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922:, together with both torpedo boats, immediately steamed up the river and dropped their anchors approximately 12–13 nautical miles (22–24 km) from the mouth of the Yalu. The troops were disembarked and the landing operation lasted until the morning of 17 September. Meanwhile, the remaining warships of the Beiyang Fleet anchored in shallow waters about 7–8 nautical miles (13–15 km) from the shore, south-west of the mouth of the river, where they remained for the rest of the day and the entire night. On 17 September, at 9:20 am, the fleet left its position and conducted a one-and-a-half-hour training exercise before returning to their previous anchorage. Soon thereafter, at 11:28 am, observers on board the Chinese warships spotted smoke from unknown vessels heading from the south-west.
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wrong caliber and could not be fired. Philo McGiffin noted that many of the gunpowder charges were "thirteen years old and condemned". What little ammunition there was, was to be preserved for real battle. Live ammunition training was rarely carried out. Li wanted to delay the battle against the
Japanese fleet, thus allowing the Chinese more time to equip their ships with additional ammunition. However, the Imperial Court called him a coward and his recommendation was turned down. The Chinese fleet was bigger and armed with bigger guns. The Japanese fleet was much faster. As a result, the Japanese would have an advantage in open water.
816:, in the process removing all effective Chinese military presence on the Korean peninsula. Shortly before the convoy's departure, Admiral Ding received a message concerning the battle at Pyongyang. Although it was rather inaccurate, it informed him about the defeat and subsequently made the redeployment of the troops to near the mouth of the Taedong River unnecessary. Admiral Ding, who then correctly assumed that the next Chinese line of defence would be established on the Yalu River, decided to redeploy the embarked soldiers there. On 16 September, at about 1:00 am, the convoy of five transport ships departed from the
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against the line abreast formation was not yet absolutely certain, but the wedge formation adopted purposely or accidentally by the
Chinese could only have been effective in the hands of a commander whose ship captains had mastered fleet movements, which Ding's subordinates had not. Secondly, the one common denominator between Lissa and the Yalu appeared to be that the victor had fought in separated squadrons. This arrangement provided tactical flexibility and consequently widened the options for maneuver during the chaos of battle.
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1336:, but it was a mistranslation of Philo T. McGiffin's memoir, which says that he and Ding were "catapulted" by the shockwave. Now historians agree it was Japanese gunfire that destroyed the flying bridge, leaving Admiral Ding with his legs crushed under the wreckage and thus out of combat for the remainder of the battle. Most of his staff officers on the bridge were likewise injured or killed. The situation was worsened when the Japanese destroyed
1616:, providing front-page coverage and crediting the Japanese victory to its rapid assimilation of western methods and technology. Many credited the prompt action of foreign advisers in the Beiyang Fleet (most notably McGiffin) from keeping the fleet from total annihilation, and for keeping even the most heavily damaged Chinese ships fighting until the very end of the engagement. Some contemporary military analysts, notably U.S.
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1270:, but in doing so inadvertently allowed the other Chinese vessels to escape. By this time the main Japanese squadron under Admiral Itō was circling what remained of the Chinese force, the major Japanese ships fired their heavy and quick-firing guns that swept the decks of the Chinese ships and smashed their superstructures. Many of the Japanese ships, however, also received major damage.
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the
Chinese fleet returned to Weihaiwei on 28 July. The Chinese warships immediately resupplied themselves with coal while the weather improved, and the main force of the Beiyang Fleet was put to sea again on the following day but without the torpedo boats, heading for the Korean coast. This second cruise lasted longer, until 3 August, but the fleet did not encounter the Japanese.
1623:, called the battle 'nearly a draw' – although the Chinese had lost several warships, the Japanese had suffered considerable damage, and if the Chinese ammunition had been of higher quality, the outcome might have been different. In addition to Herbert, several other American officials published analyses of the battle, including Alfred Thayer Mahan and William F. Halsey Sr.
