711:, was at the battle and was killed when he attempted to parley, but this claim is disputed. Sergeant Theodore Papier went out to meet them, then White Bear shot and killed the sergeant, and Henely's troops responded by shooting down Little Bull and Dirty Water. Henely's official report makes no mention of the parley. Henely ordered his men to get into the prone position and the fighting continued like that for another 20 minutes. Wheeler managed to sneak around and shot a few Indians in the head. After a while, the Indians stopped firing, and Henely thinking that the Indians were dead mounted his horse to chase after the other escaped Indians from the village. Just as he mounted two more Indians popped out, one of which was White Bear, but both were quickly shot and killed. One last warrior popped out of the pits and started to move in a strange, side ways hopping manner, for unknown reasons. At this point, the Indians started to retreat towards the camp and the soldiers started to surround the camp. The soldiers started to open fire on all of the Indians they could see, with some still resisting by shooting or jumping out from pits. As the soldiers were moving through the village, Sergeant Fred Platten and Private Marcus Robbins reported seeing one young Cheyenne riding a horse and leading another horse through the camp, then another older Cheyenne mounted the other horse and the two tried to escape together. The younger Cheyenne was shot and killed while the older Cheyenne escaped. A similar story was told among Indians about a young Cheyenne named Little Bear who tried to could have escaped, but at the last moment decided to go back to die with his family, although in this version there was no mention of an extra horse. Henely ordered his men to loot the village and burn it to the ground. According to Henely, the fight lasted 3 hours.
609:, then followed along the river north, northwest until they got to Sappa Creek. Seven days into their journey, they stopped at Punished Women's Fork to eat and rest for a bit. However, due to lack of food and time to hunt, they decided to steal cattle from a few white cowboys who then rode off to the south. Along the way they picked up Sand Hill and his band, but they also formed new groups with them and then split up along different trails to meet up later. Along the way, Little Bull's new party discovered a buffalo hunter camp, which was empty at the time, so they took whatever supplies they could, which would later lead to their discovery. Finally, they arrived at Sappa Creek and set up camp in the middle of Sappa Creek in order to do some hunting. There were few trees to conceal their presence, however due to the high hills and low valleys, others would have to be close to see it.
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firearms and opened fire upon him, causing
Rafferty and his men to retreat. More U.S. soldiers arrived from Tenth Calvary; however, the Cheyennes held them off until Colonel Neill arrived with a gatling gun, breaking up the Dog Soldiers position. However, just as Colonel Neill ordered his men to advance the Dog Soldiers opened fire once more and with nightfall coming, Neill commanded a retreat. Some Indians in White Horse's camp (mostly men) decided to head north to further escape from the U.S. military. General Pope offered amnesty from the sand hill fight for all Indians who would come back to Cheyenne-Arapahoe Agency, which many of the women from White Horse's village did.
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Company camped the night about five miles from the Sappa, and Henely sent the buffalo hunters along with Homer
Wheeler to locate the camp. They searched for three days until they found a hunting party of 12 Cheyenne, 2 of which they captured. The four men continued their search until Wheeler finally found a group of horses owned by the Indians. He could tell they were owned by the Indians since they were not alarmed by his presence. The scouts returned to the company around 2:00 am on April 23, and Wheeler led the group to the Indian encampment, where around 60 Indians were sheltered along the Middle Fork of
790:, where he claims the battle was overly violent against the Indians, including the post-battle burning of a living child. Notably, Street was not a firsthand witness of the battle. Lockard, a nearby Kansas settler, furthered these accusations, claiming that any and all surviving Cheyenne were burned alive. Frederick Platten, one of the Medal of Honor recipients who participated in the battle, accused Henely in 1958 of ordering him to shoot a Cheyenne woman and her baby after the fight, the only known accusation of atrocities from a firsthand source.
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the plains to other Indian camps, causing some to seek amnesty in the Indian agency with
General Pope. Some Indians, such as chiefs Sand Hill and Bull Elk with their bands, fled in the general direction that Little Bull and his band fled. In total, 200-300 Cheyenne attempted to escape, around 60 of which were in Little Bull's band. Although the exact path of Little Bull's band is not certain, it is speculated that they fled up north of the Canadian River, crossed over to the
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475:, predicted a drought in 1874, claimed to have gone to heaven and back, claimed he could raise the dead, and claimed he could cause bullets to pass through his allies without harm. His most well-known feat was eating a wagonload of bullets, regurgitating them back out, and then eating them again. Isatai gain many followers fast, including some Cheyenne, but mostly to observe him to see if he was worth following.
