549:
44:
545:(GnRH) pulses increase FSH mRNA levels in the rat, but is not directly correlated with an increase in circulating FSH. GnRH has been shown to play an important role in the secretion of FSH, with hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection leading to a cessation of FSH. GnRH administration leads to a return of FSH secretion. FSH is subject to oestrogen feed-back from the gonads via the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis.
197:
661:
The decrease in serum FSH level causes the smaller follicles in the current cohort to undergo atresia as they lack sufficient sensitivity to FSH to survive. Occasionally two follicles reach the 10 mm stage at the same time by chance and as both are equally sensitive to FSH both survive and grow
845:
Diminished secretion of FSH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). This condition is typically manifested in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females, cessation of reproductive cycles is commonly observed. Conditions with very low FSH secretions are:
604:
period the serum levels of progesterone and estrogen (primarily estradiol) decrease and no longer suppress the release of FSH, consequently FSH peaks at about day three (day one is the first day of menstrual flow). The cohort of small antral follicles is normally sufficient in number to produce
572:
are more appropriate to use in non-monitored cycles with only the beginning of menstruation known, but where the woman accurately knows her average cycle lengths and time of ovulation, and that they are somewhat averagely regular, with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much a
635:. Normally in humans only one follicle becomes dominant and survives to grow to 18–30 mm in size and ovulate, the remaining follicles in the cohort undergo atresia. The sharp increase in estradiol production by the dominant follicle (possibly along with a decrease in
458:
is located at cytogenetic location 6q14.3. It is expressed in two cell types, most notably the basophils of the anterior pituitary. The gene for the FSH beta subunit is located on chromosome 11p13, and is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells, controlled by
623:
As a woman nears perimenopause, the number of small antral follicles recruited in each cycle diminishes and consequently insufficient
Inhibin B is produced to fully lower FSH and the serum level of FSH begins to rise. Eventually, the FSH level becomes so high that
1298:"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene expression in female rats: actions on follicle-stimulating hormone beta messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) involve differential expression of pituitary activin (beta-B) and follistatin mRNAs"
565:
may be used in closely monitored menstrual cycles in regard to other markers of its biological progression, with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much faster or slower, respectively, the cycle progresses compared to an average cycle.
736:(IU). For Human Urinary FSH, one IU is defined as the amount of FSH that has an activity corresponding to 0.11388 mg of pure Human Urinary FSH. For recombinant FSH, one IU corresponds to approximately 0.065 to 0.075
973:
Elevated FSH receptor levels have been detected in the endothelia of tumor vasculature in a very wide range of solid tumors. FSH binding is thought to upregulate neovascularization via at least two mechanisms – one in the
978:
pathway, and the other VEGF independent – related to the development of umbilical vasculature when physiological. This presents possible use of FSH and FSH-receptor antagonists as an anti-tumor angiogenesis therapy (cf.
780:. High levels of FSH indicate that the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary FSH production. FSH may contribute to postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
418:, while the beta subunits vary. Both subunits are required for biological activity. FSH has a beta subunit of 111 amino acids (FSH β), which confers its specific biologic action, and is responsible for interaction with the
3701:
533:. With the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels then decline in the late follicular phase. This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. At the end of the
1784:
Misgar RA, Wani AI, Bankura B, Bashir MI, Roy A, Das M (2019) FSH β-subunit mutations in two sisters: the first report from the Indian sub-continent and review of previous cases. Gynecol
Endocrinol 2:1-4
4147:
3287:
3694:
3642:
721:
of the menstrual cycle, typically day three to five, counted from last menstruation. At this time, the levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone are at the lowest point of the
3687:
2418:
3668:
1347:"Neuroendocrine control of FSH secretion: IV. Hypothalamic control of pituitary FSH-regulatory proteins and their relationship to changes in FSH synthesis and secretion"
1866:
3958:
3280:
1147:
222:
69:
2784:
2756:
2653:
2436:
2036:
596:. In early (small) antral follicles, FSH is the major survival factor that rescues the small antral follicles (2–5 mm in diameter for humans) from
1667:
837:
Most of these conditions are associated with subfertility or infertility. Therefore, high FSH levels are an indication of subfertility or infertility.
3273:
1986:
1892:
3730:
3710:
2612:
1900:
4157:
3382:
2151:
1910:
455:
62:
35:
579:
are more appropriate to use when the average cycle lengths and time of ovulation are unknown, but only the beginning of menstruation is given.
4122:
4107:
4007:
2854:
2385:
1569:
1544:
613:
419:
2536:
4152:
4102:
3679:
2431:
2426:
1859:
3460:
2217:
2121:
1239:
935:
925:
246:
93:
2497:
1668:"Extragonadal Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Women during Menopausal Transition"
912:
Isolated FSH deficiency due to mutations in the gene for β-subunit of FSH is rare with 13 cases reported in the literature up to 2019.
2469:
548:
3470:
1531:
Dickerson LM, Shrader SP, Diaz VA (2008). "Chapter 8: Contraception". In Wells BG, DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR (eds.).
