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when he has acquired the faculty of making them render his existence really more agreeable. It is impossible to censure him who desires them, to despise him who commands them, but when to obtain them he employs odious means; or when after he has obtained them he makes a pernicious use of them, injurious to himself, prejudicial to others; let him wish for power, let him seek after grandeur, let him be ambitious of reputation, when he can show just pretensions to them; when he can obtain them, without making the purchase at the expense of his own repose, or that of the beings with whom he lives: let him desire riches, when he knows how to make a use of them that is truly advantageous for himself, really beneficial for others; but never let him employ those means to procure them of which he may be ashamed; with which he may be obliged to reproach himself; which may draw upon him the hatred of his associates; or which may render him obnoxious to the castigation of society: let him always recollect, that his solid happiness should rest its foundations upon its own esteem – upon the advantages he procures for others; above all, never let him for a moment forget, that of all the objects to which his ambition may point, the most impracticable for a being who lives in society, is that of attempting to render himself exclusively happy.
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to the appalled author, "Your play is worthless, your dissertation an absurdity, all these gentlemen are making fun of you. Leave here, and go back to do curate's duty in your village." Then the curé got up, no less furious, spewed forth all imaginable insults against his too sincere advisor, and from insults would have passed to blows and to tragic murder if we had not separated them. Rousseau left in a rage, which I believed to be temporary, but which has never ceased and which has done nothing but increase since that time.
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844:(1776) he attempted to describe a system of morality in place of the Christian one he had so fiercely attacked, but these later writings were not as popular or influential as his earlier work. D'Holbach was critical towards abuses of power in France and abroad. Contrary to the revolutionary spirit of the time however, he called for the educated classes to reform the corrupt system of government and warned against revolution, democracy, and
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978:. Rousseau stopped attending the salon for some time after an incident in February 1754. Diderot had arranged for an acquaintance of his, the Abbé Petit, to read a tragedy composed by the Abbé at d'Holbach's. When the Abbé presented his work, he preceded it by reading his treatise on theatrical composition which the attendees at d'Holbach's found so absurd that they could not help being amused. The attendees —Diderot,
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French government to let private individuals collect tax on the ground that the tax collectors often extort double the money they are supposed to collect from the citizens. He also believed that religious groups should be voluntary organizations without any government support. In addition, D'Holbach is counted among the fiercest critics of luxury in the 18th-century debate.
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Later in 1754, when he learnt that Mme d'Holbach had died, Rousseau wrote a tender condolence letter to d'Holbach, and the friendship between the two men was rekindled. For three more years, Rousseau would frequent the salon of d'Holbach. D'Holbach later arranged, along with Grimm and
Diderot, for an
597:
d'Holbach authored and translated a large number of articles on topics ranging from politics and religion to chemistry and mineralogy. As a German who had become a naturalised
Frenchman, he undertook the translation of many contemporary German works of natural philosophy into French. Between 1751 and
994:
I will confess that, half-laughingly, half-soberly, I myself strung the poor curé along. Jean-Jacques hadn't said a word, hadn't smiled an instant, hadn't moved from his armchair. Suddenly he rose up like a madman and, springing towards the curé, took his manuscript, threw it on the floor, and cried
892:
The government should do nothing for the merchant except to leave him alone. No regulations can guide him in his enterprise so well as his own interest. ... The state owes commerce nothing but protection. Among commercial nations those that allow their subjects the most unlimited liberty may be sure
745:
It is quite natural in man, it is extremely reasonable, it is absolutely necessary, to desire those things which can contribute to augment the sum of his felicity. Pleasure, riches, power, are objects worthy his ambition, deserving his most strenuous efforts, when he has learned how to employ them;
897:
D'Holbach believed that the state should prevent a dangerous concentration of wealth amongst a few individuals from taking place. According to him, hereditary aristocracy should be abolished on the ground that it breeds indolence and incompetence. He criticized the then prevailing policy of the
456:
Meetings were held regularly twice a week, on
Sundays and Thursdays, in d'Holbach's home in rue Royale. Visitors to the salon were exclusively males, and the tone of discussion highbrow, often extending to topics more extensive than those of other salons. This, along with the excellent food,
373:
and in the following year received a special dispensation from the Pope to marry his deceased wife's sister, Charlotte-Suzanne d'Aine (1733–1814). They had a son, Charles-Marius (1757–1832), and two daughters, Amélie-Suzanne (13 January 1759) and Louise-Pauline (19 December 1759 – 1830).
733:, but in happiness: "It would be useless and almost unjust to insist upon a man's being virtuous if he cannot be so without being unhappy. So long as vice renders him happy, he should love vice." D'Holbach's radicalism posited that humans were fundamentally motivated by the pursuit of
358:. In 1750, he married his second cousin, Basile-Geneviève d'Aine (1728–1754), and in 1753 a son was born to them, Francois Nicholas, who left France before his father died. In 1753 both d'Holbach's uncle and father died, leaving him with an enormous inheritance, including
956:, containing contributions by d'Holbach, appeared. The two were in substantial agreement on questions related to religion and philosophy. They also shared similar interests like gourmandizing, taking country walks and collecting fine prints, and beautiful paintings.
322:
Sources differ regarding d'Holbach's dates of birth and death. His exact birthday is unknown, although records show that he was baptised on 8 December 1723. Some authorities incorrectly give June 1789 as the month of his death. D'Holbach's mother, Catherine
Jacobina
422:
is based on d'Holbach. Holbach died in Paris on 21 January 1789, a few months before the French
Revolution. The authorship of his various anti-religious works did not become widely known until the early 19th century. Ironically, he was buried in the Church of
965:
was first published, many believed
Diderot to be the actual author of the book. Based on the writing style, the Durants opine that the book was not written by Diderot although he may have composed the flowery address to Nature towards the end of the book.
699:
arguments, d'Holbach saw the universe as nothing more than matter in motion, bound by inexorable natural laws of cause and effect. "There is", he wrote, "no necessity to have recourse to supernatural powers to account for the formation of things."
1405:
Sources differ regarding d'Holbach's dates of birth and death. His exact birthday is unknown, although records show that he was baptised on 8 December 1723. Some authorities incorrectly give June 1789 as the month of his
6012:
1044:, "d'Holbach, more than Voltaire, more than Diderot, is the father of all the philosophy and all the anti-religious polemics at the end of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century."
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and her mother, pledging them not to reveal this to
Rousseau for fear of wounding Rousseau's pride. When Rousseau eventually found out about this, he was furious with his friends for humiliating him.
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637:, denying authorship of the work, made known his aversion to d'Holbach's philosophy, writing that " is entirely opposed to my principles. This book leads to an atheistic philosophy that I detest."
