676:, in which he exalted the victory, called even for fifty days of public thanksgiving, and praised above all the two consuls Aulus Hirtius and Vibius Pansa, while somewhat minimizing the contribution by Caesar Octavian. During the session, Cicero also gave the news of Vibius Pansa's injury, but the latter's life did not seem to be in danger. On the morning of 23 April, however, the consul died in circumstances that have never fully been explained. His doctor Glyco was briefly arrested on suspicion of poisoning Pansa, and the rumour spread, later recorded by some ancient historians such as
37:
668:
of Caesar's legionaries now serving Caesar
Octavian—the famous "heavenly legions" exalted by Cicero. The fighting, however, was extremely fierce and bloody. In the first phase, according to Appian, more than half of Vibius Pansa's forces and Octavian's entire praetorian cohort were destroyed by the Antonian veterans; the latter were then decimated in turn, losing half of their forces before finding escape in fields around Mutina. The losses to Aulus Hirtius' legion in the second phase were, however, light.
589:
Mark Antony was concerned about losing time, fearing that the situation would deteriorate in Mutina in case
Hirtius and Octavian's legions sought to break his siege there. Antony therefore felt that he could not stay on the battlefield and decided to return with his forces to the city. In the afternoon, Antony's two victorious legions began to return westward along Via Aemilia in the direction of Mutina. The soldiers were tired but euphoric after apparently achieving a brilliant success.
636:
2323:
503:
399:
315:
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short breaks used to tighten their formations. The veterans knew their job well; without the need for encouragement, they continued the struggle with tenacity and obstinacy. The mutual slaughter with drawn blades impressed Pansa's inexperienced recruits, who watched the deadly and silent action of the
Caesarian legionaries on both sides.
395:
part of his troops behind to detain
Decimus Brutus at Mutina, he brought up the bulk of his forces, consisting of four veteran legions and large contingents of cavalry, near his two opponents' camp, harassing them with continuous skirmishes. Hirtius and Octavian, however, did not leave their camp but continued to await Pansa's arrival.
383:; Mark Antony chose to fall back again. For the moment, he sought to strengthen the encircling front around Mutina to contain Decimus Brutus. In fact, neither Hirtius nor Octavian were seeking an immediate battle; they had two of Caesar's legions that had abandoned Antony and three legions of recalled veterans gathered by Octavian in
619:, the other Caesarian legion that had defected at Brundisium. These fresh troops moved quickly and, in the late afternoon of 14 April 43 BC, came unexpectedly into contact with the legions of Mark Antony who, exhausted after the tough battle, marched in the direction of Mutina in poor order and heedless of danger in their front.
692:
Brutus. The
Senatorial victory was, however, to prove ephemeral, for soon Caesar Octavian, alone in command since the two consuls' providential but suspicious demise, would break off his alliance with the senatorial Ciceronian faction in an abrupt realignment of forces that resulted in the formation of the
631:
and sixty other standards were captured by their enemies. Only with great difficulty could Mark Antony rally the remnant with the help of the cavalry, which managed to round up the soldiers during the night and bring them back to camp near Mutina. Aulus
Hirtius, hindered by darkness and wary of being
394:
When Mark Antony became aware of the approach and imminent concentration of his enemies, he set out to take the initiative and move on to the attack as soon as possible. At first, Antony tried to hasten the battle and gain a decisive victory against the forces of
Hirtius and Octavian. After leaving a
691:
was bitterly joined. That engagement decided the outcome of the Mutina campaign through the victory of the coalition between the republicans and
Octavian's Caesarians, the death of the other consul Hirtius, and the definitive retreat of Mark Antony with the consequent lifting of the siege of Decimus
671:
The first news of the battle that reached Rome of the battle was uncertain, provoking doubts and consternation among the
Republican Senators grouped around Cicero. The letter sent by Aulus Hirtius with the news of the triumphant victory and a personal account by Servius Sulpicius Galba, addressed to
456:
and the personal praetorian cohorts of Caesar
Octavian and Aulus Hirtius. Carfulenus and Galba moved in the darkness eastwards along the Via Aemilia and passed through Forum Gallorum; Pansa and Carfulenus made a junction in the night of 14 April 43 BC and started marching at dawn along the road with
