987:. Similar waves can be generated between a layer of water and a layer of oil. When the interface between these two surfaces is not horizontal and the system is close to hydrostatic equilibrium, the gradient of the pressure is vertical but the gradient of the density is not. Therefore the baroclinic vector is nonzero, and the sense of the baroclinic vector is to create vorticity to make the interface level out. In the process, the interface overshoots, and the result is an oscillation which is an internal gravity wave. Unlike surface gravity waves, internal gravity waves do not require a sharp interface. For example, in bodies of water, a gradual gradient in temperature or salinity is sufficient to support internal gravity waves driven by the baroclinic vector.
753:
455:
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145:
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3295:
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748:{\displaystyle {\frac {D{\vec {\omega }}}{Dt}}\equiv {\frac {\partial {\vec {\omega }}}{\partial t}}+\left({\vec {u}}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}\right){\vec {\omega }}=\left({\vec {\omega }}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}\right){\vec {u}}-{\vec {\omega }}\left({\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {u}}\right)+\underbrace {{\frac {1}{\rho ^{2}}}{\vec {\nabla }}\rho \times {\vec {\nabla }}p} _{\text{baroclinic contribution}}}
36:
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3305:
133:
338:. The Rossby number is a measure of the departure of the vorticity from that of solid body rotation. The Rossby number must be small for the concept of baroclinic instability to be relevant. When the Rossby number is large, other kinds of instabilities, often referred to as inertial, become more relevant.
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160:
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155:
154:
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on baroclinic instability in the late 1940s, most theories trying to explain the structure of mid-latitude eddies took as their starting points the high Rossby number or small
Richardson number instabilities familiar to fluid dynamicists at that time. The most important feature of baroclinic
158:
402:
and twisting (as vortex tubes are pulled or twisted by the flow) and baroclinic vorticity generation, which occurs whenever there is a density gradient along surfaces of constant pressure. Baroclinic flows can be contrasted with
257:, where density surfaces and pressure surfaces are both nearly level, whereas in higher latitudes the flow is more baroclinic. These midlatitude belts of high atmospheric baroclinity are characterized by the frequent formation of
967:
as well as unstable
Rayleigh–Taylor modes can be analyzed from the perspective of the baroclinic vector. It is also of interest in the creation of vorticity by the passage of shocks through inhomogeneous media, such as in the
958:
844:
1039:, p. 179: ″In general, a barotropic situation is one in which surfaces of constant pressure and surfaces of constant density coincide; a baroclinic situation is one in which they intersect.″
156:
373:
instability is that it exists even in the situation of rapid rotation (small Rossby number) and strong stable stratification (large
Richardson's number) typically observed in the atmosphere.
410:
The study of the evolution of these baroclinic instabilities as they grow and then decay is a crucial part of developing theories for the fundamental characteristics of midlatitude weather.
398:
is generated. Vorticity is the curl of the velocity field. In general, the evolution of vorticity can be broken into contributions from advection (as vortex tubes move with the flow),
233:
351:
The strength of the stratification is measured by asking how large the vertical shear of the horizontal winds has to be in order to destabilize the flow and produce the classic
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1633:
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785:
1324:
Fujisawa, K.; Jackson, T. L.; Balachandar, S. (2019-02-22). "Influence of baroclinic vorticity production on unsteady drag coefficient in shock–particle interaction".
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of the fluid is lowered. In growing waves in the atmosphere, cold air moving downwards and equatorwards displaces the warmer air moving polewards and upwards.
868:
963:
This vector, sometimes called the solenoidal vector, is of interest both in compressible fluids and in incompressible (but inhomogeneous) fluids. Internal
896:
2941:
391:. The annulus is heated at the outer wall and cooled at the inner wall, and the resulting fluid flows give rise to baroclinically unstable waves.
