3676:
2344:
2354:
3664:
2780:
724:; this will naturally be true if the existential claim of the antecedent is false. If a name fails to refer, then an atomic sentence containing it, that is not an identity statement, can be assigned a truth value arbitrarily. Free logic is proved to be complete under this interpretation.
504:
in rejecting metaphysical commitments in science, but parts with them regarding their endorsement of the verificationist criterion of meaning, as well as their endorsement of the suggestion that theory-laden discourse can and should be removed from science. Before van
Fraassen's
1240:
Are the probability laws the only standards of synchronic coherence for degrees of belief? Van
Fraassen has proposed an additional principle (Reflection or Special Reflection), which he now regards as a special case of an even more general principle (General
543:
commitments. He rejects the notion that the aim of science is to produce an account of the physical world that is literally true and instead maintains that its aim is to produce theories that are empirically adequate. Van
Fraassen has also studied the
722:
3760:
513:
as dead, because logical positivism was dead. Van
Fraassen showed that there were other ways to be an empiricist with respect to science, without following in the footsteps of the logical positivists.
645:
3830:
3800:
461:, Jenann Ismael at Johns Hopkins University, Ned Hall at Harvard University, Alan Hajek at the Australian National University and Professor of Mathematics Jukka Keranen at
3795:
727:
He indicates that, however, he sees no good reason to call statements which employ them either true or false. Some have attempted to solve this problem by means of
3810:
2837:
735:. Questions of completeness change when supervaluations are admitted, since they allow for valid arguments that do not correspond to logically true conditionals.
435:
431:
1306:
3715:
3710:
3456:
3790:
3725:
3720:
2893:
650:
3122:
535:
without assuming that such phenomena are caused by rules or laws which can be said to cause or govern their behavior. Focusing on the problem of
486:, in which he argued for agnosticism about the reality of unobservable entities. That book was "widely credited with rehabilitating scientific
3835:
3740:
237:
3785:
3775:
3293:
2357:
1513:
213:
3115:
2830:
2436:
1212:
1071:
545:
492:
2865:
2798:
2565:
1554:
586:. In his paper "Singular Terms, Truth-value Gaps, and Free Logic", van Fraassen opens with a very brief introduction of the problem of
1473:
3755:
3735:
3476:
3471:
3424:
3105:
2714:
1299:
1155:
443:
392:
3820:
3805:
1003:
3486:
2390:
593:
Instead of any unique formalization, though, he simply adjusts the axioms of a standard predicate logic such as that found in
3825:
3815:
3780:
3750:
3656:
2823:
2719:
2284:
562:
404:
321:
60:
2794:
604:
3770:
1978:
1458:
835:
113:
3346:
3339:
2347:
1859:
1781:
1498:
1292:
1031:
738:
His paper "Facts and tautological entailment" (J Phil 1969) is now regarded as the beginning of truth-maker semantics.