415:, as outlined in the Medicine Lodge Treaty. However, due to the dwindling numbers of buffalo from the hunters excessive killing, they slowly started hunt into the Indian's territory. By 1873, the hunters constantly entered the Indians territory. It was the U.S. military's job to patrol and guard the border of the territory, but they usually ignored the crossings of the buffalo hunters.
544:. Five of the family members were killed brutally, including both parents, and four of the daughters, ages 5–17, were taken captive by the warriors. During their captivity, the daughters were abused and neglected by their captors. The event became known as the German Massacre (sometimes spelled Germaine in early documents). In the fall, a column of US soldiers led by First Lieutenant
495:, who said that the hunters were ruffians who deserved whatever happened to them due to their violence upon the Indians and their illegal acts. He even said if he were to send out military troops it would be to break up these settlements and camps, not to protect them. However, Lieutenant General Philip Sheridan disagreed and saw this as a problem with all of the tribes in the area.
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503:, and Colorado. The most notable of these attacks was on July 12 in Lost Valley when Lone Wolf's band attacked Texas rangers led by Major John B. Jones resulting in two rangers dead and two wounded, along with the loss of all of their horses. These attacks led to General Sherman and General Sheridan getting permission to plan a counterattack against the Indians from
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Wheeler and the three hunters to attack the Indians head on. When daylight began to break, an Indian herder spotted the company and ran to warn the Indian camp. Henely immediately commanded his men to advance, although the marshy banks made it difficult to cross the river which separated the Cheyenne from the company, and the men lost a
565:, where General Pope assigned Lieutenant Colonel Thomas H. Neill to watch over all of the incoming Indians prisoners. The two eldest German sisters identified nine Cheyenne of Stone Calf's village who had participated in their family's murder and the sisters’ abuse. After these identifications, selection for which Indians were to be
181:. When Henely's company caught up with the Indians, they killed all that they could, taking no prisoners. This battle has garnered controversy from several individuals – authors, local settlers, and participants in the fight – over allegations of atrocities committed by Henely and his troops, including ignoring an attempt to
740:, some of which Henely believed to represent high status among the tribe. According to Cheyenne narrative, when Henely later showed a Cheyenne woman the bonnet (belonging to White Bear) as well as a silver belt he had taken, the woman predicted Henely would die violently. A year later, he died of a drowning in
771:, have also questioned if the killing of women and children by the company was truly unavoidable, as Henely claimed in his report. Attacks from the Northern Cheyenne in the area three years later was seen widely as justified vengeance on the white men who had massacred their Southern brethren at Sappa Creek.
596:, where US soldiers followed and shot him before he could tell the camp what followed. Since the Sand Hill Massacre happened nearly two years prior, the Indians assumed something similar was happening again and decided to flee. Many guards raced towards White Horse's village, but could not enter due to the
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which suggested that the battle was in reality a massacre, one of the first times the word was used to describe the actions of white men against
Indians. However, Sandoz' book has been criticized for factual inaccuracies, such as placing Medicine Arrows' death at the massacre, as well as its dramatic
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At that point the U.S. soldiers started to dismount, but once they did the
Indians opened fire. Henely then ordered his men to form a skirmish line and fire while advancing on the Indians. According to Cheyenne testimony, the buffalo hunters' long-range guns caused many Indian fatalities, and so much
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On April 7, those Dog
Soldiers reached the camp of Little Bull and told him that the U.S. military was killing Cheyenne near the Indian Agency. Out of fear of the white soldiers coming to kill or capture them, the entire camp packed up and got ready to flee. News of the impending danger spread across
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Company H suffered two deaths: Sergeant Papier and
Private Robert Theims, and no other members of the company were seriously injured. Only one of their horses was killed Death tolls for the Cheyenne are disputed. Both Henely's and a Cheyenne account number the Indian deaths at 27, Henely claims that
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Before daybreak, Henely commanded
Sergeant George Kitchen, along with ten other men of the party, to round up a group of Indian horses grazing on the nearby plateau, and to kill the herders. Another group led by Cpl. Edward C. Sharpless was to protect their supplies. Henely was left with 25 soldiers
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who would put a shackle on their legs. Nearby
