600:"It was Monsieur Haussmann who impressed me the most. It was a strange thing, but it was less his talents and his remarkable intelligence that appealed to me, but the defects in his character. I had in front of me one of the most extraordinary men of our time; big, strong, vigorous, energetic, and at the same time clever and devious, with a spirit full of resources. This audacious man wasn't afraid to show who he was. ... He told me all of his accomplishments during his administrative career, leaving out nothing; he could have talked for six hours without a break, since it was his favourite subject, himself. I wasn't at all displeased. ... It seemed to me that he was exactly the man I needed to fight against the ideas and prejudices of a whole school of economics, against devious people and skeptics coming from the Stock Market, against those who were not very scrupulous about their methods; he was just the man. Whereas a gentleman of the most elevated spirit, cleverness, with the most straight and noble character, would inevitably fail, this vigorous athlete ... full of audacity and skill, capable of opposing expedients with better expedients, traps with more clever traps, would certainly succeed. I told him about the Paris works and offered to put him in charge."
1169:"He tried to make Paris a magnificent city, and he succeeded completely. When he took Paris in hand and managed our affairs, rue Saint-Honore and rue Saint-Antoine were still the largest streets in the city. We had no other promenades than the Grands Boulevards and the Tuileries; the Champs-Élysées was most of the time a sewer; the Bois-de-Boulogne was at the end of the world. We were lacking water, markets, light, in those far-off times, which are only thirty years past. He demolished neighbourhoods- one could say, entire cities. They cried that he would create a plague; he let us cry and, on the contrary, through his intelligent piercing of streets, he gave us air, health and life. Here he created a street; there he created an avenue or a boulevard; here a Place, a Square; a Promenade. Out of emptiness he made the Champs-Élysées, the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes. He introduced, into his beautiful capital, trees and flowers, and populated it with statues."
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cream-coloured stone, creating the uniform look of Paris boulevards. Victor Hugo mentioned that it was hardly possible to distinguish what the house in front of you was for: theatre, shop or library. Haussmann managed to rebuild the city in 17 years. "On his own estimation the new boulevards and open spaces displaced 350,000 people; ... by 1870 one-fifth of the streets in central Paris were his creation; he had spent ... 2.5 billion francs on the city; ... one in five
Parisian workers was employed in the building trade".
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778:, refurbished and replanted. He created twenty small parks and gardens in the neighbourhoods, as miniature versions of his large parks. Alphand termed these small parks "green and flowering salons." The intention of Napoleon's plan was to have one park in each of the eighty neighbourhoods of Paris, so no one was more than 10 minutes walk from a park. The parks were an immediate success with all classes of Parisians.
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boulevards to be. To a degree the boulevard system was planned as a mechanism for the easy deployment of troops and artillery, but its main purpose was to help relieve traffic congestion in a dense city and interconnect its landmark buildings. He and
Haussmann met almost every day to discuss the projects and overcome the enormous obstacles and opposition they faced as they built the new Paris.
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1181:, argued that the real purpose of Haussmann's boulevards was to make it easier for the army to crush popular uprisings. According to these critics, the wide boulevards gave the army greater mobility, a wider range of fire for their cannon, and made it harder to block streets with barricades. They argued that the boulevards built by Haussmann allowed the French army to easily suppress the
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the rest to private investors. In 1850 and 1851, at
Napoleon's request, new laws were passed making it easier for Paris to expropriate private land for public purposes. They allowed the city to expropriate, in the public interest, land for new streets, and all of the building sites on both sides of the new streets, an asset of enormous value.