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D'Holbach was known for his generosity, often providing financial support discreetly or anonymously to his friends, amongst them
Diderot. It is thought that the virtuous atheist Wolmar in
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D'Holbach's objectives in challenging religion were primarily moral: he saw the institutions of
Christianity as a major obstacle to the improvement of society. For him, the foundation of
563:
the place to hear the freest, most animated, and most instructive conversation that ever was...in regard to philosophy, religion, and government; light pleasantries had no place there.
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was a close personal friend of d'Holbach's, and that it is unclear to what extent d'Holbach was influenced by him. Indeed, Diderot may possibly have been the author of parts of the
369:
D'Holbach remained wealthy throughout his life. In 1754, his wife died from an unknown disease. The distraught d'Holbach moved to the provinces for a brief period with his friend
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with withdrawal of financial support unless it effectively suppressed the circulation of the book. The list of people writing refutations of the work was long. The prominent
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and the Jardin Royal, and not 500 meters from the parish church Saint-Roche where he, Denis
Diderot, and many other notables would be buried. The address was changed during
884:, d'Holbach defended private property, and stated that wealth is generated from labor and all should have the right to the product of their labor. He endorsed the theory of
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614:, d'Holbach is better known today for his philosophical writings, all of which were published anonymously or under pseudonyms and printed outside France, usually in
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298:, since the year 1733 in possession of François Adam d'Holbach. In 1735 additional buildings were erected. Paul Henri Thiry Holbach inherited this estate in 1750.
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1765, D'Holbach contributed some four hundred articles to the project, mostly on scientific subjects, in addition to serving as the editor of several volumes on
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Tableau des Saints, ou Examen de l'esprit, de la conduite, des maximes & du mérite des personages que le christiannisme révère & propose pour modèles
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630:(Christianity Unveiled) appeared, in which he attacked Christianity and religion in general as an impediment to the moral advancement of humanity. The
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226:. He helped in the dissemination of "Protestant and especially German thought", particularly in the field of the sciences, but was best known for his
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1051:, a book of d'Holbach was circulated to all departmental heads in a bid to rein in religious revivalism. In England, d'Holbach's views influenced
602:. D'Holbach might also have written several disparaging entries on non-Christian religions, intended as veiled criticisms of Christianity itself.
314:
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350:) (approx. 1675–1753), who had become a millionaire by speculating on the Paris stock-exchange. With his financial support, d'Holbach attended
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Holbach; 1684–1743), was the daughter of Johannes Jacobus Holbach (died 1723). His father, Johann Jakob Dietrich (with other notations: ger.:
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had questioned whether atheists actually existed whereupon D'Holbach had clarified that Hume was sitting at a table with seventeen atheists.
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It is not clear when d'Holbach and Diderot first met, but by 1752 they definitely knew each other. This was the year when Volume II of the
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737:, which is what he meant by "society", rather than by empty and selfish gratification of purely individual needs. Chapter 15 of Part I of
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Notices sur les auteurs des dix-sept volumes de « discours » de l'Encyclopédie. Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie.
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In his last works, D'Holbach's attention largely shifted away from religious metaphysics towards moral and political questions. In the
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expensive wine, and a library of over 3000 volumes, attracted many notable visitors. Among the regulars in attendance at the salon—the
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718:, it is on the basis of this work that d'Holbach's philosophy has been called "the culmination of French materialism and atheism".
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is a long and extensive work presenting a thoroughly naturalistic view of the world. Some d'Holbach scholars have pointed out that
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Système Social, ou Principes naturels de la morale et de la Politique, avec un examen de l'influence du gouvernement sur les mœurs
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is titled "Of Man's true Interest, or of the Ideas he forms to himself of Happiness. – Man cannot be happy without Virtue."
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622:. His philosophy was expressly materialistic and atheistic and is today categorised into the philosophical movement called
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During the summer months, when Paris was hot and humid, Baron d'Holbach retreated to his country estate at Grandval,
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According to Rousseau, most of this money was pocketed by Thérèse's mother for herself, and for her other daughters.
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From c. 1750 to c. 1790, Baron d'Holbach used his wealth to maintain one of the more notable and lavish Parisian
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Ecce Homo! Or, A Critical Inquiry into the History of Jesus Christ; Being a Rational Analysis of the Gospels
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264:). The birthplace of Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach was in the house n° 4. Old picture postcard from 1940.
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2476:(BBKL), vol. 15 Herzberg: Bautz 1999 (ISBN 3-88309-077-8), col. 716–726 (with detailed bibliography).
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Christianity unveiled: being an examination of the principles and effects of the Christian religion
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commented that d'Holbach could hold his own among scholars since he was learned and knowledgeable.
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D'Holbach wrote nothing of his childhood, although it is known he was raised in Paris by his uncle
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also drew up an answer to it. Its principles are summed up in a more popular form in d'Holbach's
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A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy
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Essai sur les préjugés, ou De l'influence des opinions sur les mœurs & le bonheur des hommes
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925:. He was buried on 21 January 1789, in the ossuarium beneath the altar in the parish church of
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In a frequently narrated story about a discussion that had taken place in D'Holbach's salon,
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393:). There he would invite friends to stay for a few days or weeks, and every year he invited
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Le Christianisme dévoilé, ou Examen des principes et des effets de la religion chrétienne
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1314:"Pictures and a short presentation of the history of the building in french language"
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1755:"Luxury, Mystification, and Oppressive Power in d'Holbach's Philosophical Writings"
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1143:
1081:
390:
382:
359:
295:
5581:
230:, and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being
2183:
1508:
Enlightening the world: Encyclopédie, the book that changed the course of history
348:
Messire François-Adam, Baron d'Holbach, Seigneur de Heeze, Leende et autres Lieux
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presented a core of radical ideas which many contemporaries, both churchmen and
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164:
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D'Holbach et la philosophie scientifique au XVIIIe siècle. Rev. ed. Paris, 1967
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Virgil V. Topazio, "Diderot's Supposed Contribution to D'Holbach's Works", in
2067:
1968:
1887:
1827:
1611:
Virgil V. Topazio, "Diderot's Supposed Contribution to D'Holbach's Works", in
1437:
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881:
845:
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518:
517:. The salon was also visited by prominent British intellectuals, amongst them
306:
Portrait of M Charlotte Suzanne d´Holbach, his second wife. Oil painting from
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1474:
For an in-depth discussion of d'Holbach's "coterie", see Alan Charles Kors,
1072:
1016:, d'Holbach "had read everything and never forgotten anything of interest".
906:
726:
615:
2442:
Böse Philosophen: Ein Salon in Paris und das vergessene Erbe der Aufklärung
2048:
This was d'Holbach's first wife. Two years later he would marry her sister.
447:, which soon became an important meeting place for the contributors to the
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A Wicked Company. The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment.
1455:
A Wicked Company. The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment.
1344:
A Wicked Company. The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment.
