWS) and consists of an electrical system that sounded a bell in the cab as the train approached a signal at clear. Power was fed through a metal ramp to a pickup on the underside of the locomotive to power the bell. An absence of the electrical voltage on the ramp caused a warning horn to sound in the locomotive's cab. The driver then had a set time to acknowledge the warning and start braking their train accordingly. If the driver did not acknowledge the warning, the brakes would be applied automatically. Where this was implemented, it did away with the need for fog signalling, since the driver could tell the state of the distant signal regardless of their ability to see it.
1112:
912:. This system has the signal before the diverging junction held at red until the train approaches it, whereupon it changes to a less restrictive aspect with the appropriate direction feather of five white lights. This is required so that the signals approaching show the correct caution aspects, slowing the train down for the junction. While the junction signal is held at red, the preceding signal will be displaying caution (yellow), and the one before that will display preliminary caution (double yellow) if it is a 4-aspect signal. This system allows for a gradual decrease in speed until a safe speed is reached for the train to move through the junction.
1135:
200:
colleagues along the line, and trains were only protected by a time interval; after a train had passed them, a policeman would stop any following train if it arrived within (say) 5 minutes; for any between 5 and 10 minutes after, they would show a caution signal, and after 10 minutes, the line was assumed to be clear. Therefore, if a train failed within a section (as was very common in the early days), the policeman controlling entry to the section would not know, and could easily give a 'clear' signal to a following train when the section was not in fact clear. The number of collisions which resulted from this, as well as the introduction of the
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1103:
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1510:– small explosive charges that could be strapped to the rail to be exploded by the wheels of a train. The fogsignalman's duty was to repeat the indication of the signal using their lantern; the semaphore arm was usually obscured by fog and hence invisible to the driver of a moving train. If the distant signal was displaying 'caution' (warning that a signal ahead was at 'danger'), the detonators remained on the rail and the fogsignalman would show a yellow lamp to show 'caution'; if the distant signal was clear, the detonators would be removed from the rails and a green lamp would be displayed.
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353:
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unusual was the provision of an automatic 'calling on' facility. The stop signals had an additional signal head ('marker light') that featured a red aspect plus a miniature yellow aspect. This marker light was mounted part way up the post. On repeater signals, the marker light was offset to the left-hand side of the post to indicate that the 'stop and proceed' rule applied. Junction stop signals were provided with two main signal heads, one mounted higher than the other. Splitting distant signals had three main heads, the centre one mounted higher than the other two.
509:
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position, but the driver must slow their train to be able to stop at the next stop signal. When "off", a distant signal tells the driver that all the following stop signals of the signal box are also "off", and when "on" tells the driver that one or more of these signals is likely to be at danger. By night, it shows a yellow light when "on" and a green light when "off". On many branch lines and short block sections, a distant signal was often fixed at 'Caution', standalone or mounted below a Stop semaphore, and so exhibited only a yellow light at night.
755:
1011:
255:
977:
1219:(PRIs) are installed on the approach to certain junctions. When the junction signal is displaying a 'proceed' aspect, the PRI will display an arrow. The arrow points up when the highest speed route is set. When a diverging route is set, the arrow points in the appropriate direction (mimicking the junction indicator on the junction signal). This advance indication gives the driver an opportunity to stop before the junction points, if wrongly routed. At the present time, PRIs are few in number, but they are likely to become more common.
457:, with red at the top, do not apply to the railway. In particular, there is no risk that a signal will be masked by a tall vehicle in front of the driver. Furthermore, to position the red aspect at the lowest position may reduce risk of obscuring of that lens by heavy snow or ice. There are standard arrangements of the lights, however unusual variations, such as horizontal mounting is allowed when demanded by local conditions or geography, such as in tunnels, areas of limited clearance, or the presence of bridges over the railway.
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that the next signal at the junction is showing (steady) single yellow with an indication for a diverging route, and the signal beyond the junction is at danger (red). This sequence of increasingly restrictive aspects forces the driver to slow the train down in preparation for stopping at the red signal, and this ensures that the train crosses the junction at the appropriate speed. As the train nears the junction, the red signal beyond may 'step up' to a less restrictive aspect depending on the state of the line ahead.
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shows the junction-indicator with a red aspect for 2–3 seconds before the main aspect clears – this is whilst the interlocking proves sufficient elements of the junction-indicator are lit before clearing the main aspect. With route relay interlocking the proving circuitry for the junction indicator is housed locally. With a solid state or computerised signalling this proof has to pass to the main interlocking, hence the additional delay in proving that the junction indicator is lit prior to clearing the main signal.
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were standard at the time of their introduction. When the arm was inclined upwards at 45°, the meaning was "caution" and the arm in the vertical position meant "clear". Thus, three indications could be conveyed with just one arm and without the need for a distant arm on the same post. In 1924, a committee from the
Institution of Railway Signal Engineers discouraged the three-position signal, however installed examples did last into late 1960s, operating in the three-position manner.
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1037:. The original version, consisting of a black circle with a yellow outer ring and numbers, illuminated at night by a floodlight. This design was replaced in 1986 by the current design. However, the original design did carry on into the mid-2000s. Where a speed restriction reduced the permissible speed by one-third or more, when a speed limit is above 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), an audible warning to the train driver via an
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calling-on, shunt-ahead, and warning signals. Today, all three look broadly the same; they are shaped like a normal semaphore stop signal, though only about two-thirds of the size, and are painted red with a white horizontal band running centrally along them. When "on", they show a small red or white light, and when "off", they display a small green light and an illuminated 'C', 'S' or 'W', depending on their function.
806:. Each arm (usually) has its own post ("doll") on the bracket, and each arm applies to one possible route. The relative heights of the posts usually convey some information about the lines to which they apply, although there is no definite standard. In some cases, the tallest post applies to the highest-speed route; in others, it applies to what the railway considered the most important route. Traditionally,
901:) route indicators are used to display a number or a letter (e.g. a platform number or line designation) to denote the route the train is to take. They may be located above or beside the relevant signal. When a route is set and the signal is cleared, the relevant letter or number is shown. On shunting signals, where speeds are much lower, a miniature version of the alphanumeric route indicator is used.
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to track side work). The indications were that the driver was distracted as his pay slip and its envelope were recovered from the wreckage – but this was never proved as the cause. It was also suggested that the driver may not even have checked the indications having observed the fall of the train stop. The entire line was resignalled to the standard colour light system in 1988.
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positioned 900–2,100 millimetres (35–83 in) from the inside edge of the left-hand rail. Right-hand signals are used in situations where local conditions make a left-hand placement unsuitable.Ground mounted signals are rarely so critical for alignment (an advantage of ground mounting) and are often used in tunnels, where the relative luminosity of the aspects is much higher.
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route). When a diverging route is set, the respective junction indicator is illuminated. These can be used where there is a maximum of six routes as well as the 'straight' route, and where a maximum of three routes are to one side of the 'straight' route. Two junction indicators in opposite directions on the same signal are colloquially known as "bunny ears".
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must be warned verbally by the signaller that the line is not clear the whole distance to the next signal, then once the signaller is satisfied the driver has understood the warning, they will typically pull off the signal very slowly – the driver understands from this that they are being accepted into the occupied length of line under "Warning" Regulation 4.