3450:
3425:
3296:
2957:
620:(LH) secretion amplitude, thus allowing a more favorable environment for follicle growth and preventing premature luteinization.
552:
234:
81:
752:, the values goes up even more, between (16.74-113.59) IU/L. For men, the mean values are around (16.74-113.59) IU/L.
4142:
3521:
2531:
1852:
1398:"Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle"
227:
74:
3779:
3533:
3480:
3063:
2686:
2622:
2516:
2191:
1875:
823:
542:
4112:
3637:
3475:
3465:
3078:
2546:
2521:
628:
of FSH receptors occurs and by postmenopause any remaining small secondary follicles no longer have FSH nor LH receptors.
3982:
3399:
3135:
3130:
2872:
2334:
2073:
411:
407:
2617:
2597:
2402:
2342:
855:
850:
403:
1496:
Vihko KK (May 1996). "Gonadotropins and ovarian gonadotropin receptors during the perimenopausal transition period".
616:
produced by small follicles during the first half of the follicle phase also exerts a negative feedback on pulsatile
744:
are around (3.8-8.8) IU/L. After ovulation these levels drop to between (1.8-5.1) IU/L. At the mid of the
3243:
3125:
776:
The most common reason for high serum FSH concentration is in a female who is undergoing or has recently undergone
4127:
3248:
2806:
2233:
1612:
921:
866:
783:
If high FSH levels occur during the reproductive years, it is abnormal. Conditions with high FSH levels include:
2877:
2060:
1844:
871:
686:
522:. Specifically, activation of Sertoli cells by FSH sustains spermatogenesis and stimulates inhibin B secretion.
507:
364:
1695:
1083:
662:
in the low FSH environment and thus two ovulations can occur in one cycle possibly leading to non-identical (
4137:
3977:
3516:
3511:
3496:
3342:
3106:
2390:
886:
631:
When the follicle matures and reaches 8–10 mm in diameter it starts to secrete significant amounts of
4117:
3834:
3647:
3581:
3526:
3420:
3409:
2952:
2929:
2681:
2462:
2296:
1450:
4061:
4046:
479:
FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the human body.
239:
86:
4132:
3949:
3719:
2326:
2288:
427:
292:
965:, as well as without LH activity as recombinant FSH (Gonapure, Gonal F, Follistim, Follitropin alpha).
4026:
3538:
3430:
3352:
2338:
1186:
807:
793:
573:
woman's average cycle length is shorter or longer, respectively, than the average of the population.
492:
139:
1585:
1455:
3987:
3550:
3501:
3445:
3440:
3365:
3360:
3238:
2844:
2839:
2811:
2774:
2607:
2592:
2556:
2330:
2254:
2174:
2078:
943:
929:
787:
733:
644:
617:
511:
435:
399:
376:
372:
1439:"Ovarian gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF): where are we after 20 years of research?"
3819:
3722:
3576:
3543:
3312:
2579:
2308:
2258:
1726:
Li J, May W, McMurray RW (December 2005). "Pituitary hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus".
1708:
1470:
1319:
1204:
1175:"Structure of follicle-stimulating hormone in complex with the entire ectodomain of its receptor"
881:
799:
537:, there is a slight rise in FSH that seems to be of importance to start the next ovulatory cycle.
519:
3902:
3829:
1838:
4077:
3912:
3907:
3892:
3872:
3857:
3882:
3804:
3754:
3749:
3627:
3337:
3332:
3322:
2766:
2455:
2346:
1817:
1743:
1700:
1648:
1565:
1540:
1513:
1478:
1419:
1378:
1327:
1278:
1222:
1170:
1124:
1046:
861:
639:
surge-attenuating factor) cause a positive effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary and rapid
515:
360:
3887:
1064:
4041:
4036:
3759:
3601:
3506:
3455:
3327:
3317:
2733:
2728:
2304:
2237:
2229:
2207:
1921:
1807:
1735:
1690:
1682:
1638:
1505:
1460:
1409:
1368:
1358:
1309:
1268:
1212:
1194:
1116:
1036:
1026:
718:
601:
589:
287:
134:
1794:
Radu A, Pichon C, Camparo P, Antoine M, Allory Y, Couvelard A, et al. (October 2010).
600:(programmed death of the somatic cells of the follicle and oocyte). In the luteal-follicle
3632:
3591:
3435:
3058:
2691:
2486:
2300:
2111:
1345:
Sharma TP, Nett TM, Karsch FJ, Phillips DJ, Lee JS, Herkimer C, et al. (June 2012) .
894:
876:
803:
745:
722:
706:
556:
316:
296:
163:
43:
1533:
1015:"Structure-function relationships of glycoprotein hormones and their subunits' ancestors"
143:
1190:
1120:
4056:
3596:
3210:
3179:
3151:
3096:
2991:
2708:
2639:
2396:
2312:
2278:
2266:
2088:
1373:
1346:
1217:
1174:
1041:
1014:
903:
817:
625:
530:
1509:
1296:
Dalkin AC, Haisenleder DJ, Gilrain JT, Aylor K, Yasin M, Marshall JC (February 1999).
