264:, though they were probably earlier-established there than both. The three tribes became closely allied and formed fictitious genealogical links, making them 'brother' tribes. In the period immediately preceding the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 630s, the older-established Lakhm was exceeded in prominence by the Judham and Amila, especially the former, which practically absorbed the tribe. On the eve of the conquest, the Lakhm lived in groups among the Judham in the region extending north of
343:
allegiance of the Lakhm and Judham during the conquest is reflected in Caliph Umar's order to exclude them from shares in the war spoils around 638, which otherwise were to be equally divided among the Arab tribes in the Muslim ranks. Nonetheless, the Lakhm's and Judham's presence on the Muslim army's pay roles indicates they were incorporated into the Muslim polity by this time.
326:
and its surroundings, though these lands were under
Byzantine control at the time and the grant only took effect after the Muslim conquest. Another clan of the tribe, the Banu Hadas, also refrained from joining the rest of the Lakhm at Mu'ta, though information about them is sketchy. In general, the
197:
Lakhmid kings re-emerge in the 5th century as commanders in
Sasanian campaigns against the Byzantines, rulers over the Arab tribes of northern Arabia, one-time power players in Sasanian succession politics, and builders of palaces in al-Hira. Lakhmid history in the 6th century was marked by the long
342:
in 636. Groups of the Lakhm were also counted in the
Muslims' ranks as well. In the assessment of the historian Fred Donner, pre-existing divisions and rivalries within the Lakhm likely explains the participation of Lakhm tribesmen on both the Byzantine and Muslim sides at Yarmouk. The unclear
450:(epithet) continued to evoke honor due to "its archaic flavour, the glorious memories which it recalled" of the kings of al-Hira, according to Lammens. As late as the 9th and 10th centuries, notable figures in Palestine continued to claim descent from the tribe, such as the scholar
190:. Little is heard again of the Lakhmids of Iraq until the 5th century. Irfan Shahid suspects this part of the tribe either migrated back to Iraq around that time or had remained there, not accompanying their king Imru al-Qays and the rest of the Lakhm to Syria (
228:. This brought an end to the Lakhmid kingdom, which inadvertently removed the Persians' bulwark against the Arab tribes in the deserts around Iraq and ultimately paved the way for the Arab Muslim conquest of Iraq in the 630s.
666:
Athamina, Khalil (1994). "The
Appointment and Dismissal of Khālid b. al-Walīd from the Supreme Command: A Study of the Political Strategy of the Early Muslim Caliphs in Syria".
845:
322:, conferred with Muhammad in his capital Medina and converted to Islam. To these men of the Banu al-Dar, Muhammad granted lands in southern Palestine, including
160:). The founder of the Lakhmids' kingdom was Amr ibn Adi ibn Nasr, who is identified as the 'Amr ibn Lakhm' mentioned in two pre-Islamic inscriptions, one in
797:
427:, also names the constituents of the Arab tribes in Palestine as Lakhm, Judham, and Kinana, but omits the others, instead adding the Amila,
838:
346:
Throughout the first century of
Islamic rule, the Lakhm are almost always counted with the Judham as a single group in the sources. In the
186:, initially ruled over the Arab tribes of the upper Euphrates and the Syrian Desert before converting to Christianity and defecting to the
376:, for Mu'awiya's side. The same had occurred during the battle of Yarmouk and again when the two fought on behalf of Mu'awiya's son, the
209:), who helped extend and protect Sasanian influence in southern and western Arabia, and the war with the Byzantines' Arab vassals, the
733:
709:
809:"The Political Map of Arabia and the Middle East in the 3rd Century AD Revealed by a Sabaean Inscription - A View from the South"
831:
214:
199:
78:
330:
During the Muslim conquest of Syria, Lakhm tribesmen were counted in the ranks of the Arab tribal fighters led by the
1419:
783:
351:
296:
established contacts with clans of the Lakhm, but the tribe largely remained
Christian and allied to the Christian
1486:
770:
373:
1024:
311:
and were targeted, along with other
Byzantine-allied Christian Arab tribes, in the Muslim raid on Tabuk in
1496:
762:
183:
104:
419:(military district of Palestine) during the early Islamic period, according to the 9th-century historian
1467:
1455:
393:
443:, was dominated by the Lakhm and Judham, though it is not clear which time period he is describing.
1491:
420:
335:
265:
683:
447:
389:
300:
along with the Judham. Both tribes fought on behalf of the
Byzantines against the Muslims at the
281:
250:
47:
301:
130:'s vassal kings in the buffer zone with the nomadic Arab tribes of northern and eastern Arabia.
793:
729:
705:
339:
165:
157:
1007:
967:
855:
675:
347:
297:
256:
The Lakhm of Syria dwelt in the southern parts of the region, near and among the tribes of
253:, the epitaph of Imru al-Qays I ibn Amr found in southern Syria, which is dated to 328 CE.