1078:
848:. His political and ethical views were influenced by British materialist
792:
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398:
257:
209:
56:
5410:
2264:
Politique Naturelle, ou Discours sur les vrais principes du Gouvernement
1417:
A Wicked Company. The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment
821:
6170:
4593:
4504:
4425:
4415:
4058:
4011:
2571:
2191:
Système de la nature ou des loix du monde physique & du monde moral
1781:
1480:
The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment
227:
156:
714:. Regardless, however, of the extent of Diderot's contribution to the
5629:
4663:
4556:
4435:
3999:
2772:
2288:
La Morale Universelle, ou Les devoirs de l'homme fondés sur la Nature
2225:
Histoire critique de Jésus-Christ, ou Analyse raisonnée des évangiles
2176:
Théologie Portative, ou Dictionnaire abrégé de la religion chrétienne
1771:
1754:
213:
60:
2341:
Christianity Unveiled by Baron d'Holbach: A Controversy in Documents
291:
2560:
Baron D'Holbach: A Study of Eighteenth Century Radicalism in France
2348:
Baron d'Holbach: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Radicalism in France
1236:
Baron d’Holbach: A Study of Eighteenth Century Radicalism in France
5665:
4440:
3993:
2658:
2538:
905:
820:
749:
690:
631:
313:
301:
290:
275:
267:
247:
85:
1149:
The Secular Outlook: In Defense of Moral and Political Secularism
5680:
4021:
2200:), published 1770 in 2 volumes in French under the pseudonym of
5414:
3942:
3810:
2832:
2613:
2575:
2327:
Atheism, Religion and Enlightenment in pre-Revolutionary Europe
4103:
2374:
T. C. Newland, "D'Holbach, Religion, and the 'Encyclopédie'",
2124:
Bon Sens, ou idées naturelles opposées aux idées surnaturelles
1639:
System of Nature; or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World
1600:
System of Nature; or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World
1572:
T. C. Newland, "D'Holbach, Religion, and the 'Encyclopédie'",
689:
who had died ten years previously. Denying the existence of a
2163:
La Contagion sacrée, ou Histoire naturelle de la superstition
2383:
D'Holbach's Moral Philosophy: Its Background and Development
1950:
The Story of Civilization Volume 10: Rousseau and Revolution
1932:
The Story of Civilization Volume 10: Rousseau and Revolution
1865:
The Story of Civilization Volume 10: Rousseau and Revolution
1626:
D'Holbach's Moral Philosophy: Its Background and Development
559:, a regular attendee at D'Holbach's salon, described it as:
2360:
Alan Charles Kors, "The Atheism of D'Holbach and Naigeon",
2070:'s skepticism that awoke Kant from his "dogmatic slumber".
929:. This ossuarium has been ransacked twice, once during the
2397:
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
2298:
Eléments de morale universelle, ou Catéchisme de la Nature
1613:
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
1301:
Baron D'holbach A Study Of Eighteenth Century Radicalism.
1181:
Baron d'Holbach: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Radicalism
1067:. It is speculated that d'Holbach's views influenced the
1436:
Today the address is 10, rue des Moulins, which is near
1119:
The Enlightenment: History, Documents, and Key Questions
220:, but lived and worked mainly in Paris, where he kept a
2501:
Bibliographie descriptive des écrits du baron d'Holbach
2472:
Werner Raupp: „Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d’“, in
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1718:
1716:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1478:(Princeton University Press, 1976). Also Dena Goodman,
1218:
Michael LeBuffe, "Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d'Holbach",
959:
When d'Holbach's radically atheistic and materialistic
795:
hastily seized his pen to refute the philosophy of the
766:
found disturbing, and thus prompted a strong reaction.
2066:
It was the combination of d'Holbach's materialism and
2013:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1991:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1917:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1850:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1740:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1725:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1707:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1560:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1545:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
1530:
The Story of Civilization Volume 9:The Age of Voltaire
921:
D'Holbach is believed to have died shortly before the
913:, front view of the church in which he and his friend
2250:
Good Sense: or, Natural Ideas Opposed to Supernatural
2169:
Lettres à Eugénie, ou Préservatif contre les préjugés
1000:
annuity of 400 livres for Rousseau's common-law wife
880:(1776), d'Holbach gave his economic views. Following
2427:
Essays on the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert
2402:
S. G. Tallentyre (pseud. for Evelyn Beatrice Hall),
1214:
1212:
811:
Good Sense, or Natural Ideas Opposed to Supernatural
6205:
6154:
6002:
5869:
5689:
5638:
5595:
5448:
5312:
5216:
5101:
5021:
4956:
4878:
4785:
4770:
4722:
4684:
4396:
4321:
4196:
4187:
4117:
4045:
3976:
3730:
3632:
3589:
3568:
3515:
3484:
3468:
3415:
3349:
3301:
3265:
3232:
3151:
3110:
2954:
2843:
2413:
Baron d'Holbach: A Prelude to the French Revolution
2309:
Essai sur l'art de ramper, à l'usage des courtisans
1628:(Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1956), p. 117.
673:In 1770, d'Holbach published his most famous book,
150:
138:
128:
118:
106:
96:
74:
45:
23:
2277:Ethocratie, ou Le gouvernement fondé sur la morale
1961:
1959:
1943:
1941:
1910:
1908:
1880:
1878:
2362:Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment
2388:Everett C. Ladd Jr., "Helvétius and d'Holbach",
2378:, Vol. 69, No. 3, (Jul. 1974), pp. 523–533.
657:, who would later become his literary executor.
1457:Basic Books, New York, (2010), pp. xi, xii, 1,
1275:"Old photograph of the 1949 destroyed building"
992:
890:
852:. D'Holbach personally translated Hobbes' work
743:
561:
354:from 1744 to 1748, where he became a friend of
188:; 8 December 1723 – 21 January 1789), known as
5938:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
2355:D'Holbach's Coterie: An Enlightenment in Paris
1510:, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 124,
1476:D'Holbach's Coterie: An Enlightenment in Paris
1366:D'Holbach's Coterie: An Enlightenment in Paris
974:The attendees at d'Holbach's dinners included
653:. D'Holbach was helped in these endeavours by
427:. The exact location of the grave is unknown.
318:Le Château de Grand-Val; view of the park site
200:and writer, who was a prominent figure in the
5426:
3954:
3822:
2587:
2474:Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
1807:Basic Books, New York, (2010), pp. xii, 302,
1652:"Chapter XV, Pt I, English translation, 1820"
8:
6327:Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
2716:
2687:
2673:
1369:. Princeton University Press. 8 March 2015.
1222:(Summer 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
940:
2782:
2385:(Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1956).
1576:, Vol. 69, No. 3, (Jul. 1974), pp. 523–533.