667:
Although the Battle of Forum Gallorum ended without a decisive victory for either of the two parties, at the end of the day, Mark Antony's bold plan had been foiled and the two consuls' Senatorial forces had reversed the disastrous outcome of their initial clash, thanks to the decisive intervention
626:
led by Aulus Hirtius, experienced and well-rested, came to the attack in tight formation against Antony's disorderly and tired troops. Despite attempts at resistance and instances of bravery, the Antonian legions could not withstand the assault, but suffered heavy losses and disintegrated under the
531:
The clash between the Caesarian veterans on the two sides took place in a dark silence: without battle-cries or exhortations, the legionaries fought hand-to-hand in a frontal collision between their massed ranks in the swamps and valleys. The legionaries' fratricidal carnage was interrupted only by
597:
Vibius Pansa, while leading his recruits into battle in the marshes of Forum Gallorum, where he was later seriously injured, had at the same time sent messengers to the other consul, Aulus Hirtius, to inform him of the unexpected battle with the Antonians and their difficult situation. Hirtius was
406:
Mark Antony then decided on a new plan: having learned of the arrival of scouts from Vibius Pansa's legions along the Via Aemilia from Bononia, Antony thought he could easily attack and destroy them with his veterans. He also counted on the arrival of three legions from the south, recruited by his
588:
actually remained outside the camp and by their presence dissuaded the Antonian legionaries from attacking further. The remnants of the Senatorial legions were virtually trapped inside their camps, and the Antonian veterans would likely force them to surrender in the event of prolonged siege, but
276:
Antony's forces caught Pansa's army by surprise on a narrow road surrounded by marshes. A bitter, bloody battle ensued, in which Antony's II and XXXV legions defeated Pansa's troops and forced them to retreat southwards. Pansa himself was severely wounded. Antony called off the pursuit of Pansa's
654:
Caesar Octavian's direct role on the day of the battle, 14 April 43 BC, had been minimal. The propraetor held his ground with the other three legions available in their camps, busying themselves with checking and repulsing the faint diversionary attacks led by Lucius Antonius on his brother's
268:
before they could link up. After failing to provoke a battle with Hirtius, Antony marched two of his legions between the two Senatorial armies and laid an ambush on Pansa's approaching recruits. Unknown to Antony, Pansa had already been joined by one of Hirtius' veteran legions and Octavian's
473:
and Vibius Pansa's recruits suddenly stood threatened in front of and alongside Antony's legions. The experienced legionaries did not lose their cohesion, but accepted battle after sending back the cohorts of recruits that were deemed unsuitable for the fight by the Caesarian veterans of the
440:) over the marshy ground. The legionaries were deployed in the shelter of the reeds of the marshes at the point where the main road was narrowest; cavalry units and light infantry moved forward along the Via Aemilia to harry Pansa's troops and draw them into the trap.
559:, who were isolated some 500 paces in advance, were threatened by Antony's Moorish cavalry; Decimus Carfulenus had fallen mortally wounded, and the veterans began to fall back while still repulsing the cavalry's assaults. Exhausted, the legionaries of Antony's
632:
lured into a trap, chose not to pursue the defeated Antonian legions. Thus ended the long battle of Forum Gallorum. The marshes were covered with arms, trunks, horse remains, corpses of legionaries of the two sides perceived in the alternate fights.
264:, where they waited for Pansa, who was marching north from Rome with a further four legions of recruits. Antony had four veteran legions in addition to the troops that were besieging Mutina. Aware that he would soon be outnumbered, Antony sought to
576:
II finally put the two cohorts to flight; they now began to fall back in disorder, sowing panic in the ranks of Pansa's raw recruits, whose two legions had been kept far back in reserve. At the sight of the apparent collapse of the veterans of the
357:, and large potions of the Senate, the consuls were dispatched to relieve Decimus Brutus' forces at Mutina and go to war against Antony. The consuls marched north, joined by Octavian and his private army, which had been legitimised by a grant of
551:
II. The battle finally turned to the favour of Antony's forces: in the centre along the Via Aemilia, Antony and Silanus' praetorian cohorts prevailed in a brutal clash with Caesar Octavian's praetorian cohorts, which were completely destroyed.