196:
4096:
3992:
3652:
3555:
3220:
2996:
2698:
2661:
1643:
1626:
958:
675:
636:
503:
391:
1712:
1625:
Practice
Committee Of American Society For Reproductive Medicine B (November 2008).
1107:
Pierce JG, Parsons TF (July 1981). "Glycoprotein hormones: structure and function".
3586:
3387:
3265:
3003:
2939:
2924:
2887:
2834:
2801:
2541:
2508:
2184:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2051:
1884:
899:
698:
690:
534:
388:
350:
346:
1761:
1363:
1169:
Jiang X, Liu H, Chen X, Chen PH, Fischer D, Sriraman V, et al. (July 2012) .
263:
110:
3824:
3799:
3784:
3304:
3187:
3164:
2666:
2569:
2367:
2318:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2178:
2168:
1976:
1961:
1941:
954:
947:
702:
443:
415:
395:
353:
326:
173:
1608:
1179:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4051:
3997:
3924:
3862:
3774:
3769:
3606:
3392:
3215:
3101:
2751:
2703:
2632:
2627:
2362:
2292:
2083:
2027:
2002:
1936:
1931:
1686:
812:
423:
270:
117:
1474:
1423:
1323:
1208:
1143:"CGA glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide [Homo sapiens (human)]"
1031:
729:
levels, to distinguish from the increased levels when approaching ovulation.
3939:
3934:
3877:
3867:
3814:
3809:
3794:
3789:
3764:
3560:
3370:
3018:
2947:
2829:
2741:
2676:
2602:
2322:
2282:
2164:
2160:
2133:
2032:
2012:
2007:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1926:
1796:"Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in tumor blood vessels"
1414:
1397:
1314:
1297:
1199:
777:
765:
761:
749:
741:
737:
663:
651:
632:
597:
439:
1821:
1747:
1704:
1652:
1482:
1382:
1282:
1226:
1050:
414:
of the glycoproteins LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical and consist of 96
1812:
1795:
1517:
1465:
1438:
1331:
1273:
1256:
1128:
541:
Control of FSH release from the pituitary gland is unknown. Low frequency
3929:
3919:
3897:
3847:
3611:
3169:
3068:
3050:
3008:
2986:
2909:
2901:
2882:
2864:
2793:
2671:
2564:
2526:
2225:
2022:
1997:
1611:
WHO Expert
Committee on Biological Standardization. Twenty-sixth Report.
1257:"FSH Receptor Signaling: Complexity of Interactions and Signal Diversity"
1142:
275:
122:
17:
3959:
3852:
3073:
3040:
3035:
3027:
2914:
2849:
2720:
2478:
2357:
980:
962:
679:
606:
468:
464:
431:
368:
356:
1739:
3197:
3159:
2978:
2919:
694:
258:
105:
27:
Gonadotropin that regulates the development of reproductive processes
1627:"Gonadotropin preparations: past, present, and future perspectives"
748:
it reaches its highest value, between (4.5-22.5) IU/L. During
3230:
3205:
3116:
3088:
2821:
831:
593:
1243:
992:
975:
717:
Follicle-stimulating hormone is typically measured in the early
655:
640:
460:
251:
215:
188:
98:
3731:
3711:
3683:
3269:
2451:
1848:
1437:
Fowler PA, Sorsa-Leslie T, Harris W, Mason HD (December 2003).
2152:
939:
740:
of a "fill-by-mass" product. The mean values for women before
4008:
1762:"Polycystic ovary syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
995:, a follicle-stimulating hormone obtained from equine species
398:
units, alpha and beta. Its structure is similar to those of
2447:
422:. The sugar portion of the hormone is covalently bonded to
1609:
529:, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting
1666:
Zhu D, Li X, Macrae VE, Simoncini T, Fu X (August 2018).
48:
FSH (α-FSH (green), β-FSH (orange)) with receptors (blue)
934:
FSH is used commonly in infertility therapy, mainly for
654:
levels cause a decrease in FSH production by inhibiting
3964:
Tooltip
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor
4069:
2419:
2218:
2192:
2185:
2122:
1893:
1876:
588:
FSH stimulates the growth and recruitment of immature
1562:
Medical physiology: a cellular and molecular approach
1255:
Ulloa-Aguirre A, Reiter E, Crépieux P (August 2018).
4006:
3957:
3948:
3729:
3661:
3620:
3569:
3489:
3408:
3351:
3303:
3229:
3196:
3178:
3150:
3115:
3087:
3049:
3026:
3017:
2977:
2970:
2938:
2900:
2863:
2820:
2792:
2783:
2765:
2719:
2652:
2578:
2555:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2216:Sex steroid agonists (via negative feedback on the
2206:
2110:
2101:
2059:
2050:
1985:
1909:
1891:
953:FSH is available mixed with LH activity in various
322:
312:
307:
286:
281:
269:
257:
245:
233:
221:
211:
206:
187:
169:
159:
154:
133:
128:
116:
104:
92:
80:
68:
58:
53:
34:
2120:Sex steroid antagonists (via disinhibition of the
1564:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1125.