3730:
3198:
3173:
3158:
341:
233:
2745:
1559:
1453:
942:
520:, one of van Fraassen's critics, contrasted van Fraassen's idea of unobservable phenomena with the idea of merely
3765:
3371:
3351:
3259:
3255:
3178:
2870:
2724:
2649:
2431:
2161:
1938:
1351:
568:
3745:
3376:
3016:
3001:
2990:
2967:
2622:
1731:
1062:
926:
384:
79:
1203:
3614:
3361:
3356:
3329:
3264:
3218:
3213:
3148:
3041:
2706:
2013:
594:
479:
313:
205:
96:
3705:
3569:
3559:
2977:
2903:
2860:
1597:
1569:
1544:
1346:
1106:
3419:
3414:
3366:
3334:
3324:
3283:
3063:
2940:
2846:
2760:
2240:
2196:
1695:
1508:
1356:
747:
549:
423:
408:
396:
368:
301:
177:
172:
74:
3700:
3399:
3394:
3269:
3153:
3058:
3031:
2913:
2679:
2525:
1418:
1046:
400:
376:
329:
219:
3461:
3143:
3036:
3011:
2996:
2925:
2634:
2617:
2597:
2560:
2509:
2504:
2446:
2383:
2062:
1993:
1771:
1602:
1584:
1548:
1468:
1423:
1413:
1315:
1217:
1076:
830:
587:
539:, he argued for the possibility that theories could have empirical equivalence but differ in their
458:
416:
412:
182:
118:
3609:
3564:
3451:
3274:
3095:
2930:
2920:
2570:
2499:
2456:
2235:
1953:
1910:
1879:
1869:
1829:
1687:
1667:
1528:
1488:
1483:
1408:
883:
536:
517:
501:
454:
325:
106:
2320:
3668:
3539:
3441:
3298:
3088:
3053:
2947:
2886:
2784:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2674:
2602:
2487:
2072:
2049:
2039:
1973:
1854:
1789:
1523:
1428:
1221:
1151:
1126:
1080:
875:
728:
580:
380:
228:
147:
3594:
3574:
3110:
3100:
3083:
2689:
2415:
2410:
2125:
2092:
1915:
1864:
1761:
1617:
1145:
1118:
364:
259:
142:
3629:
3589:
3511:
3466:
3303:
3208:
3193:
3168:
2982:
2962:
2535:
2477:
2276:
2256:
2230:
2204:
2097:
2087:
2067:
1799:
1766:
1657:
1642:
1493:
1478:
1398:
1377:
1207:
1066:
1035:
982:
450:
388:
122:
854:
430:. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; an overseas member of the
754:: "to satisfy the principle, the agent's present subjective probability for proposition
3680:
3549:
3409:
3048:
2957:
2789:
2482:
2461:
2376:
2304:
2186:
2057:
1988:
1983:
1948:
1849:
1746:
1715:
1700:
1662:
1652:
1607:
1382:
1122:
732:
427:
372:
297:
223:
1278:
1007:
3694:
3599:
3534:
3506:
3434:
3163:
3078:
2639:
2580:
2325:
2294:
2289:
2181:
2176:
2156:
2146:
2112:
2082:
2077:
2008:
2003:
1933:
1925:
1902:
1809:
1756:
1647:
1612:
1574:
1503:
1403:
1372:
1079:: The Metaphysics Research Lab. Introduction and "Contrast with Logical Positivism".
758:, on the supposition that his subjective probability for this proposition will equal
439:
3675:
3644:
3624:
3579:
3554:
3544:
3516:
3446:
3404:
3278:
3232:
3203:
3183:
2629:
2451:
2214:
2130:
1998:
1943:
1892:
1839:
1834:
1794:
1741:
1710:
1705:
1677:
1637:
1564:
1448:
1341:
510:
487:
305:
157:
17:
913:
3634:
3619:
3604:
3584:
3501:
3429:
3246:
3236:
3223:
3188:
3138:
3068:
3021:
2908:
2898:
2664:
2659:
2612:
2299:
2266:
2261:
2209:
2171:
2166:
2151:
2120:
2034:
1844:
1814:
1804:
1751:
1736:
1672:
1336:
1028:
971:
924:
Sandy
Boucher, "Stances and Epistemology: Values, Pragmatics, and Rationality",
540:
3521:
3250:
3241:
3228:
2972:
2935:
2607:
2575:
2540:
2018:
1887:
1824:
1819:
1518:
717:{\displaystyle (\forall x\,Px\land \exists x\,(x=a))\Rightarrow \exists x\,Px}
576:
532:
345:
317:
210:
187:
1225:
1130:
1084:
879:
446:'s inaugural Hempel Award for lifetime achievement in philosophy of science.
3288:
2881:
2669:
2530:
2441:
1592:
1463:
583:
1220:: The Metaphysics Research Lab. Other Principles of Bayesian Epistemology.
