1161:
environment of the jurisdiction where the bank is located. Licensing involves an evaluation of the entity's intent and the ability to meet the regulatory guidelines governing the bank's operations, financial soundness, and managerial actions. The supervisor monitors licensed banks for compliance with the requirements and responds to breaches of the requirements by obtaining undertakings, giving directions, imposing penalties or (ultimately) revoking the bank's license. Bank supervision may be viewed as an extension of the licence-granting process. Supervisory activities involve on-site inspection of the bank's records, operations and processes or evaluation of the reports submitted by the bank. Arguably the most important requirement in bank regulation that supervisors must enforce is maintaining
1619:
control report must include: a statement of management's responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the company; management's assessment of the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the company's most recent fiscal year; a statement identifying the framework used by management to evaluate the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting; and a statement that the registered public accounting firm that audited the company's financial statements included in the annual report has issued an attestation report on management's assessment of the company's internal control over financial reporting. Under the new rules, a company is required to file the registered
1640:, and to disclose it to investors and prospective investors. Also, banks may be required to maintain a minimum credit rating. These ratings are designed to provide color for prospective clients or investors regarding the relative risk that one assumes when engaging in business with the bank. The ratings reflect the tendencies of the bank to take on high risk endeavors, in addition to the likelihood of succeeding in such deals or initiatives. The rating agencies that banks are most strictly governed by, referred to as the
152:
3572:
3504:
1880:
3518:
1003:
1743:(GSA), setting up a pervasive regulatory scheme for the public offering of securities and generally prohibiting commercial banks from underwriting and dealing in those securities. GSA prohibited affiliations between banks (which means bank-chartered depository institutions, that is, financial institutions that hold federally insured consumer deposits) and securities firms (which are commonly referred to as
1023:
36:
3560:
1013:
1313:. The general premise is that while the government may have prevented a financial catastrophe for the time being, they have reinforced confidence for high risk taking and provided an invisible safety net. This can lead to a vicious cycle, wherein banks take risks, fail, receive a bailout, and then continue to take risks once again.
1660:, many economists have argued that these agencies face a serious conflict of interest in their core business model. Clients pay these agencies to rate their company based on their relative riskiness in the market. The question then is, to whom is the agency providing its service: the company or the market?
1551:. This type of regulation has lost the role it once had, as the emphasis has moved toward capital adequacy, and in many countries there is no minimum reserve ratio. The purpose of minimum reserve ratios is liquidity rather than safety. An example of a country with a contemporary minimum reserve ratio is
1570:
Corporate governance requirements are intended to encourage the bank to be well managed, and is an indirect way of achieving other objectives. As many banks are relatively large, and with many divisions, it is important for management to maintain a close watch on all operations. Investors and clients
1751:
of 1956 (BHCA) and its subsequent amendments, eliminating the possibility that companies owning banks would be permitted to take ownership or controlling interest in insurance companies, manufacturing companies, real estate companies, securities firms, or any other non-banking company. As a result,
1148:
Banking supervision and regulation are closely intertwined, to the extent that in some jurisdictions (particularly the United States) the words "regulator" and "supervisor" are often used interchangeably in its context. Policy practice, however, makes a distinction between the setting of rules that
1584:
to have an organizational structure that includes various offices and officers, e.g. corporate secretary, treasurer/CFO, auditor, Asset
Liability Management Committee, Privacy Officer, Compliance Officer etc. Also the officers for those offices may need to be approved persons, or from an approved
1233:
hold on banks, it is important for regulatory agencies to maintain control over the standardized practices of these institutions. Another relevant example for the interconnectedness is that the law of financial industries or financial law focuses on the financial (banking), capital, and insurance
1711:
or groups of connected counterparties. Such limitation may be expressed as a proportion of the bank's assets or equity, and different limits may apply based on the security held and/or the credit rating of the counterparty. Restricting disproportionate exposure to high-risk investment prevents
1618:
In addition to preparing these statements, the SEC also stipulates that directors of the bank must attest to the accuracy of such financial disclosures. Thus, included in their annual reports must be a report of management on the company's internal control over financial reporting. The internal
1160:
Bank licensing, which sets certain requirements for starting a new bank, is closely connected with supervision and usually performed by the same public authority. Licensing provides the licence holders the right to own and to operate a bank. The licensing process is specific to the regulatory
