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other by the proconsul Q. Caecilius. According to Appian, Crassus managed to detach from
Hannibal seven towns in Bruttium, Consentia among them. It is open to debate whether he did this by force or persuasion. It is also debatable whether Crassus accomplished anything, for Livy narrates that Consentia surrendered after the battles at Croton in the following year. For Livy, the most memorable event in Bruttium in 205 BC was a pestilence that "attacked the Romans and the Carthaginians and was equally fatal to both, but in addition to the epidemic, the Carthaginians were suffering from scarcity of food". This occurred toward the year's end. The disease was so serious that Crassus could not return to Rome for conducting the elections of the next consuls and recommended to the Senate to disband one of the armies in Bruttium, so as to preserve the soldiers’ lives. The Senate let Crassus do what he deemed right and Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, who was sent the next year to Bruttium as a new consul had to enroll fresh troops.
930:. In 206 BC, Bruttium was assigned to both of the consuls. Cassius Dio explains their inaction: "Hannibal for a time was keeping quiet, satisfied if he might only retain such advantages as were already his. And the consuls, believing that his power would waste away even without a battle, also waited." Appian states that Hannibal was awaiting help from Carthage. This did not come, for a large convoy of 100 ships with soldiers, money, and supplies was driven off its course by high winds, intercepted and routed by the Roman fleet at Sardinia. Hannibal had to raise heavy taxes and collect more resources by confiscations. These measures undermined his popularity among the local population and were the cause for several cases of defection. The deportation of unreliable citizens from strategic fortresses, referred by Appian, produced more security for Hannibal but not in the case of Locri. In 205 BC, a Roman detachment, sent from
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camp leaving 1,200 dead. Hannibal was not prepared to storm the fortified camp, so the Romans were not entirely routed. Nevertheless, Sempronius received a severe blow and judged that his two legions were no match to the
Carthaginians. He abandoned the camp under the cover of the following night and summoned the proconsul P. Licinius Crassus.
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the cost of 4,000 dead and 300 prisoners, if one believes Livy. It is not clear whether the Romans made an attempt to take Croton itself. Our authority states that
Sempronius turned his attention elsewhere. The same summer he took by storm Clampetia. "Consentia, Pandosia and some other unimportant places surrendered voluntarily."
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had commenced the practice, and the
Bruttians followed their example, not so much because of their alliance with the Carthaginians as because it was their traditional and natural method of carrying on war. At last, even the Romans were infected by the passion for plunder and, as far as their generals
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set his base "at Croton, which he found to be well situated for his operations and where he established his magazines and his headquarters against the other towns". As in the previous year, he was confronted by two armies of two legions each, one commanded by the consul
Publius Licinius Crassus, the
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apparently because they lost their strategical importance and he deemed them indefensible against Rome's superior forces. Furthermore, having lost many troops in cities taken by the Romans in the previous years, he wanted to diminish his losses. A mainly mountainous region almost entirely surrounded
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After uniting with the other Roman commander in the region, Sempronius returned to Croton looking for revenge. He arranged his legions in front, leaving those of
Crassus in reserve. This time, Hannibal could not stand his ground against an army doubled in size and was forced to retreat to Croton at
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The fighting around Croton continued in 203 BC, but as Livy puts it himself, there are no clear accounts of the events. Livy is particularly suspicious of a story that the consul Cnaeus
Servilius Caepio killed 5,000 Carthaginian soldiers in a pitched battle. One thing is sure – Servilius could not
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The first battle in the vicinity of Croton took place in the summer of 204 BC. In Livy's words, it was an irregular battle that was started by an accidental clash between the marching columns of
Hannibal and Sempronius. The Carthaginians repulsed their enemies, who retreated in confusion to their
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by Scipio, managed to capture a part of the town by a sudden assault. Hannibal moved quickly to expel the enemy "and the Romans would not have held out had not the population, embittered by the tyranny and rapacity of the
Carthaginians, taken their side."