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passed in the horizontal "on" (danger) position, except where specially authorised by the signaller's instruction. By night, it shows a red light when "on" and a green light when "off" (clear). The green light is usually produced through the use of a blue spectacle lens, which produces green when lit from behind by the yellowish flame from a paraffin lamp.
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signals, "on" is synonymous with the most restrictive aspect, while all other aspects are considered to be "off". A way to remember this is to refer to the state of the red light, or yellow light if the signal is a distant and incapable of displaying a red aspect. If it is lit, the signal is "on", and if the red light is unlit, the signal is "off".
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819:
Norwich-bound train might be shown 'N' and a
Cambridge-bound train 'C'. The route code is only shown when the signal is off. In semaphore areas, route indicators may be mechanical, with boards that slide into view to display the code; or electric "theatre-type", with a light projected through a suitably-printed screen.
919:. It is essentially similar to approach release from red, except that the junction signal is released from yellow and the signals in rear will flash to warn the driver that the train will be taking a diverging route ahead. Where the turnout speed is the same as the mainline speed, approach release is not necessary.
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function such as train detection or lamp proving of a signal ahead may be failed. The authority will allow the driver to pass the signal and proceed at a speed slow enough that they may stop short of any obstruction (in common with other degraded modes of operation) The term may be abbreviated to "PoSA".
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The scheme was not considered a great success. In fact, during periods of severe service disruption, it was not unusual to see several trains buffer-to-buffer along the line, though this occurred when the line was much busier than now. Concern was expressed that similar coloured aspects had different
1202:
A Blanket speed restriction is used when it is necessary for trains to run more slowly over a large area. This is commonly used for weather conditions such as high winds, high temperatures or snow. No trackside signs are put out for a
Blanket speed restriction, which enables it to be imposed quickly.
651:
The warning signal is the most unusual of the three types of
British permissive signal. It is, like the shunt-ahead, placed under the signal governing entry to the section ahead, but its function is very different. For a signaller to accept a train, both their block section and the line for a quarter
575:
In the
Absolute Block Signalling System, the signalling regulations provide for trains to be signalled into a section of line where the designated "overlap" past the signal is not clear – the signaller keeps the signal concerned at danger until the train has come to a stand at it, and then the driver
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Splitting distants – at some locations approaching a junction two heads are placed side by side. When this signal or the junction signal is at danger, one head is dark and the other shows red or single yellow. When the junction signal is not at danger, both heads show an aspect: the one for the route
464:
In two-aspect signals the green aspect is typically the uppermost and the red aspect the lowest. In three-aspect signals the order, from top to bottom, is typically green-yellow-red. In four-aspect signals the order is typically yellow-green-yellow-red. The top yellow is only used in the display of
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Flashing yellow signalling contains an additional safety vital relay typically referred to as
Flashing Lamp Proving Relay (FECR) – this changes over the supply for the yellow signal transformers at each signal where flashing aspects are provided from a steady 110Va.c. to a "flashing" supply switched
291:
in the event of breakage of the operating pull-wire but lower-quadrant signals require a heavy counterweight with push-pull rod between counterweight and arm linkage (generally assisted by the "spectacle" that carries the coloured lenses for use at night) to do that, while upper-quadrant signals fall
1454:
From 1914, a small number of
British installations, notably, the Great Western and the South Eastern and Chatham, used motor-operated three-position semaphore signals of North American origin. These worked in the upper quadrant to distinguish them from the two-position lower quadrant semaphores that
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use separate red/green "stop" and yellow/green "repeater" signals. If a repeater signal is at the same location as a stop signal, it is placed underneath it and lit only when the stop signal is green. Thus the order of the heads is (from top to bottom) green, red, green, yellow, and aspects are red,
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to do the job, operated by the policemen, or signalmen as they soon became known (it is due to this that
British railway slang still names signalmen as "Bobbies"). Many types were devised, but the most successful was the semaphore, introduced in 1841 and soon becoming widespread, although some other
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The system was finally identified for replacement following an accident at Kensal Green, when a main line train ran into the back of
Bakerloo Line train. The driver had apparently mistaken the calling on aspect for a normal yellow aspect (the signal was temporarily operating on a maximum yellow due
967:
Permissible speed indicator. This example is displaying a maximum permissible speed of 125 mph (201 km/h). If the speed figure is on a yellow disc, it is an "enhanced permissible speed" that only applies to certain trains that are specifically engineered to run at this speed safely, such
745:
A limit of shunt signal. consists of two permanently lit red lights in a horizontal arrangement, meaning 'Stop'. No train is allowed to pass this signal as the direction will be against the normal direction of travel. A limit of shunt signal is permanently lit and cannot display any other aspect;
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signals (APLS) are attached to a main aspect signal and are only illuminated when a shunting movement is permitted. When the main signal aspect is red, the position light displays two white lights at an angle of 45° indicating that the driver may pass the signal with caution. When not cleared these
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Where a junction indicator is used an additional safety precaution ensures that failure of the indicator does not cause an irregular or mutilated display to appear. This can be observed in practice – at Bescot Stadium northbound the signal, when cleared for the divergence for Walsall-bound trains,
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which allow the same aperture to be used to display multiple colours, while eliminating moving parts that could fail on searchlight signals. Similar to the earlier searchlight signals, these LED signals use one aperture to display red, yellow, and green aspects, and a second aperture to display the
307:
The other type is the distant signal, which has a yellow arm with a 'V' ("fishtail") notch cut out of the end and a black chevron typically 9-12 inches (230–300 mm) from the end. Its purpose is to advise the driver of the state of the following stop signal(s); it may be passed in the "on"
170:
that is still being used on many secondary lines. The use of lineside signals in Britain is restricted to railways with a maximum speed limit of up to 125 miles per hour (201 km/h). This is the maximum speed at which the train can travel safely using line-side signalling; if the train runs any
1415:
Typically, banner repeaters were only capable of displaying whether their associated signal was "on" or "off", without the ability to reveal any further information as to the type of proceed aspect that their associated signal was displaying. LED technology in newer installations have enabled the
1057:
These indicators warn the driver of a lower speed limit on a route diverging ahead. This example is displaying a maximum permissible speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) on the right diverging route. These warnings are provided whenever there is a reduction of permissible speed of a third or more,
810:
would be provided – a series of side-by-side distant signals telling the driver which post on the following stop signal was off; but practice since the 1920s has erred towards providing just one distant which is locked at caution if a large speed reduction is necessary. Drivers of trains must know
562:
At certain locations such as the final signal on approach to a terminus station or at a diverging route requiring a large speed reduction, approach release may be used. The driver will be "checked down" with a normal signalling sequence (green, double yellow, yellow for a four-aspect area) and the
460:
On pole- and gantry-mounted railway signals the most restrictive aspect is usually the lowest of the principal aspects. This places the most restrictive aspect nearest to the driver's eyeline and also reduces the possibility of the lens becoming obscured by snow building up on the lens hood of an
303:
There are two main types of semaphore; stop and distant. The stop signal consists of a red, square-ended arm, with a vertical white stripe typically 9-12 inches (230–300 mm) from the end, and advises the driver whether the line immediately ahead is clear or not. A stop signal must not be
1505:
in some parts of the British Isles, fog signal rules were established on the UK railway system to keep train traffic moving without incurring the severe delays that would be necessary if drivers had to stop or travel slowly up to each signal and read its indication. During heavy fog, fogsignalmen
877:
in an open-fronted case), nowadays five but traditionally three, angled to the left or right depending on the direction of the divergence. When the highest-speed route is set, the indicator is not illuminated (unless all routes are of a similar speed, in which case there is an indication for each
738:
signals are fitted with either two yellow lights, or one white and one yellow light. They are usually found at the exits of marshaling yards and sidings, and can be passed at danger for a movement in the direction for which the signal cannot be cleared (e.g. into a headshunt rather than onto the
622:
The calling-on signal is by far the most common of the three types of subsidiary signal. It is mounted under the stop signal governing entry to (usually) a platform and, when pulled off, allows the driver to proceed cautiously for as far as the line is clear (or to the next stop signal). This can
409:
A flashing single or double yellow aspect indicates that a train is to take a diverging route ahead with a lower line speed than the main route. A flashing double yellow (only used in 4-aspect signalling) means that the next signal is showing flashing single yellow. A flashing single yellow means
1484:
When a train stopped at a red stop signal, its presence on the track started a time delay relay. At the conclusion of the time delay, the red marker light was extinguished and replaced by the miniature yellow (the upper red aspect remained lit). The train stop also lowered. The calling on aspect
1480:
This scheme, on the face of it, was a fairly standard colour light system, with each stop signal (which could show red or green) having an attendant repeater signal (showing red, yellow or green – the red used only for when the two stop signals on either side were also red). What made the scheme
613:
Modern-day colour-light permissive signals consist of two white lights at 45°, normally unlit. When lit, with the main aspect showing red, they instruct the driver to proceed but be prepared to stop short of any obstruction. When unlit, the driver obeys the main signal aspect. They can therefore
484:
area. These fell out of favor by the 1960s, being replaced by the multi-lens vertically arranged signals, with searchlight style signals only being allowed in circumstances where the signal lens would allow better signal sighting due to a physical obstructions to sight lines. By 1991, the use of
420:
This supply has to be specially provided, either from the power–box or control centre, or by a specially designed signal control module in more modern LED installations. The increased complexity in providing flashing aspects prior to the introduction of solid state interlocking resulted in more
1230:
is a new concept which introduces an additional aspect to allow the signaller to authorise drivers to pass signals when they are at red due to influences within the interlocking. The signal will notionally be used where the route setting and locking function is still proved to be operable but a
889:
displays driven from a single lamp to display the route code. At certain locations, no route indication is given for the highest-speed route. As with semaphore route indicators, they are usually restricted to areas where all routes are at low speed, often on the approach or departure from large
436:
However, safety circuitry is connected to the single-yellow flashing supply to ensure that a failure of the single-yellow to change over to the flashing supply would abort the "approach release from yellow" sequence and re-impose the normal "approach control from red" sequence as failure of the
984:
The number below the line always shows a higher speed and applies to passenger trains, parcel and postal trains and light locomotives, while the top number applies to all other trains. This example therefore is displaying a maximum permissible speed of 70 mph (110 km/h) for passenger
762:
The mechanical equivalents of these shunting signals are found as miniature semaphores (the arms are the same size as those of permissive signals) and disc varieties (the disc is about 12 inches/30 cm diameter). The small-arm semaphores are painted in the same way as a full-size stop
230:
The terms "on" and "off" are used in describing British railway signals. When describing an older semaphore, "on" refers to a signal arm in the horizontal position, and "off" means a signal raised upwards or lowered downwards from pivot point (at up to 60°). With regard to newer colour-light
579:
In colour light power box operated areas, the "home" signal where "warning" arrangements are in force has a time release similar to approach control from red but the control is more stringent – the signal only clears when the speed of the train is detected to be less than 10 mph and only
295:
During the 1870s, almost all the British railway companies standardised on the use of semaphore signals, which were then invariably of the lower quadrant type. From the 1920s onwards, upper quadrant semaphores almost totally supplanted lower quadrant signals in Great Britain, except on former
1234:
A "Proceed On Sight Authority" is only shown in conjunction with a red main aspect on a main signal and when operated the two white lights in the subsidiary signal flash on and off together to warn the driver they were proceeding under caution only as far as the line can be seen to be clear.
818:
are used instead. These consist of a black background, mounted under a single stop signal, on which is superimposed a white letter(s), number(s) or combination of the two, to make a code indicating the route to be taken. For example, if the possible routes were to Cambridge and to Norwich, a
766:
There are also semaphore and disc equivalents of the yellow light shunting signals; the small-arm semaphores being painted yellow with a black stripe and the discs either black or white with a yellow stripe; by night, they show small yellow lights when "on" and small green lights when "off".
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signal, while the discs are painted white with a red horizontal band. A small-arm semaphore shows "clear" in the same way as a full-size stop signal, while a disc rotates through 45 degrees or so when pulled off so that the red band is angled. Both display small red or green lights by night.
499:
Signal positioning guidance aims for a signal to be understood by a driver at a distance between 250–800 metres (270–870 yd) from the signal, with no obstructions within 40 metres (44 yd) and at a height of 2.5 to 3 metres (8.2 to 9.8 ft) above the left-hand rail. Signals are
199:
In the days of the first British railways, "policemen" were employed by every railway company. Their jobs were many and varied, but one of their key roles was the giving of hand signals to inform engine drivers as to the state of the line ahead. They had no means of communication with their
609:
Although British railway operation is based on the block principle whereby only one train is allowed in a signal section, there are situations when another train must enter the section, and permissive signals are used to control that movement. There are three types of permissive semaphore:
479:
signals were utilized from the early days of colour light signals, along side early vertically arranged signal heads in early 1920s. These have a single lamp in front of which is placed either a red, yellow, or green filter to show the respective aspect. The filter assembly is moved by an
1432:
which shows the same aspect as the main signal, will be placed near the main signal at a location, usually ground-mounted, and viewing angle that is much easier for the train driver to see. Train drivers must use their route knowledge to determine where co-acting signals can be found.
1419:
If two or more banner repeaters are placed together, this allows for the repetition of routing indications. Only one banner repeater in such a set will display an off indication for the appropriate route, while a danger signal is repeated by setting all repeaters in such a set to on.
1079:, which they are required to read before they book on duty. The current yellow-green reflective sign designs came into use in the mid-1990s, replacing battery powered electric lights that displayed a pair of flashing white lights and an illuminated speed indicator on the warning sign.
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electric trains, with a steady green limiting test trains to the normal speed limit of 125 mph (200 km/h). They no longer have official meaning, but remain in place and there are a couple of locations where the presence or absence of flashing provides useful information to
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aspect below. Similarly, on ground-mounted signals the most restrictive aspect is positioned as the highest of the principal aspects; this again places the most restrictive aspect nearest to the driver's eyeline and reduces the possibility of obscuration through snow build up.
1524:
The current system of AWS in use on Britain's railways is similar in principle to the Great Western's ATC but does not rely on physical contact between the track equipment and the train; instead an inductive system using a combination of permanent and electromagnets is used.
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main line). This arrangement removes the requirement for the signal to be cleared every time a shunt is to take place within the sidings without fouling the main running lines. When cleared they display two white lights at 45-degrees and permit movements onto the main line.
710:
Position light signals allow a train to move into a section under caution, the line ahead may be occupied so the driver must drive at a speed that enables them to stop short of any obstruction. Modern position lights consist of three lenses in a triangular formation.