1063:. In Germany, d'Holbach's views influenced
1024:enthusiastically endorsed d'Holbach's book
758:The explicitly atheistic and materialistic
610:Despite his extensive contributions to the
6097:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
5433:
5419:
5411:
4782:
4193:
4051:
3961:
3947:
3939:
3829:
3815:
3807:
2840:
2829:
2621:
2610:
2594:
2580:
2572:
2464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
31:
20:
16:German-born French philosopher (1723–1789)
5360:Relationship between religion and science
2508:Le style philosophique du baron d'Holbach
2282:Ethocracy or Government Founded on Ethics
2198:, or Laws of the Moral and Physical World
1780:
1770:
2554:The System of Nature—English translation
1419:. Basic Books, New York (2010), p. 302,
693:, and refusing to admit as evidence all
2429:(London: Oxford University Press, 1968)
2367:John Lough, "Helvétius and d'Holbach",
2078:
2041:
1852:. Simon&Schuster. pp. 699–700.
1346:Basic Books, New York, (2010), p. 181,
1220:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1109:
4286:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
2457:
1547:. Simon&Schuster. pp. 695–6.
401:chapel service at the opening of the
183:
7:
2521:Works by d' Paul Henri Thiry Holbach
2420:Essays in the History of Materialism
1993:. Simon & Schuster. p. 700.
1974:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1952:. Simon & Schuster. p. 153.
1934:. Simon&Schuster. pp. 27–8.
1833:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1496:1989, Volume 7, Numéro 7, p. 143–144
1392:Cassell's Illustrated Guide to Paris
1201:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1028:. D'Holbach's philosophy influenced
2357:(Princeton University Press, 1976).
2252:). This was an abridged version of
1689:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1637:Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach,
1598:Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach,
1248:Charlotte Daine (18 January 2012).
2399:, LXIX, 1, 1954, pp. 173–188.
2336:(Princeton University Press 2010).
2304:Lettre à une dame d'un certain âge
2256:. It was published anonymously in
2015:. Simon&Schuster. p. 713.
1919:. Simon&Schuster. p. 697.
1742:. Simon&Schuster. p. 709.
1727:. Simon&Schuster. p. 708.
1709:. Simon&Schuster. p. 707.
1562:. Simon&Schuster. p. 696.
1532:. Simon&Schuster. p. 149.
969:
272:Segment of his baptism certificate
14:
3849:Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
2530:Works by or about Baron d'Holbach
2329:(Royal Historical Society, 2012).
1753:Galvagni, Enrico (17 June 2020).
1084:is named in honour of d'Holbach.
945:
335:; 1672–1756), was a wine-grower.
177:Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
110:Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
6462:French philosophers of education
6422:German philosophers of education
6312:18th-century French male writers
6307:18th-century French philosophers
5501:Unification Church in Japan
5395:
5394:
5384:
3927:
3874:Guillaume Thomas François Raynal
3790:
3789:
2546:
2510:, Honoré Champion (Paris, 2004).
2364:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
2027:Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
1482:(Cornell University Press, 1996)
1183:. Kessinger Pub. Co. (2004), p.5
941:D'Holbach and his contemporaries
641:was followed by others, notably
6402:People from Südliche Weinstraße
6372:French male non-fiction writers
2390:Journal of the History of Ideas
1442:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
1303:Kessinger Pub. Co. (2004), p.11
1152:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 21.
6342:Critics of the Catholic Church
6332:French critics of Christianity
6126:Books critical of Christianity
3879:Jean-François de Saint-Lambert
2490:(Paris: André Delpeuch, 1928).
2444:(in German). Hanser, München.
2371:, Vol. 33, No. 3. (Jul. 1938).
1641:(London, 1797), Vol. 1, p. 109
1122:. Abc-Clio. 10 November 2015.
729:or the moral teachings of the
1:
6146:Books critical of Scientology
2563:by Max Pearson Cushing (1914)
2096:1768 – "The Sacred Contagion"
1615:, LXIX, 1, 1954, pp. 173–188.
1602:(London, 1797), Vol. 1, p. 25
893:of soon excelling all others.
799:in the article "Dieu" in his
430:
419:Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse
6352:Burials at Saint-Roch, Paris
6055:Letter to a Christian Nation
5325:Desacralization of knowledge
2719:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
2539:Works by Baron d'Holbach
2339:David Holohan (Translator),
1759:Journal of Modern Philosophy
1250:"Genealogy Charlotte d'Aine"
933:, and again during the 1871
6392:French critics of religions
6141:Books critical of Mormonism
4737:Best of all possible worlds
4694:Eschatological verification
4251:Fine-tuning of the universe
3889:François-Jean de Chastellux
3884:Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard
2688:
2567:Stanford Encyclopedia Entry
2545:(public domain audiobooks)
2114:1770 – "Essay on prejudice"
389:on the outskirts of Paris (
6478:
6387:German emigrants to France
6362:Enlightenment philosophers
6048:God: The Failed Hypothesis
6034:God in the Age of Science?
2105:1768 – "Portable Theology"
1008:Appreciation and influence
802:Dictionnaire philosophique
791:("Materialism examined").
785:wrote a refutation titled
666:
586:
434:
6417:Philosophers of economics
6136:Books critical of Judaism
5481:Latter Day Saint movement
5380:
4054:
3925:
3844:
3776:
2839:
2828:
2733:Methodological skepticism
2624:
2620:
2609:
1966:Arthur M. Wilson (1972).
1885:Arthur M. Wilson (1972).
1825:Arthur M. Wilson (1972).
783:Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier
771:Catholic Church in France
735:enlightened self-interest
683:Jean-Baptiste de Mirabaud
282:Adam François d'Holbach's
280:Franz Adam Holbach's, or
170:
114:
30:
6432:Philosophers of religion
6382:German atheism activists
6317:French atheism activists
6104:Why I Am Not a Christian
5691:Religious discrimination
4966:Friedrich Schleiermacher
4552:Theories about religions
4354:Inconsistent revelations
2343:, (Hodgson Press, 2008).
2029:(Routledge, 2003) pg. 75
1193:Arthur M. Wilson (175).
856:("Of Man") into French.
725:was to be sought not in
391:Département Val-de-Marne
6437:Philosophers of science
6427:Philosophers of history
6412:Philosophers of culture
6242:Criticism of monotheism
6131:Books critical of Islam
6118:The Demon-Haunted World
5975:Anti-Christian violence
5506:Westboro Baptist Church
3914:Claude Adrien Helvétius
3864:Jean-François Marmontel
2405:The Friends of Voltaire
1895:Oxford University Press
685:, the secretary of the
679:Le Système de la nature
379:Le Château de Grand-Val
344:Adam François d'Holbach
123:18th-century philosophy
6447:Political philosophers
5562:New religious movement
4830:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
3970:Philosophy of religion
3869:Charles-Georges Le Roy
2783:
2717:
2683:Enlightened absolutism
2674:
2440:Blom, Philipp (2011).
2392:(1962) 23(2): 221–238.