Cheyenne women, upon seeing the shackling, began loudly chanting native war songs. Black Horse, one of the prisoners, kicked the blacksmith as he was about to be shackled, and jumped onto a nearby horse to escape. He fled towards the nearby camp of White
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took the chiefs aside and told them they could stay on their land until the buffalo were gone if they stood at least 10 miles away from any white settlements or roads. However, this promise was never added to the treaty. In the end, the Indians were not interested in learning from the whites and did
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for 30 years. An important part of the treaty read that the Indians "yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands south of the Arkansas River so long as the buffalo range thereon in such numbers as to justify chase." The Indians understood this to mean that they could hunt in Kansas and Texas, however
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On July 3 of that year, 1/4 of the Kiowa warriors accepted to join the Cheyenne and Comanche headmen who planned to lead war against the Whites. However, not all Indians participated and instead some sought refuge in the Indian agencies. The Comanche and Kiowa Indians made attacks in Texas, Kansas,
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attacked the Cheyenne band who had possession of three of the German sisters. Addie and Julia, the youngest of the sisters, were rescued in this pursuit. The harsh winter of 1874-75 combined with relentless army pursuit of the Cheyenne led to Chief Stone Calf's surrender, whereupon he revealed the
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Isatai and a Comanche War chief named Kwahidi formed a war band of 200-250 men, consisting of Indians from the Comanches, Kiowas, and Cheyennes. On the morning of June 27, 1874, Isatai's war party attacked Adobe Wall, while Isatai oversaw the attack from a distance. Only three white men died while
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A series of disagreements between Indians and settlers surrounding the Buffalo trade led to the retaliation of the Indians to save the buffalo on the western plains. In 1871, Josiah Wright Mooar started the buffalo hide trade in the west. Within a few months the buffalo hide trade became a booming
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Many different stories exist about what exactly happened at the Battle of Sappa Creek. The first published account was Henely's official report from April 26, 1875. However, the report has been criticized for leaving out important information, such as the Cheyenne attempt at parley. Some, such as
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The Indians started to prepare themselves by going down into the pits and holes that were in the slopes of the riverbank and started to point their guns at the soldiers. The soldiers made signs, indicting to the Indians to surrender. Although Wheeler swore that they understood those signs, it was
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who stayed behind to buy the rest of the camp time to flee. The U.S. Sixth Calvary rode up and opened fire, killing one Indian named Big Shell. Captain William A. Rafferty and his men started to move towards the retreated Indians upon a sand hill, however, unbeknownst to him the Indians acquired
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When word of the attack on Adobe Wall got to U.S. military, they started making plans for a war immediately. These plans were part of the Indian Campaign of 1874, whose goal was to remove Indians from the southern plains to make way for more American settlements. Although, the Indians did have a
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became the center for the buffalo trade, carrying 750,000 hides in 1873 alone. From 1872 to 1874, 4,373,750 buffalo were killed and shipped along the railroad, with possibly a million more not shipped on the railroad. At first, the hunters respected the hunting rights of the Indians south of the
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In total 3000 men participated in the war. The war last about ten months, with mostly victories for the U.S. Army, due to the U.S. Army vastly outnumbering the Indians, low food supply due to the dwindling buffalo, and harsh winter weather. Although there was no official surrender of all of the
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On April 22, the company met a group of buffalo hunters, whose camp had been robbed while they were out hunting by Little Bull's band mentioned earlier. Three of the buffalo hunters joined the company to help track down the Cheyenne camp: Henry Campbell, Charles Shroeder, and Samuel B. Srach. H
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The Indian Peace Commission arranged another treaty at Medicine Lodge Creek on October 21–28, 1867. Only 13 chiefs showed up for this treaty and the Arrow Keeper, the one who binds treaties for the whole tribe, was not in attendance either. In order to remove the Indians from western Kansas,
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to surrender. The Battle at Sappa creek took place just two months before, and was said to be the last major battle of the Red River War. More and more Indians flowed into Fort Sill, who were then stripped of their weapons, put into iron cuffs, or sent free to non-aggressor chiefs.