751:, the engineer who headed the new Service of Promenades and Plantations, he laid out a plan for four major parks at the cardinal points of the compass around the city. Thousands of workers and gardeners began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds, trees, and construct chalets and grottoes. Napoleon III created the
1083:." The subject of the painting is talking to a man, seen in the mirror behind her, but seems disengaged. According to Herbert, this is a symptom of living in Paris at this time: the citizens became detached from one another. "The continuous destruction of physical Paris led to a destruction of social Paris as well." The poet
1044:, specifically to finance the reconstruction projects. It borrowed money at a higher rate of interest than regular city bonds, and used the money to pay private companies, such as that of Pereire brothers, to rebuild the city. "It was a great relief for the city's finances," Haussmann wrote later in his
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Other historians disputed this argument. They noted that while
Haussmann sometimes mentioned the military advantages of the boulevards when seeking funding for his projects, it was never the main purpose. Their main purpose, according to Napoleon III and Haussmann, was to improve traffic circulation,
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This was the basic method adopted by
Haussmann to finance the reconstruction of Paris. The government expropriated the old buildings, compensated the owners, and private companies built the new streets and buildings, following the standards set by Haussmann. The private companies were often paid for
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The reconstruction of the centre of Paris was the largest such public works project ever undertaken in Europe. Never before had a major city been completely rebuilt when it was still intact. London, Rome, Copenhagen and Lisbon had been rebuilt after major fires or earthquakes. Napoleon III began his
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and other political rivals of
Napoleon alleged that Haussmann had recklessly squandered money, and planned poorly. They alleged he had falsified accounts. While Napoleon had hired Haussmann, the political attacks were so intense that he forced Haussmann to become a scapegoat, hoping his resignation
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In
December 1854, with no time to lose before the opening of the exposition, the Pereire brothers created a new company to construct the street and the hotel. They sold 240,000 shares for one hundred francs each, with 106,665 shares purchased by Credit Mobilier, 42,220 by the Pereire brothers, and
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In his memoires, Haussmann had this comment on his dismissal: "In the eyes of the
Parisians, who like routine in things but are changeable when it comes to people, I committed two great wrongs; over the course of seventeen years I disturbed their daily habits by turning Paris upside down, and they
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The cost of the reconstruction projects was also rising rapidly. In
December 1858 the Council of State ruled that a property owner whose land was expropriated could retain the land that was not specifically needed for the street, greatly increasing the cost of expropriation. Property owners also
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The population of Paris had doubled since 1815, with no increase in its area. To accommodate the growing population and those who would be forced from the centre by the new boulevards and squares
Napoleon III planned to build, he issued a decree annexing eleven surrounding communes, and increasing
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During the suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871, the newly built-boulevards were not a major factor in the Commune's defeat. The Communards were defeated in one week, not because of Haussmann's boulevards, but because they were outnumbered by five to one. They had fewer weapons and fewer men
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resulted in the "gutting of old Paris, of the quarter of riots and barricades." He admitted he sometimes used this argument with the parliament to justify the high cost of his projects, arguing that they were for national defense and should be paid for, at least partially, by the state. He wrote:
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In 1858, the Cour des Comptes, which oversaw the finances of the Empire, ruled that the Caisses des Grands Travaux was operating illegally by making "disguised loans" to private companies. The court ruled that such loans had to be approved by the parliament. The parliament was asked to approve a
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During the first half of the reign of Napoleon III, the French legislature had little real power. All decisions were made by the Emperor. Beginning in 1860, however, Napoleon decided to liberalise the Empire and give legislators power. The members of the opposition in the parliament increasingly
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Beginning in 1854, in the centre of the city, Haussmann's workers tore down hundreds of old buildings and cut eighty kilometres of new avenues, connecting the central points of the city. Buildings along these avenues were required to be the same height and in a similar style, and to be faced with
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The government expropriated the land, with buildings, that it needed to build the new street and hotel. The owners were paid a price set by an arbitration board. The government then sold the land and buildings to the company established by the Pereire brothers, which tore down the old buildings,
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To thank Haussmann for his work, Napoleon III proposed in 1857 to make Haussmann a member of the French Senate and to give him an honorary title, as he had done for some of his generals. Haussmann asked for the title of baron, which, as he said in his memoirs, had been the title of his maternal
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He laid hundreds of kilometres of pipes to distribute the water throughout the city. He built a second network, using the less-clean water from the Ourq and the Seine, to wash the streets and water the new park and gardens. He completely rebuilt the Paris sewers, and installed miles of pipes to
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Persigny sent him to Napoleon III with the recommendation that he was exactly the man needed to carry out his renewal plans for Paris. On 22 June 1853, Napoleon made him prefect of the Seine. On 29 June, the emperor gave him the mission of making the city healthier, less congested and grander.