1532:
555:of follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the
371:, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and
4148:Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis
3669:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction
1696:20.500.11820/93f9b1f9-3c0d-4d4f-b18c-63842d2d075d
1244:CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, ALPHA CHAIN; CGA - 118850
969:Potential role in vascularization of solid tumors
705:membranes, and is critical for the initiation of
1013:Cahoreau C, Klett D, Combarnous Y (2015-02-26).
3736:Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
3716:Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
1084:"Luteinizing and Follicle Stimulating Hormones"
2355:Others (mixed or unknown mechanism of action):
2157:Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators
189:Follicle-stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide
4013:Tooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor
3695:
3281:
2463:
1860:
8:
1535:Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach
4052:Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin)
3998:Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin)
3954:
3702:
3688:
3680:
3288:
3274:
3266:
3023:
2974:
2789:
2504:
2493:
2470:
2456:
2448:
2107:
2056:
1906:
1867:
1853:
1845:
725:. FSH levels in this time is often called
304:
195:
151:
42:
1811:
1694:
1642:
1539:. McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 1313–28.
1464:
1454:
1413:
1372:
1362:
1313:
1272:
1216:
1198:
1040:
1030:
957:including more purified forms of urinary
359:. FSH is synthesized and secreted by the
547:
36:glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide
1005:
790:also known as premature ovarian failure
367:and regulates the development, growth,
2197:Tooltip gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1881:Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1675:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
553:Reference ranges for the blood content
184:
31:
796:also known as premature ovarian aging
614:gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor
420:follicle-stimulating hormone receptor
7:
2422:and gonadotropin receptor modulators
612:In addition, there is evidence that
1800:The New England Journal of Medicine
1308:(2) (published 1999-02-01): 903–8.
1240:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1121:10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002341
983:for current anti-VEGF approaches).
926:Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
858:+ obesity + hirsutism + infertility
760:FSH levels are normally low during
682:, to form secondary spermatocytes.
491:, FSH stimulates the maturation of
25:
3471:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
2437:Progestogens and antiprogestogens
2037:+estradiol/norethisterone acetate
1357:(6) (published 2012-06-01): 171.
678:to undergo the first division of
3451:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
3426:Autologous endometrial coculture
3297:Assisted reproductive technology
2958:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
1644:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.031
658:production in the hypothalamus.
942:. In some cases, it is used in
685:FSH enhances the production of
3534:Gamete intrafallopian transfer
3481:Zygote intrafallopian transfer
1560:Boulpaep EL, Boron WF (2005).
1065:"Follicle-Stimulating Hormone"
824:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
543:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1:
4158:Human female endocrine system
3638:Genetic diagnosis of intersex
3466:Partner-assisted reproduction
1510:10.1016/s0378-5122(96)90009-2
1364:10.1095/biolreprod.111.098442
1109:Annual Review of Biochemistry
609:B to lower FSH serum levels.
4123:Gynaecological endocrinology
4108:Genes on human chromosome 11
4032:Follicle-stimulating hormone
3983:Human chorionic gonadotropin
2335:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
2074:Human chorionic gonadotropin
2069:Follicle-stimulating hormone
1408:(1) (published 2014-03-26).
891:Gonadal suppression therapy
764:and, in females, high after
454:In humans, the gene for the
408:human chorionic gonadotropin
339:Follicle-stimulating hormone
201:Follicle-stimulating hormone
4153:Anterior pituitary hormones
4103:Genes on human chromosome 6
3476:Transvaginal ovum retrieval
2432:Estrogens and antiestrogens
2427:Androgens and antiandrogens
2343:medroxyprogesterone acetate
1396:Häggström M (2014-03-25) .
856:Polycystic ovarian syndrome
851:Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
404:thyroid-stimulating hormone
4174:
3126:Insulin-like growth factor
1019:Frontiers in Endocrinology
919:
375:(LH) work together in the
3643:Religious response to ART
2380:
1687:10.1016/j.tem.2018.06.001
1613:World Health Organization
922:Gonadotropin preparations
867:Aromatase excess syndrome
508:androgen-binding proteins
303:
194:
150:
41:
3800:Leuprorelin (leuprolide)
3461:Ovarian hyperstimulation
1962:Leuprorelin (leuprolide)
1728:Arthritis and Rheumatism
1032:10.3389/fendo.2015.00026
936:ovarian hyperstimulation
872:Hypothalamic suppression
687:androgen-binding protein
365:anterior pituitary gland
3978:Choriogonadotropin alfa
3497:Artificial insemination
3343:Male infertility crisis
1631:Fertility and Sterility
1402:WikiJournal of Medicine
1351:Biology of Reproduction
1315:10.1210/endo.140.2.6483
1200:10.1073/pnas.1206643109
887:Gonadotropin deficiency
674:FSH stimulates primary
577:Inter-woman variability
570:Inter-cycle variability
4143:In vitro fertilisation
3835:Zoptarelin doxorubicin
3648:Mitochondrial donation
3582:Donor Sibling Registry
3421:Assisted zona hatching
3410:In vitro fertilisation
2953:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
2930:Pancreatic polypeptide
1504:(Supplement): S19-22.