425:"If I could learn that every buffalo in the northern herd were killed I would be glad...The destruction of this herd would do more to keep the Indians quiet than anything else that could happen. Since the destruction of the southern herd, which formerly roamed from Texas to the
641:, a local rancher who would serve as the company's guide and scout. The group departed on April 19; however, progress was slow, and they traveled only thirteen miles on their first day. The next day, Henely abandoned half of their equipment and began a forced march toward
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unclear whether or not they actually did. The Indians made signs as well; however, the U.S. soldiers were unsure if that was them trying to surrender or if the Indians were trying to communicate among themselves. Eventually, one of the Indians responded in English saying,
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like the treaty of Little Arkansas, the US Government did not have the authority to let them hunt on the Texas panhandle. At the meeting, the Buffalo Chief said he would let the white settlers build the railroad through his land, but he refused to leave western
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Henely, following the battle, recommended eight men for the Medal of Honor for their courageous actions in the fight: Marcus M. Robbins, Richard L. Tea, Frederick Platten, James Lowthers, Simpson Hornaday, Peter W. Gardiner, Michael Dawson, and James F. Ayers.
561:, President Grant ignored the illegality of the commission and ordered the Indians leaders and those deemed worthy of a crime to be separated from their families and incarcerated. The Indians were brought to or surrendered at the Cheyenne Agency at
645:, on the trail of a group of Cheyenne, most likely the group of Indians led by Spotted Wolf. The company lost the trail, and after bivouacking on April 21, determined to head towards the North Fork of Beaver Creek, upon suggestion from Wheeler.
442:. The Indians attacked the camps of various hunters, killing Dave Dudley, Tommy Wallace, John Jones, and Blue Billy. Joe Plummer and Anderson Moore avoided these attacks and went to Adobe Wall to tell the others about what happened.
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Some notable critics of Henely and the battle include William D. Street, F. M. Lockard, and Mari Sandoz. They began to speculate that atrocities were committed by Austin Henely and his company, beginning with Street's article in
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Following the German Massacre, military authorities, especially General Sheridan, ordered that all the “ringleaders” of the Red River War as well as “such as who have been guilty of crimes” were to be incarcerated. The
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The hunters finally decided to go to the south in number and with force in the hopes that the Indians would be too scared to attack them. With them went A. C. Myers, who created a trading post for the hunters called
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became random. 33 Cheyenne were selected in total, including a large number of chiefs, mostly chosen based on the unsubstantiated testimony of white men. At one point, Lieutenant Colonel Niell was reportedly
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and in order to fulfill his quota, picked the eighteen right-most Indians to be incarcerated. These Indians were put in the guardhouse until they could be brought by train from Oklahoma to Fort Marion,
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quickly outlawed the selling of firearms to any Indians. In response, the chiefs sent threats to the U.S. military for breaking the agreements of the treaty. Hancock responded by marching 1400 men from
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against White men, which led to him swearing revenge against the White man. As a prophet for the Indians, there are reports of his divine powers and accomplishments. He predicted the appearance of a
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removed Hancock from his post and created the Indian Peace Commission in part to repair his actions. His violence against the Cheyenne and Sioux Indians will come to be known as "Hancock's War."
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was founded to resolve the many conflicts between the Indians and the U.S. government, including U.S. citizens, among the plains. The commission was to negotiate with the Indian tribes and form
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were put to the north. The tribes were promised weapons and ammunition for hunting as well as seeds and farming lessons. It also stated that they would be taught how to build homes and given
637:, Kansas, to cut off Little Bull's fleeing camp. Henely mobilized remarkably quickly, perhaps seeing the chase as an opportunity for promotion. At Fort Wallace, the company was joined by
540:. However, as they rampaged through the area, most of their victims were unsuspecting settlers. One of the warrior bands attacked the German family, a family of nine originally from
169:. The battle occurred as Henely was chasing after Little Bull's group, which had been sent running in panic caused by a nearby prison break from Black Horse, who was accused of
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Beginning in summer 1874, at least two bands of Cheyenne warriors moved from the south into Kansas to seek revenge on the horse thieves and buffalo hunters they blamed for the
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and White Horse, came out to meet him. Outraged by this, Hancock threatened to send his army into the village to pull out the chiefs by force. With bad memories of the
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nineteen Indians warriors and eight women and children were killed, while the Cheyenne account claims that 7 men and 20 women and children were killed by the company.