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The members of the opposition were particularly outraged when in 1866 he took away part of the Luxembourg to make room for the new avenue between the Luxembourg Gardens and the Observatory, and destroyed the old garden nursery which lay between rue Auguste Comte, rue d'Assas and the avenue de
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and Haussmann launched a series of enormous public works projects in Paris, hiring tens of thousands of workers to improve the sanitation, water supply and traffic circulation of the city. Napoleon III installed a huge map of Paris in his office, marked with coloured lines where he wanted new
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to Octavie de Laharpe. They had two daughters: Henriette, who married the banker Camille Dollfus in 1860, and Valentine, who married Vicomte Maurice Pernéty, the chief of staff of his department, in 1865. Valentine divorced Pernéty in 1891. She then married Georges Renouard (1843–1897).
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became much more clever in claiming higher payments for their buildings, often by creating sham shops and businesses within their buildings. The cost of expropriations jumped from 70 million francs for the first projects to about 230 million francs for the second wave of projects.
589:, and in 1852 declared himself Emperor of the French under the title Napoleon III. In November 1852, a plebiscite overwhelmingly approved Napoleon's assumption of the throne, and he soon began searching for a new prefect of the Seine to carry out his Paris reconstruction program.
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trained to use them, they had no plan for the defense of the city. They had very few experienced officers and there was no single commander, with each neighborhood left to defend itself, and they had no hope of military support from outside of Paris.
1012:. Napoleon III demanded the construction of a new luxury hotel, to house his imperial guests during the Exposition. Napoleon III and Haussmann turned for funding to two Parisian bankers, Emile Pereire and Isaac Pereire, who had created a bank called
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Haussmann's plan for Paris inspired the urban planning and creation of similar boulevards, squares and parks in Cairo, Buenos Aires, Brussels, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Madrid, and Barcelona. After the Paris International Exposition of 1867,
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l'Observatoire. When the Emperor and Empress attended a performance at the Odeon Theater, near the Luxembourg gardens, members of the audience shouted "Dismiss Haussmann!" and jeered the Emperor. Nonetheless, the Emperor stood by Haussmann.
1048:"which allowed the city to carry out several grand operations at the same time, with rapid execution, in short more economically." It functioned entirely independently of the parliament, which greatly irritated the members of parliament.
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and around the hotel, which they rented to shopkeepers. Construction began immediately. Three thousand workers laboured both day and night for two years to complete the street and hotel, which were finished in time for the Exposition.
572:, on the outskirts of the city, but he was exasperated by the slow progress made by the incumbent prefect of the Seine, Jean-Jacques Berger. Louis-Napoleon was highly popular, but he was blocked from running for re-election by the
1005:, to the west of Paris. His prefect of the Seine, Berger, protested that Paris did not have the money. At this point, Napoleon dismissed Berger and hired Haussmann, and Haussmann looked for a better way to finance his projects.
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grand projects when he was prince-president, when the government had a full treasury. In his 1851 plan, he proposed to extend the Rue de Rivoli to connect the Louvre with the Hôtel de Ville, to build a wide new avenue, the
1209:. His desire to make Paris, the economic capital of France, a more open, more healthy city, not only for the upper classes but also for the workers, cannot be denied, and should be recognised as the primary motivation."