1238:(15 to 26 km/h; 9.2 to 16.1 mph) and headed for the very centre of the Chinese formation; the tactic held the puzzled enemy in position. Turning slightly to port, the flying squadron then moved around the right flank of the Chinese formation to strike at the weakest units there. Holding fire until they were in effective range, the cruisers battered
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infancy with significant advances still some years away, neither side achieved more than a fraction of hits out of the total number of rounds fired. A contemporary
European diplomat also concurs, observing that Japan's naval "victories were due to the skill and daring of her sailors, and not to the ships which they manned".
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The
Japanese fleet's more reliable, better-maintained ordnance and overwhelming superiority in rapid-firing guns gave it a tactical advantage over the Beiyang Fleet, which fought with limited stocks, consisting of older foreign ammunition and shoddy domestic products. Japanese shells set four Chinese
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where two days later, on 14 September, they were joined by another 2,000 soldiers. Initially, Admiral Ding wanted to send the transports under a light escort with only a few ships, while the main force of the
Beiyang Fleet would locate and operate directly against Combined Fleet, in order to prevent
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in order to defeat the
Chinese army and bring the war to a swift conclusion. If the engagement were to be a draw and neither side gained control of the sea, the army would concentrate on the occupation of Korea. Lastly, if the Combined Fleet was defeated and consequently lost command of the sea, the
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in 1866, the battle was studied for its tactical lessons not only by the
Japanese Navy General Staff, but by naval staffs around the globe. The lessons to a degree were unclear, since the two fleet encounters seemed to be contradictory and cancelled each other out. At Lissa, the Austrians had used
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Though well drilled, the
Chinese had not engaged in sufficient gunnery practice beforehand. This lack of training was the direct result of a serious lack of ammunition. Corruption seems to have played a major role; many Chinese shells appear to have been filled with cement or porcelain, or were the
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were insufficient, as the foreign press would come to find that many of China's claims were false, discrediting them in the eyes of the international community. The Battle of the Yalu and the naval defeats of 1894–1895 in general have been the topic of extensive discussion among
Chinese historians
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and Davids Evans state the principal factors in the Japanese victory was their superiority in firepower, particularly an overwhelming advantage in quick-firing guns which proved to be devastating in the hands of well-trained and disciplined gun crews. At the time fire control systems were in their
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However, there were some conclusions that could be drawn from the course and outcome of the battle. The first was that the line ahead was the best formation which preserved the greatest flexibility and simplicity of movement, minimized tactical confusion and also maximized broadside fire. The case
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for repairs. After arriving in Korean waters on the morning of the following day, the Chinese ships cruised the area looking to engage the enemy. However, the abrupt change in the weather made the patrolling of the Korean waters more arduous, especially for the small torpedo boats and consequently
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The Chinese fleet opened fire on the Japanese fleet as they passed from port to starboard, across the bows of the Chinese vessels. They failed to score any significant hits on the Japanese with their 12-inch (305 mm) and 8.2-inch (208 mm) guns. At about 2,700 metres (3,000 yd) (the
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When the enemy was well in sight Admiral Sukeyuki Ito ordered the Flying Squadron to attack the Beiyang Fleet's right flank. The Chinese opened fire at a range of 5,000 metres (5,500 yd), which was far too great to cause any damage. The Japanese, meanwhile, held their fire for another twenty
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The main squadron of the Japanese fleet initially followed the same course as the flying squadron towards the Chinese left but completed the turn all the way round to circle behind the Chinese fleet. As the flying squadron again turned south, the Beiyang Fleet was caught between the two Japanese
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Late in the morning the two fleets approached each other, in contrasting formations. The Chinese had intended to form a line abreast, but due to confusion in signals and the differing speeds of the ships, they were in a wedge formation, with the two battleships at the fore and the other vessels
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However, examination reveals the truth about China's seemingly advantageous position, as most of their warships were over-age and obsolescent; the ships were also not maintained properly and indiscipline was common among their crews. The greater armour of major Chinese warships and the greater
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The Chinese government, after initially denying that its fleet had been defeated, put the blame for the Chinese defeat on Viceroy Li Hongzhang and Admiral Ding Ruchang, both of whom were demoted and stripped of honors. Their subordinates and relatives suffered similar fates. However, both men
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that had attempted to ram one of the Japanese cruisers, then set off in pursuit of one of several ships on the Chinese left which were deserting their fleet and had fled toward the shallow waters to the north. The squadron successfully hunted down and destroyed the cruiser
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By sunset the Beiyang Fleet's main formation was near the point of total collapse with both wings gone (the two ships of the Port wing had fled and four units of the Starboard wing destroyed); the four units of the centre were variously damaged and the two largest ships
1297:, however, was the most severe; where the lack of armour was made apparent when she was struck by two 12-inch shells that tore open the deck and ignited ready ammunition causing nearly one hundred casualties and forcing Admiral Itō to transfer his flag to
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and not in the river itself. There is no agreement among contemporary sources on the exact numbers and composition of each fleet, but both were of a similar size, and the battle is considered to be one of the Imperial Japanese Navy's greatest victories.