1467:
LMS signal at Willesden Junction. The green signal is for the line towards Euston / Elephant & Castle / Broad Street via Primrose Hill. The route to the left with the red signal leads to the North London Line and was used by trains to Broad Street via Hampstead
1174:
If a speed restriction needs to be imposed before there is time to publish it in the Weekly Operating Notice, an Emergency speed restriction (ESR) is set up. This consists of a temporary AWS magnet and flashing warning indicator (also known colloquially as a
614:
function either as calling-on or shunt-ahead signals, depending on their location (the Warning Arrangement in colour-light areas, uses the main aspect in a similar fashion to approach release junction signalling, in this case it is called a Delayed Yellow ).
1392:
Banner repeater signals are provided on the approach to certain signals which have restricted sighting (for example because of curvature of the line, buildings, overbridges or tunnels), to give advance information of the signal aspect. Their meanings are
392:
Two-aspect systems use red and green only. Three-aspect systems include yellow. Four-aspect signalling, which also includes double yellow, is mostly used on busy routes to allow shorter headways, and on fast routes to provide longer braking distances.
3228:
946:
provides a list of these. Where there is a change in permissible speed on a line, a permissible speed indicator sign will show the new speed. Train crew are expected to know every permissible speed for all the routes they work over as part of their
432:
A failure of the changeover relay to switch on the flashing indication to the double-yellow aspect would not be a problem as it is considered that a steady double-yellow followed by a flashing single-yellow aspect sequence is acceptable.
811:
which signal arm applies to which route, and the speed limit on that route; accidents have resulted from drivers either mis-reading splitting signals or forgetting speed restrictions, and consequently approaching junctions too fast.
465:
the double yellow aspect and the lower yellow is used for the display of both the double yellow and single yellow aspects. Regulations require that a space be present between two yellow lamps for displaying the double yellow aspect.
1193:
If the speed restriction remains in place long enough for it to be published in the Weekly operating notice, it will become a Temporary speed restriction so the Warning indicator and its associated AWS magnet will be removed.
642:
The shunt-ahead signal is normally mounted under the signal governing entry to the section ahead, and, as its name implies, allows a train to enter the section and clear a set of points in order to carry out a shunting move.
1157:
If the advertised TSR is not installed, or is withdrawn earlier than planned, a yellow SPATE ('Speed previously advertised terminated early') board will be set up to inform train drivers that the TSR is no longer in effect.
1001:
This example is displaying a maximum permissible speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) only for the diverging route to the left. Unless otherwise indicated with another sign, this does not apply to the current route.
1126:
At the commencement of the speed restriction there is a yellow speed board, and at the end is a yellow termination board. The train cannot accelerate to the maximum permissible speed of the line until the
553:
Yellow over green – this was used in the experimental "speed signalling" at Mirfield to provide an additional caution. It meant that the next signal was showing double yellow. It was discontinued in 1970.
266:
3426:
480:
electro-magnet. For a double-yellow aspect a second lamp is fitted, illuminated only when required. A few traditional searchlight signals (i.e. with moving filter glasses inside) remain in use in the
1071:
When it is necessary to carry out planned maintenance or repair work on a line, a temporary speed restriction (TSR) may be installed at a particular location. Train crew are notified of this in the
208:
principle; all systems of working other than this (including time-interval and permissive block) were outlawed on passenger lines in 1889, and all passenger lines were suitably equipped by 1895.
842:
675:
1190:
information about the ESR to train crew booking-on points, where it must be displayed in the red-coloured 'Late notice case'. Crews are required to check this case when signing on for duty.
951:. When the speed limit increases, the rear end of the train passing must completely clear the speed limit sign before the speed limit can take effect. This minimises the risk of derailment.
786:
used by most railways in continental Europe or North America. A driver is informed of which route they will take at a junction, rather than the speed at which they should travel through it.
830:
1026:
Warning indicators are provided whenever there is a reduction in permissible speed of a third or more, and are placed at the service braking distance from the start of the lower speed.
1536:
without authority and Over-speed Sensor System (OSS) will automatically apply the train's brakes in the event of a fitted train exceeding a set speed on approach to a fitted signal.
687:
314:
Current British practice mandates that semaphore signals, both upper and lower quadrant types, are inclined at an angle of 45 degrees from horizontal to display an "off" indication.
770:
Finally, instead of fixed position light signals, the Limit of Shunt may also be signalled by a simple white floodlit board on which the words "Limit of Shunt" are written in red.
1416:
creation of the three-aspect banner repeater, which enables the banner repeater to indicate that the associated signal is displaying a green aspect by using a green surround.
580:
clearance to single yellow is allowed – this is called delayed yellow operation, and is often found at the approach to large stations where two trains may use one platform.
3588:
588:
Subsidiary signals are those which usually control only shunting moves, as opposed to train movements. Under this category come permissive signals and shunting signals.
2851:
724:
signals (GPLS), are always illuminated and are located either near the ground or on a post with no corresponding main signal. They can display the following aspects:
731:
Two white lights at a 45° angle, meaning 'Proceed'. The driver may pass this signal with caution and a speed that allows the train to stop short of any obstruction.
1203:
Initially train drivers are informed directly by the signaller, and information is faxed to drivers' booking on points where it is posted on the Late notice board.
311:
Where a signal consists of a combination of a stop and distant arms a mechanism is included to prevent the distant arm clearing while the stop arm is at ‘danger’.
211:
As train speeds increased, it became increasingly difficult for enginemen to see hand signals given by the policemen, so the railways provided various types of
3093:
1411:
Green banner: The signal to which it applies is showing a green aspect. A banner capable of showing this aspect has a "⦶" symbol on its identification plate.
3183:
2878:
413:
The two yellows in a flashing double-yellow flash in unison rather than alternately, but the flashing double-yellow and single-yellows are not synchronised.
663:
287:, comprising a mechanical arm that rises or drops to indicate 'clear' (termed an "upper-quadrant" or "lower-quadrant" signal, respectively). Both types are
3173:
3118:
1552:
381:
Flashing Green - the train may proceed at line speed. Where this aspect is in use, the steady green aspect means that the next signal shows double yellow.
254:
1876:
904:
When a route is set at a junction that involves the train taking a diverging route that must be passed at less than the mainline speed, a system known as
538:
set ahead of the junction (left or right) shows the correct aspect while the other shows single yellow (or double yellow at an "outer splitting distant").
985:
trains, parcel and postal trains and light locomotives, in addition to a maximum permissible speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) for all other trains.
417:
on and off at about 1.2 Hz or 70–72 c.p.m., once the junction points have been set, locked and detected correctly for the lower–speed divergence.
2485:
429:
If a signal is to malfunction and not show any aspect, the driver if required to treat the blank signal as if it was red and contact the signaller.
338:. The train may proceed subject to any speed restrictions applying to the section of line or to the train itself. (See also Flashing Green below.)
242:
3446:
3083:
699:
1325:
is a separate indicator which may be positioned after a main signal where there is a likelihood of a serious collision at a junction if a SPAD (
191:
55:
1532:(TPWS). TPWS functions in two ways, Train Stop System (TSS) will automatically apply the train's brakes in the event of a fitted signal being
3441:
3400:
2805:
2786:
2205:
2150:
1673:
2976:
1543:(ATP) are still in use. These trials were ultimately discontinued in favour of TPWS, however, the original equipment is still maintained.