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Haussmann's plans, with their radical redevelopment, coincided with a time of intense political activity in Paris. Many Parisians were troubled by the destruction of "old roots". Historian Robert Herbert says that "the
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He approached the Parliament and received authorisation to borrow fifty million francs. The Emperor's ambitions were much greater. He wanted to finish the building of the Louvre and to create an enormous new park, the
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The Paris urban historian Patrice de Moncan wrote: "To see the works created by Haussmann and Napoleon III only from the perspective of their strategic value is very reductive. The Emperor was a convinced follower of
482:. Despite proving himself as a hard worker and able representative of the government, his arrogance, dictatorial manner, and habit of impeding his superiors led to his being continually passed over for promotion to
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They constructed the Hotel du Louvre, one of the largest buildings in the city and one of the first modern luxury hotels in Paris. The company also built rows of luxury shops under a covered arcade along the
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Haussmann was also criticized for the great cost of his project. Napoleon III deposed Haussmann on 5 January 1870 in order to improve his own flagging popularity. Haussmann was a favourite target of the
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and the new president. He was deemed to be a loyal holdover from the civil service of the July Monarchy, and shortly after their meeting Louis Napoléon granted Haussmann a promotion to prefect of the
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grandfather, Georges Frédéric, Baron Dentzel, a general under Napoleon I, of whom Haussmann was the only living male descendant. According to his memoirs, he joked that he might consider the title
1201:"But, as for me, I who was the promoter of these additions made to original project, I declare that I never thought in the least, in adding them, of their greater or lesser strategic value."
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For the nearly two decades of Napoleon III's reign, and for a decade afterwards, most of Paris was an enormous construction site. To bring fresh water to the city, his hydraulic engineer,
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In 1854, the Parliament approved another loan of sixty million francs, but Haussmann needed far more for his future projects. On 14 November 1858, Napoleon and Haussmann created the
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in Champagne, and a new huge reservoir near the future Parc Montsouris. These two works increased the water supply of Paris from 87,000 to 400,000 cubic metres of water a day.
889:. His wife, Louise-Octavie de la Harpe, had died just eighteen days earlier. At the time of their deaths, they had resided in an apartment at 12 rue Boissy d'Anglas, near the
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Napoleon III also wanted to build new parks and gardens for the recreation and relaxation of the Parisians, particularly those in the new neighbourhoods of the expanding city.
643:, one of the new boulevards created by Napoleon III and Haussmann. The new buildings on the boulevards were required to have the same height and basic façade design, and all
386:, in the Beaujon neighbourhood of Paris, the son of Nicolas-Valentin Haussmann and of Ève-Marie-Henriette-Caroline Dentzel, both of German families. His paternal grandfather
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constructed a new street, sidewalks and a new square, the Place du Palais Royale. They built new buildings along the new street, and sold them or rented them to new owners.
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was an ardent republican who had refused to take an oath to Napoleon III, and had been a fierce critic of Haussmann in parliament but in 1882, he wrote of Haussmann in the
854:, as his new prime minister. Haussmann was invited to resign. Haussmann refused to resign, and was relieved of his duties by the Emperor. Six months later, during the
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596:, interviewed the prefects of Rouen, Lille, Lyon, Marseille and Bordeaux for the Paris post. In his memoirs, he described his interview with Haussmann:
580:. While he had a majority of the votes in the legislature at his disposal, he did not have the two-thirds majority needed to change the constitution.
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739:, built by Napoleon III and Haussmann between 1852 and 1858, was designed to give a place for relaxation and recreation to all the classes of Paris.
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Napoleon III was especially anxious to finish the extension of rue de Rivoli from the Louvre to the Hotel de Ville, before the opening of the
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David P. Jordan (1995). Transforming Paris: the life and labors of Baron Haussmann. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 1–3.
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aimed their criticism of Napoleon III at Haussmann, criticising his spending and high-handed attitude toward the parliament.