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wanted to exterminate the buffalo to terminate the Indians hunting rights. In response to the government wanting to protect the buffalo herds in 1881 he said,
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of the United States stated that Sheridan's commission to incarcerate the Indians leaders was illegal. However, since General Sheridan was good friends with
719:, who was involved in the fight, stated that nineteen Indians were killed in total. This was both the final and the deadliest battle of the Red River War.
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in their minds, the Indians started to run and abandon their homes. Hancock, although warned against doing it, burned 250 houses to the ground. President
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On April 6, 1875, the Cheyenne prisoners were led to be shackled for their upcoming journey to Fort Marion, Florida. They were taken one by one to a
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378:. President Grant wanted to change the responsibility of interacting with the Indians from the military to religious leaders, especially the
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After the battle was over, some of the men in the company, including Henely, took various souvenirs from the battlefield, including Indian
653:. (although Henely reports it to be the North Fork, this is likely because he was unaware of the smaller fork further north on the Sappa).
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tribes, the war was said to have ended in June 1875 when an Indian leader named Quanah of Kwahada Comanche Indians led his party to
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In mid-April, H Company, consisting of 44 men, under the direction of Lieutenant Austin Henely, was sent from their station at
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between 13 and 35 Indians died in that attack. From then on, many more attacks were made on U.S. military camps and roads.
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of the Wautapi band, said he spoke for all of the tribes of Cheyenne although he did not. The Indians were promised
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744:. The company also returned to Fort Wallace with 134 of the Indians' horses they had rounded up before the battle.
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Buffalo Days; Forty Years in the Old West: The Personal Narrative of a Cattleman, Indian Fighter and Army Officer
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1312:"Contested Events and Conflicting Meanings: Mari Sandoz and the Sappa Creek Cheyenne Massacre of 1875"
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The Battle at the Sappa was the result of escalating tensions between Indians, US settlers, and the
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made an executive order to change the Cheyenne and Arapahoe reservation to the north by the
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Buffalo Hunters from 1875. Unconfirmed if these were the hunters involved in the conflict.
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General Philip Sheridan, who led the war efforts against the Indians in the Red River War.
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Massacre at Cheyenne Hole : Lieutenant Austin Henely and the Sappa Creek Controversy
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Isatai, the Medicine man and Prophet of the Comanches. Said to have done many miracles.
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Indians as the U.S. Government. The U.S. gave them a reservation covering parts of
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In the 1850s the U.S. government started to try to confine the Indians to specific
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location of the remaining two living German sisters, who were swiftly rescued.
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7th Calvary to the chiefs' villages. He first encountered a large Cheyenne and
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Henely, Austin (1875). “Report for the Secretary of War for the Year 1875"
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874:(1st ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company Inc.
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among some of the Indian tribes. Isatai lost his uncle in a raid to
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Austin Henely, seated for his class portrait at West Point in 1872.
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Twenty-five Years Among the Indians and Buffalo: A Frontier Memoir
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Cheyennes at Dark Water Creek: The Last Fight of the Red River War
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suffering occurred that Little Bull and Dirty Water went out to
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Julia and Adelaide German, the youngest of the German sisters
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Sgt. Fred Platten's Ten Years on the Trail of the Redskins
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led by Little Bull. The conflict took place in modern-day
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Cheyenne Indian Massacre on the Middle Fork of the Sappa
429:, the Indians in that section have given us no trouble."
1363:. Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society.
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Oscar Frederick Keydel, Walter Frederick Beyer (1906).
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was fought on April 23, 1875, between Company H of the
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Lockard, F. M. (July 1909). "The Battle of Achilles".
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was a Comanche Medicine man and came to be known as a
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for hunting as part of this treaty, however, General
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Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society
1089:The Northern Cheyenne Exodus in History and Memory
1291:. Detroit, Michigan: The Perrien-Keydel Company.
844:(1st ed.). Texas A&M University Press.
685:Map of the location of the Battle of Sappa Creek
491:sympathizer inside the military, Major General
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793:Sandoz published a widely read book entitled
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1160:Life of George Bent Written From His Letters
801:depictions of Henely as a psychotic killer.
703:with the soldiers. Some have claimed that
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694:"Go 'way, John, Bring back our ponies!"