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s foremast, making it impossible for the flagship to signal the rest of the fleet. The Chinese fleet, with some foresight, had anticipated something like this happening and formed into three pairs of mutually supporting vessels to carry the fight on.
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the following day. The Chinese warships spent the entire day cruising the area, waiting for the Japanese. However, since there was no sighting of the Japanese, Admiral Ding decided to return to Dalian, arriving there in the morning of 15 September.
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also sustained serious damage as a result of her inferior speed, her captain decided not to try to follow the Flying Squadron on its sweep around the Chinese fleet, but instead to pass directly through the Chinese line. This maneuver made
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The Beiyang Fleet had completed escorting a convoy to the mouth of the Yalu River, and was returning to its base at Lüshunkou when it was engaged by the Japanese Navy. On paper, the Beiyang Fleet had the superior ships, including two
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were only slightly damaged, and the Japanese had no way of knowing that the battleships suffered from a lack of ammunition. What remained of the Beiyang Fleet was finally destroyed during a combined Japanese land and naval attack at
800:, which were on reconnaissance sortie, thwarted these plans. The Chinese mistook them for the main Japanese fleet. Consequently on 12 September, the entire Beiyang Fleet departed Dalian, heading for Weihaiwei and arriving near the
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However, other factors were responsible for the Chinese defeat such as that most of the Chinese ships were over-age, obsolescent and ill-maintained. Additionally undisciplined crews and deficient naval tactics were also at fault.
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Several different explanations have been put forward as to why the Beiyang Fleet did not change their formation to react to the Japanese tactics more effectively. Per Royal Navy Lieutenant William Ferdinand Tyler, stationed on
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Tactically, Chinese naval vessels entered the war with only the crudest sets of instructions – ships that were assigned to designated pairs were to keep together and all ships were to fight end-on, as far forward from the
1506:, the converted liner, urged on by Admiral Kabayama Sukenori despite its lack of offensive armament, had been hit by four 12-inch (305 mm) shells and was left sailing virtually out of control as a result.
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due to his refusal to send reinforcements north from the fleet. Zhang began organising 5 cruisers from the Nanyang fleet to reinforce the Beiyang fleet which would negate the losses of the Beiyang fleet.
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minutes as they headed diagonally across the Beiyang Fleet at twice the speed. On the signal of Admiral Ito, the Japanese squadrons divided. The flying squadron under Tsuboi increased speed from 8 to 14
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The battle is also known by a variety of names: Battle of Haiyang Island, Battle of Dadonggou, Battle of the Yellow Sea and Battle of Yalu, after the geographic location of the battle, which was in the
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as possible, a tactic dictated by the obsolescent arrangement of guns aboard Chinese warships. The only vague semblance of a fleet tactic was that all ships were to follow the visible movements of the
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1547:-class cruisers had malfunctioned and thus the heaviest Japanese shells had not hit the two Chinese battleships, no other shells had penetrated their armor belts deeper than 4 inches.