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2124:
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790:
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2610:
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969:
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2301:
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119:
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a baroclinic flow is one in which the density depends on both temperature and pressure (the fully general case). A simpler case,
2488:
1943:
419:
1027:, p. 122: ″The strict meaning of the term ′barotropic′ is that the pressure is constant on surfaces of constant density...″
3308:
3218:
2204:
181:) of a stratified fluid is a measure of how misaligned the gradient of pressure is from the gradient of density in a fluid. In
2891:
3298:
2070:
1990:
57:
3346:
1790:
1737:
1129:
Houze, Robert A. (2014-01-01), Houze, Robert A. (ed.), "Chapter 11 - Clouds and
Precipitation in Extratropical Cyclones",
100:
2346:
330:, which is a measure of how close the flow is to solid body rotation. More precisely, a flow in solid body rotation has
148:
Visualization of a (fictive) formation of isotherms (red-orange) and isobars (blue) in a baroclinic atmospheric layering.
72:
53:
2406:
2051:
2543:
1985:
1742:
1589:
258:
79:
2443:
46:
3078:
2483:
1965:
1899:
1727:
206:
1383:
Boris, J. P.; Picone, J. M. (April 1988). "Vorticity generation by shock propagation through bubbles in a gas".
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1162:
341:
The simplest example of a stably stratified flow is an incompressible flow with density decreasing with height.
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2583:
2573:
2513:
2149:
2119:
1832:
1684:
361:. When the Richardson number is large, the stratification is strong enough to prevent this shear instability.
86:
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2558:
2423:
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1955:
1822:
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194:
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1887:
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1785:
1767:
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flows in which density and pressure surfaces coincide and there is no baroclinic generation of vorticity.
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2563:
2458:
2093:
1934:
1827:
1817:
1780:
388:
68:
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2013:
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137:
1054:
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1975:
1960:
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344:
In a compressible gas such as the atmosphere, the relevant measure is the vertical gradient of the
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1747:
1416:
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434:
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1544:
1517:
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1459:
1408:
1357:
1349:
1142:
1111:
1101:
399:
357:
1051:, p. 74: ″A barotropic atmosphere is one in which density depends only on the pressure,
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3203:
3173:
2982:
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2771:
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1451:
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1341:
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1219:
1182:
1134:
1003:
Marshall, J., and R.A. Plumb. 2007. Atmosphere, Ocean, and
Climate Dynamics. Academic Press,
387:
Baroclinic instability can be investigated in the laboratory using a rotating, fluid filled
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335:
312:
1455:
873:
144:
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2523:
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2383:
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2274:
2199:
2159:
1679:
1540:
1276:
315:(100 km or smaller) that play various roles in oceanic dynamics and the transport of
1100:. Henderson-Sellers, A. (Second ed.). Oxfordshire, England: Routledge. p. 151.
291:
Baroclinic instability is a fluid dynamical instability of fundamental importance in the
93:
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1337:
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2169:
1970:
1513:
1506:
1223:
1138:
853:
381:
170:
1481:
Holton, James R. (2004). Dmowska, Renata; Holton, James R.; Rossby, H. Thomas (eds.).
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1611:
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2139:
1929:
1904:
1837:
1714:
964:
953:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\rho ^{2}}}{\vec {\nabla }}\rho \times {\vec {\nabla }}p}
365:
975:
Experienced divers are familiar with the very slow waves that can be excited at a
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1586:
Atmospheric and
Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation
1485:. International Geophysics Series. Vol. 88 (4th ed.). Burlington, MA:
976:
316:
304:
182:
35:
27:
Measure of misalignment between the gradients of pressure and density in a fluid
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3083:
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2708:
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1995:
1909:
1704:
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1669:
1404:
404:
292:
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186:
1463:
1412:
1353:
1115:
433:
In a fluid that is not all of the same density, a source term appears in the
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which is proportional to the sine of the angle between surfaces of constant
250:
fluid (which is defined by zero baroclinity), these surfaces are parallel.
1239:"A Tabletop Demonstration of Atmospheric Dynamics: Baroclinic Instability"
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2972:
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2723:
2713:
2658:
2134:
2043:
2005:
1919:
1664:
239:
2062:
348:, which must increase with height for the flow to be stably stratified.
253:
In Earth's atmosphere, barotropic flow is a better approximation in the
165:
A rotating tank experiment modelling baroclinic eddies in the atmosphere
3119:
3109:
2279:
2249:
1914:
1434:
Brouillette, Martin (2002-01-01). "The richtmyer-meshkov instability".