1188:
Banking regulation and supervision has emerged mostly in the 19th century and especially the 20th century, even though embryonic forms can be traced back to earlier periods. Landmark developments include the inception of U.S. federal banking supervision with the establishment of the
1826:, through its supervisory arm also known as ECB Banking Supervision, is the hub of banking supervision and works jointly with national bank supervisors, often referred to in that context as "national competent authorities" (NCAs). ECB Banking Supervision and the NCAs together form
1588:
to have a constitution or articles of association that is approved, or contains or does not contain particular clauses, e.g. clauses that enable directors to act other than in the best interests of the company (e.g. in the interests of a parent company) may not be
1149:
apply to banks (regulation) and the oversight of their safety and soundness (prudential supervision), since the latter often entails a discretionary component or "supervisory judgment". The global framework for banking regulation and supervision, prepared by the
1107:, liquidity requirements, the imposition of concentration risk (or large exposures) limits, and related reporting and public disclosure requirements and supervisory controls and processes. Other components include supervision aimed at enforcing
1309:". The objective of federal agencies is to avoid situations in which the government must decide whether to support a struggling bank or to let it fail. The issue, as many argue, is that providing aid to crippled banks creates a situation of
1598:
Among the most important regulations that are placed on banking institutions is the requirement for disclosure of the bank's finances. Particularly for banks that trade on the public market, in the US for example the
1131:
are also parts of the banking regulatory and supervisory framework. Bank (prudential) supervision is a form of "microprudential" policy to the extent it applies to individual credit institutions, as opposed to
1623:
attestation report as part of the annual report. Furthermore, the SEC added a requirement that management evaluate any change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during a
1254:
who appear to be on the brink of collapse. The belief is that without this aid, the crippled banks would not only become bankrupt, but would create rippling effects throughout the economy leading to
1477:
1301:
Among the reasons for maintaining close regulation of banking institutions is the aforementioned concern over the global repercussions that could result from a bank's failure; the idea that these
1761:
1571:
will often hold higher management accountable for missteps, as these individuals are expected to be aware of all activities of the institution. Some of these requirements may include:
1099:
regulation and supervision whose aim is to ensure that banks are viable and resilient ("safe and sound") so as to reduce the likelihood and impact of bank failures that may trigger
1205:
in 1974, marking the eventual generalization of the practice among jurisdictions with large financial sectors; and the emergence of supranational banking supervision, first by the
1747:
even though they are not technically banks and do not hold federally insured consumer deposits); further restrictions on bank affiliations with non-banking firms were enacted in
1210:
53:
1683:
itself, to rely more than ever on the standardized assessments of "credit risk" marketed aggressively by two US credit rating agencies – Moody's and S&P, thus using
1470:
1783:
1415:
2246:
Carpenter, David H. and M. Maureen Murphy. "The “Volcker Rule”: Proposals to Limit “Speculative” Proprietary
Trading by Banks". Congressional Research Service, 2010.
2197:
2092:
1845:
1767:
1084:, with semantic variations across jurisdictions. By and large, banking regulation and supervision aims at ensuring that banks are safe and sound and at fostering
1367:
1463:
1578:
to be incorporated locally, and/or to be incorporated under as a particular type of body corporate, rather than being incorporated in a foreign jurisdiction
1604:
1893:
2067:
2033:
1853:
1190:
1517:
influences each country's capital requirements. In 1988, the
Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the
3485:
1445:
1656:. These agencies hold the most influence over how banks (and all public companies) are viewed by those engaged in the public market. Following the
1607:, have them audited, and to register or publish them. Often, these banks are even required to prepare more frequent financial disclosures, such as
100:
2313:
2175:
Section 404, Management's Report on
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports.
1514:
1343:
1150:
72:
1830:, also known as the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Countries outside the banking union rely on their respective national banking supervisors.
1956:
1857:
1668:
1194:
643:
509:
1861:
1839:
1555:, where banks are required to maintain 25% of their liabilities that are due on demand or within 1 month as qualifying liquefiable assets.
79:
1385:
1349:
1641:
1600:
1510:
1275:
reduction—to reduce the risk of disruption resulting from adverse trading conditions for banks causing multiple or major bank failures
1752:
distinct regulatory systems developed in the United States for regulating banks, on the one hand, and securities firms on the other.
1628:
that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting.
2911:
2469:
2368:
2117:
1450:
1409:
1052:
119:
86:
1848:), and at the federal level on a number of agencies involved in the prudential supervision of credit institutions: for banks, the
3025:
2894:
2009:
Vertesy, László (2007). "The Place and Theory of
Banking Law - Or Arising of a New Branch of Law: Law of Financial Industries".