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Japan's initial strategy was to gain command of the sea, which was critical to its operations in Korea. Command of the sea would allow Japan to transport troops to the mainland. The
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bulk of the army would remain in Japan and prepare to repel a Chinese invasion, while the Fifth Division in Korea would be ordered to hang on and fight a rearguard action.
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Due to the Chinese Navy's weak preparations for the battle, faulty ammunition, and a lack of communication and discipline, which was the cause of at least one account of
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to fire its main guns before the Japanese were in range. There is a long-repeated legend that firing the main battery directly forward resulted in the destruction of the
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At the beginning of September, Li Hongzhang decided to reinforce the Chinese forces at Pyongyang, by employing the Beiyang Fleet to escort transports to the mouth of the
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The remnants of the Beiyang Fleet retired into Lüshunkou for repairs, but were withdrawn to Weihaiwei to avoid a second encounter with the Japanese fleet during the
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The Chinese severely damaged four Japanese warships and lightly damaged two others. Japanese losses were roughly 180 killed and 200 wounded. The Japanese flagship
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in Capt. McGiffin's reports) (7,430 t, 15 knots (28 km/h), 4–12.2, 2–5.9, 12MG, 3TT) (Lin Tai-tseng & McGiffin, Philo) – Left group to join flag. Damaged
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Chinese had been steadily closing the range), the Japanese concentrated their fire on the right flank of the Chinese line, with devastating barrages poured into
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into the Yellow Sea, where it would be engaged in decisive battle. Depending on the outcome of this engagement, Japan would make one of three choices; If the
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The defeat of the Beiyang Fleet at the Battle of Yalu River was a major propaganda victory for Japan, with many major European newspapers, including the
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formation. What also remained unresolved by the encounter was the debate between the proponents of the big gun and advocates of armor. Although the
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The Japanese had intended to swing the flying division around the right flank of the Chinese line in an encirclement, but the timely arrival of the
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stayed afloat and had casualties of 14 dead and 25 wounded. A total of about 850 Chinese sailors were killed in the battle, with 500 wounded.
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trailing behind on both flanks. The Japanese were in column formation with the Flying Squadron in front, followed by the main squadron.
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resisted the heaviest bombardment as a result of their armour; however, the quick firing Japanese guns decimated crews on their decks.
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book used by the Chinese was written in English, a language with which few officers in the Beiyang Fleet had any familiarity.
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remained in their posts, and would oversee the final destruction of the Beiyang Fleet at Weihaiwei. However, this attempt to
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1973:(1,350 t, 16 knots (30 km/h), 2–10, 4–4.7, 6MG) (Lin Li-chung) – Quickly caught fire, beached, wreck torpedoed next day
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This article is about the naval battle of the First Sino-Japanese War. For the first battle of the Russo-Japanese War, see
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which could fire only in restricted arcs. The short barrels of the Chinese main armament meant that the shells had low
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were to win decisively, the larger part of the Japanese army would undertake immediate landings on the coast between
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suffered the worst single-ship loss, with more than 100 dead or wounded after being hit by a heavy Chinese round.
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s captain deliberately did not acknowledge this order or pass it on to the rest of the fleet. Instead, he ordered
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vessels ablaze, destroying three. However, firefighting was well organized on the Chinese vessels. For example,
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With tensions with Japan increasing over the situation on the peninsula, the Chinese government chartered three
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The Japanese Combined Fleet consisted of two formations. A flying squadron, composed of the four fast cruisers
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1965:(1,350 t, 16 knots (30 km/h), 2–10, 4–4.7, 6MG) (Huang Chien-hsun) – Quickly caught fire, sank or beached
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The Japanese fast cruisers veered to port and were then dispatched by Admiral Itoh to go to the assistance of
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an easy target and it sustained a number of serious hits before the ship moved out of range. The damage to
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the Japanese from intercepting the convoy. However, the appearance near Weihaiwei of the Japanese cruisers
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had learned about the engagement at Pungdo on the morning of 26 July, when, at 6:00 am, the damaged cruiser
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Admiral Ding attempted to form his fleet into a southward-facing line abreast with the strongest ships (
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on most first-line Japanese warships, which gave the Japanese the edge in any sustained exchange of
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2345:"The Battle of the Yalu, Personal Recollections by the Commander of the Chinese Ironclad Chen Yuen"
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became lost, ran aground, and was scuttled a few days later by its own crew. Some sources also say
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captured. Although the first two of the three troopships arrived safely in Korea, on 25 July 1894,
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The Battle of the Yalu, Personal Recollections by the Commander of the Chinese Ironclad Chen Yuen
1937:(2,830 t, 15 knots (28 km/h), 2–8.3, 2–5.9, 16MG, 4TT) (Chiu Pao-jen) – Aft on fire, damaged
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2646:"Same Water Different Dreams: Salient Lessons of the Sino-Japanese War for Future Naval Warfare"
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with eleven warships and seven torpedo boats and headed for the Korean coast, while the damaged
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under escort from the main force of the Beiyang Fleet which included the ironclad battleships
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Reserve and an Imperial Maritime Customs officer, was appointed as von Hanneken's assistant.