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308:
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243:
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2239:
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418:
Beginning with the equation of motion for a frictionless fluid (the
1133:, Cloud Dynamics, vol. 104, Academic Press, pp. 329–367,
1086:, so that isobaric surfaces are also surfaces of constant density.″
189:
flow, allows for density dependence only on pressure, so that the
3188:
3007:
2786:
2741:
1722:
1584:
Vallis, Geoffrey K. (2007) . "Vorticity and
Potential Vorticity".
839:{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\vec {\nabla }}\times {\vec {u}}}
265:, although these are not really dependent on the baroclinity term
151:
143:
131:
1512:. International Geophysical Series. Vol. 30. San Diego, CA:
1270:"Lab demos from MIT's Programmes in Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate
1269:
2620:
1699:
2066:
1615:
1732:
299:. In the atmosphere it is the dominant mechanism shaping the
29:
1163:"The dynamics of long waves in a baroclinic westerly current"
890:
is the density). The baroclinic contribution is the vector:
1202:
Eady, E. T. (August 1949). "Long Waves and
Cyclone Waves".
1188:
10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004<0136:TDOLWI>2.0.CO;2
380:
in the environmental flow. As the instability grows, the
311:
in mid-latitudes. In the ocean it generates a field of
394:
The term "baroclinic" refers to the mechanism by which
1057:
899:
876:
856:
793:
764:
458:
424:
equation of motion for the curl of the fluid velocity
209:
376:
The energy source for baroclinic instability is the
273:
iso-surfaces where that term has no contribution to
3128:
3102:
3064:
3016:
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2722:
2619:
2414:
2100:
2042:
2004:
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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3036:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1504:Gill, Adrian E. (1982). Donn, William L. (ed.).
3026:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2078:
1627:
441:surfaces) and surfaces of constant pressure (
269:: for instance, they are commonly studied on
8:
1776:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
228:{\displaystyle \nabla p\times \nabla \rho }
2085:
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1620:
1612:
422:) and taking the curl, one arrives at the
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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437:whenever surfaces of constant density (
140:cross vertically in a baroclinic fluid.
2357:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1483:An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology
1456:10.1146/annurev.fluid.34.090101.162238
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1048:
1012:
1237:Nadiga, B. T.; Aurnou, J. M. (2008).
326:is determined in this context by the
7:
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1024:
449:of the local vorticity is given by:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1738:Convective condensation level (CCL)
3184:National Oceanographic Data Center
2611:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
2499:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
1944:Equivalent potential temperature (
1224:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1949.tb01265.x
1139:10.1016/b978-0-12-374266-7.00011-1
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3031:Global Sea Level Observing System
1796:Conditional symmetric instability
1642:Meteorological data and variables
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2489:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
2405:
2394:
1743:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
1436:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
200:Baroclinity is proportional to:
34:
3219:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2942:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
1728:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
445:surfaces) are not aligned. The
45:needs additional citations for
1991:Wet-bulb potential temperature
1833:Level of free convection (LFC)
1565:(2nd ed.). New York, NJ:
1079:{\displaystyle \rho =\rho (p)}
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1:
2034:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
1956:Sea surface temperature (SST)
1791:Convective momentum transport
970:Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
355:. This measure is called the
2479:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
2449:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
2205:Luke's variational principle
1848:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
353:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability
334:that is proportional to its
2052:Maximum potential intensity
1818:Free convective layer (FCL)
1781:Convective inhibition (CIN)
364:Before the classic work of
3363:
2544:Ocean dynamical thermostat
2392:
1986:Wet-bulb globe temperature
1843:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
1590:Cambridge University Press
1539:(2nd ed.). New York:
1535:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
1531:Pedlosky, Joseph (1987) .
1385:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
1326:Journal of Applied Physics
780:{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}
322:Whether a fluid counts as
284:
3289:
3079:Ocean acoustic tomography
2892:Mohorovičić discontinuity
2484:General circulation model
2120:Benjamin–Feir instability
1966:Thermodynamic temperature
1900:Forest fire weather index
1508:Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics
1405:10.1017/S0022112088000904
242:and surfaces of constant
3209:Ocean surface topography
2584:Thermohaline circulation
2574:Subsurface ocean current
2514:Hydrothermal circulation
2347:Wave–current interaction
2125:Boussinesq approximation
1888:Equivalent temperature (
1801:Convective temperature (
1685:Surface weather analysis
1131:International Geophysics
1098:Contemporary climatology
1096:Robinson, J. P. (1999).