3480:
2827:
2728:
1294:
216:
68:
1657:
2987:
2621:
1865:
1725:
1676:
1206:
1077:
800:
551:
57:
1562:
and/or bank deposits. Required reserves have at times been gold, central bank banknotes or deposits, and foreign currency.
3597:
3564:
2340:
2107:
1434:
954:
897:
3550:
2212:
3147:
2626:
1827:
1691:. Ironically, European governments have abdicated most of their regulatory authority in favor of a non-European, highly
1214:
924:
301:
3142:
1525:. This updated framework is intended to be more risk sensitive than the original one, but is also a lot more complex.
1246:
arm) hold too much control over the economy to fail without enormous consequences. This is the premise for government
745:
1671:
have argued that
European powers such as France and Germany pushed dogmatically and naively for the adoption of the "
1153:, makes a distinction between three "pillars", namely regulation (Pillar 1), supervisory discretion (Pillar 2), and
3117:
2616:
1898:
1807:
1198:
1133:
705:
633:
465:
191:
46:
3200:
1775:
1265:
The objectives of bank regulation, and the emphasis, vary between jurisdictions. The most common objectives are:
608:
443:
1168:
As banking regulation focusing on key factors in the financial markets, it forms one of the three components of
1103:. Prudential regulation and supervision requires banks to control risks and hold adequate capital as defined by
93:
3592:
2995:
2977:
1748:
1440:
1394:
558:
477:
2646:
2060:
1766:
Most jurisdictions designate one public authority as their national prudential supervisor of banks: e.g. the
3370:
3157:
2631:
1712:
financial institutions from placing equity holders' (as well as the firm's) capital at an unnecessary risk.
1403:
1255:
805:
448:
236:
1984:
1740:
1612:
3425:
3410:
2037:
1736:
1649:
1251:
3529:
3122:
2800:
2611:
1823:
1728:
1680:
1518:
1116:
1085:
1045:
979:
740:
678:
638:
497:
276:
266:
1269:
prudential—to reduce the level of risk to which bank creditors are exposed (i.e. to protect depositors)
3250:
2596:
1927:
1903:
1637:
1104:
1069:
902:
877:
755:
715:
710:
578:
367:
316:
226:
1575:
to be a body corporate (i.e. not an individual, a partnership, trust or other unincorporated entity)
3405:
2545:
2462:
1664:
1534:
1502:
1496:
1201:, Europe's first modern banking supervisor in 1935; the start of formal banking supervision by the
1162:
1108:
1016:
969:
795:
785:
735:
673:
382:
251:
196:
1022:
3220:
2879:
2733:
2718:
2696:
2440:
2420:
2373:
2363:
1744:
1239:
944:
919:
815:
810:
698:
683:
658:
623:
231:
136:
1798:
have more complex setups in which multiple organizations have authority over bank supervision.
1197:
as the first major deposit guarantee and bank resolution authority in 1934; the creation of the
2151:
151:
3205:
3127:
2965:
2708:
2703:
2656:
2581:
2575:
2415:
2333:
2191:
2113:
2086:
2018:
2014:
1952:
1688:
1154:
1124:
857:
852:
693:
663:
598:
311:
2134:"Basel II Comprehensive version part 2: The First Pillar – Minimum Capital Requirements"
1687:
and ultimately taxpayers' money to strengthen anti-competitive duopolistic practices akin to
3602:
3210:
3177:
2676:
2540:
2535:
2500:
2284:
1721:
1425:
1279:
1278:
to avoid misuse of banks—to reduce the risk of banks being used for criminal purposes, e.g.
1226:
1177:
1137:
1038:
1006:
934:
912:
892:
867:
730:
720:
628:
546:
2301:
3459:
3432:
3420:
3400:
3334:
3329:
3312:
3292:
3287:
3267:
3132:
3112:
3107:
3010:
2970:
2681:
2606:
2530:
2515:
2435:
1918:
1849:
1844:
The United States relies on state-level bank supervisors (or "state regulators", e.g. the
1306:
1243:
1235:
1202:
974:
959:
949:
872:
862:
775:
725:
668:
648:
618:
593:
568:
482:
372:
362:
211:
186:
3536:
3344:
3262:
2851:
2817:
2768:
2753:
2525:
2430:
2410:
2400:
1908:
1791:
1787:
1373:
1026:
939:
907:
847:
780:
765:
760:
688:
487:
470:
453:
357:
322:
306:
291:
206:
1636:
Banks may be required to obtain and maintain a current credit rating from an approved
3586:
3390:
3349:
3235:
3215:
3187:
3137:
3102:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3015:
2955:
2795:
2785:
2743:
2666:
2661:
2591:
2550:
2474:
1811:
1795:
1684:
1615:
of 2002 outlines in detail the exact structure of the reports that the SEC requires.