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prevent
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in Sicily. According to the military historian Hans Delbrück, the strategic goal behind these tactics was to induce Rome to an acceptable peace treaty in return for relinquishing the Punic base in Italy.
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was decided out of Italy. The Roman general inflicted several heavy defeats on the Carthaginians in Africa and they appealed for help. Whilst Hannibal was still in Bruttium, his brother
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At this point, Rome had to decide how to proceed. After much debating in the Senate, Scipio, elected consul for 205 BC, was authorized to invade Africa. Scipio's point was that
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provided Hannibal with a perfect base to check the Roman advance and force the Senate to keep a large standing army against him. Thus he resorted to the same tactics his father
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Livy describes the character of the ensuing warfare in this way: "The struggle in Bruttium had assumed the character of brigandage much more than that of regular warfare. The
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Delbrück, Hans, Geschichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen Geschichte, I Teil: Das Altertum, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1964, S. 403
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Note: The following works contain a wider description of the Second Punic war. They provide a context of the fighting in Bruttium, not exact details.
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Delbrück, Hans, Geschichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen Geschichte, I Teil: Das Altertum, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1964
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had predicted, despite all Hannibal's efforts, the struggle between
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decided to concentrate all his remaining forces and supporters in
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by this invasion would he induce Carthage to recall Hannibal and
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The last exploits of Hannibal in Italy are recorded by
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154:Magna Graecia and Bruttium in the 3rd century BC
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979:was repulsed and mortally wounded in a
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1348:, Livius Articles on Ancient History
1346:History of Rome: The Hannibalic War
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1998:Battles of the Second Punic War
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1339:The History of Rome, Vol. IV
853:battle of the Metaurus river
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1507:
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1387:0-297-77633-9
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1353:Roman History
1351:Cassius Dio,
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
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1147:Cassius Dio,
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1112:Cassius Dio,
1109:
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1089:Cassius Dio,
1086:
1083:
1080:
1074:
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1065:
1064:XXVIII, 40-45
1059:
1056:
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1016:
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1012:Book VIII, 54
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869:Magna Graecia
866:
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827:
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819:
818:Roman History
815:
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504:Campi Veteres
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479:2nd Casilinum
477:
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444:1st Casilinum
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
53:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1954:
1947:
1925:2nd Nepheris
1915:1st Nepheris
1817:New Carthage
1812:2nd Tarentum
1797:2nd Herdonia
1787:Upper Baetis
1782:1st Herdonia
1762:1st Tarentum
1700:Silva Litana
1611:Leptis Parva
1544:2nd Mt. Eryx
1539:1st Mt. Eryx
1489:Cape Ecnomus
1393:
1370:
1363:
1318:
1309:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1196:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1108:
1085:
1058:
1034:
1025:
998:
962:
953:
949:
945:
937:
917:
899:
897:
892:
887:
872:by the sea,
850:
831:
817:
807:
804:Titus Livius
801:
767:
765:
745:Great Plains
729:North Africa
641:Upper Baetis
564:2nd Tarentum
539:2nd Herdonia
519:1st Herdonia
494:1st Tarentum
429:Silva Litana
404:Umbrian Lake
295:1,200 killed
233:Belligerents
224:Inconclusive
140:Part of the
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
44:
1720:Decimomannu
1534:Mount Ercte
822:Cassius Dio
786:due to the
703:Decimomannu
676:2nd Carteia
671:1st Carteia
574:2nd Petelia
534:Sapriportis
454:1st Petelia
208: /
1972:Categories
1910:Lake Tunis
1675:Ebro River
1459:Agrigentum
1433:Punic Wars
1373:, Book III
1221:XXVIII, 46
1137:XXVIII, 10
1079:XXVIII, 45
723:Agrigentum
626:Illiturgis
616:Ebro River
394:Victumulae
196:17°07′00″E
193:39°05′00″N
80:newspapers
47:references
1872:2nd Utica
1867:1st Utica
1832:Grumentum
1792:2nd Capua
1772:1st Capua
1640:Lilybaeum
1626:(Battles)
1524:Lilybaeum
1004:XXVII, 51
991:Footnotes
959:Aftermath
890:Numidians
740:2nd Utica
735:1st Utica
693:Lilybaeum
584:Grumentum
524:2nd Capua
509:1st Capua
389:Placentia
110:July 2024
1949:Category
1930:Carthage
1887:Insubria
1837:Metaurus
1807:Canusium
1802:Numistro
1742:Heat ray
1735:Syracuse
1725:3rd Nola
1715:2nd Nola
1705:1st Nola
1690:Geronium
1635:Saguntum
1596:Carthage
1586:Bagradas
1514:Panormus
1484:Tyndaris
1449:Treaties
1344:Appian,
1299:Archived
1272:XXIX, 38
1260:XXIX, 36
1245:XXIX, 13
1233:XXIX, 10
1205:Archived
1186:Archived
1164:Archived
1161:VIII, 54
1121:Archived
1098:Archived
1015:Archived
1008:Book XVI
973:Carthage
940:Hannibal
926:to face
874:Bruttium
861:Bruttium
857:Hannibal
838:Hannibal
784:Bruttium
780:Hannibal
778:. After
713:Syracuse
708:Leontini
599:Insubria
589:Metaurus
559:Caulonia
554:Manduria
549:Canusium
544:Numistro
474:3rd Nola
464:2nd Nola
434:1st Nola
419:Geronium
352:Saguntum
272:Strength
264:Publius
256:Hannibal
239:Carthage
180:Calabria
171:Location
1862:Crotona
1827:Petelia
1822:Baecula
1777:Silarus
1754:Sambuca
1665:Ticinus
1601:The Saw
1549:Aegates
1519:Drepana
1474:Thermae
1454:Messana
1324:III, 20
1284:XXX, 19
1052:XXIX, 6
932:Rhegium
920:Etruria
908:Liguria
865:Lucania
798:Sources
656:Baecula
594:Crotona
579:Venusia
514:Silarus
484:Lucania
374:Ticinus
346:Prelude
282:legions
277:unknown
176:Crotone
94:scholar
1978:204 BC
1695:Cannae
1670:Trebia
1385:
1296:IX, 58
1282:Livy,
1270:Livy,
1258:Livy,
1243:Livy,
1231:Livy,
1219:Livy,
1202:IX, 56
1183:IX, 57
1135:Livy,
1095:IX, 55
1077:Livy,
1062:Livy,
1050:Livy,
965:Scipio
814:Appian
792:Kroton
718:Himera
636:Orongi
605:Iberia
424:Cannae
384:Mutina
379:Trebia
221:Result
166:204 BC
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1882:Cirta
1847:Sucro
1842:Ilipa
1710:Ibera
1660:Cissa
1650:Rhone
1645:Malta
1606:Tunis
1581:Utica
1494:Aspis
1479:Sulci
1469:Mylae
1118:II, 7
750:Cirta
698:Malta
666:Sucro
661:Ilipa
651:Baria
631:Munda
621:Ibera
611:Cissa
569:Locri
459:Cumae
449:Hamae
368:Italy
357:Rhone
280:four
184:Italy
101:JSTOR
87:books
1892:Zama
1744:and
1499:Adys
1383:ISBN
1149:XVII
1114:XVII
1091:XVII
985:Zama
977:Mago
971:and
969:Rome
928:Mago
922:and
904:Mago
900:only
867:and
766:The
755:Zama
529:Rome
489:Arpi
163:Date
73:news
963:As
49:to
1974::
1251:^
1174:^
1070:^
1043:^
987:.
855:,
840:.
824:.
178:,
60:.
1424:e
1417:t
1410:v
324:e
317:t
310:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
54:.
20:)
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