486:
into the swampy soil to the right of Via Aemilia, while in the marshes on the left side of the road, the consul Pansa commanded the other two cohorts of the legion, reinforced by Aulus Hirtius' praetorian cohorts. Mark Antony's veterans of
461:, five cohorts of recruits, and the praetorian cohorts of Caesar Octavian and Hirtius. In the marshes on either side, the first signs of the enemy were spotted, and presently Antony's praetorian cohorts appeared to block the main road.
300:, which forced Antony to abandon the siege of the city and retreat westward. Hirtius was killed in the fighting at Mutina; Pansa was still recovering from his wound at Forum Gallorum but died on 23 April in unexplained circumstances.
563:
XXXV did not at first pursue the retreating enemy. In the marshes to the left of the Via Aemilia, the consul Vibius Pansa suffered a serious injury while fighting on the line; his wound from a javelin shook the two cohorts of the
443:
Caesar Octavian and Aulus Hirtius had expected the legions of Vibius Pansa to arrive before attacking the forces of Mark Antony. When they learned of the approach of the other consul's four legions, they attacked the legate
296:, exalting the success and praising the two consuls and young Caesar Octavian. Nevertheless, the battle was not decisive and the campaign continued. The two armies fought again seven days later (21 April) at the
277:
broken army and began marching his jubilant troops back towards Mutina. Hirtius then arrived from the north with a single veteran legion, which crashed into Anthony's exhausted troops, taking two
419:
to hold Decimus Brutus in check, and engage Hirtius and Octavian with a feigned attack on their camp, while moving against Pansa's troops under cover of darkness with his best legions.
584:
Mark Antony's legionaries hastened to pursue the enemy, inflicting heavy losses on the veterans and new conscripts as they fled back towards their camp. The survivors of the
2176:
1606:
672:
Cicero, raised morale and aroused euphoria among Antony's Senatorial enemies. After a few days, on 21 April 43 BC, Cicero pronounced in the Senate the triumphalist
516:
describes the particular bitterness of the two parties to a fratricidal struggle. Mark Antony's Caesarians were angry at the defection of the legionaries of the
2352:
2372:
482:
veterans split into two parts and, under the command of Pansa and Carfulenus, ran into the marshes to join the battle. Carfulenus led eight cohorts of the
547:
and the praetorian cohorts of Hirtius, under Pansa's command, first offered a stiff resistance but then began gradually to fold before Antony's entire
349:
became consuls. Through the early months of the year, Antony's relations with the Senate broke down. Supported by a heterogeneous coalition including
416:
445:
535:
This fierce battle between the veterans continued in the swamps, initially without decisive results. On the right wing, the eight cohorts of the
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through which the antagonists would have to pass, Mark Antony could not deploy his excellent cavalry forces, but decided to attack by sending
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127:
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528:. Both sides believed that they could obtain a decisive victory, as the veterans' military pride increased the fury of the fight.
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sent all its available forces to confront Antony and relieve Brutus. Hirtius and Octavian arrived near Mutina with five veteran
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103:
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323:
326:, Antony's relations with Caesar's adoptive heir Octavian and the rest of the Roman Senate broke down. At the start of the
2276:
331:
245:
1018:, pp. 212–213. The author writes that the legions that Aulus Hirtius led into battle were two: the IIII and the VII.
387:, but for the moment they were waiting for the other consul Vibius Pansa, who left Rome on 19 March, to return along the
2093:
1574:
41:
A map of Cisalpine Gaul at the time of the battle, showing the locations of Forum Gallorum and Mutina on the Via Aemilia
627:
attacks of Hirtius' Caesarian. The Antonian legions disintegrated, scattering into the marshes and nearby forests; two
436:
and XXXV into the marshes and deploying his praetorian cohorts and those of Marcus Junius Silanus along the main road (
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1860:
1850:
1655:
851:
684:, that Octavian had been directly responsible for the sudden death of the consul, whose wound had not seemed serious.
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1796:
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I, 10; Tacitus writes of "shedding poison on the wound" of Pansa and the "machinations of the same Augustus."
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1944:
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XXXV gradually retreated in good order. On the left wing, on the other hand, the other two cohorts of the
1991:
338:, to give it up to him in accordance with an illegal law he had passed the previously that year in June.