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After the fall of Napoleon III, Haussmann spent about a year abroad, but he re-entered public life in 1877, when he became
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1091:" in response. The poem is a lament for, and critique of the destruction of the medieval city in the name of "progress":
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saw the model of the opera house, and asked the architect what the style was, Garnier said simply, "Napoleon the Third."
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had to look at the same face of the Prefect in the Hotel de Ville. These were two unforgivable complaints."
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Napoleon handing over to Baron Haussmann the decree of annexation of suburban communes to Paris, 1860, by
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the number of arrondissements from twelve to twenty, which enlarged the city to its modern boundaries.
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Critics forced his resignation for extravagance. His vision of the city defines modern central Paris.
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to be a "state science" or inherently "capitalist" science, also underlined that he nicely separated
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Napoleon III gave in to the criticism and named an opposition leader and fierce critic of Haussmann,
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of Berlin, another large-scale urban planning approach conducted by James Hobrecht, created in 1853.
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eight times during his 1859 study trip to Europe, and was also influenced by the innovations of the
791:(a pun on the French words for 'duke' and 'aqueduct') but that no such title existed. This use of
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1155:'s precise zone tripartition, with one zone for circulation, one for housing, and one for labour.
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borrowed liberally from Haussmann's plan and incorporated the diagonal street designs in his 1909
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parties which had become increasingly angered during the economic depression of the late 1860s.
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critique. Besides pointing out the repressive aims that were achieved by Haussmann's urbanism,
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To connect the city with the rest of France, Napoleon III built two new railroad stations: the
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a large map showing Haussmann's projects, which influenced the future planning of that city.
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In addition to building the four large parks, Haussmann had the city's older parks, including
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in Paris, and then began to study law. At the same time, he studied music as a student at the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Haussmann spent 2.5 billion francs on rebuilding Paris, a sum that staggered his critics.
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Napoleon III's new parks were inspired by his memories of the parks in London, especially
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the construction work they did, with city land, which they could then develop and sell.
795:, however, was not officially sanctioned, and he remained, legally, Monsieur Haussmann.
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342:; 27 March 1809 – 11 January 1891), was a French official who served as
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On 21 May 1831, Haussmann began his career in public administration. He was named the
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Paris Reborn: Napoléon III, Baron Haussmann, and the Quest to Build a Modern City
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provide space and light and views of the city landmarks, and to beautify Paris.
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843:. The republican opposition to Napoleon III won many parliamentary seats in the
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Some of the contemporary critics of Haussmann softened their views over time.
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Pinkney, David H. "Money and Politics in the Rebuilding of Paris, 1860–1870,"
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loan of 250 millions francs in 1865, and another 260 million francs in 1869.
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in 1857, member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1867, and grand cross of the
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distribute gas for thousands of new streetlights along the Paris streets.
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Man Who Made Paris: The Illustrated Biography of Georges-Eugene Haussmann
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to the army. His maternal grandfather was a general and a deputy of the
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The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Monet and his Followers
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1357:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 71.
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Haussmann did not deny the military value of the wider streets. In his
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Haussmann died in Paris on 11 January 1891 at age 81 and was buried in
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The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, Its Prospects
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In 1850, Louis Napoléon started an ambitious project to connect the
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on a north-south axis, and to complete the central produce market,
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Richardson, Joanna. "Emperor of Paris Baron Haussmann 1809–1891,"
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The debate about the military function of Haussmann's boulevards
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One of the leaders of the parliamentary opposition to Napoleon,
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was the centerpiece of Napoleon III's new Paris. The architect,
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and National Convention, an administrator of the department of
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Haussmann: His Life & Times and the Making of Modern Paris
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Haussmann: His Life and Times and the Making of Modern Paris
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Les Fleurs du Mal: The Complete Text of The Flowers of Evil
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1519:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 37
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Paris Impérial - La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire
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Haussmann's Architectural Paris – The Art History Archive
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Some critics and historians in the 20th century, notably
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programme of new boulevards, parks and public works in
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depicted this loss of connection in such paintings as
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693:, described the style simply as "Napoleon the Third".