1540:
1302:
1272:
1259:
1169:
1100:
984:
964:
887:
842:
613:
603:
583:
460:
271:
261:
246:
241:
176:
166:
1176:
and self-regulating market practices. Compliance with bank regulation is ensured by
3522:
3272:
3240:
3195:
2933:
2928:
2899:
2812:
2790:
2758:
2691:
2671:
2565:
2505:
2495:
2447:
2405:
2383:
2326:
1913:
1885:
1810:
plays a key role in EU banking regulation, but is not a banking supervisor. In the
1708:
1379:
1310:
1285:
770:
573:
438:
377:
334:
296:
281:
201:
181:
2259:
17:
2233:
M. Nicolas J. Firzli, "A Critique of the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision"
2109:
Why Are There So Many
Banking Crises?: The Politics and Policy of Bank Regulation
3571:
3503:
3444:
3385:
3375:
3172:
3167:
3005:
2906:
2822:
2781:
2748:
2713:
2636:
2560:
2510:
2425:
1692:
1675:
recommendations", adopted in 2005, transposed in
European Union law through the
1645:
1625:
1358:
1329:
1089:
929:
820:
790:
411:
401:
286:
221:
171:
35:
1926:– Standard format of Business Identifier Codes to identify Banks also known as
3576:
3508:
3437:
3317:
3255:
3000:
2921:
2916:
2874:
2856:
2844:
2805:
2651:
2641:
2601:
2586:
2570:
2520:
2457:
2452:
2176:
1875:
1707:
Banks may be restricted from having imprudently large exposures to individual
1653:
1620:
406:
2268:
1558:
Reserve requirements have also been used in the past to control the stock of
3415:
3380:
3322:
3297:
3162:
3059:
3047:
3032:
3020:
2948:
2866:
2839:
2723:
1815:
1608:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1522:
519:
504:
341:
3559:
1679:(CRD). In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the
1603:
requires management to prepare annual financial statements according to a
1234:
markets. Supporters of such regulation often base their arguments on the "
3464:
3449:
3152:
3037:
2834:
2378:
2213:"Ratings agencies suffer 'conflict of interest', says former Moody's bos"
1923:
1819:
1732:
1672:
1250:, in which government financial assistance is provided to banks or other
1173:
563:
396:
2059:
Section 115, Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act.
1501:
The capital requirement sets a framework on how banks must handle their
3354:
3302:
3282:
3230:
3042:
2960:
2776:
2738:
2686:
2133:
1247:
1230:
1120:
882:
653:
256:
2296:
1258:. Compliance with bank regulations is verified by personnel known as
3454:
3307:
3052:
2943:
2938:
2884:
2555:
1696:
1293:
it may also include rules about treating customers fairly and having
433:
1238:" notion. This holds that many financial institutions (particularly
1076:
to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, enforced by a
2285:
Reserve Requirements – Fedpoints – Federal Reserve Bank of New York
2152:"H.R.3763 - 107th Congress (2001-2002): Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002"
3395:
3339:
3245:
3086:
2889:
2388:
1779:
1771:
1506:
541:
492:
3277:
3225:
3081:
2479:
2395:
1544:
1338:
1073:
750:
588:
514:
143:
2322:
1971:
Richard Apostolik, Christopher Donohue, and Peter Went (2009),
1119:
supervision that aims to ensure banks implement the applicable
1115:(or simply "conduct") regulation and supervision of banks, and
2349:
29:
1521:. The latest capital adequacy framework is commonly known as
1818:
as well as countries that join on a voluntary basis, lately
1213:
in 1990 and then, at a much larger scale, with the start of
1157:
enabled by appropriate disclosure requirements (Pillar 3).
1762:
List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction
2318:
2034:"Risk Management Manual of Exam Policies, Section 1.1"
3548:
1975:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, p. 62-63.
