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They decided on what would later be called the armed route. With that intention, they took on a clandestine identity and defined themselves as a "secret
Catalan brotherhood" with the sonorous and threatening name of Black Flag... They established contact with Manuel Pagès, Cardona's deputy and organizer of new squads or
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In
Bertrellans Street, a dark alley parallel to the commercial street (then in full development and construction) of Portal de l'Ă€ngel, there was a flat with a small excursion group called the Serra del CadĂ. They were few, but many of them would have outstanding performances in the following years.
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The French knight
Jacques de Viguier witnessed how they raised a "drapeau noir avec un tĂŞte de mort blanche au milieu" - a black flag with a white skull in the middle - and explained it in the letter he addressed to his uncle the next day, 2 August 1714;
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troops that they would fight to the death and never surrender. On
September 12, however, they did surrender, ending the cause of the
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The organization had approximately twelve leading members and some sympathizers. The most notable head of the organization was
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198:(head abroad), Ramon Xammar, Emili Granier Barrera, Jaume JuliĂ , Joan Bertran and Jaume Balius. It also had committees in
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37:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency.
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225:) and some other impactful armed actions, such as the bomb attack against the house of the Baron of Maldá.
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still calls it "the traditional symbol associated with the will to kill or die".
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Its name referred to the black flag raised by the defenders of
Barcelona in the
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142:(Holy Catalan Brotherhood) was the secret, armed sub-organization of the
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Lettre IV. A bord de "Furieux" Ă la rade de
Barcelonne le 2 août 1714
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Le Siège de
Barcelone in 1714, raconté par un arlésien a un arlésien
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Historian Enric Ucelay-Da Cal explains how
Bandera Negra was born:
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310:. Barcelona: B. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial.
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43:. The original article is under "español" in the
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146:political party, founded on May 3, 1925.
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308:Breve historia del separatismo catalán
281:(in Catalan). L'Abadia de Montserrat.
57:Pages needing translation into English
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153:on August 1, 1714, signaling to the
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306:Ucelay-Da Cal, Enric (2018).
120:Catalan independence movement
333:1925 establishments in Spain
151:Catalan Campaign (1713-1714)
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161:. Regardless, historian
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41:enhance the translation
275:Crexell, Joan (1988).
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278:El complot de Garraf
263:Ucelay-Da Cal, Enric
52:this article's entry
338:Catalan nationalism
163:Enric Ucelay-Da Cal
159:Archduke of Austria
124:Catalan nationalism
343:Terrorism in Spain
94:Dates of operation
316:978-84-666-6511-7
288:978-84-7202-982-8
188:Marcel·là Perelló
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300:Further reading
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215:Alfonso XIII
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208:Buenos Aires
192:Miquel Badia
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144:Estat CatalĂ
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35:from Spanish
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223:Garraf plot
45:"languages"
33:translation
327:Categories
229:References
206:) and in
108:Catalonia
98:1925–1926
65:June 2022
180:escamots
115:Ideology
221:coast (
217:on the
200:BĂ©ziers
169:History
155:Bourbon
103:Motives
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219:Garraf
204:France
47:list.
312:ISBN
283:ISBN
49:See
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55:on
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