1111:
3243:
1529:
1330:
3238:
3188:
3158:
1134:
385:
The green aspect and the four yellow aspects are known as 'proceed aspects', as they allow the train to pass the signal; the red aspect
1049:
366:
Flashing single yellow - warns that a diverging route is set. The next signal will be a steady single yellow with a junction indicator.
3431:
3163:
2918:
968:
as tilting trains. If the speed figure is in white numerals on a black disc, it is in kilometres per hour instead of miles per hour.
3537:
3532:
3421:
2677:
2461:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook. Section 5.14 – "Other Signals: Preliminary Route Indicators""
2286:
2081:
2056:
1723:
1698:
1648:
1076:
121:
102:
3133:
1142:
1102:
802:
In semaphore areas, junctions are signalled using a series of between 2 and 5 stop signal arms on one bracket or gantry, known as
74:
3390:
3208:
2871:
908:
is used. There are a number of different types of approach release that are used on British railways but the most often used is
3456:
3436:
3029:
2120:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook, Section 7.4 "Differential permissible speed indicators""
1150:
When there is a station stop between the warning board and the commencement board, a yellow repeater warning board showing an
814:
Where there is a large number of possible routes, splitting signals are unsuitable because they could easily be confused, and
3258:
3223:
3019:
2767:
2603:"Master Rulebook: Signals, hand signals, indicators and signs handbook. Section 7.4 "Banner repeating and co-acting signals""
1269:, for the benefit of the train-crew and platform staff. When the display is blank, it means that the associated signal is at
481:
81:
59:
1082:
993:
881:
Where junction indicators cannot be used, route indicators are also used in colour-light areas. They may take the form of a
352:
3487:
3472:
2928:
2852:
Comms Design Ltd - System developer for RETB Next Generation Radio Electronic Token Block Signalling in the United Kingdom
2695:"Report on the Collision that occurred on 16th October 1986 at Kensal Green in the London Midland Region British Railways"
1557:
1018:
2521:
Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook, section 5.5 Signal Passed At Danger(SPAD) Indicator
3148:
2938:
1567:
1293:
2396:
2366:
2226:
1820:
508:
88:
3542:
2913:
2864:
2569:
2539:
2345:"Rule Book Modules: Train working (TW) Preparation and movement of trains. Section 3 Attending for and leaving duty"
927:
Speed indicators are displayed along a route to ensure a train does not go faster than the maximum permitted speed.
754:
3552:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3113:
2943:
1540:
1310:
1041:
must be provided. They are colloquially known as 'Morpeth boards', owing to their connection to the Morpeth Curve.
2256:
2098:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook. Section 7.1 "Permissible speed indicators""
873:. Mounted above a colour-light signal, they consist of a row of white lights (originally a single, long, u-shaped
70:
3547:
3502:
3405:
3263:
3108:
3060:
2908:
2903:
1030:
854:
167:
1010:
3557:
3527:
3522:
3512:
3477:
3203:
3128:
3034:
2996:
2344:
2018:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook, Section 5.1 "Limit of Shunt indicators""
1518:
1472:
1091:
1038:
976:
278:
3395:
2821:
1938:
1587:
1887:
377:
Additionally, on the 140 miles per hour (230 km/h) trial section of line between Peterborough and York:
175:
to safely read colour-light signalling. Trains operating at speeds faster than 125 mph (for example on
3562:
3360:
3345:
3103:
3075:
2895:
1996:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook, Section 2.7 "Position Light Signals""
1533:
1326:
1034:
401:
386:
48:
2318:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook. Section 8 "Speed restriction signs""
1166:
3340:
3330:
3279:
3198:
3193:
2923:
1964:
1912:
1243:
948:
2496:
1763:
Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook, section 2.5 Flashing Yellow Aspects
529:. They were installed for 140 mph (225 km/h) running in connection with the testing of the new
3001:
2991:
2953:
2948:
2170:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook, Section 7.2 "Warning indicators""
1850:
1794:
1514:
1428:
If a particular main signal is difficult for a train driver to see while they are at the signal, then a
1131:
vehicle has passed the 'T' indicator, unless a second 'A' board is mounted above the termination board.
794:
496:
When junction indicators are fitted, they are typically placed above the principal aspects of a signal.
297:
2602:
2520:
2460:
2317:
2169:
2119:
2097:
2017:
1995:
1761:
1740:"Online Rulebook: Signals, handsignals, indicators and signs handbook, Section 3 – "Semaphore Signals""
1739:
728:
Either two red lights or one white light and one red light in a horizontal arrangement, meaning 'Stop'.
1517:
introduced the Automatic Train Control (ATC) system in 1906. This system is the forerunner of today's
468:
3123:
1277:(close doors) is an instruction to close the train's power-operated doors. An illuminated indication
522:
201:
1288:
437:
single yellow to flash following a flashing double-yellow is considered potentially very dangerous.
3350:
3233:
1507:
95:
1305:
2963:
2887:
1378:
943:
882:
546:
513:
405:
Diverging route signalling - the driver must slow down and be prepared to stop at the red signal.
147:
2841:
2822:
Railway Industry Standard:RIS-0703-CCS Signalling layout and signal aspect sequence requirements
601:
445:
3385:
3289:
3065:
2801:
2782:
2763:
2673:
2201:
2146:
2077:
2052:
2048:
2041:
1719:
1694:
1669:
1644:
2694:
1913:"GKRT0057 Issue 1 - Lineside Signal and Indicator Product Design and Assessment Requirements"
1363:
3451:
3380:
3355:
3335:
3153:
959:
874:
2651:
1939:"RIS-0737-CCS Issue 1 - Rail Industry Standard for Signal Sighting Assessment Requirements"
322:
1348:
1266:
1058:
and, again, are placed at the service braking distance from the start of the lower speed.
627:
A second train to run into and exchange passengers at an already partly occupied platform;
2294:
1094:
magnet is installed between the running rails, followed by a yellow speed warning board.
158:
The modern-day system mostly uses two, three, and four aspect colour-light signals using
1463:
134:
3178:
3024:
3011:
225:
180:
152:
1154:
is positioned beyond the end of platforms to remind drivers of the restriction ahead.
3582:
3365:
3253:
3055:
1485:
authorised the driver to proceed, but to be prepared to stop short of another train.
893:
In areas where speeds are lower and there are a number of routes which can be taken,
886:
530:
454:
159:
3299:
3143:
3050:
2981:
2933:
2429:
1539:
On parts of the Great Western Mainline and the Chilterns line the trial systems of
1180:
1072:
940:
526:
472:
Use of LEDs means that four aspect signals can be achieved with only two apertures.
348:
Flashing double yellow - indicates that the next signal is showing flashing yellow.
176:
172:
163:
138:
3325:
2668:
Kichenside, G.M.; Williams, Alan (1975). "1 - Development of British Signalling".
1639:
Kichenside, G.M.; Williams, Alan (1975). "1 - Development of British Signalling".
2986:
542:
155:
rail network uses lineside signals to control the movement and speed of trains.
37:
633:
A locomotive to run into a platform occupied by coaches to be attached to them.
3375:
3248:
3213:
2971:
2433:
1285:(right away) means that station duties are complete and the train may depart.
493:
top yellow of a double yellow where required in four-aspect signalling areas.
421:
stringent criteria for the use of flashing aspects in earlier installations.
300:
lines and their succession to BR(WR) and latterly Network Rail Western Zone.