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instructions. Despite taking a lesser role than the two consuls Hirtius and Pansa, he was acclaimed as
36:
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2207:
2131:
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1750:
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The fighting between the Caesarian veterans of both parties was dramatic and bloody; in his history,
478:. While the praetorian cohorts of Antony and Caesar Octavian fought sharply along the main road, the
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1822:
1786:
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423:
230:
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II moved against the two cohorts under the command of Vibius Pansa to the left of Via Aemilia.
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In early March 43 BC, Hirtius and Caesar Octavian advanced along the Via Aemilia and reached
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and 60 standards. Antony's victory was turned into a major defeat; he fell back with his
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under the command of Decimus Carfulenus managed slowly to gain ground, while Antony's
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520:, now allied with the Senate, while the latter legion wanted to take revenge for the
342:
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309:
214:
114:
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221:(the future emperor Augustus) guarded the Senate's camp. The battle occurred on the
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1552:
502:
261:
257:
203:
85:
687:
On 21 April 43 BC, while Cicero pronounced his last invective against Antony, the
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in late 44 BC, he moved to invest the homonymous city in an attempt to force
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1900:
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with four legions of recruits that had been quickly mobilized in January 43 BC.
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123:
90:
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415:. Antony decided to leave part of his forces under the command of his brother
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362:
1812:
1638:
1474:
1264:
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609:) from the battlefield. He decided at once to march to Pansa's aid with the
292:, a fierce adversary of the Antonian faction, pronounced in the Senate the
854:. He is cited as "a man of exceptional personality and field experience" (
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1423:
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In the marshes to the right of the highway, the legionaries of the
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634:
501:
397:
313:
581:, the new recruits scattered, falling back to camp in disorder.
318:
Map of the various legions' movements during the Mutina campaign
1396:
1357:
Grandezza e decadenza di Roma. Volume III: da Cesare a Augusto
448:, one of Caesar's killers, with the Caesarian veterans of the
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At the start of 43 BC, the moderate Caesarians
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198:was fought on 14 April 43 BC between the forces of
248:. Brutus was besieged by Antony in Mutina (modern
1432:Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (
236:Antony was attempting to capture the province of
855:
21:
568:. While the injured consul was transferred to
422:Because of the uneven and marshy terrain near
1408:
8:
524:and other punishments inflicted on them at
2161:
2032:
1771:
1511:
1415:
1401:
1393:
850:Carfulenus had served under Caesar in the
18:
411:from among Caesar's veterans settled in
288:After receiving a report of the battle,
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1132:
1104:
1080:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1015:
982:
838:
826:
772:
708:
491:XXXV attacked the eight cohorts of the
108:
1325:Roman Battle Tactics, 109 BC – AD 313
903:
867:
814:
7:
2353:Battles involving the Roman Republic
1172:
1092:
1068:
927:
755:
743:
731:
1144:
402:Map of the Battle of Forum Gallorum
2373:Military history of Emilia-Romagna
1359:. Cernusco sul Naviglio: Garzanti.
1116:
1003:
970:
946:
915:
886:
802:
715:
14:
2322:
2321:
2302:Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano
256:) River on the Via Aemilia. The
35:
2013:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art
958:
787:
1347:Dictionary of the Roman Empire
374:
324:assassination of Julius Caesar
266:defeat his opponents in detail
1:
603:
332:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
213:, aided by his fellow consul
206:under the overall command of
1363:Osprey Essential Histories,
659:on the field by his troops.
375:Mark Antony's plan of attack
285:to his camp outside Mutina.
252:), just south of the Padus (
1265:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
572:, the Antonian veterans of
2404:
1746:Library of Palatine Apollo
1206:, book III. Archived from
307:
229:, perhaps near modern-day
2316:
1430:
1308:. Bari: Editori Laterza.
1281:Publius Cornelius Tacitus
1199:Historia Romana (Ῥωμαϊκά)
202:and legions loyal to the
177:
133:
97:
79:
45:
34:
26:
16:Part of the War of Mutina
1231:. Vol. Book XXXXVI.
663:Aftermath and assessment
409:Publius Ventidius Bassus
196:Battle of Forum Gallorum
22:Battle of Forum Gallorum
1986:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
1766:Caesareum of Alexandria
1342:Encyclopædia Britannica
1306:La prima marcia su Roma
758:, pp. 189 and 193.
698:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
446:Servius Sulpicius Galba
2368:1st-century BC battles
1634:Constitutional Reforms
1223:Cassius Dio Cocceianus
651:
509:
403:
319:
98:Commanders and leaders
2284:Roman Temple of Évora
1687:Porticus Argonautarum
1541:Liberators' Civil War
1389:(Italian translation)
1375:La rivoluzione romana
1253:Marcus Tullius Cicero
696:with Mark Antony and
645:archaeological museum
638:
505:
465:Battle in the marshes
452:led by the energetic
401:
317:
308:Further information:
290:Marcus Tullius Cicero
178:Casualties and losses
171:A large cavalry force
147:4 legions of recruits
128:Marcus Junius Silanus
2258:Temples of Augustus
2208:Gaius Julius Hyginus
2036:Parents and siblings
1806:Religious structures
1751:Theatre of Marcellus
1627:Legislative activity
1323:Cowan, Ross (2007).
1194:Appian of Alexandria
674:Fourteenth Philippic
294:Fourteenth Philippic
188:About half the force
2308:Cultural depictions
2067:Octavia the Younger
1992:Memoirs of Augustus
1823:Basilica of Neptune
1787:Gardens of Maecenas
1289:. Vol. Book I.
1245:Bellum Alexandrinum
1175:, pp. 209–212.
1163:, pp. 214–215.
1083:, pp. 213–214.
985:, pp. 212–213.
856:Bellum Alexandrinum
407:capable lieutenant
240:from its appointed
231:Castelfranco Emilia
2294:Sodales Augustales
1516:Second Triumvirate
1377:. Turin: Einaudi.
1365:Caesar's Civil War
1353:Ferrero, Guglielmo
1327:. London: Osprey.
746:, pp. 182–93.
734:, pp. 110–43.
652:
643:, 1st century BC,
510:
454:Decimus Carfulenus
404:
347:Gaius Vibius Pansa
334:, the governor of
320:
271:praetorian cohorts
225:near a village in
71:Senatorial victory
2338:
2337:
2221:
2220:
2153:
2152:
2061:Octavia the Elder
2051:(adoptive father)
1973:
1972:
1914:Via Julia Augusta
1909:Milliarium Aureum
1861:Rome and Augustus
1851:Castor and Pollux
1782:House of Augustus
1736:Porticus of Livia
1731:Porticus Octaviae
1724:Porticus Vipsania
1672:Forum of Augustus
1622:
1621:
1601:Bellum Batonianum
1384:978-88-06-22163-8
1334:978-1-84603-184-7
1315:978-88-420-8970-4
1271:. Vol. Vita
1135:, pp. 53–55.
1107:, pp. 42–44.
1059:, pp. 47–48.
817:, pp. 13–14.
495:while the entire
192:
191:
168:2 veteran legions
75:
74:
2395:
2363:40s BC conflicts
2325:
2324:
2162:
2126:Agrippa Postumus
2033:
1836:Apollo Palatinus
1772:
1697:Solarium Augusti
1682:Baths of Agrippa
1512:
1507:Wars of Augustus
1496:Pontifex maximus
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1360:
1338:
1319:
1302:Canfora, Luciano
1290:
1276:
1269:De vita Caesarum
1260:
1259:. Vol. XIV.
1248:
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1215:
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974:
968:
962:
961:, XXXXVI, 37–38.