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in its place, Haussmann's fortunes changed. In 1848,
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Department. In 1851 was appointed as prefect of the
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Joconde – visites guidées – zooms – baron Haussmann
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1616:"Le Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann (Biographie)"
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1118:Paris changes ... but in sadness like mine
1102:changes half so fast as a city's face) ...
647:, giving central Paris its distinctive harmony.
517:swept away the July Monarchy, establishing the
1797:, Richard Howard, trans., © 1985, D.R. Godine.
1115:and obstinately pecking at the drains ...
847:, and increased its criticism of Haussmann.
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1113:white feathers dragging through uneven ruts,
1087:witnessed these changes and wrote the poem "
827:by Haussmann, Victor Havard Publisher, 1890.
1246:who designed the 19th-century extension of
1229:, especially the introduction and prologue.
382:Haussmann was born on 27 March 1809, at 53
1758:Memoirs of Haussmann, cited in Maneglier,
1532:. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges.
262: 1838–1890)
84:14 October 1877 – 27 October 1882
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27:French noble and urban planner (1809–1891)
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583:At the end of December 1851, he staged a
486:. He was posted as deputy prefect to the
1950:Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris
1915:(2012), Les Editions du Mécène, Paris, (
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592:The emperor's minister of the interior,
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447:of 1830, which deposed the Bourbon king
1904:Carmona, Michel, and Patrick Camiller.
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1111:webbed feet clumsy on the cobblestones,
1109:a swan that had broken out of its cage,
1104:There used to be a poultry market here,
470:of the prefecture of the Department of
102:9 June 1857 – 4 September 1870
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971:in 1862. His name is preserved in the
134:23 June 1853 – 5 January 1870
984:Financing the reconstruction of Paris
837:Les Comptes fantastiques de Haussmann
629:to the present twenty arrondissements
605:Haussmann held this post until 1870.
458:He was married on 17 October 1838 in
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1427:(1890). Quoted in Maneglier, Hervé,
755:(1852–58) to the west of Paris, the
2069:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
1126:and memories weigh more than stone.
1106:and one cold morning ... I saw
2001:from French language site Insecula
1952:(Princeton University Press, 1958)
1276:, also known as Napoleon III style
1010:Paris Universal Exposition of 1855
25:
2044:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
841:The Fantastical Tales of Hoffmann
339:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)øʒɛn(baʁɔ̃)osman]
1986:
1567:Grammmaire des jardins Parisiens
1349:Haussmann, Georges Eugène, Baron
1331:
1139:and his friends, who considered
1122:neighbourhoods turn to allegory,
1120:nothing stirs—new buildings, old
905:Portrait of Baron Haussmann, by
2054:French people of German descent
1554:Grammaire des jardins parisiens
645:faced with cream-coloured stone
615:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
453:Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
364:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
350:(1853–1870), chosen by Emperor
259:
1483:Les jardins du Baron Haussmann
1470:Les jardins du Baron Haussmann
1263:Paris during the Second Empire
1042:Caisse des travaux de la Ville
431:He began his schooling at the
1:
2049:Conservatoire de Paris alumni
1969:(1975), 25#12 pp. 843–49
1819:cited in De Moncan, Patrice,
1806:cited in De Moncan, Patrice,
1675:, cited in Maneglier, Hervé,
1098:Paris is gone (no human heart
502:on 19 February 1840, and the
1552:Jarrasse, Dominique (2007),
877:(three volumes, 1890–1893).
763:(1865–67) to the north, and
1957:Journal of Economic History
1565:Jarrasse, Dominque (2007),
1481:De Moncan, Patrice (2009),
1468:De Moncan, Patrice (2009),
1080:A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
1052:Criticism of the renovation
932:His work also inspired the
759:(1860–65) to the east, the
568:and create a new park, the
564:in Paris, by extending the
2100:
1999:"Georges Eugène Haussmann"
1930:(St. Martin's Press, 2013)
1835:, checked 21 October 2007.