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According to an account from James Allan, an officer aboard the U.S.-flagged supply ship
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to carry reinforcements to Korea in late July to bolster their position there. The three
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The Gunpowder Age, China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
1367:, who witnessed the battle, rumors abounded that Admiral Ding deferred command to Major
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arrived at Weihaiwei. Although the Chinese admiral had not been aware of the sinking of
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1897:(2,300 t, 18 knots (33 km/h), 3–8.3, 2–5.9, 16MG, 4TT) (Teng Shih-chang) – Sunk
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Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941
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Jukkoku Matsuda,Tōgō heihachirō to akiyama saneyuki, PHP Kenkyūjo, 2008, p. 187
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predated it), there were significant lessons for naval observers to consider.
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and naval officers since events held to mark the 120th anniversary in 2014.
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2915:- Philo N. McGiffin, Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, May–October 1895
34:. For the first battles of the Chinese Intervention in the Korean War, see
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and poor penetration, and their accuracy was also poor at long ranges.
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The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy
2740:. New Jersey, US & Oxshireford, UK: Princeton University Press.
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The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy
1995:(1,000 t, 16 knots (30 km/h), 3–4.7, 8MG, 4TT) (Chen Pi-kuang)
1945:, 1887 (2,850 t, 15 knots (28 km/h), 2–8.3, 2–5.9. 8MG, 4TT) (
1905:(flag, 7,355 t, 15 knots (28 km/h), 4–12.2, 2–5.9, 12MG,3TT) (
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and an instructor at the Weihaiwei Naval Academy, was appointed to
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Under the dragon flag: My experiences in the Chino-Japanese war
2003:(torpedo-boat, 128 t, 15 knots (28 km/h), MGs, 3TT) (Choy)
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The Japanese warship Saikyōmaru at the Battle of the Yalu River
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sank the vessel. Over 800 Chinese soldiers died in the action.
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The Flying Squadron meanwhile re-engaged, sinking the cruiser
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Battle of the Yalu: All-Steel Warship – Dr. Terry Beckenbaugh
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as an act of war. On the same day, without even notifying
2841:(1964). "The Battle off the Tayang, 17 September 1894".
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under the command of Swedish-born merchant navy captain
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Chinese Battleship vs Japanese Cruiser, Yalu River 1894
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they could fire were more than offset by the number of
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Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, May–October 1895
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formation, whereas the Yalu had been won by broadside
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had succeeded in pushing Chinese troops north to the
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on five specially chartered transports and headed to
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was severely damaged and retired from the conflict;
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380 killed and wounded 5 protected cruisers damaged
1792:(4277 t, 14 knots (26 km/h), 1–12.6, 11–4.7) (
1502:suffered from heavy fire, with great loss of life.
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2812:, American Captain in the Chinese Navy (1885–1895)
783:. On 12 September, half of the troops embarked at
666:were escorted by three naval vessels, the cruiser
1737:(3650 t, 16 knots (30 km/h), 2–10.2, 6–6) (
1725:(3650 t, 15 knots (28 km/h), 2–10.2, 6–6) (
2574:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–185.
