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English regime in
Scotland, culminating in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, to legitimise his kingship and free his kingdom. It was a battle that Robert the Bruce hoped would confirm his place on the throne of Scotland and force Edward II to recognize him King. Bruce also faced internal struggles for the crown of Scotland among the "Balliols, Bruces, and the Scottish political nation in a decades-long contest for the crown". As stated by W. M. Mackenzie, "The victory at Bannockburn is of more than national interest and had other results than those immediately affecting Scotland. With Falkirk and Courtrai (1302), where the flemish footman shattered the chivalry of France—and more than either of these it initiated the change which was to come over the mediaeval art of war, in demonstrating the superiority of infantry properly handled to the mounted
1035:'On Sunday, which was the vigil of St John's day, as they passed by a certain wood and were approaching Stirling Castle, the Scots were seen straggling under the trees as if in flight, and a certain knight, Henry de Boune pursued them with the Welsh to the entrance of the wood. For he had in mind that if he found Robert Bruce there he would either kill him or carry him off captive. But when he had come thither, Robert himself came suddenly out of his hiding-place in the wood, and the said Henry seeing that he could not resist the multitude of Scots, turned his horse with the intention of regaining his companions; but Robert opposed him and struck him on the head with an axe that he carried in his hand. His squire, trying to protect or rescue his lord, was overwhelmed by the Scots.'
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gave Bruce and his foot soldiers an advantage since the
English were very adept at cavalry. The Scots split their army into four divisions and the Bruce commanded the four divisions to form a diamond formation. Bruce covered the rear to the south, Douglas to the east, Randolph to the north (the direction of Stirling), with 500 horsemen under Keith to the west, in reserve. On 23 June 1314 two English cavalry formations advanced. The first was commanded by the
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obvious that the
English would continue their advance on Stirling. In an effort to "rescue" Stirling, Edward II continued to hurry his troops: they marched seventy miles in one week. Many historians criticise Edward II for this move, as he was not acting as a leader of a well-trained army but was instead acting like a pilgrim. This bad decision-making by Edward II led to horses, horsemen, and infantry becoming extremely worn out with toil and hunger.
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battleground. They were moving away from cavalry and more towards the domination of the foot soldier. Another aspect is that this battle was for the rights to
Stirling Castle essentially. Robert the Bruce did not want to give the castle up to the English as it was a major staging point. This is supported by Herbert Maxwell who stated that "Bruce's position was taken up to bar King Edwards access to Stirling."
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of the said two lords. Some of the
English fled to the castle, others to the king's army, which having already left the road through the wood had debouched upon a plain near the water of Forth beyond Bannockburn, an evil, deep, wet marsh, where the said English army unharnessed and remained all night, having sadly lost confidence and being too much disaffected by the events of the day.
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by far the largest ever to invade
Scotland. The Scottish army probably numbered around 7,000 men, including no more than 500 mounted troops. Unlike the English, the Scottish cavalry was probably not equipped for charging enemy lines and suitable only for skirmishing and reconnaissance. The Scottish infantry was likely armed with axes, swords and pikes, and included only a few bowmen.
1503:. Further lands were purchased in 1960 and 1965 to facilitate visitor access. A modern monument was erected in a field above the possible site of the battle, where the warring parties are believed to have camped on the night before the battle. The monument consists of two semicircular walls depicting the opposing parties. Nearby stands the 1960s statue of Bruce by
926:. The Scottish archers used yew-stave longbows and, while these were equal to English longbows in strength, there were probably fewer Scottish archers, possibly only 500 although there is no evidence as to their number. These archers played little part in the battle. There is first-hand evidence in a poem, written just after the battle by the captured
1066:, King Robert's nephew, who was the leader of the Scottish advanced guard, hearing that his uncle had repulsed the advanced guard of the English on the other side of the wood, thought that he must have his share, and issuing from the wood with his division marched across the open ground towards the two afore-named lords.