960:
3308:
3026:
2590:
353:
2815:
1169:
B. C. van
Fraassen, "Singular Terms, Truth-value Gaps, and Free Logic",
887:
531:, van Fraassen attempted to lay the ground-work for explaining physical
3006:
2654:
2585:
349:
1284:
1272:
1107:"The Anti-Realist Epistemology of van Fraassen's The Scientific Image"
3073:
2492:
806:
442:
for his contributions to the philosophy of science and, in 2012, the
357:
129:
403:, where he is now emeritus. Since 2008, van Fraassen has taught at
2684:
2399:
309:
2952:
2644:
1281:
at the
Department of Philosophy, San Francisco State University.
1006:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
462:
352:. After the war, the family reunited and, in 1956, emigrated to
56:
2819:
2372:
1288:
808:(with Karel Lambert), Dickenson Publishing Company, Inc. 1972.
288:
3761:
Members of the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
282:
1056:
1054:
1252:
W. J. Talbott, "Two
Principles of Bayesian Epistemology",
265:
2368:
855:
Scientific Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
2804:
983:
SF State Campus Memo: New tenure-track faculty 2008-09
640:{\displaystyle \forall x\,Px\Rightarrow \exists x\,Px}
653:
607:
285:
276:
268:
575:
In logic, Van Frassen is best known for his work on
279:
262:
3494:
3485:
3387:
3317:
3131:
2853:
2733:
2705:
2698:
2553:
2518:
2470:
2424:
2313:
2275:
2249:
2223:
2195:
2139:
2111:
2048:
2027:
1966:
1924:
1901:
1878:
1780:
1724:
1686:
1630:
1583:
1537:
1441:
1391:
1365:
1329:
1322:
818:
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Time and Space
776:
Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective
273:
196:
163:
153:
141:
128:
112:
102:
92:
67:
39:
32:
716:
639:
348:, was forced by the Nazis to work in a factory in
731:; van Fraassen offers in their stead the use of
914:Free Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
762:at some later time, must equal this same number
902:Representing Space in the Scientific Revolution
498:
904:, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 4 n. 2.
436:International Academy of Philosophy of Science
432:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2831:
2384:
1300:
1150:, University of California Press, p. 1,
1061:Monton, Bradley; Mohler, Chad (3 May 2017) .
750:, van Fraassen proposed what is now known as
449:Among his many students are the philosophers
8:
3831:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
1238:A. Other principles of synchronic coherence.
943:Why Science Should Stay Clear of Metaphysics
3801:Academic staff of the University of Toronto
1185:B. C. van Fraassen, "Belief and the Will",
417:the role of modeling in scientific practice
300:philosopher noted for his contributions to
3491:
2838:
2824:
2816:
2702:
2467:
2391:
2377:
2369:
1898:
1683:
1580:
1326:
1307:
1293:
1285:
509:, some philosophers had viewed scientific
29:
3796:University of Southern California faculty
3457:Relationship between religion and science
707:
679:
663:
652:
630:
614:
606:
560:Van Fraassen has been the editor of the
500:The constructive empiricist follows the
422:Van Fraassen is an adult convert to the
135:Foundations of the Causal Theory of Time
993:New Blackfriars Vol. 80, No. 938, 1999.
847:
324:and the McCosh Professor of Philosophy
3811:San Francisco State University faculty
1202:Talbott, William (12 October 2016) .
961:Bas C. van Fraassen, Curriculum Vitae
788:Quantum Mechanics: An Empiricist View
438:. In 1986, van Fraassen received the
7:
956:
954:
2566:Analytic and synthetic propositions
2437:Formal semantics (natural language)
1213:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1072:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
752:van Fraassen's reflection principle
493:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3716:21st-century American philosophers
3711:20th-century American philosophers
1279:van Fraassen's faculty page (2009)
1123:10.1111/j.1468-0114.1982.tb00101.x
701:
673:
657:
624:
608:
426:and is one of the founders of the
407:, where he teaches courses in the
25:
3477:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3472:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3425:History and philosophy of science
1029:LES MEMBRES ACTUELS DE L'A.I.P.S.
444:Philosophy of Science Association
393:University of Southern California
3674:
3662:
2778:
2352:
2343:
2342:
866:"Doctoral Dissertations, 1977".
790:, Oxford University Press, 1991.