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729:
723:
713:
689:Battle of Mutina
608:
605:
298:Battle of Mutina
158:1 veteran legion
144:1 veteran legion
110:
47:
46:
39:
19:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2394:
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2177:Piso Caesoninus
2149:
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1996:
1969:
1923:
1895:
1867:
1841:Apollo Sosianus
1801:
1770:
1761:Tropaeum Alpium
1741:Macellum Liviae
1719:Campus Agrippae
1660:
1618:
1595:Cantabrian Wars
1581:
1501:
1441:
1440:Caesar Augustus
1426:
1421:
1385:
1369:
1351:
1335:
1322:
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1228:Historia Romana
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1187:Ancient sources
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1139:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
902:
893:
885:
874:
866:
862:
852:Alexandrine War
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
794:
786:
779:
771:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
730:
726:
714:
710:
706:
665:
641:Caesar Octavian
606:
595:
467:
457:the pugnacious
417:Lucius Antonius
377:
372:
312:
306:
219:Caesar Octavian
217:. The untested
184:
150:Minimal cavalry
126:
117:
113:
63:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Julius Licinus
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:(stepdaughter)
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2043:Gaius Octavius
2039:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2018:Gaius Maecenas
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:Aqua Alsietina
1883:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:Palazzo a Mare
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:Campus Martius
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1646:Coinage reform
1643:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1559:Bellum Siculum
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:Forum Gallorum
1531:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1367:
1361:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1296:
1295:Modern sources
1293:
1292:
1291:
1277:
1261:
1249:
1233:
1219:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1161:Ferrero (1946)
1153:
1137:
1133:Canfora (2007)
1125:
1109:
1105:Canfora (2007)
1097:
1095:, p. 206.
1085:
1081:Ferrero (1946)
1073:
1071:, p. 193.
1061:
1057:Canfora (2007)
1049:
1045:Canfora (2007)
1037:
1035:, p. 213.
1033:Ferrero (1946)
1020:
1016:Ferrero (1946)
1008:
987:
983:Ferrero (1946)
975:
963:
951:
932:
930:, p. 194.
920:
908:
891:
872:
860:
843:
839:Canfora (2007)
831:
829:, p. 212.
827:Ferrero (1946)
819:
807:
792:
777:
775:, p. 211.
773:Ferrero (1946)
760:
748:
736:
724:
707:
705:
702:
664:
661:
639:Bust of young
594:
591:
466:
463:
424:Forum Gallorum
376:
373:
371:
368:
336:Cisalpine Gaul
305:
302:
246:Decimus Brutus
238:Cisalpine Gaul
227:northern Italy
190:
189:
186:
185:Hirtius: light
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
169:
161:
160:
159:
152:
151:
148:
145:
136:
135:
131:
130:
121:
100:
99:
95:
94:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
62:Northern Italy
61:
59:
55:
54:
53:14 April 43 BC
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2400:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:War of Mutina
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:Imperial cult
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:Julius Caesar
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:War of Actium
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:War of Mutina
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1489:Pater patriae
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1210:on 2015-11-20
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:, p. 42.
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:, III, 69–70.
972:
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
909:
906:, p. 14.
905:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
879:
877:
873:
870:, p. 13.
869:
864:
861:
857:
853:
847:
844:
841:, p. 41.
840:
835:
832:
828:
823:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
790:, XXXXVI, 37.
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
728:
725:
721:
717:
712:
709:
703:
701:
699:
695:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
669:
662:
660:
658:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
630:
625:
620:
618:
617:
613:
601:
592:
590:
587:
582:
580:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
472:
464:
462:
460:
455:
451:
447:
441:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
369:
367:
365:
364:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Aulus Hirtius
339:
337:
333:
329:
328:War of Mutina
325:
316:
311:
310:War of Mutina
303:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
274:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Aulus Hirtius
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
182:
181:
176:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
157:
156:
155:
149:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
125:
122:
120:
116:
115:Aulus Hirtius
111:
105:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
78:
70:
67:
66:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
29:War of Mutina
25:
20:
2340:
2327:
2320:
2300:
2238:Via Labicana
2213:Epaphroditus
1985:
1797:Villa Giulia
1714:Diribitorium
1709:Saepta Julia
1651:Bierzo Edict
1640:leges Juliae
1639:
1607:Germanic War
1600:
1587:Roman Empire
1557:
1553:Perusine War
1533:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1437:
1374:
1371:Syme, Ronald
1364:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1324:
1305:
1284:
1273:divi Augusti
1268:
1256:
1244:
1227:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1202:. Vol.