3246:Sea surface temperature
3229:Outline of oceanography
2424:Atmospheric circulation
2362:shallow water equations
2352:Waves and shallow water
2245:Significant wave height
1935:Potential temperature (
1680:Surface solar radiation
1567:Oxford University Press
1563:Physical Fluid Dynamics
1487:Elsevier Academic Press
1256:10.5670/oceanog.2008.24
1161:Charney, J. G. (1947).
741:baroclinic contribution
195:pressure-gradient force
3241:Sea surface microlayer
2606:Wind generated current
1925:Relative humidity (RH)
1813:Equilibrium level (EL)
1786:Convective instability
1167:Journal of Meteorology
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426:, that is to say, the
281:Baroclinic instability
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3074:Deep scattering layer
3056:World Geodetic System
2564:Princeton Ocean Model
2444:Coriolis–Stokes force
2094:Physical oceanography
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983:, which are known as
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883:{\displaystyle \rho }
870:is the pressure, and
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230:
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135:
3347:Atmospheric dynamics
3094:Underwater acoustics
2654:Perigean spring tide
2519:Langmuir circulation
2230:Rossby-gravity waves
2014:Atmospheric pressure
1981:Wet-bulb temperature
1883:Dry-bulb temperature
1878:Dew point depression
1055:
897:
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854:
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787:is the velocity and
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207:
54:improve this article
3256:Science On a Sphere
2862:Convergent boundary
2534:Modular Ocean Model
2494:Geostrophic current
2210:Mild-slope equation
1976:Virtual temperature
1961:Temperature anomaly
1655:Adiabatic processes
1448:2002AnRFM..34..445B
1397:1988JFM...189...23P
1338:2019JAP...125h4901F
1216:1949Tell....1c..33E
1179:1947JAtS....4..136C
447:material derivative
271:pressure coordinate
2912:Seafloor spreading
2902:Outer trench swell
2867:Divergent boundary
2767:Continental margin
2752:Carbonate platform
2649:Lunitidal interval
1748:Precipitable water
1275:2011-05-26 at the
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435:vorticity equation
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3321:Oceans portal
3281:World Ocean Atlas
3271:Underwater glider
3214:Ocean temperature
2877:Hydrothermal vent
2842:Submarine volcano
2777:Continental shelf
2757:Coastal geography
2747:Bathymetric chart
2629:Amphidromic point
2317:Wave nonlinearity
2175:Infragravity wave
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2029:Pressure gradient
1838:Lifted index (LI)
1599:978-0-521-84969-2
1576:978-0-19-854493-7
1550:978-0-387-96387-7
1523:978-0-12-283522-3
1496:978-0-12-354015-7
1346:10.1063/1.5055002
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863:{\displaystyle p}
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358:Richardson number
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3236:Pelagic sediment
3174:Marine pollution
2968:Deep ocean water
2837:Submarine canyon
2772:Continental rise
2664:Rule of twelfths
2579:Sverdrup balance
2509:Humboldt Current
2434:Boundary current
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2185:Iribarren number
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2115:Ballantine scale
2110:Airy wave theory
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638:
637:
629:
623:
622:
614:
611:
607:
606:
605:
597:
591:
590:
582:
571:
570:
562:
559:
555:
554:
553:
545:
539:
538:
530:
519:
517:
509:
508:
507:
499:
492:
487:
485:
477:
476:
475:
467:
460:
378:potential energy
336:angular velocity
324:rapidly rotating
313:mesoscale eddies
234:
232:
231:
226:
163:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3313:
3285:
3124:
3098:
3060:
3041:Sea-level curve
3012:
2951:
2937:Transform fault
2887:Mid-ocean ridge
2853:
2846:
2812:Oceanic plateau
2718:
2704:Tidal resonance
2674:Theory of tides
2615:
2524:Longshore drift
2474:Ekman transport
2410:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2342:Wave turbulence
2275:Trochoidal wave
2200:Longshore drift
2096:
2091:
2061:
2056:
2038:
2000:
1950:
1894:
1872:
1852:
1807:
1762:
1709:
1643:
1640:
1610:
1600:
1583:
1577:
1557:
1551:
1541:Springer-Verlag
1530:
1524:
1503:
1497:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1288:Pedlosky (1987)
1286:
1282:
1277:Wayback Machine
1268:
1264:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
905:
895:
894:
872:
871:
852:
851:
789:
788:
760:
759:
688:
682:
643:
639:
579:
575:
527:
523:
510:
493:
478:
461:
454:
453:
420:Euler equations
416:
289:
283:
205:
204:
152:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3342:Fluid dynamics
3334:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3301:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Stratification
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3151:Color of water
3148:
3146:Benthic lander
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:Sea level rise
3048:
3046:Sea level drop
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Marine geology
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Passive margin
2819:
2817:Oceanic trench
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Ocean dynamics
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Coriolis force
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:Stokes problem
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Kinematic wave
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Vapor pressure
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1608:External links
1606:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1581:
1575:
1555:
1549:
1528:
1522:
1514:Academic Press
1501:
1495:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1442:(1): 445–468.