434:since 1995; and a member of the
258:
27:American philosopher (born 1941)
3791:University of Pittsburgh alumni
3726:21st-century Dutch philosophers
3721:20th-century Dutch philosophers
1111:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
802:, Oxford University Press 1980.
796:, Oxford University Press 1989.
546:philosophy of quantum mechanics
344:on 5 April 1941. His father, a
218:Distinction between a theory's
195:
2866:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1555:Analytic–synthetic distinction
820:, Random House, New York 1970.
784:, Yale University Press, 2002.
698:
695:
692:
680:
654:
621:
563:Journal of Philosophical Logic
478:Van Fraassen coined the term "
405:San Francisco State University
379:(1966, under the direction of
322:San Francisco State University
254:Bastiaan Cornelis van Fraassen
1:
3836:American philosophy academics
3741:Converts to Roman Catholicism
1176:(17), September 1966:481–495.
836:List of American philosophers
601:. Instead of an axiom like
340:Van Fraassen was born in the
3786:University of Alberta alumni
3776:Princeton University faculty
1105:Churchland, Paul M. (1982).
933:(4), July 2018, pp. 521–547.
579:and his introduction of the
3199:Hypothetico-deductive model
3174:Deductive-nomological model
3159:Constructivist epistemology
1259:(2), May 1991, pp. 135–150.
814:, Macmillan, New York 1971.
548:, philosophical logic, and
399:and, from 1982 to 2008, at
387:. He previously taught at
342:German-occupied Netherlands
234:Epistemological voluntarism
61:German-occupied Netherlands
3852:
1454:Causal theory of reference
812:Formal Semantics and Logic
296:; born 5 April 1941) is a
3653:
3260:Semantic view of theories
3179:Epistemological anarchism
3116:dependent and independent
2773:
2650:Necessity and sufficiency
2406:
2338:
1187:The Journal of Philosophy
1171:The Journal of Philosophy
1063:"Constructive Empiricism"
868:The Review of Metaphysics
569:Journal of Symbolic Logic
247:
88:
3756:American epistemologists
3736:American Roman Catholics
3002:Intertheoretic reduction
2991:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2968:Functional contextualism
1514:Scientific structuralism
1216:(Winter 2016 ed.).
1075:(Summer 2017 ed.).
385:University of Pittsburgh
363:Van Fraassen earned his
80:University of Pittsburgh
3821:Philosophers of physics
3806:Yale University faculty
3487:Philosophers of science
3265:Scientific essentialism
3214:Model-dependent realism
3149:Constructive empiricism
3042:Evidence-based practice
1273:van Fraassen's homepage
1204:"Bayesian Epistemology"
1144:Jarrett Leplin (1984),
1047:Hempel Award recipients
900:David Marshall Miller,
595:Willard Van Orman Quine
480:constructive empiricism
314:Distinguished Professor
206:Constructive empiricism
97:Contemporary philosophy
3570:Alfred North Whitehead
3560:Charles Sanders Peirce
1570:Reflective equilibrium
1192:(5), May 1984:235–256.