2376:Modern Language Review
2369:Modern Language Review
1574:Modern Language Review
1299:Cushing, Max Pearson:
1179:Cushing, Max Pearson:
1069:historical materialism
997:
970:D'Holbach and Rousseau
918:
895:
829:
788:Examen du matérialisme
755:
748:
651:Essai sur les préjugés
565:
387:N° 27 rue du Grand-Val
364:Kasteel Heeze te Heeze
319:
311:
299:
296:Kasteel Heeze te Heeze
288:
273:
265:
238:The Universal Morality
206:Paul Heinrich Dietrich
50:Paul Heinrich Dietrich
6302:18th-century atheists
6193:Nontheistic religions
6111:Why I Am Not a Muslim
6027:Christianity Unveiled
5491:Seventh-day Adventist
5442:Criticism of religion
5365:Faith and rationality
5320:Criticism of religion
5258:Robert Merrihew Adams
5248:Nicholas Wolterstorff
4451:Divine command theory
3904:Jacques-André Naigeon
2649:Counter-Enlightenment
2488:D'Holbach et ses amis
2346:Max Pearson Cushing,
2086:Christianity Unveiled
1675:, Chapter 15, Part I.
1233:Max Pearson Cushing,
1018:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
976:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
946:D'Holbach and Diderot
909:
824:
753:
681:), under the name of
655:Jacques-André Naigeon
639:Christianity Unveiled
628:Christianisme dévoilé
580:Contributions to the
515:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
461:—were the following:
435:Further information:
414:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
317:
305:
294:
279:
271:
251:
68:(present-day Germany)
6452:Secularism in France
6337:Critics of religions
6322:Atheist philosophers
6237:Criticism of atheism
6069:The Blind Watchmaker
5651:Charles Taze Russell
5496:Unification movement
5355:Religious philosophy
4835:Pico della Mirandola
4800:Anselm of Canterbury
4732:Augustinian theodicy
4644:Religious skepticism
3977:Concepts in religion
2603:Age of Enlightenment
2315:Secondary literature
2254:The System of Nature
2196:The System of Nature
2011:Will Durant (1965).
1989:Will Durant (1965).
1948:Will Durant (1967).
1930:Will Durant (1967).
1915:Will Durant (1965).
1869:Simon & Schuster
1863:Will Durant (1967).
1848:Will Durant (1965).
1738:Will Durant (1965).
1723:Will Durant (1965).
1705:Will Durant (1965).
1558:Will Durant (1967).
1543:Will Durant (1967).
1528:Will Durant (1967).
962:The System of Nature
911:Church of Saint-Roch
866:Système de la nature
840:(1773–1774) and the
760:The System of Nature
704:The System of Nature
675:The System of Nature
669:The System of Nature
662:The System of Nature
606:Anti-religious works
397:whom he joined at a
262:Rhineland-Palatinate
233:The System of Nature
202:French Enlightenment
25:Paul Thiry d'Holbach
6457:Social philosophers
6407:Philosophers of art
6377:French materialists
5618:Mormon sacred texts
5476:Jehovah's Witnesses
5340:History of religion
5041:Friedrich Nietzsche
4918:Gottfried W Leibniz
4913:Nicolas Malebranche
4845:King James VI and I
4125:Abrahamic religions
3838:D'Holbach's Coterie
3609:Feijóo y Montenegro
3560:Vorontsova-Dashkova
2381:Virgil W. Topazio,
2353:Alan Charles Kors,
2284:) (Amsterdam, 1776)
1624:Virgil W. Topazio,
874:Politique naturelle
872:(1772), two-volume
868:, the three-volume
838:Politique naturelle
817:Politics and morals
807:Frederick the Great
647:Théologie portative
643:La Contagion sacrée
549:; and the American
459:coterie holbachique
437:D'Holbach's Coterie
284:house in Edesheim,
6020:Breaking the Spell
5962:Sectarian violence
5871:Religious violence
5819:Oriental Orthodoxy
5676:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
5535:Twelver Shia Islam
5350:Religious language
5330:Ethics in religion
5288:William Lane Craig
5163:Charles Hartshorne
4903:Desiderius Erasmus
4805:Augustine of Hippo
4747:Inconsistent triad
4709:Apophatic theology
4704:Logical positivism
4686:Religious language
4306:Watchmaker analogy
4271:Necessary existent
4047:Conceptions of God
4007:Intelligent design
3909:Ferdinando Galiani
2748:Natural philosophy
2248:, published 1772 (
1318:Fr.topic-topos.com
1038:Camille Desmoulins
919:
842:Morale universelle
830:
756:
624:French materialism
600:natural philosophy
340:Franz Adam Holbach
333:Jean-Jacques Thiry
329:Johann Jakob Dirre
320:
312:
300:
289:
286:Schloss Kupperwolf
274:
266:
218:Rhenish Palatinate
145:French materialism
133:Western philosophy
65:Rhenish Palatinate
6347:Barons of Holbach
6279:
6278:
6062:The Age of Reason
6013:Atheist Manifesto
5814:Eastern Orthodoxy
5777:Jehovah's Witness
5736:post–Cold War era
5639:Religious figures
5518:Swaminarayan sect
5408:
5407:
5308:
5307:
5268:Peter van Inwagen
5253:Richard Swinburne
5198:George I Mavrodes
5058:Vladimir Solovyov
4998:Søren Kierkegaard
4923:William Wollaston
4870:William of Ockham
4850:Marcion of Sinope
4752:Irenaean theodicy
4742:Euthyphro dilemma
4669:Transcendentalism
4498:Womanist theology
4488:Feminist theology
4392:
4391:
4183:
4182:
4069:Divine simplicity
3989:Euthyphro dilemma
3936:
3935:
3804:
3803:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2797:Scientific method
2654:Critical thinking
2525:Project Gutenberg
2451:978-3-446-23648-6
2418:G. V. Plekhanov,
2350:(New York, 1914).
2332:Jonathan Israel,
2214:Project Gutenberg
2126:. Amsterdam, 1772
1813:978-0-465-01453-8
1492:Frank A. Kafker:
1463:978-0-465-01453-8
1425:978-0-465-01453-8
1352:978-0-465-01453-8
1324:on 3 January 2012
1281:on 3 October 2018
1099:Lists of atheists
1002:Thérèse Levasseur
931:French Revolution
927:Saint-Roch, Paris
923:French Revolution
827:Louis Carmontelle
551:Benjamin Franklin
513:and, for a time,
431:D'Holbach's salon
425:Saint-Roch, Paris
352:Leiden University
252:Insight into the
174:
173:
101:Saint-Roch, Paris
90:Kingdom of France
6469:
6090:The God Delusion
6083:The End of Faith
6076:The Caged Virgin
6041:God Is Not Great
5435:
5428:
5421:
5412:
5398:
5397:
5388:
5293:Ali Akbar Rashad
5156:Reinhold Niebuhr
5116:Bertrand Russell
5111:George Santayana
5008:Albrecht Ritschl
4993:Ludwig Feuerbach
4783:
4779:(by date active)
4639:Process theology
4384:Russell's teapot
4194:
4189:Existence of God
4099:Process theology
4052:
4037:Theological veto
4000:religious belief
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3793:
3792:
2841:
2830:
2788:
2722:
2693:
2679:
2622:
2611:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2550:
2549:
2534:Internet Archive
2469:
2463:
2455:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2030:
2025:Mehring, Franz,
2023:
2017:
2016:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1871:. p. 18,27.