17:
3284:
2486:"GE/RT8071 - Control Facilities for use during Lineside Signalling Failures"
2404:
2374:
2234:
1828:
288:
2720:
2638:
2624:
2577:
2547:
935:
In the UK, every section of railway line has a maximum speed, known as the
330:
In total, colour-light signals in the UK display seven aspects. These are:
1609:
1090:
At the service braking distance before the speed restriction, a temporary
3370:
3294:
1314:
870:
2831:
2434:"Network Rail standardised tasks: How to install an Emergency Indicator"
1053:
Permissible speed warning indicator for 50 mph, with a directional arrow
605:
A British lower-quadrant semaphore stop signal with subsidiary arm below
183:
system that automatically determines and calculates speed restrictions.
3315:
3218:
2438:
2264:
1562:
2836:
718:
signals are unlit, and the train driver obeys the main aspect signal.
3320:
3168:
3138:
2856:
869:, colloquially known as a "lunar indicator", "feather", or "horn" in
326:
Clearing sequence from red to green of a 4 aspect colour light signal
2495:. Rail Safety & Standards Board. 4 February 2006. Archived from
1446:
Used in particular circumstances such as wrong-road or goods lines.
1120:
TSR 'Speed indicator' (Left) and a 'Termination indicator' (Right).
630:
Additional vehicles to be attached to the rear of a standing train;
3098:
2753:(Reprint - October 1961 ed.). London: Railway Clearing House.
1471:
1462:
1304:
1287:
1183:') placed before the usual temporary speed restriction equipment.
1176:
1165:
1141:
1133:
1081:
1048:
1017:
1009:
992:
975:
958:
793:
753:
746:
there is no lens fitted in the proceed position on these signals.
600:
507:
467:
453:
The design considerations determining the familiar arrangement of
444:
400:
351:
321:
190:
133:
272:
Combined semaphore stop and distant signals (lower quadrant type)
3088:
1489:
interpretations depending on where on the signal they appeared.
363:. The driver must prepare to stop the train at the next signal.
2860:
485:
searchlight signals in any future installation was prohibited.
2672:(3rd ed.). London: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 12–14.
1502:
1187:
489:
488:
The concept had a renaissance in the 2000s with the advent of
31:
1643:(3rd ed.). London: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 5–11.
1408:: The signal to which it applies is showing a proceed aspect.
449:
A three-lens signal, showing a green 'Proceed' aspect on top.
2826:
2200:(2nd ed.). Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 497.
2145:(2nd ed.). Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 415.
1242:
521:
Flashing green – flashing green aspects are employed on the
2846:
1668:(2nd ed.). Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 47.
1029:
The original version was introduced in 1971, following the
917:
approach release from yellow with flashing aspects in rear
1528:
On passenger lines, AWS is now often supplemented by the
1506:
would be stationed at distant signals with a lantern and
865:
The colour-light equivalent of a splitting signal is the
345:. The next signal is displaying a single yellow aspect.
166:– block signalling. It is a development of the original
27:
Rail traffic control systems used in the United Kingdom
1965:"GERT8037 Issue 1 - Signal Positioning and Visibility"
778:
British railway signalling is unusual in that it uses
1919:. Rail Safety & Standards Board. 6 December 2014
1337:, has rendered the SPAD indicator largely obsolete.
1261:
indication means the associated signal is showing a
141:
two-aspect colour-light railway signal set at danger
3465:
3414:
3308:
3272:
3074:
3043:
3010:
2962:
2894:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2781:(4th ed.). Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing.
2040:
885:of white lamps, or, in more recent installations,
356:A caution signal at ME 130 at Beaconsfield Station
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
1971:. Rail Safety & Standards Board. 12 June 2003
1476:LMS Watford DC New Lines Signal Hatch End Station
1945:. Rail Safety & Standards Board. 4 June 2016
2837:History of Railway Signalling in the Derby area
2800:(2nd ed.). Lulu Enterprises Incorporated.
2397:"Section 14: Temporary Speed Restriction Signs"
2367:"Section 14: Temporary Speed Restriction Signs"
2257:"Section 13: Permanent Speed Restriction Signs"
2227:"Section 13: Permanent Speed Restriction Signs"
2721:"Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS)"
2570:"Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS)"
2540:"Section 8: Overrun Prevention and Mitigation"
2076:. Shepperton, England: Ian Allan. p. 58.
2047:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p.
1990:
1988:
1986:
1795:"SSP004 Issue 1 - Type of Colour Light Signal"
1401:: The signal to which it applies is at danger.
1022:Permissible speed warning indicator for 50 mph
292:back to "danger" under the weight of the arm.
260:Semaphore distant signal (lower quadrant type)
2872:
2847:SimSig UK Network Rail Signalling simulations
2827:Information on traditional British signalling
1292:An old style incandescent “OFF” indicator at
681:Ground position light - Ground Position Light
541:Green over yellow, or green over green – the
8:
3184:Interoperable Communications Based Signaling
1851:"Type of Colour Light Signal - SSP004 08-60"
1014:The original 'Morpeth Board' from 1971-1986.
3119:Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom)
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2191:
2189:
2187:
248:Semaphore stop signal (lower quadrant type)
2879:
2865:
2857:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2221:
2219:
2217:
1317:, protecting the entrance to a single line
2832:Docklands Light Railway signalling system
2597:
2595:
2480:
2478:
204:, led to the gradual introduction of the
195:A British Upper Quadrant semaphore signal
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3589:Railway signalling in the United Kingdom
2798:British Railway Engineering Encyclopedia
2639:"Co-acting Signals and Repeater Signals"
2625:"Co-acting Signals and Repeater Signals"
2424:
2422:
2198:British Railway Engineering Encyclopedia
2143:British Railway Engineering Encyclopedia
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1666:British Railway Engineering Encyclopedia
980:Differential permissible speed indicator
972:Differential permissible speed indicator
550:green over yellow, and green over green.
171:faster, it will not be possible for the
3084:Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System
2339:
2337:
2335:
2164:
2162:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1579:
1344:
826:
659:
623:allow three basic moves to take place;
238:
151:system used across the majority of the
283:The traditional British signal is the
3244:Train Protection & Warning System
1857:. British Railways Board. August 1960
1530:Train Protection & Warning System
1459:Euston to Watford experimental system
1331:Train Protection & Warning System
997:Diverging permissible speed indicator
989:Diverging permissible speed indicator
848:Junction indicator - First left route
216:types did linger on until the 1890s.
7:
2977:Integrated Electronic Control Centre
2762:. Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing.
2074:An illustrated History of signalling
1691:An Illustrated History of Signalling
1610:"Railsigns.uk - Track Circuit Block"
1501:Because of the propensity for heavy
60:adding citations to reliable sources
3239:Train automatic stopping controller
3159:Continuous Automatic Warning System
2842:Clive Feather's Junction Signalling
2287:"Permanent Speed Restriction Signs"
1335:The Railway Safety Regulations 1999
750:Semaphore and Disc Shunting Signals
693:Yellow position light - Shunt Ahead
2919:Communications-based train control
1821:"Colour Light Lens Configurations"
1801:. British Railways Board. May 1991
25:
2749:British Railways (October 1961).
1877:"Lightweight Signalling Handbook"
1588:"Track circuit block regulations"
1265:aspect. These are mainly used at
2693:Sawyer, D A (22 November 1988).