1209:, where a sizeable party of English nobles, including the Earl of Hereford, had taken refuge. At the same time the Edwardian strongholds of Dunbar and Jedburgh were also being captured. By 1315, only Berwick remained outside of Robert's control. In exchange for the captured nobles, Edward II released Robert's wife
1507:. Although the statue was conceived by Pilkington Jackson he commissioned Thomas Taylor Bowie of the Ontario College of Art in Toronto to create the statue. The monument, and the associated visitor centre, are some of the most popular tourist attractions in the area. The battlefield has been included in the
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operates the
Bannockburn Visitor Centre (previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre), which is open daily from March through October. On 31 October 2012 the original building was closed for demolition and replacement by a new design, inspired by traditional Scottish buildings, by Reiach and
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In the morning the Scots advanced from New Park. Not long after daybreak, Edward was surprised to see the
Scottish pikemen emerge from the cover of the woods and advance towards his position. As Bruce's army drew nearer, they paused and knelt in prayer. Edward reportedly said in surprise, "They pray
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So saying, he spurred in between
Beaumont and Sir William Deyncourt and charged into the thick of the enemy. William was killed, Thomas was taken prisoner, his horse being killed on the pikes, and he himself carried off with the Scots on foot when they marched off, having utterly routed the squadron
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This battle was an attempt by Robert the Bruce to legitimise his kingship through combat. An article by
Medieval Warfare states, "Robert Bruce, King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329 aged around 55, was no stranger to the battlefield. He waged war to wear down his Scottish opponents and the
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who marched closer to the River Forth. Both of these detachments marched in front of the main fighting force. These two detachments were tasked with lifting the siege on Stirling. The Hereford-Gloucester force was the first to cross over the Bannockburn and marched toward the woodlands that hid the
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Most medieval battles were short-lived, lasting only a few hours, so the Battle of Bannockburn is unusual in that it lasted two days. Shortly before the battle King Robert picked a flat field flanked by woodland known as New Park to set up camp for the upcoming battle. This was because the woodland
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The English could not ignore this challenge, and prepared and equipped a substantial campaign. Edward II requested from England, Wales and Ireland 2,000 heavily armoured cavalry and 13,000 infantry. It is estimated that no more than half the infantry actually arrived, but the English army was still
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operates the Bannockburn Visitor Centre (previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre). Though the exact location for the battle is uncertain, a modern monument was erected in a field above a possible site of the battlefield, where the warring parties are believed to have camped, alongside a
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enough time to decide whether to move northwards beyond the Forth or westwards up the river into a district of mosses and hills. Robert knew that the latter decision would influence the plans of Edward II and his lords. Given the declared objective and the advancing march the previous week, it was
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The Earl of Gloucester had argued with the Earl of Hereford over who should lead the vanguard into battle. He had also tried to persuade the king that the battle should be postponed. This led the king to accuse him of cowardice. Goaded by the accusation, Gloucester advanced to meet the Scots. Few
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Now Edward II was within reach of Stirling. Edward II and his advisors began to make plans for the upcoming battle. Edward and his advisors knew the places where the Scots were likely to challenge them, and sent orders for their troops to prepare for an enemy established in boggy ground near the
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on the first day of the battle, the English withdrew for the day. That night, Sir Alexander Seton, a Scottish noble serving in Edward's army, defected to the Scottish side and informed King Robert of the English camp's low morale, telling him they could win. Robert Bruce decided to launch a
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upon whom the entire stress of fighting had hitherto been laid. The defeated were quick to learn their lesson and apply it in their own way. This shows the sheer importance of the Scottish spearman on the European stage as many countries began to adapt to this infantry dominated medieval
1179:, from which he took a ship to Berwick. From the carnage of Bannockburn, the rest of the army tried to escape to the safety of the English border, 90 miles (140 km) south. Many were killed by the pursuing Scottish army or by the inhabitants of the countryside they passed through.
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This story is important because it was a reflection of Robert the Bruce's leadership. It is stated in an article by Sidney Dean that "While controversial among his peers, Bruce earned the respect of his soldiers by leading from the front and displaying physical courage."
1175:. King Edward with about 500 men first fled for Stirling Castle where Sir Philip de Moubray, commander of the castle, turned him away as the castle would shortly be surrendered to the Scots. Then, pursued by James Douglas and a small troop of horsemen, Edward fled to
1156:(reputedly the third-best knight in Europe) that the English had lost the battle and Edward II needed at all costs to be led to safety. Seizing the reins of the king's horse, they dragged him away, closely followed by 500 knights of the royal bodyguard.
918:, which was stationed about a mile south of Stirling, near the church of St. Ninian, while the king commanded the rearguard at the entrance to the New Park. His brother Edward led the third division. The fourth division was nominally under the youthful
1531:. The battlefield's new visitor centre—now rebranded as the Bannockburn Visitor Centre—opened in March 2014. One of the attractions created by a £9m redevelopment of the centre and the nearby battlefield memorial is a computerised multiplayer game.
1191:. Weighing the available evidence, Reese concludes that "it seems doubtful if even a third of the foot soldiers returned to England." If his estimate is accurate, of 16,000 English infantrymen, about 11,000 were killed. The English chronicler
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Scots and stood in the way of the English on their way to Stirling. Little did the English know that Bruce had ventured ahead away from his natural protection. King Robert was not then fully armed for combat, but was instead armed for
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The immediate aftermath was the surrender of Stirling Castle, one of Scotland's most important fortresses, to King Robert. He then slighted (razed) it to prevent it from being retaken. Nearly as important was the surrender of
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gave the number of English men-at-arms who were killed as 700, while 500 more men-at-arms were spared for ransom. The Scottish losses appear to have been comparatively light, with only two knights among those killed.
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The precise numerical advantage of the English forces relative to the Scottish forces is unknown, but modern researchers estimate that the Scottish faced English forces one-and-a-half to three times their number.
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had wanted to expand England to prevent a foreign power such as France from capturing territories in the British Isles. But he needed Scotland's allegiance, which led to his campaign to capture Scotland. The
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The exact site of the Battle of Bannockburn has been debated for many years, but most modern historians agree that the traditional site, where a visitor centre and statue have been erected, is not correct.