1860:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1772:10.32881/jomp.88
1750:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1728:
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1711:
1710:
1702:
1691:
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1676:
1673:System of Nature
1670:
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1659:
1654:. Ftarchives.net
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1395:. Cassell. 1884.
1387:
1381:
1380:
1361:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:. Archived from
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1304:
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1288:
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1277:. Archived from
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1254:Gw1.geneanet.org
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1049:French Directory
1026:System of Nature
739:System of Nature
716:System of Nature
712:System of Nature
308:Alexander Roslin
187:
185:[dɔlbak]
182:
107:Other names
81:
69:
39:Alexander Roslin
35:
21:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6367:Epistemologists
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6230:In Christianity
6201:
6198:Parody religion
6150:
5998:
5865:
5724:Catholic Church
5685:
5634:
5596:Religious texts
5591:
5444:
5439:
5409:
5404:
5376:
5304:
5300:Alexander Pruss
5283:Jean-Luc Marion
5238:Alvin Plantinga
5233:Dewi Z Phillips
5220:
5218:
5212:
5183:Walter Kaufmann
5173:Frithjof Schuon
5146:Rudolf Bultmann
5103:
5097:
5093:Joseph Maréchal
5083:Pavel Florensky
5078:Sergei Bulgakov
5063:Ernst Troeltsch
5046:Harald Høffding
5023:
5017:
4988:William Whewell
4976:Georg W F Hegel
4971:Karl C F Krause
4958:
4952:
4948:Johann G Herder
4938:Baron d'Holbach
4888:Augustin Calmet
4874:
4790:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4766:
4724:Problem of evil
4718:
4714:Verificationism
4680:
4388:
4334:Atheist's Wager
4317:
4179:
4113:
4041:
4017:Problem of evil
3972:
3967:
3937:
3932:
3923:
3859:Baron von Grimm
3840:
3835:
3805:
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3799:
3786:
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3628:
3585:
3564:
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3411:
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3228:
3147:
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2802:Spanish America
2676:Encyclopédistes
2639:Civil liberties
2616:
2605:
2600:
2547:
2517:
2499:J. Vercruysse,
2483:
2456:
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2439:
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2411:W. H. Wickwar,
2322:
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2155:) published in
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1998:
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1987:
1983:
1965:
1964:
1957:
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1946:
1939:
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1883:
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1803:Blom, Philipp:
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1798:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1732:
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1721:
1714:
1704:
1703:
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1685:Baron d'Holbach
1683:
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1506:Blom, Philipp,
1505:
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1490:
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1473:
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1453:Blom, Philipp:
1452:
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1435:
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1415:Blom, Philipp:
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1342:Blom, Philipp:
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1040:. According to
1010:
972:
948:
943:
904:
862:
819:
773:threatened the
754:Baron d'Holbach
731:Catholic Church
671:
665:
620:Marc-Michel Rey
608:
591:
585:
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547:Cesare Beccaria
543:Laurence Sterne
439:
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407:Laurence Sterne
403:English Embassy
246:
180:
153:
92:
83:
79:
78:21 January 1789
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53:8 December 1723
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26:
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6206:Related topics
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5623:Book of Mormon
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5587:Zoroastrianism
5584:
5579:
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5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
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5542:
5537:
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5362:
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5332:
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5322:
5316:
5314:
5313:Related topics
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5273:Daniel Dennett
5270:
5265:
5263:Ravi Zacharias
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5228:William L Rowe
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5203:William Alston
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5151:Gabriel Marcel
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5088:Ernst Cassirer
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5048:
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5033:
5027:
5025:
5019:
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4990:
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4983:Thomas Carlyle
4979:
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4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
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4920:
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4908:Baruch Spinoza
4905:
4900:
4895:
4893:René Descartes
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4865:Thomas Aquinas
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
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4641:
4636:
4634:Possibilianism
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4626:
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4611:
4606:
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4579:
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4522:
4517:
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4510:Fundamentalism
4507:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4471:Existentialism
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
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4366:
4364:Noncognitivism
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4313:Transcendental
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4281:Pascal's wager
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4211:
4209:Christological
4206:
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4191:
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3899:André Morellet
3896:
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2946:Wollstonecraft
2943:
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2516:
2515:External links
2513:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2503:(Paris, 1971).
2497:
2493:Paul Naville,
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1128:
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1094:Ibn al-Rawandi
1089:
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1082:(6956) Holbach
1009:
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971:
968:
947:
944:
942:
939:
903:
900:
870:Système social
861:
860:Economic views
858:
834:Système social
818:
815:
667:Main article:
664:
659:
607:
604:
587:Main article:
584:
578:
576:
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545:; the Italian
531:Horace Walpole
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204:. He was born
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152:Main interests
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112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
84:
82:(aged 65)
76:
72:
71:
55:
49:
47:
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6474:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6257:Superstitions
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Protestantism
5829:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:Protestantism
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5401:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Anthony Kenny
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:Mircea Eliade
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:William James
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Ernst Haeckel
5029:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:Immanuel Kant
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Blaise Pascal
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Language game
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Occam's razor
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Consciousness
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4109:Unmoved mover
4107:
4105:
4104:Supreme Being
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3930:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Augustin Roux
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Denis Diderot
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3732:United States
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Budai-Deleanu
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Ashley-Cooper
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2827:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Progressivism
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Individualism
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:A. Sandrier,
2505:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:René Hubert,
2485:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2422:(trans. 1934)
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2325:Mark Curran,
2324:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
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2022:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2005:
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1997:
1992:
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1982:
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1933:
1926:
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1756:
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1608:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1589:, xxxvii. 23.