27:Part of Red River War (The Buffalo War)
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524:German Massacre and incarceration
230:was signed between the Cheyenne,
1357:Street, William D. (1907–1908).
1253:. University of Nebraska Press.
1163:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1092:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1050:. University Press of Colorado.
982:. University of Oklahoma Press.
842:The Battles of the Red River War
390:Red River War (The Buffalo War)
350:President Grant and the Quakers
279:village where only two chiefs,
185:and burning of living Indians.
1473:Battles involving the Cheyenne
1388:. University Press of Kansas.
222:General Winfield Scott Hancock
16:US military engagement in 1875
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1207:. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
1124:People of the Sacred Mountain
519:Directly Prior to Sappa Creek
376:Board of Indian Commissioners
346:not stay on any reservation.
146:Austin Henely and a group of
976:Chalfant, William Y (1997).
455:Second Battle of Adobe Walls
1382:Street, William D. (2015).
1310:Kinbacher, Kurt E. (2016).
1121:Powell, Peter John (1981).
707:, the keeper of the sacred
140:Sixth United States Cavalry
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559:President Ulysses S. Grant
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136:Massacre at Cheyenne Hole,
1468:1875 in the United States
1201:Wheeler, Homer H (1925).
592:Horse, just north of the
514:The Battle at Sappa Creek
228:Treaty of Little Arkansas
132:The Battle of Sappa Creek
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1419:Kansas Magazine 2, No. 1
1086:Leiker, James N (2012).
1044:Monnett, John H (1999).
870:Haley, James L. (1976).
840:Cruse, J. Brett (2008).
748:End of the Red River War
621:Pursuit of the Cheyennes
250:, and almost all of the
1438:. Williams News Press.
1432:Way, Thomas E. (1959).
778:Mari Sandoz, author of
583:Flight of the Cheyennes
419:General Philip Sheridan
204:Indian Peace Commission
1316:Great Plains Quarterly
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431:
370:to 125 miles south of
268:Winfield Scott Hancock
223:
152:Rawlins County, Kansas
88:Commanders and leaders
57:Rawlins County, Kansas
1328:10.1353/gpq.2016.0051
1247:Sandoz, Mari (2005).
1157:Bent, George (2010).
777:
732:Battlefield souvenirs
692:
684:
664:
615:
531:
485:
448:
423:
256:Council of Forty-Four
226:In October 1865, the
221:
142:under the command of
125:Approximately 27 dead
117:Casualties and losses
22:Battle of Sappa Creek
1127:. Harper & Row.
108:6th Cavalry Regiment
285:Sand Creek Massacre
783:
687:
667:
657:Fighting commences
631:Colorado Territory
618:
534:
510:on July 20, 1874.
508:William W. Belknap
488:
451:
438:, built along the
224:
194:US-Indian treaties
1463:Conflicts in 1875
1395:978-0-7006-2166-8
1170:978-0-8061-1577-1
1099:978-0-8061-4370-5
851:978-1-60344-027-1
368:Briton Darlington
339:John B. Henderson
144:Second Lieutenant
129:
128:
70:
69:
1480:
1448:
1447:
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1354:
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1282:
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1244:
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1198:
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1112:
1111:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1041:
1002:
1001:
973:
886:
885:
867:
856:
855:
837:
643:Smoky Hill River
555:Attorney General
546:Frank D. Baldwin
505:Secretary of War
148:Cheyenne Indians
83:Cheyenne Indians
42:
41:
36:
19:
1488:
1487:
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1376:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1261:
1250:Cheyenne Autumn
1246:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1220:
1200:
1199:
1186:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1140:
1120:
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1115:
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1085:
1084:
1073:
1058:
1043:
1042:
1005:
990:
975:
974:
889:
882:
872:The Buffalo War
869:
868:
859:
852:
839:
838:
811:
807:
796:Cheyenne Autumn
780:Cheyenne Autumn
764:
750:
734:
729:
705:Medicine Arrows
678:in the process.
659:
623:
585:
526:
521:
516:
458:
403:
401:Buffalo hunters
398:
392:
360:Cherokee Outlet
356:President Grant
352:
297:
252:Texas panhandle
216:
214:Little Arkansas
202:. In 1867, the
196:
191:
167:buffalo hunting
112:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1486:
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1424:
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1322:(4): 309–326.