1198:
1168:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1011:
978:
966:
954:
923:
911:
904:Cowan (2007)
868:Cowan (2007)
863:
846:
834:
822:
815:Cowan (2007)
810:
751:
739:
727:
719:
711:
686:
670:
666:
656:
653:
623:
621:
615:
611:
607: 11 km
598:about sixty
596:
593:Second phase
586:Legio Martia
585:
583:
579:Legio Martia
578:
573:
566:Legio Martia
565:
560:
556:
554:
548:
545:Legio Martia
544:
540:
537:Legio Martia
536:
534:
530:
518:Legio Martia
517:
511:
496:
492:
488:
484:Legio Martia
483:
479:
475:
471:Legio Martia
470:
468:
459:Legio Martia
458:
450:Legio Martia
449:
442:
432:
427:
421:
405:
393:
378:
363:pro praetore
358:
340:
321:
287:
279:Roman eagles
275:
258:Roman Senate
235:
204:Roman Senate
195:
193:
183:Pansa: heavy
163:
153:
139:
86:Roman Senate
80:Belligerents
27:Part of the
2383:Mark Antony
2233:Prima Porta
2132:Nero Drusus
1919:Via Augusta
1756:Roman Agora
1482:Divi filius
1257:Philippicae
1173:Syme (2014)
1093:Syme (2014)
1069:Syme (2014)
928:Syme (2014)
756:Syme (2014)
744:Syme (2014)
732:Syme (2014)
694:Triumvirate
522:decimations
507:Mark Antony
438:Via Aemilia
223:Via Aemilia
211:Gaius Pansa
200:Mark Antony
124:Mark Antony
104:Gaius Pansa
91:Mark Antony
2347:Categories
2243:Meroë Head
2182:Germanicus
2112:(daughter)
2008:Literature
1891:Aqua Julia
1881:Aqua Virgo
1846:Mars Ultor
1656:Propaganda
1575:Alexandria
1214:2020-03-26
1204:Civil Wars
1182:References
1006:, III, 70.
949:, III, 69.
918:, III, 68.
889:, III, 67.
805:, III, 66.
624:Macedonica
616:Macedonica
526:Brundisium
389:Via Cassia
322:After the
304:Background
2277:Barcelona
2226:Portraits
2187:Marcellus
2140:(adopted)
2134:(stepson)
2128:(adopted)
2122:(adopted)
2094:Scribonia
1873:Aqueducts
1813:Ara Pacis
1692:Mausoleum
1665:Buildings
1612:Teutoburg
1475:Imperator
1438:Imperator
678:Suetonius
657:imperator
154:Hirtius:
93:'s forces
2388:Augustus
2329:Category
2196:Freedmen
2172:Agrippa
2165:Generals
2144:Cornelia
2138:Tiberius
2103:Children
2069:(sister)
2063:(sister)
2057:(mother)
2045:(father)
1856:Augustus
1827:Temples
1818:Pantheon
1546:Philippi
1461:Augustus
1454:Princeps
1434:Octavian
1424:Augustus
1373:(2014).
1355:(1946).
1304:(2007).
1123:XIV, 26.
722:XIV, 37.
649:Aquileia
428:Legiones
385:Campania
360:imperium
355:Octavian
242:governor
164:Antony:
134:Strength
119:Octavian
58:Location
2084:Claudia
2001:Culture
1775:Palaces
1702:obelisk
1286:Annales
1145:Tacitus
682:Tacitus
622:The IV
570:Bononia
433:Gallica
413:Picenum
381:Bononia
283:cavalry
262:legions
140:Pansa:
106: (
2267:Athens
2252:Legacy
2158:Circle
2120:Lucius
2118:&
2028:Family
1960:Rimini
1950:Orange
1831:Caesar
1570:battle
1529:battle
1468:Caesar
1446:Titles
1381:
1331:
1312:
1241:Caesar
1237:Pseudo
1117:Cicero
1004:Appian
971:Appian
947:Appian
916:Appian
887:Appian
858:, 31).
803:Appian
716:Cicero
629:eagles
600:stadia
557:Martia
514:Appian
493:Martia
480:Martia
476:Martia
370:Battle
351:Cicero
250:Modena
208:consul
68:Result
2358:43 BC
2116:Gaius
2110:Julia
2089:Livia
2077:Wives
1978:Works
1935:Aosta
1928:Archs
1901:Roads
1121:Phil.
720:Phil.
704:Notes
612:Legio
574:Legio
561:Legio
549:Legio
541:Legio
497:Legio
489:Legio
2272:Nola
2262:Rome
2055:Atia
1965:Susa
1955:Rome
1945:Fano
1940:Berà
1436:) ·
1379:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1149:Ann.
680:and
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