1588:
1582:
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1575:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:1-4039-6895-0
1513:
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1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
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1386:
1383:
1378:
1376:9781400869909
1372:
1368:
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1199:
1198:
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1182:
1176:
1173:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:Cliteur, Paul
1139:
1136:
1131:
1129:9781610698467
1125:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Immanuel Kant
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:According to
1007:
1005:
1003:
996:
991:
989:
988:Saint-Lambert
985:
981:
977:
967:
964:
963:
957:
955:
954:
938:
936:
935:Paris Commune
932:
928:
924:
916:
915:Denis Diderot
912:
908:
901:
899:
894:
889:
887:
886:laissez-faire
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
850:Thomas Hobbes
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:D'Holbach by
823:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
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765:
761:
752:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
708:Denis Diderot
705:
701:
698:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
663:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
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613:
605:
603:
601:
596:
590:
583:
579:
574:
572:
570:
564:
560:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:David Garrick
536:
535:Edward Gibbon
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
438:
428:
426:
421:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:Denis Diderot
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
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341:
336:
334:
330:
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316:
309:
304:
297:
293:
287:
283:
278:
270:
263:
259:
255:
254:Ludwigstrasse
250:
243:
241:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:encyclopedist
196:philosopher,
195:
194:Franco-German
191:
186:
178:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
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109:
105:
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99:
97:Resting place
95:
91:
87:
77:
73:
66:
62:
58:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
6357:Determinists
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6011:
5884:Christianity
5861:Zorostianism
5792:Anti-Judaism
5787:Antisemitism
5731:Christianity
5709:Bahá'i Faith
5466:Christianity
5456:Baháˈí Faith
5369:
5188:Martin Lings
5141:Emil Brunner
5131:Paul Tillich
5121:Martin Buber
5036:W K Clifford
5013:Afrikan Spir
4937:
4928:Thomas Chubb
4880:Early modern
4860:Adi Shankara
4773:Philosophers
4757:Natural evil
4673:
4649:Spiritualism
4624:Perennialism
4577:Metaphysical
4421:Antireligion
4296:Teleological
4219:Cosmological
4170:Baháʼí Faith
4135:Christianity
4094:Personal god
3848:
3780:
3525:Catherine II
3026:
2977:Beaumarchais
2807:Universality
2778:Reductionism
2725:
2702:Human rights
2559:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2473:
2441:
2426:
2425:John Lough,
2419:
2412:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2134:Bibliography
2123:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2081:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2026:
2021:
2012:
1990:
1984:
1969:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1888:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1828:
1820:
1804:
1799:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1706:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1646:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1454:
1449:
1432:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1343:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1317:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1219:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1148:
1138:
1118:
1112:
1077:
1046:
1025:
1011:
998:
993:
973:
960:
958:
953:Encyclopédie
951:
949:
920:
917:were buried.
896:
891:
877:
876:(1772), and
873:
869:
865:
863:
853:
841:
837:
836:(1773), the
833:
831:
810:
800:
796:
786:
768:
763:
759:
757:
744:
738:
720:
715:
711:
703:
702:
694:
678:
674:
672:
661:
650:
646:
642:
638:
627:
612:Encyclopédie
611:
609:
595:Encyclopédie
594:
592:
589:Encyclopédie
582:Encyclopédie
581:
566:
562:
555:
491:La Condamine
458:
455:
450:Encyclopédie
448:
443:
440:
417:
411:
386:
383:Sucy-en-Brie
378:
376:
368:
363:
360:Heeze Castle
347:
343:
337:
332:
328:
324:
321:
285:
281:
253:
237:
231:
221:
205:
189:
176:
175:
80:(1789-01-21)
37:Portrait by
18:
6442:Philosophes
6397:Ontologists
6297:1789 deaths
6292:1723 births
6188:New Atheism
6161:Agnosticism
5966:By country
5933:Persecution
5846:Sunni Islam
5809:Neopaganism
5797:Persecution
5770:Persecution
5758:Persecution
5719:Catholicism
5656:Ellen White
5572:Scientology
5567:Neopaganism
5449:By religion
5208:Antony Flew
5193:Peter Geach
5126:René Guénon
5073:Lev Shestov
5068:Rudolf Otto
4775:of religion
4614:Panentheism
4547:Inclusivism
4466:Exclusivism
4461:Esotericism
4431:Creationism
4411:Agnosticism
4379:Poor design
4374:Omnipotence
4301:Natural law
4276:Ontological
4229:Contingency
4079:Holy Spirit
3919:Jean Darcet
3782:Romanticism
3604:Charles III
3445:Poniatowski
3382:Leeuwenhoek
3362:de la Court
3350:Netherlands
3194:Mendelssohn
3189:Lichtenberg
3067:Montesquieu
2785:Sapere aude
2768:Rationalism
2763:Rationality
2753:Objectivity
2294:, PDF file.
2292:en français
2246:Le Bon Sens
2218:en français
1782:10023/21279
1047:During the
888:, arguing:
781:theologian
764:philosophes
527:John Wilkes
371:Baron Grimm
356:John Wilkes
310:(1718–1793)
236:(1770) and
165:materialism
161:determinism
6286:Categories
6166:Antitheism
5955:In Judaism
5851:Shia Islam
5748:Falun Gong
5557:Monotheism
5178:J L Mackie
5136:Karl Barth
4933:David Hume
4855:Maimonides
4840:Heraclitus
4629:Polytheism
4599:Nondualism
4587:Humanistic
4572:Naturalism
4562:Monotheism
4520:Henotheism
4515:Gnosticism
4446:Demonology
4329:747 gambit
4246:Experience
4084:Misotheism
3624:Villarroel
3619:Jovellanos
3555:Radishchev
3502:Micu-Klein
3440:Niemcewicz
3407:Swammerdam
3397:Nieuwentyt
3387:Mandeville
3242:Farmakidis
3128:Burlamaqui
3037:La Mettrie
3012:Fontenelle
2967:d'Argenson
2962:d'Alembert
2886:Harrington
2812:Utopianism
2712:Liberalism
2669:Empiricism
2644:Classicism
2634:Capitalism
2210:vol.2 text
2206:vol.1 text
1897:. p.