1227:Paris Capital of Modernity
1172:
952:. The American architect
612:
1937:, (1990), Armand Colin, (
1530:The Architecture of Paris
1458:. Routledge. p. 334.
944:in New York, visited the
320:
170:
127:
95:
77:
60:
51:
2005:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
1993:Georges Eugène Haussmann
1601:, Seuil, 2000. See also
1456:Encyclopedia of the City
1196:, he wrote that his new
963:Haussmann had been made
950:Parc des Buttes Chaumont
767:(1865–78) to the south.
761:Parc des Buttes Chaumont
531:Minister of the Interior
523:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
451:in favor of his cousin,
415:Georges Frédéric Dentzel
384:Rue du Faubourg-du-Roule
378:Origins and early career
362:commonly referred to as
327:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
41:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
1821:Les jardins d'Haussmann
1808:Les jardins d'Haussmann
1603:l'exemplaire de Gallica
1354:Encyclopædia Britannica
991:Boulevard de Strasbourg
936:in the United States.
934:City Beautiful Movement
494:on 9 October 1832, the
426:Napoleon's First Empire
354:to carry out a massive
2074:Lycée Condorcet alumni
1959:(1957) 17#1 pp 45–61.
1528:Ayers, Andrew (2004).
1494:Milza, Pierre (2006),
1258:List of urban planners
1128:
1071:impressionist movement
913:
887:Père Lachaise Cemetery
828:
740:
694:
648:
632:
602:
578:Second French Republic
510:on 23 November 1841.
301:Conservatoire de Paris
227:Père Lachaise Cemetery
2079:Lycée Henri-IV alumni
2064:French urban planners
2034:Architects from Paris
1454:Caves, R. W. (2004).
1388:Kirkland, 2013; p. 78
1376:Kirkland, 2013; p. 77
1367:Kirkland, 2013; p. 76
1093:
997:, long unfinished.
938:Frederick Law Olmsted
904:
822:
734:
705:(1864). He completed
684:
638:
622:
598:
1995:at Wikimedia Commons
1926:Kirkland, Stephane,
1913:Le Paris d'Haussmann
1892:, (2014), p. 115–117
1877:Le Paris d'Haussmann
1793:Charles Baudelaire,
1747:Le Paris d'Haussmann
1745:de Moncan, Patrice,
1660:Le paris d'Haussmann
1647:Le paris d'Haussmann
1634:Le paris d'Haussmann
1580:Le Paris d'Haussmann
1578:Moncan, Patrice de,
1569:, Parigramme. p. 134
1515:Clark, T.J. (1984),
1198:boulevard Sebastopol
1151:, as illustrated by
891:Place de la Concorde
776:Jardin du Luxembourg
399:Legislative Assembly
397:was a deputy of the
329:, commonly known as
90:Member of the Senate
1911:de Moncan, Patrice,
1888:Rougerie, Jacques,
1622:on 22 October 2007.
1498:, Editions Perrin (
1297:Notes and citations
1274:Second Empire style
973:Boulevard Haussmann
609:Rebuilding of Paris
411:National Convention
154:Jean-Jacques Berger
67:Chamber of Deputies
2059:French Protestants
1948:Pinkney, David H.