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the English archers were thrown forward before the line, and the Scottish archers engaged them, a few being killed and wounded on either side; but the King of England's archers quickly put the others to
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Historian Peter Reese wrote that "only one sizeable group of men—all foot soldiers—made good their escape to England." These were a force of Welsh spearmen who were kept together by their commander, Sir
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and (4) one jointly commanded by Sir James Douglas and the young Walter the Steward. Bruce's friend, Angus Og Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, brought thousands of Islesmen to Bannockburn, including
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60:(c. 1440) is the earliest-known image of the battle. King Robert wielding an axe and Edward II fleeing toward Stirling feature prominently, conflating incidents from the two days of battle.
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The English cavalry was hemmed in against the Bannockburn, making it difficult for them to manoeuvre. Unable to hold their formations, they broke rank. It soon became clear to
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In 1313, Bruce demanded the allegiance of all remaining Balliol supporters, under threat of losing their lands. He also demanded the surrender of the English garrison at
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1031:. Bohun charged at Bruce and, when the two passed side by side, Bruce split Bohun's head with his axe. However the Vita Edwardi Secundi gives a different account:
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Sire, your protection was committed to me, but since you are safely on your way, I will bid you farewell for never yet have I fled from a battle, nor will I now.
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full-scale attack on the English forces the next day and to use his schiltrons as offensive units, as he had trained them. This was a strategy his predecessor
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in 1328. Under the treaty, the English crown recognised the independence of the Kingdom of Scotland, and acknowledged Robert the Bruce as the rightful king.
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was crowned as king, but was incapable of providing the determined leadership his father had shown, and the English position soon became more difficult.
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During the night the English forces crossed the stream known as the Bannockburn, establishing their position on the plain beyond it. A Scottish knight,
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On the morning of 23 June 1314 it was still not certain if a battle was going to take place. The armies were still eight miles apart, giving
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between England and Scotland began in 1296. Initially, the English were successful under the command of Edward I: they won victories at the
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Presentation by Stirling Council's Archaeologist Dr Murray Cook on the debates about the location and history of the Battle of Bannockburn
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The Scots then rushed the English forces under Gloucester's and Hereford's command, who retreated, struggling back over the Bannockburn.
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A large number of alternative locations have been considered, but modern researchers believe only two merit serious consideration:
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warriors, and King Robert assigned them the place of honour at his side in his own schiltron with the men of Carrick and Argyll.
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The Carse of Balquhiderock, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north-east of the traditional site. This location is accepted by the
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2396:"'Bannockburn: The Triumph of Robert the Bruce'. By David Cornell. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009. pp. 320.)"
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is one of the most celebrated in Scottish history, and for centuries the battle has been commemorated in verse and art. The
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804:. The monument, along with the associated visitor centre, is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the area.
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King Edward II invaded Scotland after Bruce demanded in 1313 that all supporters, still loyal to ousted Scottish king
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for mercy!" "For mercy, yes," one of his attendants replied, "but from God, not you. These men will conquer or die."
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spotted the king so poorly equipped and took advantage. Henry de Bohun charged forward in full combat gear with his
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The second English cavalry force was commanded by Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont. Their forces included Sir
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Edward fled with his personal bodyguard and panic spread among the remaining troops, turning their defeat into a
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from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success. However, the Scots defeated the English at the
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889:, c. 1330: Depiction of a biblical battle, giving an impression of how soldiers were equipped at Bannockburn.
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734:. For this reason, the Battle of Bannockburn is widely considered a landmark moment in Scottish history.
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accompanied Gloucester and, when he reached the Scottish lines, he was quickly surrounded and killed.
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1072:"Sir," said Sir Thomas Gray, "I doubt that whatever you give them now, they will have all too soon".
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Sir Henry de Beaumont called to his men: "Let us wait a little; let them come on; give them room".
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2662:[W. R. Childs, ed. (2005). Vita Edwardi Secundi. Clarendon Press. p. xxiv-xxv. ISBN 0-19-927594-7.
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3154:"Robert the Bruce on the Eve of Bannockburn Receiving the Sacrament from the Abbot of Inchaffre"
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Webster, Bruce (2015). "Robert I (Robert Bruce)". In Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.).
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Scalacronica; The reigns of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III as Recorded by Sir Thomas Gray
1785:"Battle of Bannockburn: 5 interesting facts and myths about decisive Robert the Bruce battle"
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The defeat of the English opened up the north of England to Scottish raids and allowed the
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Hall Architects. The project is a partnership between the National Trust for Scotland and
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3516:(Second ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom ; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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painted a similar theme. A painting by William Findlay depicts Bruce at the battle.
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1078:"Sir," answered the said Thomas, "it is not from fear that I shall fly this day."
3010:"Robert the Bruce statue at Bannockburn daubed with Black Lives Matter graffiti"
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to secure diplomatic recognition of Scotland's independence by the Pope, to the
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friar Robert Baston, that one or both sides employed slingers and crossbowmen.
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Once they were clear of the battle d'Argentan turned to the king and said: "
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which resulted in the deaths of several prominent commanders, including the
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1893:, Robert Bruce and The Community of the Realm of Scotland, 1961, at p. 273.
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A History of England from the Landing of Julius Caesar to the Present Day
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Illustration of the parry between Robert the Bruce and Sir Henry de Bohun
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refers to Scotland's victory over Edward and the English at Bannockburn.
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3052:. London, Paris, New York & Melbourne: Cassell and Company. p.