1290:
credit allocation—to direct credit to favored sectors
1211:
Banking Commission of the West African Monetary Union
3473:
3363:
3186:
3095:
2986:
2865:
2767:
2488:
2356:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2297:Basel II: Revised international capital framework
1416:Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)
1229:and the reliance that the national (and global)
1846:New York State Department of Financial Services
1768:National Administration of Financial Regulation
1594:Financial reporting and disclosure requirements
2334:
1471:
1046:
8:
2196:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2091:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2341:
2327:
2319:
1894:List of Swiss financial market legislation
1478:
1464:
1320:
1053:
1039:
535:
346:
131:
1860:; and for other credit institutions, the
1854:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
1539:The reserve requirement sets the minimum
1191:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
383:Transaction (checking / current)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3486:History of the American legal profession
1601:Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
1446:Standardized approach (operational risk)
27:Policy framework for credit institutions
3555:
2032:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
1951:. Oxford University Press. p. 57.
1939:
1424:
1393:
1357:
1328:
1323:
388:
349:
142:
2260:Middle East Banking & Finance News
2189:
2084:
1515:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
1151:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
1088:between banks and the individuals and
1858:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
1716:Activity and affiliation restrictions
1581:to have a minimum number of directors
1195:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
7:
2302:FDIC: Risk – Based Assessment System
1949:The Law of Financial Services Groups
1862:National Credit Union Administration
1840:Bank regulation in the United States
1225:Given the interconnectedness of the
1012:
69:"Banking regulation and supervision"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1386:Standardized approach (credit risk)
1350:Standardized approach (market risk)
1999:(2007, Oxford University Press), 7
1511:Bank for International Settlements
1193:in 1862; the creation of the U.S.
1092:with whom they conduct business.
1066:Banking regulation and supervision
25:
2470:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1547:must hold to demand deposits and
1451:Standardised measurement approach
3570:
3558:
3517:
3516:
3502:
2150:Oxley, Michael G. (2002-07-30).
2073:from the original on 8 July 2011
1985:Investopedia:Capital Requirement
1878:
1280:laundering the proceeds of crime
1136:whose intent is to consider the
1111:, sometimes also referred to as
1021:
1011:
1002:
1001:
150:
34:
3481:History of the legal profession
2211:The Guardian (22 August 2011).
1784:Prudential Regulation Authority
1609:Quarterly Disclosure Statements
1368:Internal ratings-based approach
1295:corporate social responsibility
45:needs additional citations for
2273:BankingInsuranceSecurities.com
2112:. Princeton University Press.
1866:Federal Housing Finance Agency
1677:Capital Requirements Directive
1207:Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
1078:financial regulatory authority
801:Strategic financial management
1:
2106:Rochet, Jean-Charles (2009).
1720:In the US in response to the
1435:Advanced measurement approach
955:Sustainable development goals
2237:, Nov. 10 2011 & Q2 2012
2139:. November 2005. p. 86.
1828:European Banking Supervision
1703:Large exposures restrictions
1669:World Pensions Council (WPC)
1605:financial reporting standard
1317:Instruments and requirements
1215:European Banking Supervision
1973:Foundations of Banking Risk
1324:Specific banking frameworks
3619:
3148:International legal theory
2627:International slavery laws
2622:International human rights
2617:International criminal law
2269:Banking & Finance News
1899:United Kingdom banking law
1837:
1808:European Banking Authority
1759:
1658:2007–2008 financial crisis
1532:
1494:
1199:Belgian Banking Commission
1134:macroprudential regulation
706:Fractional-reserve banking
634:Enterprise risk management
3496:
3201:Administration of justice
1776:Financial Services Agency
1632:Credit rating requirement
1080:generally referred to as
609:Diversification (finance)
2978:Basic structure doctrine
2828:Natural and legal rights
2709:Public international law
2235:Revue Analyse Financière
1749:Bank Holding Company Act
1621:public accounting firm's
1441:Basic indicator approach
1395:Counterparty credit risk
1344:Internal models approach
559:Automated teller machine
3158:Principle of typicality
2632:International trade law
1729:Franklin D. Roosevelt's
1509:. Internationally, the
1404:Current exposure method
1286:banking confidentiality
806:Stress test (financial)
3565:Business and economics
1737:Securities Act of 1933
1667:experts – notably the
1252:financial institutions
1172:, the other two being
1095:Its main component is
3153:Principle of legality
2912:Delegated legislation
2612:Intellectual property
1824:European Central Bank
1681:European Central Bank
1519:Basel Capital Accords
1505:in relation to their
1117:anti-money laundering
980:Too connected to fail
741:Investment management
639:Environmental finance
498:Correspondent account
192:Community development
3598:Financial regulation
3371:Barristers' chambers
3313:Legal representation
3251:Justice of the peace
2597:Financial regulation
2291:Capital requirements
2279:Reserve requirements
1947:Morris, CHR (2019).