1088:www.vivo.colostate.edu
650:The increase in serum
580:
475:Activity and functions
3913:Teverelix (antarelix)
3720:gonadotropin receptor
2327:chlormadinone acetate
1813:10.1056/NEJMoa1001283
1466:10.1530/rep.0.1260689
1415:10.15347/wjm/2014.001
1274:10.1210/en.2018-00452
920:Further information:
575:- The ranges denoted
568:- The ranges denoted
561:- The ranges denoted
551:
510:(ABPs), regulated by
493:primordial germ cells
428:N-acetylgalactosamine
426:, and is composed of
4113:Recombinant proteins
4027:Corifollitropin alfa
3893:Ornirelix (ornitide)
3539:Reproductive surgery
3431:Cytoplasmic transfer
3361:Estrogen antagonists
3353:Fertility medication
2339:gestonorone caproate
2175:Aromatase inhibitors
808:Klinefelter syndrome
794:Poor ovarian reserve
643:pulses occur and an
394:, consisting of two
4062:Varfollitropin alfa
4047:Follitropin epsilon
3988:Luteinizing hormone
3551:Selective reduction
3502:Ovulation induction
3446:In vitro maturation
3441:Gestational carrier
3366:aromatase inhibitor
3239:Natriuretic peptide
2557:Posterior pituitary
2542:Somatostatin (GHIH)
2331:cyproterone acetate
2259:prolactin releasers
2079:Luteinizing hormone
1637:(5 Suppl): S13-20.
1191:2012PNAS..10912491J
944:ovulation induction
930:Ovulation induction
788:Premature menopause
734:international units
732:FSH is measured in
618:luteinizing hormone
563:By biological stage
436:N-acetylglucosamine
400:luteinizing hormone
377:reproductive system
373:luteinizing hormone
369:pubertal maturation
3577:Donor registration
3544:Vasectomy reversal
2580:Anterior pituitary
2407:Never to phase III
2309:diethylstilbestrol
1841:- Lab Tests Online
1590:labtestsonline.org
882:Hyperprolactinemia
828:Testicular failure
800:Gonadal dysgenesis
584:Effects in females
581:
520:anterior pituitary
467:, and enhanced by
387:FSH is a 35.5 kDa
361:gonadotropic cells
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
3883:Iturelix (antide)
3677:
3676:
3628:Accidental incest
3338:Fertility tourism
3333:Fertility testing
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3146:
3145:
2966:
2965:
2896:
2895:
2648:
2647:
2445:
2444:
2376:
2375:
2347:megestrol acetate
2238:nandrolone esters
2230:anabolic steroids
2208:Antigonadotropins
2097:
2096:
2046:
2045:
1740:10.1002/art.21436
1571:978-1-4160-2328-9
1546:978-0-07-147899-1
862:Kallmann syndrome
822:Certain forms of
590:ovarian follicles
518:mechanism on the
516:negative feedback
336:
335:
332:
331:
183:
182:
179:
178:
16:(Redirected from
4165:
4128:Peptide hormones
4071:
4042:Follitropin beta
4037:Follitropin alfa
4014:
4010:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3760:Azagly-nafarelin
3737:
3733:
3717:
3713:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3602:Semen collection
3507:Cryopreservation
3456:Oocyte selection
3328:Fertility clinic
3290:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3024:
3019:Digestive system
2975:
2790:
2729:Thyroid hormones
2505:
2494:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2421:
2305:ethinylestradiol
2301:estradiol esters
2220:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2158:
2154:
2124:
2112:Progonadotropins
2108:
2057:
1922:Azagly-nafarelin
1907:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1458:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1267:(8): 3020–3035.
1252:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1202:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1010:
946:for reversal of
719:follicular phase
670:Effects in males
602:phase transition
305:
199:
185:
152:
46:
32:
21:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4082:
4012:
4002:
3963:
3944:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3708:
3678:
3673:
3657:
3633:Fertility fraud
3616:
3565:
3485:
3436:Embryo transfer
3413:
3404:
3347:
3299:
3294:
3264:
3255:
3225:
3192:
3174:
3142:
3111:
3083:
3045:
3013:
2962:
2934:
2892:
2859:
2816:
2779:
2761:
2745:
2737:
2715:
2699:Adrenal medulla
2692:Androstenedione
2644:
2574:
2551:
2499:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2446:
2441:
2412:
2397:Clinical trials
2372:
2251:
2202:
2196:
2156:
2103:
2093:
2042:
1981:
1898:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1806:(17): 1621–30.
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1766:medlineplus.gov
1760:
1759:
1755:
1734:(12): 3701–12.