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The Chronicle of Lanercost says that, on the second day of the battle, "
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2984:"Battle of Bannockburn: The Battle of Bannockburn Visitor Centre Opens"
2693:"Scottish profiles in leadership: William Wallace and Robert the Bruce"
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2176:" The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346: Translated, with notes by Sir
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The following are the notable casualties and captives of the battle.
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The English were gradually pushed back and ground down by the Scots'
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2548:"The Site of the New Park in Relation to the Battle of Bannockburn"
1075:"Very well" exclaimed the said Henry, "if you are afraid, be off".
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Robert Lord de Clifford and Henry de Beaumont, with three hundred
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painted Bruce receiving the sacrament on the eve of the battle.
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BBC "In our time" discussion on the battle and its consequences
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1923:"Scotland's First War of Independence: Historical introduction"
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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
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Brown, C.A., "Bannockburn 1314", History Press, Stroud, 2008,
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Bannockburn. The Scottish War and the British Isles 1307–1323
2958:"Battle of Bannockburn: Bannockburn : About the project"
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Bannockburn: The Scottish War and the British Isles 1307–1323
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An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn – second day
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An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn – first day
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Robert Bruce & The Community of The Realm of Scotland
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in 1297. This was countered by Edward I's victory at the
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1314 battle during the First War of Scottish Independence
3214:"The Liberation of Scotland (The Battle of Bannockburn)"
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released a song, "Blood of Bannockburn", on their album
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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The Battle of Bannockburn: a Study in Mediaeval Warfare
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of The Battle of Bannockburn 700th Anniversary Project
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The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377
2928:"Bannockburn Heritage Centre closes before demolition"
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Battle: A visual journey through 5,000 years of combat
1588:. The chorus of Scotland's unofficial national anthem
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In 1932 the Bannockburn Preservation Committee, under
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under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011.
862:. It was besieged in 1314 by Bruce's younger brother
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seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened.
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had not employed. The English army was defeated in a
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The Scottish army was divided into four divisions of
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2238:"OS 25-inch map 1892–1949, with Bing opacity slider"
840:. By 1304, Scotland had been conquered, but in 1306
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Robert Bruce and the Community of Realm of Scotland
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2447:Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society
2313:The Scottish War of Independence: a Critical Study
1483:Equestrian statue of Robert the Bruce, Bannockburn
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1491:The hemicircle of the modern Bannockburn monument
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3330:Armstrong, Pete (illustrated by Graham Turner),
1905:The Lords of the Isles: a History of Clan Donald
1862:"Scotland's History – The Battle of Bannockburn"
3100:. The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum.
1812:Mackenzie, p. 88 referencing Walsingham, p. 141
1056:
1033:
951:An area of peaty ground outside the village of
730:restoration of Scottish independence under the
34:
3626:Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland
3332:Bannockburn 1314: Robert Bruce's Great Victory
1808:
1806:
1605:both painted Bruce's encounter with de Bohun.
1509:Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland
1236:. These finally led, after the failure of the
1015:with only a small horse, light armour, and a
847:After the death of Edward I in 1307, his son
640:
349:
8:
3601:Battles of the Wars of Scottish Independence
3420:Bannockburn: The Triumph of Robert the Bruce
3413:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1642:View of the circular walls and the flag pole
1527:, funded by the Scottish Government and the
1319:Malduin (Malcolm) MacGilchrist, 3rd Lord of
3281:. Glasgow: James Maclehose & Sons. 1907
2681:britishbattles.com. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
2147:Strickland, Matthew; Hardy, Robert (2005).
1536:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom
3220:. Glasgow Museums Resource Centre (GMRC).
2866:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 137.
2848:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 231.
2821:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 230.
647:
633:
625:
356:
342:
334:
31:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1404:Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer
291:Up to 11,000 infantry killed upon retreat
3441:Bannockburn: A Study in Medieval Warfare
3387:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2765:
2763:
2761:
2443:"The Real Bannockburn, June 23–24, 1314"
2090:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633326.003.0003
2044:"In Our Time, The Battle of Bannockburn"
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1538:, the statue was defaced with graffiti.
1263:Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester
1054:. The younger Grey described the battle:
752:commanded by (1) Bruce, (2) his brother
280:Light (presumably around 100 casualties)
3513:The Oxford companion to British history
2888:
2876:
2741:
1691:
1620:
1499:and Kincardine, presented lands to the
1388:Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley
1378:Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford
756:, (3) his nephew, Thomas Randolph, the
3641:National Trust for Scotland properties
3190:. Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum.
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2137:Nicholson, Later Middle Ages pp. 87–89
2024:. pp. 71–73. Thames & Hudson Ltd.
1584:" is the title of a patriotic poem by
1284:Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford
3540:on National Trust of Scotland website
2801:
2789:
2769:
2752:
2248:from the original on 30 November 2012
2067:
2065:
2063:
2022:The Seventy Great Battles of All Time
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1427:John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers
317:
309:
300:
7:
3631:Military and war museums in Scotland
3596:Battles between England and Scotland
3224:from the original on 7 November 2017
3194:from the original on 7 November 2017
3164:from the original on 7 November 2017
3134:from the original on 7 November 2017
3104:from the original on 7 November 2017
2908:from the original on 16 October 2012
2653:, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1998, p. 38
2329:Bannockburn: The Story of the Battle
1872:from the original on 6 November 2019
1331:John de Montfort, 2nd Baron Montfort
922:, but actually under the command of
288:500 knights and men-at-arms captured
3374:Robert the Bruce. A life Chronicled
2412:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2011.00294_47.x
1903:Peterson, Raymond Campbell (2001).