1904:Financial repression
1814:(which includes the
1638:credit rating agency
1566:Corporate governance
1163:capital requirements
1129:resolution authority
1105:capital requirements
1070:financial regulation
1068:refers to a form of
878:Exchange traded fund
756:Mathematical finance
716:Fundamental analysis
711:Full-reserve banking
317:Bank holding company
227:Export credit agency
135:Part of a series on
54:improve this article
3406:Election commission
3118:Expressive function
2647:Landlord–tenant law
2546:Consumer protection
2264:ArabianBusiness.com
1665:financial economics
1650:Standard and Poor's
1535:Reserve requirement
1529:Reserve requirement
1497:Capital requirement
1491:Capital requirement
1410:Standardised method
1303:bulge bracket banks
1113:conduct-of-business
1109:consumer protection
1086:market transparency
970:Time value of money
796:Statistical finance
786:Sustainable finance
736:Investment advisory
378:Time deposit (Bond)
3364:Legal institutions
3231:Lawsuit/Litigation
3221:Dispute resolution
3026:Catholic canon law
2734:State of emergency
2697:Will and testament
2421:Law of obligations
2374:Constitutional law
2364:Administrative law
2040:on 13 January 2020
1745:“investment banks”
1741:Glass–Steagall Act
1613:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
1082:banking supervisor
945:Security (finance)
920:History of banking
816:Structured product
811:Structured finance
624:Economic expansion
137:financial services
18:Banking regulation
3546:
3545:
3206:Constitutionalism
3128:Law and economics
2966:Act of parliament
2704:Product liability
2657:Legal archaeology
2582:Environmental law
2576:Entertainment law
2416:International law
2061:"Pub. L. 111-203"
1995:Joanna Benjamin,
1958:978-0-19-884465-5
1689:exclusive dealing
1488:
1487:
1155:market discipline
1125:Deposit insurance
1063:
1062:
858:Corporate finance
853:Capital structure
828:
827:
599:Corporate finance
419:
418:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3610:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3506:
3330:Question of fact
3211:Criminal justice
2541:Construction law
2536:Conflict of laws
2501:Agricultural law
2343:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2156:www.congress.gov
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2036:. Archived from
2029:
2023:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1944:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1756:Bank supervisors
1722:Great Depression
1585:class of persons
1480:
1473:
1466:
1426:Operational risk
1321:
1256:systemic failure
1240:investment banks
1227:banking industry
1209:in 1983 and the
1178:bank supervision
1138:financial system
1055:
1048:
1041:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1004:
935:Personal finance
868:Equity (finance)
731:Impact investing
721:Growth investing
629:Enterprise value
536:
347:
302:Savings and loan
154:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3593:Bank regulation
3583:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3515:
3501:
3492:
3469:
3460:Political party
3433:Legal education
3421:Law enforcement
3401:Court of equity
3359:
3335:Question of law
3288:Practice of law
3268:Judicial review
3182:
3133:Legal formalism
3113:Comparative law
3108:Contract theory
3091:
3011:Legal pluralism
2982:
2971:Act of Congress
2895:Executive order
2861:
2763:
2682:Nationality law
2607:Immigration law
2531:Competition law
2484:
2352:
2347:
2310:
2308:Agenda from ISO
2293:
2281:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1919:Too big to fail
1884:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1850:Federal Reserve
1842:
1836:
1804:
1764:
1758:
1718:
1705:
1634:
1596:
1568:
1537:
1531:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1319:
1307:too big to fail
1236:too big to fail
1223:
1203:Bank of England
1186:
1146:
1072:which subjects
1059:
994:
993:
975:Too big to fail
960:Systematic risk
873:Ethical banking
863:Cost of capital
838:
830:
829:
776:Private banking
746:Islamic banking
726:Hedge (finance)
649:Ethical banking
619:Economic bubble
594:Climate finance
569:Bank regulation
533:
525:
524:
483:Instant payment
429:
421:
420:
344:
327:
326:
162:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3512:
3509:Law portal
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Trial advocacy
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2875:Ballot measure
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2852:Legal treatise
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2818:Letters patent
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2769:Sources of law
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:Unenforced law
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Commercial law
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2255:
2254:External links
2252:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2226:
2203:
2167:
2142:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2051:
2024:
2001:
1988:
1977:
1964:
1957:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Money creation
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1873:
1870:
1838:Main article:
1835:
1832:
1803:
1802:European Union
1800:
1792:European Union
1788:United Kingdom
1757:
1754:
1724:of the 1930s,
1717:
1714:
1709:counterparties
1704:
1701:
1633:
1630:
1626:fiscal quarter
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1567:
1564:
1533:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1374:Foundation IRB
1371:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1260:bank examiners
1222:
1219:
1185:
1182:
1145:
1142:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1009:
996:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
940:Public finance
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
848:Bond (finance)
845:
839:
837:Related topics
836:
835:
832:
831:
826:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
781:Sustainability
778:
773:
768:
766:Money creation
763:
761:Mobile banking
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
555:
554:
549:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
501:
500:
490:
485:
480:
475:
474:
473:
468:
458:
457:
456:
451:
441:
436:
430:
428:Funds transfer
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
416:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
391:
390:
386:
385:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Christmas club
352:
351:
345:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:Lists of banks
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
277:Postal savings
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
252:Mutual savings
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
161:Types of banks
160:
159:
156:
155:
147:
146:
140:
139:
128:
127:
110:September 2008
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Civil society
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Trier of fact
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Legal opinion
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Court-martial
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:Jurisprudence
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Statutory law
3075:
3073:
3072:Socialist law
3070:
3066:
3065:Byzantine law
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:Religious law
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:Legal systems
2985:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:Statutory law
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Statutory law
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Transport law
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Legal fiction
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Financial law
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Corporate law
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Statutory law
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:Core subjects
2355:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2119:9781400828319
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:Financial Law
1992:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1834:United States
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:banking union
1809:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1796:United States
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:public policy
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:systemic risk
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:financial law
1166:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:systemic risk
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
990:
989:
986:
985:Watered stock
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Systemic risk
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:List of banks
923:
921:
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
843:Asset pricing
841:
840:
834:
833:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
614:Eco-investing
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Disinvestment
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Capital asset
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
539:
538:
537:
529:
528:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
425:
424:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
384:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
340:
336:
331:
330:
325:
324:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
267:Participation
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:Middle market
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Bulge bracket
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
158:
157:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3535:
3528:
3514:
3500:
3273:Jurisdiction
3241:Legal remedy
3196:Adjudication
3096:Legal theory
2934:Ratification
2929:Promulgation
2900:Proclamation
2880:Codification
2813:Human rights
2801:Divine right
2791:Constitution
2759:Women in law
2677:Military law
2672:Marriage law
2667:Maritime law
2566:Election law
2506:Aviation law
2496:Abortion law
2448:Property law
2384:Criminal law
2314:ISO/TR 17944
2272:
2263:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2206:
2180:. Retrieved
2177:"Final Rule"
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2155:
2145:
2128:
2108:
2101:
2075:. Retrieved
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2027:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1914:Moral hazard
1886:Banks portal
1843:
1805:
1765:
1735:enacted the
1719:
1706:
1662:
1635:
1617:
1597:
1569:
1557:
1538:
1500:
1380:Advanced IRB
1311:moral hazard
1300:
1264:
1224:
1187:
1167:
1159:
1147:
1140:as a whole.
1128:
1112:
1096:
1094:
1090:corporations
1081:
1065:
1064:
898:participants
771:Pension fund
579:Asset growth
574:Bank secrecy
449:Bill payment
368:Money-market
338:
321:
202:Credit union
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3445:Legislature
3376:Bureaucracy
3173:Rule of man
3168:Rule of law
3143:Libertarian
3006:Chinese law
2907:Legislation
2857:Regulations
2845:Law reports
2823:Natural law
2719:Reparations
2714:Refugee law
2637:Jurimetrics
2578:(Media law)
2516:Banking law
2511:Amnesty law
2489:Disciplines
2426:Private law
2219:19 February
2013:. 2-3. XI.
1693:deregulated
1646:Fitch Group
1642:"Big Three"
1359:Credit risk
1330:Market risk
1284:to protect
1123:framework.