1725:
1724:
1720:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1456:10.1.1.516.1420
1436:
1435:
1431:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1234:
1185:(31): 12491–6.
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:
989:
971:
932:
918:
895:GnRH antagonist
877:Hypopituitarism
843:
804:Turner syndrome
774:
772:High FSH levels
758:
746:menstrual cycle
723:menstrual cycle
715:
707:spermatogenesis
672:
647:surge results.
586:
574:
567:
560:
557:menstrual cycle
531:granulosa cells
477:
463:, inhibited by
452:
385:
202:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Human hormones
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4057:Urofollitropin
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4017:
4015:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3968:
3966:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3740:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3522:ovarian tissue
3519:
3514:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3414:and expansions
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3152:Adipose tissue
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Enteroglucagon
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:Beta thymosins
2994:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2709:Norepinephrine
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2662:Adrenal cortex
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2316:
2313:paroxypropione
2286:
2279:chlorpromazine
2267:metoclopramide
2249:
2245:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2172:
2145:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2089:Urofollitropin
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:External links
1831:
1828:
1827:
1786:
1777:
1753:
1718:
1681:(8): 571–580.
1658:
1617:
1615:. Geneva. 1975
1601:
1577:
1570:
1552:
1545:
1523:
1488:
1429:
1388:
1337:
1288:
1247:
1232:
1171:Hendrickson WA
1161:
1134:
1099:
1074:
1056:
1004:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
988:
985:
970:
967:
917:
916:Use as therapy
914:
910:
909:
908:
907:
904:downregulation
897:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
853:
842:
841:Low FSH levels
839:
835:
834:
829:
826:
820:
818:Swyer syndrome
815:
810:
797:
791:
773:
770:
757:
756:Disease states
754:
714:
711:
697:by binding to
671:
668:
626:downregulation
585:
582:
539:
538:
523:
502:, FSH induces
496:
476:
473:
451:
448:
412:alpha subunits
384:
381:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
301:
300:
290:
284:
283:
279:
278:
273:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
192:
191:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
148:
147:
137:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Glycoproteins
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4079:
4076:
4075:Non-peptides:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Lutropin alfa
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:Non-peptides:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3653:Sex selection
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Sex selection
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:Other methods
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:Gonadotropins
3386:
3384:
3383:GnRH agonists
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3221:Prostaglandin
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:Hypothalamic–
2495:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2148:Antiestrogens
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:Antiandrogens
2128:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Gonadotropins
2049:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1885:gonadotropins
1879:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1449:(6): 689–99.
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:Endocrinology
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Endocrinology
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:(1): 465–95.
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
999:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
982:
977:
968:
966:
964:
960:
959:gonadotropins
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
927:
923:
915:
913:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
840:
838:
833:
830:
827:
825:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
771:
769:
767:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:FSH receptors
696:
692:
691:Sertoli cells
688:
683:
681:
677:
676:spermatocytes
669:
667:
665:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:gonadotrophin
634:
629:
627:
621:
619:
615:
610:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
578:
571:
564:
558:
554:
550:
546:
544:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Sertoli cells
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
480:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
457:
456:alpha subunit
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
306:
302:
299:
298:
294:
291:
289:
285:
280:
277:
274:
272:
268:
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:
226:
224:
220:
217:
214:
210:
205:
198:
193:
190:
186:
175:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
145:
141:
138:
136:
132:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4133:Sex hormones
4074:
4068:
4031:
4023:
4020:
3974:
3971:
3950:Gonadotropin
3916:
3844:
3842:Antagonists:
3841:
3746:
3743:
3587:Egg donation
3377:
3004:Thymopoietin
2940:Pineal gland
2925:Somatostatin
2888:Progesterone
2835:Progesterone
2802:Testosterone
2785:Gonadal axis
2757:Thyroid axis
2654:Adrenal axis
2587:
2509:Hypothalamus
2354:
2319:Progestogens
2234:testosterone
2215:
2142:enzalutamide
2138:bicalutamide
2119:
2068:
2061:Preparations
2020:Non-peptide:
2019:
1994:
1918:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1678:
1674:
1661:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1534:
1526:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1446:
1443:Reproduction
1442:
1432:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1235:
1182:
1178:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1022:
1018:
1008:
972:
952:
933:
911:
900:GnRH agonist
844:
836:
782:
775:
759:
731:
726:
716:
684:
673:
660:
649:
630:
622:
611:
587:
576:
569:
562:
540:
535:luteal phase
526:
499:
488:
484:
478:
453:
389:glycoprotein
386:
351:glycoprotein
347:gonadotropin
342:
338:
337:
295:
142:
29:
3825:Triptorelin
3820:Salmon GnRH
3785:Gonadorelin
3393:menotropins
3305:Infertility
3188:Osteocalcin
3165:Adiponectin
2992:Thymosin α1
2767:Parathyroid
2667:Aldosterone
2570:Vasopressin
2393:from market
2368:Metallibure
2275:haloperidol
2271:risperidone
2263:domperidone
2255:antagonists
2242:oxandrolone
2179:anastrozole
2169:enclomifene
1987:Antagonists
1977:Triptorelin
1942:Gonadorelin
955:menotropins
948:anovulation
938:as part of
713:Measurement
703:basolateral
506:to secrete
444:sialic acid
416:amino acids
410:(hCG). The
406:(TSH), and
396:polypeptide
392:heterodimer
354:polypeptide
317:Swiss-model
207:Identifiers
164:Swiss-model
54:Identifiers
4097:Categories
3925:Linzagolix
3903:Prazarelix
3863:Cetrorelix
3830:Zoptarelin
3775:Fertirelin
3770:Deslorelin
3723:modulators
3607:Sperm bank
3216:Calcitriol
3102:Peptide YY
2752:Calcitonin
2704:Adrenaline
2633:Lipotropin
2628:Endorphins
2363:Gestrinone
2323:progestins
2293:bifluranol
2261:) (incl.,
2104:(indirect)
2084:Menotropin
2028:Linzagolix
2003:Cetrorelix
1937:Fertirelin
1932:Deslorelin
1896:modulators
1771:2019-05-06
1595:2019-05-06
1093:2019-05-06
1000:References
813:Castration
424:asparagine
313:Structures
308:Search for
282:Other data
160:Structures
155:Search for
129:Other data
4078:ADX-61623
4024:Peptides:
4021:Agonists:
3975:Peptides:
3972:Agonists:
3940:Sufugolix
3935:Relugolix
3908:Ramorelix
3878:Ganirelix
3873:Detirelix
3868:Degarelix
3858:Azaline B
3845:Peptides:
3815:Peforelin
3810:Nafarelin
3795:Histrelin
3790:Goserelin
3765:Buserelin
3747:Peptides:
3744:Agonists:
3561:Surrogacy
3371:clomifene
2987:Thymosins
2948:Melatonin
2830:Estradiol
2677:Cortisone
2603:Prolactin
2500:pituitary
2487:Endocrine
2403:Phase III
2391:Withdrawn
2297:estradiol
2289:Estrogens
2283:sulpiride
2226:Androgens
2165:clomifene
2161:tamoxifen
2134:flutamide
2033:Relugolix
2013:Ganirelix
2008:Degarelix
1972:Peforelin
1967:Nafarelin
1957:Lecirelin
1952:Histrelin
1947:Goserelin
1927:Buserelin
1901:analogues
1498:Maturitas
1475:1741-7899
1451:CiteSeerX
1424:2002-4436
1324:1945-7170
1209:1091-6490
1154:2 January
1082:Bowen R.
950:as well.
778:menopause
766:menopause
762:childhood
750:menopause
742:ovulation
727:basal FSH
701:on their
666:) twins.
664:dizygotic
652:estradiol
633:estradiol
598:apoptosis
440:galactose
383:Structure
264:NM_000510
223:NCBI gene
111:NM_000735
70:NCBI gene
18:Basal FSH
3930:Opigolix
3920:Elagolix
3898:Ozarelix
3848:Abarelix
3805:Lutrelin
3755:Avorelin
3750:Alarelin
3612:Ova bank
3570:Donation
3180:Skeleton
3170:Resistin
3069:Secretin
3051:Duodenum
3009:Thymulin
2910:Glucagon
2902:Pancreas
2883:Estrogen
2865:Placenta
2672:Cortisol
2565:Oxytocin
2527:Dopamine
2479:Hormones
2415:See also
2325:, e.g.,
2291:(incl.,
2252:receptor
2188:agonists
2023:Elagolix
1998:Abarelix
1995:Peptide:
1919:Peptide:
1911:Agonists
1822:20961245
1748:16320320
1713:51602238
1705:29983231
1653:19007609
1483:14748688
1383:22423050
1283:29982321
1242:(OMIM):
1227:22802634
1051:25767463
987:See also
961:such as
483:In both
327:InterPro
174:InterPro
3888:LXT-101
3853:Acyline
3662:Related
3512:embryos
3074:Motilin
3041:Ghrelin
3036:Gastrin
3028:Stomach
2915:Insulin
2850:Relaxin
2845:Inhibin
2840:Activin
2812:Inhibin
2721:Thyroid
2358:Danazol
2321:(incl.
2232:(e.g.,
2190:(e.g.,
2177:(e.g.,
2159:(e.g.,
2132:(e.g.,
1899:(incl.
1518:8865134
1374:3386145
1332:9927322
1218:3411987
1187:Bibcode
1173:(ed.).
1129:6267989
1042:4341566
981:avastin
963:Menopur
693:of the
689:by the
680:meiosis
607:Inhibin
605:enough
592:in the
527:females
512:inhibin
489:females
469:activin
465:inhibin
432:mannose
363:of the
357:hormone
345:) is a
323:Domains
293:Chr. 11
271:UniProt
170:Domains
144:q14-q21
118:UniProt
3960:LH/hCG
3621:Ethics
3592:Embryo
3517:oocyte
3313:Female
3198:Kidney
3160:Leptin
3119:/other
2979:Thymus
2920:Amylin
2794:Testis
2687:DHEA-S
2489:glands
2386:WHO-EM
2102:Others
1820:
1746:
1711:
1703:
1651:
1568:
1543:
1516:
1481:
1473:
1453:
1422:
1381:
1371:
1330:
1322:
1281:
1225:
1215:
1207:
1127:
1049:
1039:
1025:: 26.