1791:from the original on 5 January 2022
1409:Robert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus
1344:Edmund Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings
800:statue of Robert Bruce designed by
791:The victory against the English at
3636:Museums in Stirling (council area)
3074:The Complete Works of Robert Burns
2938:from the original on 30 March 2019
2723:from the original on 19 April 2022
2056:from the original on 16 June 2012.
1064:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray
912:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray
724:First War of Scottish Independence
285:700 knights and men-at-arms killed
42:First War of Scottish Independence
25:
3020:from the original on 12 June 2020
2628:from the original on 6 April 2023
1783:Sanderson, Ginny (23 June 2021).
1597:Many artworks depict the battle.
1568:Bruce addresses his troops, from
3160:. Brechin Mechanics' Institute.
1674:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1497:Edward Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin
1336:Payn Tibetoft, 1st Baron Tibotot
48:
3268:, ed. D. E. R. Watt, 1987–1993.
3256:, trans. A. A. M. Duncan, 1964.
3124:"Robert the Bruce and de Bohun"
2578:from the original on 3 May 2022
2527:from the original on 2 May 2022
2473:from the original on 2 May 2022
2375:from the original on 2 May 2022
2345:"The faces of Robert the Bruce"
2211:"Battle of Bannockburn (47243)"
2151:. Stroud: Sutton. p. 162.
2119:Barrow, Geoffrey W. S. (1988).
2074:"The Bannockburn War (1307–13)"
1953:from the original on 2 May 2022
1383:John Segrave, 2nd Baron Segrave
1242:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
1227:Lord High Constable of Scotland
1187:. The majority of them reached
732:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
3569:"Battle of Bannockburn (BTL4)"
3505:. London: Hutchinson & Co.
3503:Robert the Bruce King of Scots
3490:, Canongate, Edinburgh, 2003,
3461:Scotland-the Later Middle Ages
2986:. 1 March 2014. Archived from
2552:The Scottish Historical Review
2501:The Scottish Historical Review
2288:Barrow, Geoffrey W.S. (1998).
2072:Brown, Michael (2 July 2008),
2042:Watson, F. (3 February 2011).
1743:, (Biddles Ltd., 1998), 52–54.
1666:Statue of Robert the Bruce by
767:After Robert Bruce killed Sir
1:
3565:Historic Environment Scotland
3501:Scott, Ronald McNair (1982).
2394:Cramsie, John (1 June 2011).
2207:Historic Environment Scotland
1603:Eric Harald Macbeth Robertson
1525:Historic Environment Scotland
818:Wars of Scottish Independence
2780:Brown, C. (2008) pp. 129–130
2242:National Library of Scotland
1534:On 11 June 2020, during the
1279:John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch
1234:Scottish invasion of Ireland
3621:History museums in Scotland
3298:, edited and translated by
2497:"The Battle of Bannockburn"
2333:National Trust for Scotland
1546:In 2016 Swedish metal band
1520:National Trust for Scotland
1501:National Trust for Scotland
1326:William de Vescy of Kildare
1274:John Lovel, 2nd Baron Lovel
1050:, father of the chronicler
939:Location of the battlefield
797:National Trust for Scotland
3662:
3334:, Osprey Publishing, 2002
3130:. The Fleming Collection.
3040:Arnold-Foster, Hugh Oakley
2294:Edinburgh University Press
2125:Edinburgh University Press
2082:Edinburgh University Press
1480:
1477:Bannockburn Visitor Centre
658:Scottish Independence Wars
3554:Medieval Archives Podcast
3538:The Battle of Bannockburn
3422:. Yale University Press.
2672:The Battle of Bannockburn
2441:MacKenzie, W. M. (1910).
1762:. ABC-CLIO. p. 127.
1706:. ABC-CLIO. p. 126.
914:, commanded the Scottish
834:Battle of Stirling Bridge
826:Capture of Berwick (1296)
681:Later Anglo-Scottish Wars
666:
375:
328:
297:
274:
261:
160:
143:
69:
47:
39:
3481:The Genesis of Lancaster
3310:, ed. N. D. Young, 1957.
2902:"Inventory battlefields"
1758:Tucker, Spencer (2011).
1730:, DK Publishing, p. 118.
1702:Tucker, Spencer (2011).
1433:Thomas de Grey of Heaton
1048:Thomas de Grey of Heaton
962:as the most likely site.
838:Battle of Falkirk (1298)
368:of Scottish Independence
192:Sir Gilbert II De la Hay
54:This depiction from the
3418:Cornell, David (2009).
3410:Encyclopædia Britannica
2546:Miller, Thomas (1914).
2020:Black, Jeremy. (2005).