1585:Voltaire,
1438:The Louvre
1105:References
878:Ethocratie
626:. In 1761
569:David Hume
523:David Hume
519:Adam Smith
479:D'Alembert
6247:Sexuality
6176:Criticism
6155:Movements
5980:In Odisha
5911:Christian
5906:Terrorism
5889:Mormonism
5836:Rastafari
5804:Mormonism
5699:Ahmadiyya
5582:Yazdânism
5540:Wahhabism
5278:Loyal Rue
5003:Karl Marx
4825:Gaudapada
4654:Shamanism
4619:Pantheism
4604:Nontheism
4582:Religious
4567:Mysticism
4540:Christian
4530:Religious
4481:Atheistic
4476:Christian
4359:Nonbelief
4344:Free will
4160:Mormonism
3984:Afterlife
3745:Jefferson
3687:Hutcheson
3576:Obradović
3545:Lomonosov
3540:Kheraskov
3450:Śniadecki
3214:Weishaupt
3209:Thomasius
3199:Pufendorf
3042:Lavoisier
3027:d'Holbach
3022:Helvétius
3002:Descartes
2997:Condorcet
2992:Condillac
2926:Priestley
2743:Modernity
2664:Democracy
2460:cite book
2258:Amsterdam
1791:2644-0652
1658:16 August
1328:16 August
1285:16 August
1259:16 August
1165:29 August
1073:Karl Marx
1053:Priestley
1014:Marmontel
980:Marmontel
854:De Homine
727:Scripture
616:Amsterdam
499:Helvétius
483:Marmontel
475:Condorcet
471:Condillac
244:Biography
190:d'Holbach
6225:In Islam
6220:Apostasy
5992:Pakistan
5950:In Islam
5879:Buddhism
5753:Hinduism
5714:Buddhism
5671:Muhammad
5530:Islamism
5513:Hinduism
5471:Catholic
5461:Buddhism
5400:Category
5345:Religion
5335:Exegesis
4820:Boethius
4815:Averroes
4810:Avicenna
4792:medieval
4762:Theodicy
4609:Pandeism
4525:Humanism
4493:Thealogy
4436:Dharmism
4406:Acosmism
4398:Theology
4266:Morality
4261:Miracles
4140:Hinduism
4130:Buddhism
4089:Pandeism
4064:Demiurge
4032:Theodicy
3795:Category
3740:Franklin
3707:Playfair
3677:Ferguson
3634:Scotland
3581:Mrazović
3535:Kantemir
3530:Fonvizin
3469:Portugal
3435:Krasicki
3430:Konarski
3425:Kołłątaj
3377:Koerbagh
3326:Genovesi
3311:Beccaria
3273:Berkeley
3204:Schiller
3169:Humboldt
3143:Saussure
3138:Rousseau
3102:Voltaire
3057:Maréchal
3032:Jaucourt
2987:Châtelet
2982:Chamfort
2931:Reynolds
2834:Thinkers
2738:Midlands
2727:Lumières
2697:Humanism
2690:Haskalah
2543:LibriVox
2228:, 1770 (
2202:Mirabaud
1765:(1): 7.
1146:(2010).
1088:See also
1079:Asteroid
846:mob rule
805:, while
793:Voltaire
779:Catholic
723:morality
696:a priori
687:Académie
635:Voltaire
593:For the
575:Writings
557:Morellet
507:Morellet
399:Anglican
258:Edesheim
240:(1776).
210:Edesheim
192:, was a
57:Edesheim
6252:Slavery
6183:Cārvāka
6171:Atheism
5987:Nigeria
5921:Islamic
5896:Judaism
5841:Sikhism
5782:Judaism
5704:Atheism
5577:Sikhism
5552:Judaism
5547:Jainism
5371:more...
5104:postwar
4787:Ancient
4675:more...
4594:New Age
4535:Secular
4505:Fideism
4456:Dualism
4426:Atheism
4416:Animism
4322:Against
4165:Sikhism
4155:Judaism
4150:Jainism
4059:Brahman
4012:Miracle
3750:Madison
3722:Stewart
3662:Burnett
3657:Boswell
3642:Beattie
3614:Moratín
3599:Cadalso
3550:Novikov
3485:Romania
3460:Wybicki
3455:Staszic
3402:Spinoza
3372:Huygens
3367:Grotius
3321:Galvani
3316:Galiani
3266:Ireland
3247:Feraios
3219:Wieland
3184:Lessing
3179:Leibniz
3152:Germany
3133:Prévost
3118:Abauzit
3082:Quesnay
3072:Morelly
3062:Meslier
3047:Leclerc
3007:Diderot
2896:Johnson
2871:Collins
2866:Bentham
2851:Addison
2844:England
2792:Science
2629:Atheism
2532:at the
2408:(1907).
2320:English
2290:, 1776
1970:Diderot
1889:Diderot
1829:Diderot
1197:Diderot
1061:Shelley
1022:Diderot
864:In his
797:Système
632:deistic
511:Naigeon
503:Galiani
463:Diderot
405:led by
331:; fr.:
228:atheism
216:in the
212:, near
181:French:
157:Atheism
6267:Jewish
6262:Muslim
5926:Jewish
5856:Sufism
5630:Talmud
5613:Hadith
5390:Portal
4664:Theism
4557:Monism
4291:Reason
4241:Desire
4236:Degree
4204:Beauty
4118:God in
4074:Egoism
4027:Spirit
3702:Newton
3692:Hutton
3672:Cullen
3569:Serbia
3517:Russia
3507:Șincai
3417:Poland
3357:Bekker
3331:Pagano
3293:Toland
3257:Korais
3252:Kairis
3234:Greece
3164:Herder
3159:Goethe
3123:Bonnet
3111:Geneva
3097:Turgot
3087:Raynal
3077:Pascal
3017:Gouges
2955:France
2941:Tindal
2936:Sidney
2911:Newton
2906:Milton
2881:Godwin
2876:Gibbon
2773:Reason
2615:Topics
2481:French
2448:
2434:German
2415:(1935)
2300:, 1790
2266:, 1773
2242:, 1770
2187:, 1770
2179:, 1768
2171:, 1768
2165:, 1768
2159:, 1761
1811:
1789:
1587:Œuvres
1514:
1461:
1423:
1406:death.
1373:
1350:
1156:
1126:
1059:, and
1057:Godwin
1042:Faguet
1036:, and
1034:Danton
649:, and
495:Raynal
487:Turgot
444:salons
385:today
214:Landau
140:School
129:Region
61:Landau
6215:Abuse
6004:Books
5970:India
5916:Hindu
5901:Islam
5824:Copts
5765:Islam
5743:Druze
5666:Moses
5661:Jesus
5646:Aisha
5608:Quran
5603:Bible
5525:Islam
4659:Taoic
4441:Deism
4224:Kalam
4175:Wicca
4145:Islam
3994:Faith
3760:Paine
3755:Mason
3717:Smith
3667:Burns
3652:Blair
3647:Black
3591:Spain
3497:Maior
3392:Meyer
3336:Verri
3303:Italy
3288:Swift
3283:Burke
3278:Boyle
3224:Wolff
3052:Mably
2972:Bayle
2921:Price
2901:Locke
2891:Hooke
2861:Bacon
2659:Deism
2157:Nancy
2139:Works
2036:Notes
1030:Marat
984:Grimm
902:Death
882:Locke
775:crown
691:deity
467:Grimm
223:salon
86:Paris
59:near
5681:Saul
5221:2010
5219:1990
5217:1970
5102:1920
5024:1900
5022:1880
4959:1850
4957:1800
4349:Hell
4339:Evil
4256:Love
4022:Soul
3712:Reid
3697:Mill
3682:Hume
3341:Vico
3174:Kant
3092:Sade
2916:Pope
2466:link
2446:ISBN
2272:1773
2068:Hume
1809:ISBN
1787:ISSN
1660:2012
1512:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1330:2012
1287:2012
1261:2012
1167:2013
1154:ISBN
1124:ISBN
769:The
342:(or
75:Died
46:Born
5945:War
4789:and
4197:For
3998:or
2541:at
2523:at
2212:at
1976:177
1899:182
1837:–6.
1835:175
1777:hdl
1767:doi
1203:620
1071:of
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