1426:
1375:
1316:
1314:, p. 166.
1304:
1302:, p. 238.
1292:
1280:
1262:
1249:(4): 196–201.
1229:
1194:
1173:(5): 136–162.
1153:
1147:
1121:
1106:
1088:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1041:
1037:Tritton (1988)
1029:
1017:
1005:
995:
994:
992:
989:
985:internal waves
961:
960:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
912:
908:
904:
879:
859:
832:
829:
823:
817:
814:
808:
802:
799:
773:
770:
756:
755:
736:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
695:
691:
687:
678:
674:
667:
664:
658:
652:
649:
642:
635:
632:
626:
620:
617:
610:
603:
600:
594:
588:
585:
578:
574:
568:
565:
558:
551:
548:
542:
536:
533:
526:
522:
516:
513:
505:
502:
496:
490:
484:
481:
473:
470:
464:
415:
412:
382:center of mass
307:that dominate
282:
279:
246:. Thus, in a
236:
235:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
177:(often called
171:fluid dynamics
128:
127:
110:September 2009
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3359:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Marine energy
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Acidification
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:SOFAR channel
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Oceanic crust
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Fracture zone
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Oceanic basin
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Abyssal plain
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Internal tide
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Ocean current
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2397:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Wave shoaling
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Ursell number
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Internal wave
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Breaking wave
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Barotropicity
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Precipitation
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1588:. Cambridge:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:Tritton, D.J.
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:(8): 084901.
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:Vallis (2007)
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:, p. 22.
1289:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1148:9780123742667
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:9781315842660
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1049:Holton (2004)
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:, p. 77.
1014:
1013:Holton (2004)
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
966:
965:gravity waves
947:
932:
929:
910:
906:
902:
893:
892:
891:
877:
857:
849:
827:
821:
806:
797:
768:
734:
730:
715:
712:
693:
689:
685:
676:
672:
662:
656:
640:
630:
624:
615:
608:
592:
583:
576:
572:
563:
556:
540:
531:
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69:"Baroclinity"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Baroclinicity
3276:Water column
3224:Oceanography
3199:Observations
3194:Explorations
3164:Marginal sea
3157:
3115:OSTM/Jason-2
2947:Volcanic arc
2922:Slab suction
2639:Head of tide
2529:Loop Current
2469:Ekman spiral
2428:
2255:Stokes drift
2165:Gravity wave
2140:Cnoidal wave
2018:
1945:
1936:
1930:Mixing ratio
1905:Haines Index
1889:
1867:
1802:
1715:Condensation
1585:
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1475:Bibliography
1439:
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1243:Oceanography
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1210:(3): 33–52.