1238:Declaration of Arbroath
822:Battle of Dunbar (1296)
718:, and the army of King
3455:The Wars of the Bruces
2651:The Warhorse 1250–1600
1681:Close-up of the statue
1577:
1492:
1458:Bartholomew de Enefeld
1112:
1097:
1037:
990:
890:
707:BlĂ r Allt a' Bhonnaich
706:
701:
304:Registered battlefield
161:Commanders and leaders
63:Corpus Christi College
3550:Battle of Bannockburn
3083:at Project Gutenberg.
2904:. Historic Scotland.
2842:Barrow, Geoffrey W.S.
2815:Barrow, Geoffrey W.S.
2691:Dean, Sidney (2016).
2606:"Claim to the Throne"
1654:Alley to the monument
1567:
1529:Heritage Lottery Fund
1490:
1110:
988:
895:King Robert the Bruce
885:
694:Battle of Bannockburn
614:Edinburgh–Northampton
275:Casualties and losses
35:Battle of Bannockburn
3611:Edward II of England
3307:Vita Edwardi Secundi
3094:"Bruce and De Bohun"
1726:Grant, R.G. (2008),
1421:Ingram de Umfraville
1340:William de Hastelegh
1310:Sir Robert de Felton
1297:, Marshal of Ireland
1103:Second day of battle
849:Edward II of England
720:Edward II of England
116:56.09333°N 3.93778°W
3404:"Bannockburn"
3295:Lanercost Chronicle
3079:28 May 2007 at the
2934:. 31 October 2012.
2677:5 June 2014 at the
2604:Rees, Owen (2014).
2331:, 1960, Edinburgh:
2244:. Ordnance Survey.
2127:. pp. 225–229.
1556:about this battle.
1362:John de Elsingfelde
1185:Maurice de Berkeley
981:First day of battle
702:BlĂ r Allt nam BĂ nag
521:Invasion of Ireland
515:Ireland (1315–1318)
205:Sir Alexander Seton
150:Kingdom of Scotland
112: /
3318:Historia Anglicana
3314:Walsingham, Thomas
2990:on 8 February 2015
2636:– via JSTOR.
2325:Christison, Philip
2278:: James MacLehose.
2196:, Book XII, p. 371
2084:, pp. 24–47,
1668:Pilkington Jackson
1591:Flower of Scotland
1578:
1574:History of England
1505:Pilkington Jackson
1493:
1443:Giles de Beauchamp
1437:William le Latimer
1393:Thomas de Berkeley
1365:Ralph de Beauchamp
1354:Michael de Poinyng
1348:Miles de Stapleton
1248:Notable casualties
1211:Elizabeth de Burgh
1113:
996:Earl of Gloucester
991:
920:Walter the Steward
891:
860:Scottish Highlands
802:Pilkington Jackson
782:Earl of Gloucester
580:Great Raid of 1322
319:Reference no.
242:Robert de Clifford
200:Angus Og MacDonald
196:Walter the Steward
155:Kingdom of England
121:56.09333; -3.93778
3606:Conflicts in 1314
1713:978-1-59884-429-0
1513:Historic Scotland
1511:and protected by
1465:John de Clavering
1449:Thomas de Ferrers
1193:Thomas Walsingham
1087:Sir Thomas Grey,
1008:Henry de Beaumont
924:Sir James Douglas
828:. The removal of
689:
688:
622:
621:
332:
331:
270:20,000–25,000 men
256:Henry de Beaumont
219:Humphrey de Bohun
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
3653:
3646:Robert the Bruce
3591:1314 in Scotland
3572:
3527:
3506:
3483:, 1307–99, 1913.
3437:Mackenzie, W. M.
3433:
3414:
3406:
3393:Wars of Scotland
3388:
3345:Barrow, G. W. S.
3290:
3288:
3286:
3279:Maxwell, Herbert
3277:. Translated by
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3090:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3016:. 12 June 2020.
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2960:. Archived from
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
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2856:
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2849:
2838:
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2829:
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2822:
2811:
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2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2697:Medieval Warfare
2688:
2682:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2610:Medieval Warfare
2601:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2493:Maxwell, Herbert
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2355:(1): 4–5. 2017.
2349:Medieval Warfare
2341:
2335:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2268:Mackenzie, W. M.
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2149:The Great Warbow
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2033:
2018:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1927:Medieval Warfare
1919:Blumberg, Arnold
1915:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1891:Barrow, G. W. S.
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1858:
1841:
1838:
1825:
1824:Mackenzie, p. 90
1822:
1813:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1755:
1744:
1741:Scottish Battles
1737:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1699:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1446:Gilbert de Bohun
1358:Thomas de Ufford
1301:Edmund de Mauley
1269:Giles d'Argentan
1154:Giles d'Argentan
1150:Aymer de Valence
1143:Sir Robert Keith
1095:
1091:, translated by
1000:Earl of Hereford
842:Robert the Bruce
712:Robert the Bruce
709:
661:
659:
649:
642:
635:
626:
370:
358:
351:
344:
335:
267:5,000-10,000 men
250:
237:
229:Gilbert de Clare
224:Aymer de Valence
180:Sir Robert Keith
135:Scottish victory
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
71:
70:
52:
32:
21:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3581:
3580:
3563:
3534:
3524:
3509:
3500:
3459:Nicholson, R.,
3430:
3417:
3397:
3379:
3327:
3284:
3282:
3271:
3250:Barbour, John,
3247:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3081:Wayback Machine
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2964:on 23 June 2013
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
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2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2899:
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2853:
2840:
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2826:
2813:
2812:
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2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2679:Wayback Machine
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2507:(43): 233–251.