1450:Three-position semaphore signals
1377:
1362:
1347:
1110:
1101:
853:
841:
836:Junction indicator - right route
829:
698:
686:
674:
662:
265:
253:
241:
36:
3401:Westinghouse Brake & Signal
3164:Contrôle de vitesse par balises
3030:North American railroad signals
47:needs additional citations for
3259:Transmission balise-locomotive
3224:Sistema Controllo Marcia Treno
3134:Automatische treinbeïnvloeding
3020:Application of railway signals
2760:Signalling in the Age of Steam
1716:Signalling in the Age of Steam
1217:Preliminary Routing Indicators
1212:Preliminary Routing Indicators
1:
3209:Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung
2929:European Train Control System
1558:Pass of Brander stone signals
860:Alphanumeric route indicator.
823:Colour-light junction signals
3149:Chinese Train Control System
2939:Radio Electronic Token Block
2652:S&DJR wrong-road signals
1568:Radio Electronic Token Block
1273:. An illuminated indication
931:Permissible speed indicators
592:Semaphore subsidiary signals
504:Unusual colour light aspects
441:Lens placement and alignment
2914:Centralized traffic control
2403:. p. 2. Archived from
2373:. p. 3. Archived from
2263:. p. 3. Archived from
2233:. p. 2. Archived from
1162:Emergency speed restriction
1067:Temporary speed restriction
1045:Diverging warning indicator
963:Permissible Speed Indicator
955:Permissible speed indicator
512:Double green aspect on the
3605:
3114:Automatic train protection
2779:Modern Signalling Handbook
2758:Vanns, Michael A. (1995).
2670:British Railway Signalling
1641:British Railway Signalling
1553:Automatic Train Protection
1541:Automatic Train Protection
1228:Proceed on Sight Authority
1223:Proceed on Sight Authority
790:Semaphore junction signals
387:requires the train to stop
276:
223:
3406:Westinghouse Rail Systems
3264:Transmission Voie-Machine
3109:Automatic train operation
3061:Track circuit interrupter
2909:Automatic block signaling
2904:Absolute block signalling
2701:. Department of Transport
1718:. Ian Allan. p. 80.
1693:. Ian Allan. p. 25.
1198:Blanket speed restriction
915:Another common system is
910:approach release from red
808:splitting distant signals
715:Associated position light
669:Associated position light
455:roadway 'traffic signals'
168:absolute block signalling
3204:Pulse code cab signaling
3129:Automatic Warning System
3035:Railway semaphore signal
2997:Solid State Interlocking
2039:Green, Jonathon (1987).
1519:Automatic Warning System
1341:Banner repeating signals
571:Delayed Yellow Operation
279:Railway semaphore signal
3104:Automatic train control
2072:Vanns, Michael (1997).
1327:signal passed at danger
1077:Weekly Operating Notice
1035:Morpeth, Northumberland
397:Flashing yellow aspects
71:"UK railway signalling"
3280:Level crossing signals
3199:Positive Train Control
3194:Linienzugbeeinflussung
2924:Direct traffic control
2777:Hall, Stanley (2010).
1477:
1469:
1318:
1297:
1251:
1171:
1147:
1139:
1138:Repeater warning board
1087:
1054:
1023:
1015:
998:
981:
964:
799:
759:
656:Position light signals
606:
517:
473:
450:
406:
357:
327:
196:
142:
3002:Westlock Interlocking
2992:Rail operating centre
2954:Train order operation
2949:Track Warrant Control
1515:Great Western Railway
1475:
1466:
1309:SPAD indicator, near
1308:
1291:
1246:
1170:ESR warning indicator
1169:
1145:
1137:
1085:
1052:
1021:
1013:
996:
979:
962:
797:
757:
722:Ground position light
604:
511:
471:
448:
404:
355:
325:
194:
137:
3124:Automatic train stop
2699:The Railways Archive
2043:Dictionary of jargon
1714:Vanns, M.A. (1995).
1689:Vanns, M.A. (1997).
1574:Notes and references
1033:at Morpeth Curve in
758:Disc shunting signal
523:East Coast Main Line
318:Colour light signals
202:electrical telegraph
56:improve this article
2796:Ellis, Ian (2010).
2502:on 11 November 2007
2297:on 28 January 2023.
2196:Ellis, Ian (2010).
2141:Ellis, Ian (2010).
1664:Ellis, Ian (2010).
543:Liverpool Loop Line
343:Preliminary caution
2964:Signalling control
2888:Railway signalling
2267:on 28 January 2023
2237:on 28 January 2023
1478:
1470:
1319:
1298:
1252:
1186:Network Rail will
1172:
1148:
1140:
1088:
1062:Speed restrictions
1055:
1024:
1016:
999:
982:
965:
944:Sectional Appendix
867:junction indicator
800:
760:
638:Shunt-ahead signal
607:
597:Permissive signals
584:Subsidiary signals
547:London Underground
518:
514:London Underground
474:
451:
407:
358:
328:
197:
148:railway signalling
143:
3576:
3575:
3386:Smith and Yardley
2807:978-1-4461-8190-4
2788:978-0-7110-3462-4
2207:978-1-4461-8190-4
2152:978-1-4461-8190-4
1675:978-1-4461-8190-4
1430:co-acting signal,
1424:Co-acting signals
1257:: An illuminated
1146:'SPATE' indicator
1086:TSR warning board
1006:Warning indicator
939:. Table A of the
937:Permissible speed
804:splitting signals
798:Splitting signals
618:Calling-on signal
235:Semaphore signals
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3596:
3452:Transport Canada
3336:General Electric
3273:Crossing signals
3154:Cityflo 650 CBTC
3076:Train protection
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2811:
2792:
2773:
2754:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2665:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2576:. Archived from
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2546:. Archived from
2536:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2490:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2314:
2299:
2298:
2293:. Archived from
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1893:on 3 August 2016
1892:
1886:. Archived from
1881:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1827:. Archived from
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1534:passed at danger
1437:Obsolete signals
1381:
1366:
1351:
1114:
1105:
923:Speed indicators
906:approach release
875:fluorescent tube
857:
845:
833:
816:route indicators
784:speed signalling
782:rather than the
780:route signalling
774:Junction signals
702:
690:
678:
666:
558:Approach control
359:Single yellow –
341:Double yellow –
269:
257:
245:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3461:
3410:
3304:
3268:
3070:
3044:Train detection
3039:
3006:
2958:
2890:
2885:
2818:
2808:
2795:
2789:
2776:
2770:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2743:Further reading
2740:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2302:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1549:
1499:
1497:Warning systems
1461:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1426:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1333:in response to
1303:
1241:
1225:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1164:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1069:
1064:
1047:
1031:1969 derailment
1008:
991:
974:
957:
949:Route knowledge
933:
925:
861:
858:
849:
846:
837:
834:
825:
792:
776:
752:
706:
703:
694:
691:
682:
679:
670:
667:
658:
599:
594:
586:
573:
560:
506:
443:
427:
399:
320:
281:
273:
270:
261:
258:
249:
246:
237:
228:
222:
220:Running signals
189:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3568:United Kingdom
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Integra-Signum
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Cab signalling
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2816:External links
2814:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2787:
2774:
2768:
2755:
2751:Rule Book 1950
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2712:
2685:
2678:
2655:
2644:
2630:
2616:
2591:
2580:on 18 May 2022
2561:
2550:on 18 May 2022
2524:
2513:
2474:
2452:
2418:
2407:on 18 May 2022
2388:
2377:on 18 May 2022
2358:
2331:
2300:
2278:
2248:
2213:
2206:
2183:
2158:
2151:
2133:
2111:
2100:. Network Rail
2089:
2082:
2064:
2057:
2031:
2009:
1982:
1956:
1930:
1904:
1884:Unipart Dorman
1868:
1842:
1831:on 18 May 2022
1812:
1777:
1753:
1731:
1724:
1706:
1699:
1681:
1674:
1656:
1649:
1622:
1601:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1498:
1495:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1323:SPAD indicator
1302:
1301:SPAD indicator
1299:
1240:
1237:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1163:
1160:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1046:
1043:
1007:
1004:
990:
987:
973:
970:
956:
953:
932:
929:
924:
921:
863:
862:
859:
852:
850:
847:
840:
838:
835:
828:
824:
821:
791:
788:
775:
772:
751:
748:
743:Limit of Shunt
733:
732:
729:
708:
707:
705:Limit of Shunt
704:
697:
695:
692:
685:
683:
680:
673:
671:
668:
661:
657:
654:
649:
648:
647:Warning signal
640:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
620:
619:
598:
595:
593:
590:
585:
582:
572:
569:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
539:
535:
505:
502:
442:
439:
426:
423:
398:
395:
383:
382:
375:
374:
367:
364:
349:
346:
339:
319:
316:
277:Main article:
275:
274:
271:
264:
262:
259:
252:
250:
247:
240:
236:
233:
226:Railway signal
221:
218:
206:absolute block
188:
185:
181:cab signalling
153:United Kingdom
130:
129:
112:September 2023
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3601:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:North America
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:Organisations
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Progress Rail
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:Manufacturers
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Trainguard MT
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Track circuit
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2896:Block systems
2893:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2679:0-7110-0571-0
2675:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2083:0-7110-2551-7
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2058:0-7100-9919-3
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1725:0-7110-2350-6
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1700:0-7110-2551-7
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1650:0-7110-0571-0
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
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1442:Purple lights
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1245:
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1238:
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1207:Other signals
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67:Find sources:
61:
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51:
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45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Banner signal
3567:
3396:Union Switch
3300:Wayside horn
3144:Catch points
3051:Axle counter
2982:Interlocking
2934:Moving block
2797:
2778:
2759:
2750:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2698:
2688:
2669:
2647:
2633:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2574:railsigns.uk
2573:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:the original
2544:railsigns.uk
2543:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2497:the original
2492:
2465:. Retrieved
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2437:
2430:Network Rail
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2401:railsigns.uk
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2391:
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2375:the original
2371:railsigns.uk
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2322:. Retrieved
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2012:
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1854:
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1829:the original
1825:railsigns.uk
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1768:. Retrieved
1762:
1756:
1746:27 September
1744:. Retrieved
1734:
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1233:
1227:
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1216:
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1185:
1181:Metal Mickey
1173:
1156:
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1149:
1128:
1125:
1089:
1073:Network Rail
1070:
1056:
1028:
1025:
1000:
983:
966:
941:Network Rail
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895:alphanumeric
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621:
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527:Peterborough
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335:
329:
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306:
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294:
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229:
212:
210:
205:
198:
179:) use an in-
177:High Speed 1
173:train driver
164:axle counter
157:
146:
144:
139:Network Rail
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3558:Switzerland
3533:New Zealand
3528:Netherlands
3234:Slide fence
2987:Lever frame
2609:5 September
2584:31 December
2554:31 December
2467:5 September
2411:28 December
2381:28 December
2351:2 September
2324:5 September
2271:29 December
2241:29 December
2176:5 September
2126:5 September
2104:5 September
2024:5 September
2002:5 September
1770:5 September
1594:2 September
1296:, Hampshire
887:fibre-optic
736:Shunt ahead
477:Searchlight
371:Danger/Stop
3466:By country
3249:Train stop
3214:RS4 Codici
2972:Block post
2769:0711023506
2730:23 October
2493:rssb.co.uk
1969:rssb.co.uk
1943:rssb.co.uk
1917:rssb.co.uk
1855:rssb.co.uk
1799:rssb.co.uk
1513:Britain's
1508:detonators
1311:Littleport
1039:AWS magnet
890:stations.
883:dot-matrix
224:See also:
187:Early days
82:newspapers
3473:Australia
3326:AŽD Praha
3285:Crossbuck
3189:Crocodile
2725:RailSigns
2705:9 October
1250:indicator
525:north of
334:Green –
289:fail-safe
285:semaphore
3583:Category
3563:Thailand
3371:Safetran
3361:Magnetic
3346:Griswold
3295:E-signal
2445:9 August
1547:See also
1315:Fen Line
1267:stations
871:Scotland
534:drivers.
425:Failures
3508:Germany
3498:Finland
3483:Belgium
3478:Bavaria
3381:Siemens
3356:Hitachi
3331:Federal
3316:Adtranz
3219:SelTrac
3066:Treadle
3012:Signals
2439:YouTube
1897:13 June
1615:7 March
1563:Rule 55
1404:Banner
1397:Banner
1384:Banner
1369:Banner
1354:Banner
1313:on the
1263:proceed
1075:issued
482:Clacton
361:Caution
96:scholar
3553:Sweden
3548:Poland
3543:Norway
3513:Greece
3503:France
3488:Canada
3391:Thales
3321:Alstom
3290:Wigwag
3169:EBICAB
3139:Balise
2804:
2785:
2766:
2676:
2605:. RSSB
2506:24 May
2463:. RSSB
2347:. RSSB
2320:. RSSB
2204:
2172:. RSSB
2149:
2122:. RSSB
2080:
2055:
2020:. RSSB
1998:. RSSB
1975:24 May
1949:24 May
1923:24 May
1861:24 May
1835:24 May
1805:24 May
1766:. RSSB
1742:. RSSB
1722:
1697:
1672:
1647:
1590:. RSSB
1468:Heath.
1271:danger
1179:' or '
369:Red –
98:
91:
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77:
69:
3523:Japan
3518:Italy
3493:China
3427:AREMA
3376:Saxby
3229:SACEM
3174:IIATS
3099:ATACS
2944:Token
2500:(PDF)
2489:(PDF)
1891:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1386:green
1177:Dalek
336:Clear
162:– or
103:JSTOR
89:books
3447:IRSE
3442:HMRI
3351:Hall
3094:ASFA
3089:ALSN
2802:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2732:2023
2707:2015
2674:ISBN
2611:2020
2586:2023
2556:2023
2508:2024
2469:2020
2447:2018
2413:2023
2383:2023
2353:2023
2326:2020
2273:2023
2243:2023
2202:ISBN
2178:2020
2147:ISBN
2128:2020
2106:2020
2078:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2026:2020
2004:2020
1977:2024
1951:2024
1925:2024
1899:2021
1863:2024
1837:2024
1807:2024
1772:2020
1748:2023
1720:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1617:2017
1596:2023
1129:last
545:and
490:LEDs
145:The
75:news
3457:UIC
3437:FRA
3432:ERA
3422:AAR
3341:GRS
2049:212
1503:fog
1406:off
1371:off
1281:or
1259:off
1248:Off
1188:fax
1092:AWS
298:GWR
58:by
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