718:
641:
515:
3826:Lakatos Award winners
3816:Analytic philosophers
3781:Catholic philosophers
3751:Dutch Roman Catholics
3669:Philosophy portal
3420:Hard and soft science
3415:Faith and rationality
3284:Scientific skepticism
3064:Scientific Revolution
2847:Philosophy of science
2785:Philosophy portal
2241:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1696:David Malet Armstrong
1254:Philosophical Studies
972:SF State News at SFSU
748:Bayesian epistemology
742:Bayesian epistemology
719:
642:
566:and co-editor of the
550:Bayesian epistemology
490:." According to the
474:Philosophy of science
424:Roman Catholic Church
409:philosophy of science
397:University of Toronto
369:University of Alberta
302:philosophy of science
178:Bayesian epistemology
173:Philosophy of science
75:University of Alberta
3771:Philosophers of time
3395:Criticism of science
3270:Scientific formalism
3154:Constructive realism
3059:Scientific pluralism
3032:Problem of induction
800:The Scientific Image
782:The Empirical Stance
651:
605:
507:The Scientific Image
484:The Scientific Image
401:Princeton University
336:Biography and career
330:Princeton University
238:reflection principle
3462:Rhetoric of science
3400:Descriptive science
3144:Confirmation holism
3037:Scientific evidence
2997:Inductive reasoning
2926:Demarcation problem
2447:Philosophy of logic
2063:Patricia Churchland
1994:Christine Korsgaard
1880:Logical positivists
1772:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1549:paradox of analysis
1316:Analytic philosophy
1218:Stanford University
1077:Stanford University
1004:"B.C. van Fraassen"
831:American philosophy
588:non-referring names
556:Philosophical logic
502:logical positivists
482:" in his 1980 book
459:New York University
457:, Anja Jauernig at
413:philosophical logic
183:Philosophical logic
119:Analytic philosophy
18:Bas C. van Fraassen
3731:American logicians
3681:Science portal
3610:Carl Gustav Hempel
3565:Wilhelm Windelband
3452:Questionable cause
3275:Scientific realism
3096:Underdetermination
2931:Empirical evidence
2921:Creative synthesis
2746:Rules of inference
2715:Mathematical logic
2457:Semantics of logic
2236:William Lane Craig
1954:Friedrich Waismann
1911:Carl Gustav Hempel
1870:Timothy Williamson
1830:Alasdair MacIntyre
1688:Australian realism
1668:Russ Shafer-Landau
1529:Analytical Thomism
1484:Logical positivism
1239:
1147:Scientific Realism
1034:2013-09-19 at the
1010:on 2 December 2020
729:many-valued logics
714:
637:
537:underdetermination
518:Paul M. Churchland
469:Philosophical work
455:Indiana University
107:Western philosophy
3688:
3687:
3530:
3529:
3442:Normative science
3299:Uniformitarianism
3054:Scientific method
2948:Explanatory power
2813:
2812:
2769:
2768:
2603:Deductive closure
2549:
2548:
2488:Critical thinking
2366:
2365:
2334:
2333:
2050:Pittsburgh School
2040:Peter van Inwagen
1974:Roderick Chisholm
1962:
1961:
1855:Richard Swinburne
1790:G. E. M. Anscombe
1626:
1625:
1524:Analytic theology
1499:Ordinary language
1437:
1436:
1237:
794:Laws and Symmetry
529:Laws and Symmetry
527:In his 1989 book
251:
250:
229:Supervaluationism
224:representing-that
154:Doctoral students
16:(Redirected from
3843:
3766:People from Goes
3679:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3640:Bas van Fraassen
3595:Hans Reichenbach
3575:Bertrand Russell
3492:
3318:Philosophy of...
3101:Unity of science
2894:Commensurability
2840:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2703:
2468:
2432:Computer science
2393:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2285:Nancy Cartwright
2126:Nicholas Rescher
2103:Bas van Fraassen
2093:Nicholas Rescher
1916:Hans Reichenbach
1899:
1865:Bernard Williams
1762:Bertrand Russell
1684:
1618:Rigid designator
1581:
1327:
1323:Related articles
1309:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1208:Zalta, Edward N.
1199:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1067:Zalta, Edward N.
1058:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
980:
974:
969:
963:
958:
949:
940:
934:
922:
916:
911:
905:
898:
892:
891:
874:(1): 174. 1977.