1749:(3150 t, 16 knots (30 km/h), 4–6, 6–4.7) (
1709:(4150 t, 20 knots (37 km/h), 4–6, 8–4.7) (
154:
2772:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2023:Order of battle party sourced from JC Perry's
1463:At 3:20 pm, the severely crippled and burning
682:. A Japanese force consisting of the cruisers
651:being rescued by sailors from the French ship
1878:) – Fled at start perhaps then collided with
704:, precipitating the action. Within one hour,
408:
8:
3031:Naval battles of the First Sino-Japanese War
2682:
2666:
2600:
2557:
2534:
2407:
2384:
2330:
2283:
2159:
2144:
1644:While it was not the first battle involving
1168:, an arrangement made necessary because the
2447:. Frederick A. Stokes Company. p. 34.
2068:War History Studies (Chinese) Vol. 2, p. 56
952:. The main fleet consisted of the cruisers
700:intercepted the three Chinese warships off
543:
27:Naval battle of the First Sino-Japanese War
1980:, front to rear, moved to the right flank
1784:(2450 t, 19kts, 10–4.7) (Uchida Masatoshi)
1514:As it was the first fleet encounter since
558:) was the largest naval engagement of the
415:
401:
393:
151:
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
2686:
2670:
2313:
1437:-built vessel), diverted this maneuver.
2930:– Benjamin Lai, Osprey Publishing, 2019
2710:
2251:
2239:
2210:
2191:
2176:
2058:
1019:was on a tour of inspection and aboard
832:, the small coastal defence battleship
641:Illustration from the French newspaper
3021:Battles of the First Sino-Japanese War
2823:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1359:under fire from the Japanese cruisers.
2698:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2588:
2584:
2266:
2132:
2120:
7:
2956:, YouTube video of a lecture at the
2650:Journal of Advanced Military Studies
1015:. The Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral
87:"Battle of the Yalu River" 1894
76:adding citations to reliable sources
1386:As the Japanese ships opened fire,
1194:(left) attacking Chinese warships,
747:, he considered the destruction of
2485:"（转帖连载126）大清海军的落日辉煌——"济远"撞坏"扬威"考正"
1483:burned severely, yet kept firing.
708:ended in a Japanese victory, with
25:
2814:. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
2789:Sino-Japanese Naval War 1894–1895
2747:Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989
2889:The Chinese Steam Navy 1862–1945
1648:technology on a wide scale (the
1456:tried to finish off the beached
604:'s Fifth Division would land at
297:
286:
274:
263:
243:
231:
168:
52:
1421:, along with the torpedo boats
1313:were nearly out of ammunition.
1128:as an adviser or co-commander.
991:, under the command of Admiral
63:needs additional citations for
32:Battle of the Yalu River (1904)
2891:. London: Chatham Publishing.
2887:Wright, Richard N. J. (2000).
2861:10.1080/00253359.1964.10657787
2295:McGiffin (1968) pp. 35, 36, 96
1225:Initial contact and engagement
553:Naval Battle of the Yellow Sea
518:
509:
501:
1:
2853:Society for Nautical Research
1613:Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti
1390:turned and fled, followed by
896:as well as the torpedo boats
566:. It involved ships from the
36:UN offensive into North Korea
2942:The Battle of the Yalu River
2644:Rhodes, Andrew (Fall 2020).
387:1 composite cruiser scuttled
2868:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
2722:McGiffin (1968) pp. 118–132
1683:
1034:) in the center. The newer
948:, was under the command of
538:
18:Battle of Yalu River (1894)
3062:
2958:Dole Institute of Politics
2919:The Imperial Japanese Navy
2745:Elleman, Bruce A. (2001).