1389:
1075:
169:
149:
127:
123:
95:
23:
446:
While the Lakhm of Syria and
Palestine was almost invariably tied with the Judham, their
408:
1394:
1053:
903:
778:
766:
695:
277:
161:
1480:
1144:
1129:
1106:
1043:
1012:
982:
918:
774:
754:
428:
424:
416:
415:
which arrived with the conquest armies, the Lakhm formed the Arab tribal soldiery of
319:
269:
242:
1414:
1362:
1357:
1335:
1311:
1250:
1235:
1211:
1201:
1161:
972:
950:
928:
808:
758:
246:
187:
1289:
1269:
878:
372:), the Lakhm fought together with the Judham under the same banner and commander,
723:
699:
1320:
1274:
1240:
1191:
1171:
1114:
1097:
1070:
1058:
1034:
1029:
1002:
977:
962:
883:
451:
412:
249:, the Lakhm's arrival to Syria dates to the 4th century, evidencing this on the
1409:
1404:
1399:
1325:
1306:
1294:
1284:
1245:
1206:
1186:
1082:
908:
744:
459:
225:
210:
1436:
1426:
1377:
1342:
1279:
1181:
1092:
1087:
992:
940:
898:
719:
679:
440:
331:
40:
1352:
1347:
873:
1166:
1382:
1372:
1257:
1230:
1196:
1139:
1065:
923:
888:
823:
455:
318:. At least ten men of the Lakhm's Banu al-Dar clan, including the famous
293:
273:
139:
1441:
1301:
1264:
1218:
1134:
1124:
1048:
687:
381:
377:
153:
145:
1450:
1330:
1176:
1149:
1019:
997:
987:
957:
728:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
400:
384:, in the Syrian army which suppressed anti-Umayyad rebellions in the
323:
257:
224:) embraced Christianity and was assassinated by the Sasanian emperor
119:
36:
864:
These prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu.
1156:
945:
935:
893:
436:
385:
261:
115:
82:
1431:
1367:
1225:
432:
827:
913:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
404:
362:
144:
The Lakhm is best known for its Nasrid, or more commonly '
435:. The 10th-century historian al-Muhallabi mentions that
526:
524:
522:
488:
486:
148:', house, which ruled a vassal kingdom of the Persian
109:
477:
74:
66:
56:
46:
18:
62:Southern Syria and Palestine (4th–9th centuries)
807:Schiettecatte, Jérémie; Arbach, Mounir (2016).
839:
513:
152:in the 4th–6th centuries from its capital in
8:
350:in 657, which pitted the governor of Syria,
593:, pp. 132, 320 note 167, 321 note 285.
280:. Part of the Lakhm also lived in southern
846:
832:
824:
784:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
743:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2012) . "Lakhmids".
704:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
399:Along with the Judham, and the tribes of
602:
492:
327:bulk of the Lakhm stood with Byzantium.
191:
122:tribe who were the ruling family of the
470:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
530:
268:through the desert region east of the
172:. His reign is traditionally dated to
60:Lower Mesopotamia (4th–7th centuries)
15:
7:
792:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 632.
650:
638:
626:
614:
99:
27:
14:
813:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
458:and messianic anti-Abbasid rebel
423:. Another 9th-century historian,
213:of Syria. The last Lakhmid king,
725:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
126:(or Nasrid), which ruled as the
478:Schiettecatte & Arbach 2016
367:
356:
219:
204:
452:Sulayman ibn Ahmad al-Tabarani
1:
338:in the Byzantine army at the
312:
305:
173:
276:up to the approaches of the
241:According to the historians
701:The Early Islamic Conquests
110:
1513:
137:
1464:
869:
862:
514:Lammens & Shahid 1986
374:Natil ibn Qays al-Judhami
182:Amr's successor, his son
35:
641:, p. 132, note 127.
284:, west of the Dead Sea.
680:10.1163/157005894X00191
629:, p. 204, note 78.
352:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
184:Imru al-Qays I ibn Amr
746:Encyclopaedia Iranica
292:The Islamic prophet
288:Early Islamic period
1420:Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat
421:Khalifa ibn Khayyat
336:Jabala ibn al-Ayham
232:Syria and Palestine
1025:Bakr ibn Abd Manat
361:), against Caliph
251:Namara inscription
1474:
1473:
799:978-90-04-07819-2
545:, pp. 97–98.
340:Battle of Yarmouk
168:and the other in
158:lower Mesopotamia
108:
88:
87:
31:
1504:
1487:Tribes of Arabia
848:
841:
834:
825:
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803:
750:
739:
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691:
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552:
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371:
369:
360:
358:
348:Battle of Siffin
317:
314:
310:
307:
298:Byzantine Empire
237:Byzantine period
223:
221:
208:
206:
178:
175:
118:clan within the
113:
103:
101:
70:Malik ibn 'Adiyy
29:
21:
16:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1460:
865:
858:
852:
806:
800:
767:Bosworth, C. E.
753:
742:
736:
718:
712:
696:Donner, Fred M.
694:
665:
662:
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649:
645:
637:
633:
625:
621:
613:
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553:
549:
541:
537:
529:
520:
512:
499:
491:
484:
476:
472:
468:
396:) in 682–683.