863:
857:
852:
723:
721:
720:
715:
646:
644:
643:
638:
599:Methods of Logic
367:(1963) from the
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
264:
143:Doctoral advisor
53:
49:
47:
34:Bas van Fraassen
30:
21:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3746:Dutch logicians
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3649:
3630:Paul Feyerabend
3590:Michael Polanyi
3526:
3512:Galileo Galilei
3481:
3467:Science studies
3383:
3313:
3304:Verificationism
3209:Instrumentalism
3194:Foundationalism
3169:Conventionalism
3127:
2963:Feminist method
2849:
2844:
2814:
2809:
2779:
2777:
2765:
2729:
2720:Boolean algebra
2694:
2545:
2536:Metamathematics
2514:
2466:
2420:
2402:
2397:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2330:
2321:Jan Łukasiewicz
2309:
2277:Stanford School
2271:
2257:Paul Feyerabend
2245:
2231:Alvin Plantinga
2219:
2205:James F. Conant
2191:
2135:
2107:
2098:Wilfrid Sellars
2088:Alexander Pruss
2068:Paul Churchland
2044:
2023:
1979:Donald Davidson
1958:
1920:
1897:
1874:
1800:Michael Dummett
1776:
1767:Frank P. Ramsey
1720:
1682:
1658:Jaakko Hintikka
1643:Keith Donnellan
1622:
1579:
1533:
1494:Neurophilosophy
1479:Logical atomism
1433:
1387:
1361:
1318:
1313:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1230:
1228:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1036:Wayback Machine
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
981:
977:
970:
966:
959:
952:
941:
937:
923:
919:
912:
908:
899:
895:
865:
864:
860:
853:
849:
844:
827:
772:
744:
733:supervaluations
649:
648:
603:
602:
558:
476:
471:
451:Elisabeth Lloyd
389:Yale University
338:
272:
261:
257:
243:
220:representing-as
199:
192:
166:
123:Instrumentalism
121:
84:
68:Alma mater
63:
54:
51:
45:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3615:W. V. O. Quine
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Rudolf Steiner
3547:
3542:
3540:Henri Poincaré
3537:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Exact sciences
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3388:Related topics
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3347:Social science
3344:
3343:
3342:
3340:Space and time
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3239:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Scientific law
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Falsifiability
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:Mill's Methods
2879:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2305:Patrick Suppes
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2187:Michael Walzer
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Adolf Grünbaum
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Robert Brandom
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:W. V. O. Quine
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Nelson Goodman
1986:
1984:Daniel Dennett
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:Moritz Schlick
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Charles Taylor
1857:
1852:
1850:P. F. Strawson
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Norman Malcolm
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1716:J. J. C. Smart
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:David Chalmers
1698:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Giuseppe Peano
1660:
1655:
1653:Edmund Gettier
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Possible world
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:Counterfactual
1557:
1552:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Paraconsistent
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1330:Areas of focus
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1267:External links
1265:
1262:
1261:
1245:
1194:
1178:
1162:
1156:
1136:
1117:(3): 226–235.
1097:
1050:
1039:
1021:
995:
986:
975:
964:
950:
935:
927:Metaphilosophy
917:
906:
893:
858:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
833:
826:
823:
822:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
771:
768:
743:
740:
713:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
662:
659:
656:
636:
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
610:
581:supervaluation
557:
554:
523:
475:
472:
470:
467:
428:Kira Institute
381:Adolf Grünbaum
337:
334:
298:Dutch-American
249:
248:
245:
244:
242:
241:
231:
226:
216:
208:
202:
200:
197:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
167:
165:Main interests
164:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
148:Adolf Grünbaum
145:
139:
138:
132:
126:
125:
116:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
83:
82:
77:
71:
69:
65:
64:
55:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3848:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Living people
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Rudolf Carnap
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Auguste Comte
3533:
3532:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Francis Bacon
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3435:Pseudoscience
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Structuralism
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:Received view
3254:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Contextualism
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2762:
2761:Logic symbols
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Logical truth
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:Contradiction
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Argumentation
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2510:Philosophical
2508:
2506:
2505:Non-classical
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2359:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2327:
2326:Alfred Tarski
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Peter Galison
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Nathan Salmon
2180:
2178:
2177:Richard Rorty
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Alonzo Church
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Ruth Millikan
2081:
2079:
2078:John McDowell
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Hilary Putnam
2007:
2005:
2004:Robert Nozick
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Rudolf Carnap
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1926:Vienna Circle
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:Berlin Circle
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Philippa Foot
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Graham Priest
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Charlie Broad
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Gottlob Frege
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1575:Supervenience
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Functionalism
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Descriptivism
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Philosophical
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Non-classical
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1275:at Princeton.