2304:Andrade (2016) pp. 287–290
1855:
1691:
1566:would liken the battle to
1104:, a sub-lieutenant in the
40:
29:
2025:The Battle off the Tayang
1925:(This vessel is known as
1398:was hit only once, while
1188:Japanese print depicting
647:, showing survivors from
527:
434:
381:1 protected cruiser sunk
379:1,350 killed and wounded
368:
309:
256:
224:
184:
167:
159:
2945:by Philo Norton McGiffin
2870:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914
2683:Evans & Peattie 1997
2667:Evans & Peattie 1997
2601:Evans & Peattie 1997
2558:Evans & Peattie 1997
2535:Evans & Peattie 1997
2408:Evans & Peattie 1997
2385:Evans & Peattie 1997
2331:Evans & Peattie 1997
2284:Evans & Peattie 1997
2160:Evans & Peattie 1997
2145:Evans & Peattie 1997
1369:Constantin von Hannecken
1282:were put out of action.
808:The Japanese victory at
716:stranded on a shoal and
608:on the western coast of
595:
494:Battle of the Yalu River
383:1 armoured cruiser sunk
175:Battle of the Yellow Sea
43:Battle of the Yellow Sea
41:Not to be confused with
2787:Olender, Piotr (2014).
2736:Andrade, Tonio (2016).
1410:, causing her sinking.
1098:Constantin von Hanneken
724:intercepted the third,
560:First Sino-Japanese War
426:First Sino-Japanese War
162:First Sino-Japanese War
2982:39.21389°N 123.12639°E
2806:McGiffin, Lee (1968).
2421:"马吉芬：大东沟海战丁汝昌重伤因被炮风震倒"
2047:Naval history of China
2042:Naval history of Japan
1360:
1221:
1206:
999:, the converted liner
995:. There were also two
655:
602:Imperial Japanese Army
568:Imperial Japanese Navy
385:2 light cruisers sunk
257:Commanders and leaders
3036:September 1894 events
2851:(4). United Kingdom:
2819:Paine, S.C.M (2003).
2810:Philo Norton McGiffin
2749:. London: Routledge.
2037:Henry Walton Grinnell
1949:) – Caught fire, sank
1858:China (Beiyang Fleet)
1618:Secretary of the Navy
1471:(Chinese source says
1350:
1212:
1187:
866:, the small cruisers
640:
582:off the mouth of the
369:Casualties and losses
315:7 protected cruisers
2844:The Mariner's Mirror
2808:Yankee of the Yalu,
2441:James Allen (1898).
2343:McGriffin, Philo N.
1112:, a graduate of the
1082:ironclad battleships
349:1 composite cruiser
331:ironclad battleships
155:Battle of Yalu River
72:improve this article
2987:39.21389; 123.12639
2978: /
2689:, pp. 169–170.
2673:, pp. 169–170.
2631:, pp. 184–185.
2619:, pp. 243–259.
2591:, pp. 243–259.
2355:on 21 December 2010
2316:, pp. 169–170.
2269:, pp. 179–189.
2135:, pp. 179–180.
2123:, pp. 243–259.