928:, and
695:testes
442:, and
402:(LH),
276:P01225
259:RefSeq
252:136530
212:Symbol
140:Chr. 6
123:P01215
106:RefSeq
99:118850
59:Symbol
3597:Sperm
3527:semen
3412:(IVF)
3231:Heart
3206:Renin
3136:IGF-2
3131:IGF-1
3117:Liver
3107:GLP-1
3089:Ileum
2971:Other
2855:GnSAF
2822:Ovary
2153:SERMs
1709:S2CID
1671:(PDF)
1586:"FSH"
1471:eISSN
1320:eISSN
1205:eISSN
1069:WebMD
832:Lupus
594:ovary
500:males
485:males
450:Genes
288:Locus
135:Locus
4070:NAMs
3780:GnRH
3732:GnRH
3718:and
3712:GnRH
3323:LGBT
3318:Male
2682:DHEA
2618:ACTH
2613:CLIP
2608:POMC
2537:GHRH
2517:GnRH
2420:GnRH
2221:axis
2193:GnRH
2186:GnRH
2125:axis
1894:GnRH
1883:and
1877:GnRH
1818:PMID
1744:PMID
1701:PMID
1649:PMID
1566:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1514:PMID
1479:PMID
1420:ISSN
1379:PMID
1328:PMID
1279:PMID
1223:PMID
1156:2016
1148:NCBI
1125:PMID
1047:PMID
993:EFSH
976:VEGF
656:GnRH
641:GnRH
487:and
461:GnRH
349:, a
247:OMIM
240:3964
235:HGNC
228:2488
216:FSHB
94:OMIM
87:1885
82:HGNC
75:1081
4009:FSH
3400:hCG
3378:FSH
3249:BNP
3244:ANP
3211:EPO
3079:VIP
3064:GIP
3059:CCK
2878:HPL
2873:hCG
2807:AMH
2775:PTH
2623:MSH
2598:TSH
2588:FSH
2547:MCH
2532:CRH
2522:TRH
2219:HPG
2123:HPG
1839:FSH
1808:doi
1804:363
1736:doi
1691:hdl
1683:doi
1639:doi
1506:doi
1461:doi
1447:126
1410:doi
1369:PMC
1359:doi
1310:doi
1306:140
1269:doi
1265:159
1213:PMC
1195:doi
1183:109
1117:doi
1037:PMC
1027:doi
940:IVF
525:In
514:'s
498:In
343:FSH
297:p13
63:CGA
4099::
3915:;
2640:GH
2593:LH
2399::
2345:,
2341:,
2337:,
2333:,
2329:,
2311:,
2307:,
2303:,
2299:,
2295:,
2281:,
2277:,
2273:,
2269:,
2265:,
2240:,
2236:,
2223:):
2167:,
2163:,
2140:,
2136:,
2127:):
1816:.
1802:.
1798:.
1764:.
1742:.
1732:52
1730:.
1707:.
1699:.
1689:.
1679:29
1677:.
1673:.
1647:.
1635:90
1633:.
1629:.
1588:.
1512:.
1502:23
1500:.
1477:.
1469:.
1459:.
1445:.
1441:.
1418:.
1404:.
1400:.
1377:.
1367:.
1355:86
1353:.
1349:.
1326:.
1318:.
1304:.
1300:.
1277:.
1263:.
1259:.
1221:.
1211:.
1203:.
1193:.
1181:.
1177:.
1145:.
1123:.
1113:50
1111:.
1086:.
1067:.
1045:.
1035:.
1021:.
1017:.
924:,
906:).
806:,
802:,
768:.
738:ÎĽg
709:.
645:LH
559:.
471:.
446:.
438:,
434:,
430:,
379:.
4072::
3703:e
3696:t
3689:v
3289:e
3282:t
3275:v
2744:4
2742:T
2736:3
2734:T
2471:e
2464:t
2457:v
2349:)
2315:)
2285:)
2257:(
2250:2
2248:D
2244:)
2228:/
2199:)
2181:)
2171:)
2150:/
2144:)
2039:)
2035:(
1903:)
1868:e
1861:t
1854:v
1824:.
1810::
1774:.
1750:.
1738::
1715:.
1693::
1685::
1655:.
1641::
1598:.
1574:.
1549:.
1520:.
1508::
1485:.
1463::
1426:.
1412::
1406:1
1385:.
1361::
1334:.
1312::
1285:.
1271::
1229:.
1197::
1189::
1158:.
1131:.
1119::
1096:.
1071:.
1053:.
1029::
1023:6
902:(
495:.
341:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