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1157:0-520-05155-6
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
987:
984:
979:
976:
973:
968:
965:
962:
957:
955:
951:
948:
944:
939:
936:
932:
929:
928:
921:
918:
915:
910:
907:
903:
897:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
859:
856:
851:
848:
841:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
739:
736:
734:
730:
725:
711:
708:
704:
689:
686:
683:
676:
670:
667:
664:
660:
634:
631:
627:
618:
615:
611:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
582:
578:
573:
571:
570:
565:
564:
555:
553:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
519:
514:
512:
508:
503:
497:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
473:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Lakatos Award
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
356:, in western
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
255:
246:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
221:
217:
215:
214:structuralism
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
201:
198:Notable ideas
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
168:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:(age 83)
42:
38:
31:
19:
3645:Larry Laudan
3639:
3625:Imre Lakatos
3580:Otto Neurath
3555:Karl Pearson
3545:Pierre Duhem
3517:Isaac Newton
3447:Protoscience
3405:Epistemology
3279:Anti-realism
3277: /
3258: /
3249: /
3235: /
3233:Reductionism
3231: /
3204:Inductionism
3184:Evolutionism
2989:
2876:a posteriori
2875:
2871:
2680:Substitution
2500:Mathematical
2425:Major fields
2215:Cora Diamond
2131:Morton White
2102:
1999:Thomas Nagel
1944:Otto Neurath
1893:Ernest Nagel
1840:Gilbert Ryle
1835:Derek Parfit
1795:J. L. Austin
1742:Casimir Lewy
1711:Peter Singer
1706:J. L. Mackie
1678:Barry Stroud
1638:Noam Chomsky
1631:Philosophers
1565:Natural kind
1449:Anti-realism
1409:Mathematical
1383:Performative
1342:Epistemology
1256:
1253:
1248:
1241:Reflection).
1236:
1229:. Retrieved
1211:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1146:
1139:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1070:
1042:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:the original
998:
989:
978:
967:
946:
938:
930:
925:
920:
909:
901:
896:
871:
867:
861:
850:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
778:, OUP, 2008.
775:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
737:
726:
598:
592:
574:
567:
561:
559:
528:
526:
516:
511:anti-realism
506:
499:
491:
488:anti-realism
483:
477:
448:
421:
362:
346:steam fitter
339:
310:formal logic
306:epistemology
253:
252:
158:Paul Thagard
137: (1966)
134:
50:5 April 1941
3701:1941 births
3635:Ian Hacking
3620:Thomas Kuhn
3605:Karl Popper
3585:C. D. Broad
3502:Roger Bacon
3430:Non-science
3372:Linguistics
3352:Archaeology
3247:Rationalism
3237:Determinism
3224:Physicalism
3189:Fallibilism
3139:Coherentism
3069:Testability
3022:Observation
3017:Objectivity
2978:alternative
2909:Correlation
2899:Consilience
2795:WikiProject
2665:Proposition
2660:Probability
2613:Description
2554:Foundations
2314:Lwow-Warsaw
2300:Ian Hacking
2267:Karl Popper
2262:Thomas Kuhn
2210:Alice Crary
2172:Saul Kripke
2167:Jaegwon Kim
2162:David Lewis
2152:Jerry Fodor
2121:Susan Haack
2035:Robert Audi
1845:John Searle
1815:Peter Geach
1805:Antony Flew
1752:G. E. Moore
1673:Ernest Sosa
1603:Possibility
1352:Mathematics
1337:Metaphysics
541:ontological
524:phenomena.