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3266:Thermocline
2983:Mesopelagic
2956:Ocean zones
2927:Slab window
2792:Hydrography
2732:Abyssal fan
2699:Tidal range
2689:Tidal power
2684:Tidal force
2569:Rip current
2504:Gulf Stream
2464:Ekman layer
2454:Downwelling
2429:Baroclinity
2416:Circulation
2312:Wave height
2302:Wave action
2285:megatsunami
2265:Stokes wave
2225:Rossby wave
2190:Kelvin wave
2170:Green's law
2019:Baroclinity
1866:Dew point (
1858:Temperature
1758:Water vapor
1300:Gill (1982)
1025:Gill (1982)
977:thermocline
295:and in the
183:meteorology
175:baroclinity
3336:Categories
3204:Reanalysis
3103:Satellites
3084:Sofar bomb
2932:Subduction
2907:Ridge push
2802:Ocean bank
2782:Contourite
2709:Tide gauge
2694:Tidal race
2679:Tidal bore
2669:Slack tide
2634:Earth tide
2554:Ocean gyre
2374:Wind setup
2369:Wind fetch
2332:Wave setup
2327:Wave radar
2322:Wave power
2220:Rogue wave
2150:Dispersion
1996:Wind chill
1910:Heat index
1768:Convection
1705:Wind shear
1690:Visibility
1670:Lapse rate
991:References
405:barotropic
400:stretching
293:atmosphere
287:Eady model
285:See also:
248:barotropic
197:vanishes.
187:barotropic
80:newspapers
3066:Acoustics
3018:Sea level
2917:Slab pull
2854:tectonics
2762:Cold seep
2724:Landforms
2601:Whirlpool
2596:Upwelling
2379:Wind wave
2307:Wave base
2235:Sea state
2155:Edge wave
2145:Cross sea
1695:Vorticity
1675:Lightning
1660:Advection
1561:(1988) .
1464:0066-4189
1421:121116029
1413:1469-7645
1391:: 23–51.
1370:127387592
1354:0021-8979
1116:893676683
1065:ρ
1059:ρ
981:halocline
942:→
939:∇
933:×
930:ρ
924:→
921:∇
907:ρ
878:ρ
848:vorticity
831:→
822:×
816:→
813:∇
801:→
798:ω
772:→
735:⏟
725:→
722:∇
716:×
713:ρ
707:→
704:∇
690:ρ
666:→
657:⋅
651:→
648:∇
634:→
631:ω
625:−
619:→
602:→
599:∇
593:⋅
587:→
584:ω
567:→
564:ω
550:→
547:∇
541:⋅
535:→
512:∂
504:→
501:ω
495:∂
489:≡
472:→
469:ω
439:isopycnic
428:vorticity
396:vorticity
370:Eric Eady
332:vorticity
275:vorticity
223:ρ
220:∇
217:×
211:∇
3299:Category
3251:Seawater
2978:Littoral
2973:Deep sea
2832:Seamount
2714:Tideline
2659:Rip tide
2589:shutdown
2559:Overflow
2292:Undertow
2135:Clapotis
2044:Velocity
2006:Pressure
1920:Humidity
1823:Helicity
1665:Buoyancy
1273:Archived
443:isobaric
301:cyclones
263:cyclones
259:synoptic
240:pressure
3309:Commons
3179:Mooring
3129:Related
3120:Jason-3
3110:Jason-1
2993:Pelagic
2988:Oceanic
2963:Benthic
2280:Tsunami
2250:Soliton
1915:Humidex
1828:K Index
1648:General
1444:Bibcode
1393:Bibcode
1362:1614518
1334:Bibcode
1212:Bibcode
1175:Bibcode
846:is the
758:(where
389:annulus
346:entropy
317:tracers
309:weather
261:-scale
255:tropics
244:density
193:of the
138:isobars
94:scholar
2998:Photic
2827:Seabed
2240:Seiche
1596:
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1204:Tellus
1145:
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297:oceans
267:per se
173:, the
96:
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3189:Ocean
3158:Alvin
3008:Swash
2852:Plate
2797:Knoll
2787:Guyot
2742:Atoll
2621:Tides
2384:model
2270:Swell
2102:Waves
1723:Cloud
1417:S2CID
1366:S2CID
979:or a
101:JSTOR
87:books
3156:DSV
3141:Argo
3003:Surf
2459:Eddy
1700:Wind
1594:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1460:ISSN
1409:ISSN
1358:OSTI
1350:ISSN
1143:ISBN
1112:OCLC
1102:ISBN
368:and
303:and
191:curl
73:news
1733:Fog
1452:doi
1401:doi
1389:189
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169:In
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