1302:
1288:Deeds of Valor
1274:
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717:Marcus Robbins
658:
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622:
619:
607:Cimarron River
594:Canadian River
584:
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522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
457:
452:
440:Canadian River
413:Arkansas River
402:
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394:Main article:
391:
388:
364:Cimarron River
362:, east by the
354:In July 1869,
351:
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296:
295:Medicine Lodge
293:
289:Andrew Johnson
215:
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195:
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127:
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101:Units involved
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1260:0-8032-9341-0
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1057:0-87081-527-X
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989:0-8061-2875-5
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881:0-385-06149-8
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646:
644:
640:
639:Homer Wheeler
636:
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595:
590:
582:
580:
578:
573:
568:
564:
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556:
550:
547:
543:
539:
538:Red River War
530:
523:
518:
513:
511:
509:
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502:
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484:
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453:
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430:
428:
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409:
400:
397:
396:Red River War
389:
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164:
163:US Government
159:
157:
156:Red River War
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
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120:
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111:
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95:
93:Austin Henely
92:
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55:
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51:
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44:
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30:
25:
20:
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1203:
1159:
1123:
1116:
1088:
1046:
978:
871:
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784:
779:
765:
751:
735:
721:
713:
708:
697:
693:
688:
668:
647:
635:Fort Wallace
624:
603:
598:Dog Soldiers
586:
567:incarcerated
551:
535:
497:
489:
477:
459:
432:
424:
417:
404:
384:Christianity
353:
333:and eastern
298:
260:Black Kettle
225:
200:reservations
197:
160:
135:
131:
130:
75:Belligerents
66:U.S. Victory
769:Mari Sandoz
762:Controversy
738:war bonnets
651:Sappa Creek
572:intoxicated
372:Camp Supply
273:Col. Custer
106:Company H,
96:Little Bull
1457:Categories
1213:1048049878
805:References
589:blacksmith
563:Darlington
501:New Mexico
436:Adobe Wall
408:Dodge City
406:business.
337:. Senator
300:southwest
189:Background
1404:929120981
1369:429511929
1344:164815671
1336:2333-5092
1297:228677310
1179:696014858
1133:312028021
1108:814707488
755:Fort Sill
727:Aftermath
627:Fort Lyon
493:John Pope
310:Comanches
281:Tall Bull
80:U.S. Army
1444:29174488
1269:58985601
1066:43457108
998:35770925
709:maahotse
461:Isatai'i
343:Missouri
335:Colorado
322:Arapahos
318:Cheyenne
306:Oklahoma
302:Nebraska
264:firearms
248:Colorado
236:Comanche
208:treaties
53:Location
742:Arizona
672:carbine
577:Florida
542:Georgia
465:prophet
380:Quakers
326:annuity
232:Arapaho
1442:
1402:
1392:
1367:
1342:
1334:
1295:
1267:
1257:
1211:
1177:
1167:
1131:
1106:
1096:
1064:
1054:
996:
986:
878:
848:
701:parley
676:pistol
674:and a
469:Mexico
427:Platte
331:Kansas
314:Kiowas
308:. The
244:Kansas
238:, and
183:parley
177:, and
171:murder
122:2 dead
63:Result
1340:S2CID
633:, to
473:comet
277:Sioux
240:Kiowa
179:abuse
134:, or
1440:OCLC
1400:OCLC
1390:ISBN
1365:OCLC
1332:ISSN
1293:OCLC
1265:OCLC
1255:ISBN
1209:OCLC
1175:OCLC
1165:ISBN
1129:OCLC
1104:OCLC
1094:ISBN
1062:OCLC
1052:ISBN
994:OCLC
984:ISBN
876:ISBN
846:ISBN
320:and
312:and
175:rape
45:Date
1324:doi
341:of
1459::
1398:.
1338:.
1330:.
1320:36
1318:.
1314:.
1277:^
1263:.
1239:^
1221:^
1187:^
1173:.
1141:^
1102:.
1074:^
1060:.
1006:^
992:.
890:^
860:^
812:^
629:,
246:,
234:,
173:,
158:.
1446:.
1421:.
1406:.
1371:.
1346:.
1326::
1299:.
1271:.
1215:.
1181:.
1135:.
1110:.
1068:.
1000:.
884:.
854:.
798:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