383:) from the
375:(1964) and
3695:Categories
3522:David Hume
3495:Precursors
3377:Psychology
3357:Economics
3251:Empiricism
3242:Pragmatism
3229:Positivism
3219:Naturalism
3089:scientific
2973:Hypothesis
2936:Experiment
2725:Set theory
2623:Linguistic
2618:Entailment
2608:Definition
2576:Consequent
2571:Antecedent
2290:John Dupré
2157:Kurt Gödel
2113:Pragmatism
2028:Notre Dame
2019:John Rawls
1888:A. J. Ayer
1825:R. M. Hare
1820:Paul Grice
1732:Arif Ahmed
1519:Sense data
1504:Pragmatism
1378:Linguistic
842:References
577:free logic
522:unobserved
318:Philosophy
312:. He is a
211:Empiricist
188:Free logic
46:1941-04-05
3362:Geography
3330:Chemistry
3289:Scientism
3084:ladenness
2904:Construct
2882:Causality
2756:Fallacies
2751:Paradoxes
2741:Logicians
2675:Statement
2670:Reference
2635:Induction
2598:Deduction
2561:Abduction
2531:Metalogic
2478:Classical
2442:Inference
2140:Princeton
1939:Hans Hahn
1725:Cambridge
1598:Necessity
1593:Actualism
1464:Emotivism
1429:Predicate
1399:Classical
1226:1095-5054
1131:0279-0750
1085:1095-5054
880:2154-1302
702:∃
699:⇒
674:∃
671:∧
658:∀
647:he uses
625:∃
622:⇒
609:∀
584:semantics
533:phenomena
3657:Category
3309:Vitalism
3132:Theories
3106:Variable
3027:Paradigm
2914:function
2872:A priori
2861:Analysis
2854:Concepts
2790:Category
2690:Validity
2591:Antinomy
2519:Theories
2483:Informal
2348:Category
2224:Reformed
2197:Quietism
1585:Modality
1545:Analysis
1538:Concepts
1509:Quietism
1469:Feminism
1442:Theories
1347:Language
1032:Archived
947:Nautilus
888:20127042
825:See also
371:and his
354:Edmonton
326:Emeritus
3367:History
3335:Physics
3325:Biology
3123:more...
3111:control
3007:Inquiry
2805:changes
2797: (
2655:Premise
2586:Paradox
2416:History
2411:Outline
2250:Science
1967:Harvard
1613:Realism
1489:Marxism
1404:Deviant
1373:Aretaic
1357:Science
1210:(ed.).
1069:(ed.).
1014:17 July
350:Hamburg
3079:choice
3074:Theory
3012:Nature
2941:design
2707:topics
2493:Reason
2471:Logics
2462:Syntax
1782:Oxford
1231:31 May
1224:
1154:
1129:
1090:31 May
1083:
886:
878:
415:, and
395:, the
391:, the
358:Canada
130:Thesis
114:School
103:Region
2734:other
2699:Lists
2685:Truth
2452:Proof
2400:Logic
2358:Index
1392:Logic
1366:Turns
1206:. In
1065:. In
884:JSTOR
770:Books
377:Ph.D.
2983:null
2953:Fact
2874:and
2799:talk
2645:Name
2630:Form
1233:2018
1222:ISSN
1152:ISBN
1127:ISSN
1092:2018
1081:ISSN
1016:2015
876:ISSN
463:UCLA
373:M.A.
365:B.A.
308:and
222:and
57:Goes
40:Born
2541:Set
1119:doi
766:".
746:In
597:'s
453:at
328:at
320:at
316:of
93:Era
3697::
1257:62
1235:.
1190:81
1174:63
1125:.
1115:63
1113:.
1109:.
1053:^
953:^
945:,
931:49
882:.
872:31
870:.
590:.
572:.
552:.
496::
465:.
419:.
411:,
360:.
332:.
304:,
289:ən
283:ɑː
59:,
48:)
2839:e
2832:t
2825:v
2801:)
2392:e
2385:t
2378:v
1551:)
1547:(
1308:e
1301:t
1294:v
1133:.
1121::
1094:.
1018:.
890:.
764:r
760:r
756:A
712:x
709:P
705:x
696:)
693:)
690:a
687:=
684:x
681:(
677:x
668:x
665:P
661:x
655:(
635:x
632:P
628:x
619:x
616:P
612:x
292:/
286:s
280:r
277:f
274:ˈ
269:n
266:æ
263:v
260:/
256:(
240:)
236:(
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.