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2287:
2283:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2188:
2184:
2178:Herbert Maxwell
2170:
2166:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2019:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1844:
1839:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1562:
1544:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1415:Anthony de Luci
1399:Marmaduke Tweng
1373:
1368:
1295:William Marshal
1258:
1250:
1215:Christina Bruce
1207:Bothwell Castle
1202:
1169:
1167:English retreat
1117:Alexander Seton
1105:
1099:
1096:
1093:Herbert Maxwell
1086:
1004:Robert Clifford
983:
969:
941:
936:
880:
856:Stirling Castle
810:
786:Robert Clifford
774:William Wallace
743:Stirling Castle
698:Scottish Gaelic
690:
685:
662:
657:
655:
653:
623:
618:
499:Pass of Brander
432:Stirling Castle
412:Stirling Bridge
371:
367:
364:
362:
306:
254:
246:
233:
204:
198:
194:
190:
188:Thomas Randolph
186:
182:
178:
174:
120:
118:
114:
111:
106:
103:
101:
99:
98:
97:
77:23–24 June 1314
61:
53:
28:
23:
22:
18:Bannockburn Day
15:
12:
11:
5:
3659:
3657:
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3623:
3618:
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3579:
3578:
3573:
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3556:
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3533:
3532:External links
3530:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3507:
3498:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3457:
3453:MacNamee, C.,
3451:
3434:
3429:978-0300145687
3428:
3415:
3401:, ed. (1911).
3399:Chisholm, Hugh
3395:
3389:
3381:Brown, Michael
3377:
3370:
3367:978-0752446004
3359:
3342:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3303:
3291:
3269:
3265:Scotichronicon
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3031:
3001:
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2949:
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2893:
2891:, p. 262.
2881:
2869:
2860:Brown, Michael
2851:
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2794:
2782:
2773:
2757:
2745:
2734:
2683:
2664:
2655:
2639:
2589:
2538:
2484:
2433:
2406:(2): 378–379.
2386:
2336:
2317:
2311:Barron, E.M.,
2304:
2281:
2259:
2229:
2198:
2194:Scotichronicon
2182:
2164:
2157:
2139:
2130:
2111:
2099:978-0748633326
2098:
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1964:
1910:
1895:
1883:
1842:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1775:
1769:978-1598844290
1768:
1745:
1739:Sadler, John,
1732:
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1558:
1553:The Last Stand
1543:
1540:
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1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:John Cysrewast
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1307:
1305:King's Steward
1298:
1292:
1290:Henry de Bohun
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1223:Marjorie Bruce
1201:
1198:
1168:
1165:
1104:
1101:
1084:
1021:Henry de Bohun
1013:reconnaissance
982:
979:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:National Trust
956:
940:
937:
935:
932:
879:
876:
809:
806:
778:pitched battle
769:Henry de Bohun
687:
686:
684:
683:
678:
673:
667:
664:
663:
654:
652:
651:
644:
637:
629:
620:
619:
617:
616:
611:
606:
600:
599:
595:
594:
589:
588:
587:
577:
572:
567:
562:
556:
555:
551:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
517:
516:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
444:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
397:
393:
392:
387:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
363:
361:
360:
353:
346:
338:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:
289:
286:
281:
277:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
259:
258:
253:
252:
239:
226:
221:
216:
213:King Edward II
208:
206:
203:
202:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
85:
83:
79:
78:
75:
67:
66:
57:Scotichronicon
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3658:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3523:9780191757150
3519:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3477:Ramsay, J. H.
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:Prestwich, M.
3465:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:Brown, C.A.,
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:Bower, Walter
3258:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:"Bannockburn"
3179:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:"Bannockburn"
3041:
3035:
3032:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2831:Reese, p. 176
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2804:, p. 160
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:, p. 159
2791:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:, p. 158
2754:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:(45): 60–75.
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:(1): 80–102.
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:The Historian
2397:
2390:
2387:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:9780500251256
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1907:. p. 22.
1906:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:Reese, p. 174
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:Scots Wha Hae
1575:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1221:and daughter
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1177:Dunbar Castle
1174:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:friendly fire
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:single combat
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
987:
980:
978:
975:
966:
961:
957:
954:
953:Balquhiderock
950:
949:
948:
945:
938:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
896:
888:
887:Holkham Bible
884:
877:
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
807:
805:
803:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
765:
763:
759:
758:Earl of Moray
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
722:, during the
721:
717:
716:King of Scots
713:
708:
703:
699:
695:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
660:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
631:
630:
627:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Auld Alliance
602:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
514:
513:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
441:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
374:
369:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
339:
336:
327:
324:
321:
314:21 March 2011
313:
305:
296:
290:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
269:
266:
265:
260:
257:
251:
249:
243:
240:
238:
236:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:
210:
209:
207:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:James Douglas
181:
177:
173:
172:
171:King Robert I
168:
167:
165:
164:
159:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
142:
134:
131:
130:
125:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
59:
58:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3512:
3502:
3487:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3454:
3440:
3419:
3408:
3392:
3384:
3373:
3348:
3331:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3283:. Retrieved
3273:
3263:
3251:
3226:. Retrieved
3217:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3187:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3048:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3014:scotsman.com
3013:
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2978:
2968:24 September
2966:. Retrieved
2962:the original
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2931:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2896:
2889:Cornell 2009
2884:
2877:Webster 2015
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2776:
2748:
2742:Maxwell 1907
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2703:(2): 51–55.