930:Market risk
821:Toxic asset
791:Speculation
679:engineering
217:Development
197:Cooperative
3587:Categories
3438:Law school
3318:Prosecutor
3256:Magistrate
3043:Jewish law
3001:Common law
2922:Rulemaking
2917:Regulation
2867:Law making
2806:Divine law
2782:Legal code
2729:Sports law
2652:Law of war
2602:Health law
2587:Family law
2571:Energy law
2521:Bankruptcy
2458:Punishment
2453:Public law
2182:18 October
2161:2021-03-06
1934:References
1760:See also:
1731:under the
1695:, private
1244:commercial
1221:Objectives
1097:prudential
903:regulation
552:management
547:allocation
444:Electronic
237:Industrial
232:Investment
212:Depository
187:Commercial
80:newspapers
3416:Judiciary
3411:Executive
3386:The bench
3323:Solicitor
3298:Barrister
3178:Sociology
3163:Pseudolaw
3103:Anarchist
3060:Roman law
3048:Parsi law
3033:Hindu law
3021:Canon law
2996:Civil law
2949:Concordat
2840:Precedent
2749:Trust law
2724:Space law
2561:Drugs law
2431:Procedure
2369:Civil law
2077:17 August
2044:17 August
1816:euro area
1782:, or the
1726:President
1663:European
1560:banknotes
1553:Hong Kong
1549:banknotes
1523:Basel III
1217:in 2014.
1144:Semantics
883:Financial
674:economics
654:Financial
520:BRICS PAY
312:Wholesale
307:Universal
207:Custodian
3523:Category
3465:Tribunal
3450:Military
3293:Attorney
3263:Judgment
3123:Feminist
3038:Jain law
2835:Case law
2556:Cyberlaw
2463:Corporal
2441:Criminal
2411:Evidence
2401:Doctrine
2379:Contract
2215:. London
2192:cite web
2087:cite web
2068:Archived
1924:ISO 9362
1872:See also
1820:Bulgaria
1739:and the
1733:New Deal
1673:Basel II
1644:are the
1589:allowed.
1541:reserves
1418:(SA-CCR)
1248:bailouts
1174:case law
1007:Category
699:services
684:forecast
659:analysis
564:Bad debt
350:Accounts
335:Accounts
272:Payments
262:Offshore
242:Merchant
167:Advising
3603:Banking
3551:Portals
3537:Outline
3474:History
3381:The bar
3355:Verdict
3303:Counsel
3283:Justice
3138:History
2961:Statute
2777:Charter
2739:Tax law
2687:Probate
2019:3198092
2011:Collega
1822:), the
1786:in the
1654:Moody's
1503:capital
1382:(A-IRB)
1376:(F-IRB)
1242:with a
1231:economy
1184:History
1121:AML/CFT
1017:Commons
694:planner
664:analyst
412:Prepaid
373:Savings
363:Deposit
297:Savings
282:Private
257:Neobank
182:Central
144:Banking
94:scholar
3455:Police
3426:Agency
3308:Lawyer
3053:Sharia
2944:Treaty
2939:Repeal
2885:Decree
2796:Custom
2692:Estate
2642:Labour
2406:Equity
2116:
2017:
1955:
1856:, and
1790:. The
1774:, the
1697:cartel
1611:. The
1507:assets
1027:Portal
950:Shares
913:system
893:market
454:Mobile
434:Cheque
402:Credit
337:
292:Retail
287:Public
222:Direct
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3530:Index
3396:Court
3340:Trial
3246:Judge
3087:Yassa
2890:Edict
2436:Civil
2389:Crime
2137:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
1780:Japan
1772:China
1543:each
1453:(SMA)
1437:(AMA)
1406:(CEM)
1370:(IRB)
1346:(IMA)
1305:are "
1074:banks
669:asset
542:Asset
532:Terms
493:SWIFT
407:Debit
389:Cards
342:Cards
101:JSTOR
87:books
3278:Jury
3226:Fiqh
3082:Xeer
2480:Tort
2396:Deed
2221:2012
2198:link
2184:2011
2114:ISBN
2093:link
2079:2011
2046:2011
2015:SSRN
1953:ISBN
1864:and
1806:The
1794:and
1652:and
1545:bank
1412:(SM)
1339:FRTB
1127:and
908:risk
751:Loan
689:plan
589:Cash
515:SPFS
510:CIPS
488:Giro
466:RTGS
461:Wire
439:Card
172:Banq
73:news
3577:Law
2350:Law
1928:BIC
1778:in
1770:in
888:law
644:ESG
505:CLS
478:ACH
397:ATM
56:by
3589::
2784:/
2271:–
2262:–
2194:}}
2190:{{
2154:.
2089:}}
2085:{{
2066:.
1868:.
1852:,
1699:.
1648:,
1513:'
1262:.
1180:.
1165:.
471:NS
3553::
2342:e
2335:t
2328:v
2223:.
2200:)
2186:.
2164:.
2122:.
2095:)
2081:.
2048:.
2021:.
1961:.
1479:e
1472:t
1465:v
1297:.
1054:e
1047:t
1040:v
339:·
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