366:
355:
315:
308:
302:Battle of Mu'ta
290:
239:
234:
218:
203:
176:
150:Sasanian Empire
142:
136:
128:Sasanian Empire
124:Lakhmid Kingdom
61:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1510:
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1223:
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1216:
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1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1182:Bakr ibn Wa'il
1179:
1174:
1164:
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1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
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836:
828:
822:
821:
804:
798:
771:van Donzel, E.
751:
740:
734:
716:
710:
692:
674:(2): 253–272.
661:
658:
656:
655:
653:, p. 295.
643:
631:
619:
617:, p. 133.
607:
605:, p. 267.
595:
583:
581:, p. 148.
571:
569:, p. 133.
559:
557:, p. 132.
547:
535:
533:, p. 105.
518:
516:, p. 632.
497:
482:
469:
467:
464:
370: 656–661
359: 639–661
289:
286:
238:
235:
233:
230:
222: 580–602
207: 503–554
200:al-Mundhir III
198:reign of king
177: 293–302
138:Main article:
135:
132:
86:
85:
76:
72:
71:
68:
67:Descended from
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
44:
43:
33:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1509:
1498:
1497:Yemeni tribes
1495:
1493:
1490:
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1293:
1292:
1291:
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1286:
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1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Sa'd ibn Nasr
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1259:
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1252:
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1247:
1244:
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1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Banu al-Hakam
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1099:
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1050:
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837:
835:
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805:
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795:
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787:
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764:
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748:
747:
741:
737:
735:0-521-59984-9
731:
727:
726:
721:
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713:
711:0-691-05327-8
707:
703:
702:
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693:
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664:
663:
659:
652:
647:
644:
640:
635:
632:
628:
623:
620:
616:
611:
608:
604:
603:Athamina 1994
599:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
536:
532:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Bosworth 2012
489:
487:
483:
480:, p. 16.
479:
474:
471:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Jund Filastin
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
364:
353:
349:
344:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:
321:
320:Tamim al-Dari
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:Arabah Valley
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
243:Henri Lammens
236:
231:
229:
227:
216:
215:al-Nu'man III
212:
201:
195:
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189:
185:
180:
171:
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155:
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147:
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133:
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84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
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59:
55:
51:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
25:
17:
1212:Banu Yashkur
1119:
816:
812:
789:
782:
745:
724:
700:
671:
667:
660:Bibliography
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
473:
445:
398:
345:
329:
291:
255:
247:Irfan Shahid
240:
196:
188:Roman Empire
181:
143:
91:
89:
1468:Arab tribes
1172:Abd al-Qays
856:Arab tribes
854:Historical
779:Pellat, Ch.
755:Lammens, H.
591:Donner 1981
579:Donner 1981
567:Donner 1981
555:Donner 1981
543:Donner 1981
531:Donner 1981
439:, south of
1492:Qahtanites
1481:Categories
1390:al-Samayda
1207:Taym Allah
1187:Banu Dhuhl
819:: 176–196.
759:Shahid, I.
720:Gil, Moshe
466:References
460:al-Mubarqa
425:al-Ya'qubi
316: 630
309: 629
226:Khosrow II
211:Ghassanids
111:Banū Lakhm
92:Banu Lakhm
79:Polytheism
19:Banu Lakhm
1054:Abd-Shams
993:Banu Kanz
899:Banu Asad
788:Volume V:
775:Lewis, B.
722:(1997) .
405:Azd Sarat
332:Ghassanid
282:Palestine
192:see below
156:in Iraq (
114:) was an
105:romanized
52:Al-Lakhmī
41:Qahtanite
1466:Part of
1373:Juhaynah
1251:Tha'laba
1231:Ghatafan
1013:Mustaliq
1003:Khath'am
968:Al-Haram
889:Banu Amr
790:Khe–Mahi
781:(eds.).
761:(1986).
698:(1981).
651:Gil 1997
639:Gil 1997
627:Gil 1997
615:Gil 1997
456:Tiberias
413:Khath'am
294:Muhammad
274:Dead Sea
166:Parthian
140:Lakhmids
81:, later
75:Religion
57:Location
1442:Al Fadl
1415:Hanzala
1363:Balqayn
1336:Muharib
1312:Qushayr
1302:Khafaja
1265:Hawazin
1236:Dhubyan
1219:Taghlib
1202:Shayban
1162:Muzayna
1125:Madhhaj
1111:Khuthir
1049:Quraysh
1044:Jadhima
1008:Khuza'a
973:Hudhayl
929:Khazraj
763:"Lakhm"
688:4057449
668:Arabica
409:Khuza'a
382:Yazid I
380:caliph
378:Umayyad
162:Pahlavi
154:al-Hira
146:Lakhmid
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1353:Bahra'
1348:Quda'a
1331:Bahila
1321:Sulaym
1275:Thaqif
1241:Fazara
1192:Hanifa
1177:Anizah
1167:Rabi'a
1150:Zubaid
1115:Lihyan
1071:Hashim
1059:Umayya
1035:Ghifar
1030:Damrah
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96:Arabic
37:Kahlan
24:Arabic
1456:Yaman
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