1933:Maneglier, Hervé,
1890:La Commune de 1871
1771:Maneglier, Hervé,
1723:Maneglier, Hervé,
1710:Maneglier, Hervé,
1697:Maneglier, Hervé,
1440:Patrick Camiller,
1410:Maneglier, Hervé,
1397:Maneglier, Hervé,
1085:Charles Baudelaire
1061:would satisfy the
940:, the designer of
925:, carried back to
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829:
741:
695:
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633:
594:Victor de Persigny
527:Napoleon Bonaparte
441:Paris Conservatory
249:Octavie de Laharpe
2084:Prefects of Seine
1991:Media related to
1921:978-2-907970-98-3
1593:Baron Haussmann,
1538:978-3-930698-96-7
1504:978-2-262-02607-3
856:Franco-German War
782:"Baron Haussmann"
757:Bois de Vincennes
641:Avenue de l'Opéra
468:secretary-general
388:Nicolas Haussmann
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512:
500:Saint-Girons
465:
457:
430:
407:commissioner
381:
368:
352:Napoleon III
330:
326:
325:
208:(1891-01-11)
160:Succeeded by
143:Napoleon III
129:
111:Napoleon III
97:
79:
29:
2029:1891 deaths
2024:1809 births
1875:de Moncan,
1749:, pp. 48–53
1671:Haussmann,
1658:De Moncan,
1645:De Moncan,
1632:De Moncan,
1591:(in French)
1250:called the
1207:Saint-Simon
1160:Jules Simon
1058:Jules Ferry
869:deputy for
867:Bonapartist
833:Jules Ferry
715:Paris Opera
687:Paris Opera
668:Vanne River
586:coup d'état
435:and at the
418: [
391: [
238:Bonapartist
150:Preceded by
72:Haute-Corse
2018:Categories
1423:Persigny,
1292:References
1137:Guy Debord
995:Les Halles
711:Hôtel-Dieu
707:Les Halles
539:Draguignan
513:After the
480:Yssingeaux
307:Profession
296:Alma mater
186:1809-03-27
1762:, p. 257.
1727:, p. 254.
1714:, p. 254.
1701:, p. 263.
1679:, p. 262.
1662:, p. 123.
1649:, p. 123.
1636:, p. 123.
1248:Barcelona
1185:in 1871.
1063:bourgeois
919:William I
745:Hyde Park
449:Charles X
373:Biography
285:Education
275:Valentine
130:In office
98:In office
80:In office
1961:in JSTOR
1879:, p. 34.
1673:Mémoires
1595:Mémoires
1472:, p. 15.
1425:Memoires
1414:, p. 20
1401:, p. 20
1252:Eixample
1217:See also
1194:Memoires
1141:urbanism
1089:The Swan
909:, 1860,
875:Mémoires
825:Memoires
799:Downfall
551:Bordeaux
476:Poitiers
460:Bordeaux
311:Official
277:Eugénie
270:Children
1431:, p. 20
1342::
1164:Gaulois
1145:leisure
1046:Memoirs
965:senator
871:Ajaccio
789:aqueduc
576:of the
560:to the
549:out of
547:Gironde
504:Gironde
484:prefect
344:prefect
335:French:
315:prefect
264:
256:
252:
229:, Paris
139:Monarch
118:Prefect
107:Monarch
1941:
1919:
1861:(2007)
1848:(1961)
1536:
1502:
1336:
927:Berlin
921:, the
897:Legacy
558:Louvre
496:Ariège
472:Vienne
405:and a
244:Spouse
217:France
197:France
1485:p. 21
1075:Manet
881:Death
793:baron
543:Yonne
508:Blaye
492:Nérac
422:]
395:]
360:Paris
348:Seine
258:(
254:
213:Paris
193:Paris
122:Seine
37:Baron
1939:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1500:ISBN
735:The
685:The
639:The
203:Died
180:Born
70:for
2007:at
1351:".
1282:'s
1096:Old
1077:'s
535:Var
474:at
346:of
120:of
2020::
1866:^
1732:^
1545:^
1381:^
1319:^
1304:^
1225:,
1166::
1016:.
975:.
960:.
553:.
455:.
428:.
420:fr
413::
393:fr
366:.
313:,
260:m.
215:,
195:,
45:LH
1945:)
1923:)
1605:.
1540:.
1506:)
631:.
333:(
188:)
184:(
20:)
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