2700:
2696:
2686:
2667:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2616:(3): 26–33.
2613:
2609:
2580:. Retrieved
2555:
2551:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2504:
2500:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2450:
2446:
2436:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2352:
2348:
2339:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2289:
2284:
2271:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2241:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2214:
2201:
2193:
2190:Walter Bower
2185:
2172:
2167:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2120:
2114:
2103:, retrieved
2077:
2047:
2037:
2021:
1955:. Retrieved
1930:
1926:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1865:
1793:. Retrieved
1778:
1759:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1703:
1611:John Hassall
1607:John Phillip
1596:
1589:
1586:Robert Burns
1579:
1573:
1552:
1545:
1533:
1517:
1494:
1452:Roger Corbet
1440:John Giffard
1251:
1231:
1203:
1181:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1098:
1089:Scalacronica
1088:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1057:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
992:
970:
946:
942:
900:
892:
872:
868:
864:Edward Bruce
853:
846:
830:John Balliol
811:
790:
766:
754:Edward Bruce
747:
739:John Balliol
736:
727:
693:
691:
508:
474:Loudoun Hill
247:
234:
211:
176:Edward Bruce
169:
144:Belligerents
55:
40:Part of the
29:
3616:Last stands
3488:Bannockburn
3486:Reese, P.,
3391:Brown, M.,
2647:Hyland, Ann
2078:Bannockburn
2049:BBC Radio 4
1599:John Duncan
1455:John Bluwet
1060:men-at-arms
1052:Thomas Grey
998:and by the
974:men-at-arms
904:River Forth
824:and at the
793:Bannockburn
570:2nd Berwick
509:Bannockburn
385:1st Berwick
119: /
89:, south of
87:Bannockburn
65:, Cambridge
3585:Categories
3496:1841954659
3449:1871048036
3357:0852246048
3340:1855326094
3300:H. Maxwell
3285:17 October
3228:5 November
3198:5 November
3168:5 November
3138:5 November
3108:5 November
2994:1 December
2942:31 October
2802:Scott 1982
2790:Scott 1982
2770:Scott 1982
2753:Scott 1982
2301:0852246048
2252:12 October
2158:0750931671
1933:(3): 6–8.
1876:2 December
1687:References
1481:See also:
1351:Simon Ward
1316:, 1st Lord
1219:Mary Bruce
1213:, sisters
1132:schiltrons
1017:battle axe
967:Importance
908:schiltrons
808:Background
762:galloglass
750:schiltrons
585:Old Byland
565:Skaithmuir
526:Moiry Pass
469:Glen Trool
311:Designated
107:03°56′16″W
104:56°05′36″N
3325:Secondary
2709:2211-5129
2564:0036-9241
2513:0036-9241
2459:2398-5755
2428:142588139
2420:0018-2370
2361:2211-5129
1939:2211-5129
1795:5 January
1200:Aftermath
1140:marischal
928:Carmelite
554:1315–1327
494:River Dee
484:Inverurie
464:Turnberry
459:Loch Ryan
443:1306–1314
396:1297–1304
366:First War
3383:(2008).
3351:, 1988,
3253:The Brus
3222:Archived
3192:Archived
3162:Archived
3132:Archived
3102:Archived
3077:Archived
3042:(1907).
3018:Archived
2936:Archived
2932:BBC News
2912:12 April
2906:Archived
2862:(2008).
2844:(1988).
2817:(1988).
2721:Archived
2717:48578559
2675:Archived
2626:Archived
2622:48578352
2576:Archived
2572:25518759
2525:Archived
2521:25518682
2495:(1914).
2471:Archived
2467:44897746
2373:Archived
2369:48578072
2270:(1913).
2246:Archived
2180:. p. 206
2105:16 March
2054:Archived
1951:Archived
1947:48578347
1921:(2014).
1870:Archived
1789:Archived
1371:Captives
1321:Arrochar
1189:Carlisle
1085:—
1006:and Sir
916:vanguard
813:Edward I
784:and Sir
598:Treaties
592:Weardale
560:Carlisle
546:Faughart
541:Skerries
504:Roxburgh
437:Earnside
262:Strength
95:Scotland
91:Stirling
82:Location
3544:archive
3463:, 1974.
3302:, 1913.
3245:Primary
3240:Sources
3059:19 June
3024:12 June
2276:Glasgow
2222:2 April
2216:Canmore
2174:flight.
1617:Gallery
1570:Cassell
1548:Sabaton
1314:Litcham
878:Prelude
728:de jure
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