1580:Battle of Lüshunkou
1134:weight of broadside
1060:, and the obsolete
564:Battle of Pyongyang
506:traditional Chinese
179:Kobayashi Kiyochika
2839:Perry, John Curtis
1909:& Liu Pu-chan)
1564:The New York Times
1361:
1222:
1207:
1122:soldier of fortune
1009:, and the gunboat
884:, torpedo gunboat
802:Shandong Peninsula
656:
498:simplified Chinese
376:1 ironclad damaged
346:protected cruisers
336:coastal battleship
3026:Conflicts in 1894
2898:978-1-86176-144-6
2879:978-0-415-21477-3
2830:978-0-521-81714-1
2798:978-83-63678-30-2
2779:978-0-87021-192-8
2756:978-0-415-21474-2
2491:on 6 October 2014
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
1751:Kamimura Hikonojō
1621:Hilary A. Herbert
1535:delivered from a
1196:Shunsai Toshimasa
1154:muzzle velocities
1138:quick-firing guns
1017:Kabayama Sukenori
926:Fleet composition
672:and the gunboats
536:
519:Huáng Hǎi Hǎizhàn
487:
486:
391:
390:
341:armoured cruisers
317:1 belted cruiser
220:
219:
192:17 September 1894
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
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2974:
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2902:
2883:
2864:
2834:
2815:
2802:
2783:
2764:Evans, David C;
2760:
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2714:
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2498:
2496:
2487:. Archived from
2481:
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2463:
2461:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2417:
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2351:. Archived from
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2296:
2293:
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2264:
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2157:
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2124:
2118:
2069:
2066:
1916:, left to right
1865:, left to right
1699:Flying Squadron:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1662:was replaced by
1650:Battle of Fuzhou
1351:Illustration of
1342:
1327:
1218:Hasegawa Chikuyō
1204:
1114:US Naval Academy
997:dispatch vessels
751:and shelling of
712:forced to flee,
644:Le Petit Journal
596:Japan's strategy
570:and the Chinese
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
531:
529:
520:
511:
503:
429:
427:
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302:
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291:
290:
289:
279:
278:
277:
268:
267:
266:
249:
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246:
236:
235:
234:
216:Japanese victory
186:
185:
172:
152:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2937:
2909:
2907:Further reading
2899:
2886:
2880:
2867:
2837:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2799:
2786:
2780:
2766:Peattie, Mark R
2763:
2757:
2744:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:, pp. 182.
2697:
2693:
2681:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:, p. 182;
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:, p. 181;
2583:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2541:
2533:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2494:
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2483:
2482:
2478:
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2457:
2455:
2440:
2439:
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2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2391:
2383:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2217:
2209:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2033:
2021:
2016:
1860:
1794:Arima Shin'ichi
1739:Tōgō Heihachirō
1696:
1681:
1679:Order of battle
1666:as head of the
1654:Sino-French War
1646:pre-dreadnought
1576:
1560:naval supremacy
1525:bows-on frontal
1512:
1340:
1325:
1227:
1198:
1182:
928:
888:, the gunboats
838:, the cruisers
635:
598:
593:
555:
552:
549:
546:
490:
489:
488:
483:
430:
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173:
144:
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127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
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3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2962:
2961:
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2946:
2936:
2935:External links
2933:
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2878:
2865:
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2742:
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2728:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2713:, p. 211.
2703:
2691:
2685:, p. 39;
2675:
2669:, p. 38;
2659:
2633:
2621:
2605:
2593:
2577:
2570:Paine, Sarah.
2562:
2539:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2476:
2467:
2454:978-1421958439
2453:
2433:
2412:
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2271:
2256:
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1978:Joined Halfway
1975:
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1727:Nomura Tadashi
1718:
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1572:
1511:
1508:
1406:collided with
1226:
1223:
1181:
1178:
1110:Philo McGiffin
927:
924:
706:the engagement
634:
631:
618:Combined Fleet
597:
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128:September 2016
60:
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26:
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3058:
3047:
3046:1890s battles
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3034:
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3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:1895 in Japan
3009:
3007:
3006:1894 in China
3004:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:External site
2947:
2944:
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2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:. Routledge.
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
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2845:
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2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
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2800:
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2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:Sondhaus 2001
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:Sondhaus 2001
2668:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:, p. 46.
2602:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2560:, p. 48.
2559:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:, p. 47.
2536:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2486:
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2477:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2434:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2410:, p. 44.
2409:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:, p. 42.
2386:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2333:, p. 39.
2332:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Sondhaus 2001
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2286:, p. 38.
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2242:, p. 60.
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:, p. 57.
2212:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:, p. 98.
2193:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:, p. 97.
2178:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:, p. 41.
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:, p. 40.
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
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2001:
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1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
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1956:
1955:
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1948:
1947:Lin Yongsheng
1944:
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1918:
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1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:Hidaka Sōnojō
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
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1711:Kawara Yōichi
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:Grand Council
1669:
1668:Nanyang fleet
1665:
1664:Zhang Zhidong
1661:
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1467:tried to ram
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1334:flying bridge
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1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Prussian Army
1091:
1087:
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790:
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778:
777:Taedong River
773:
770:
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762:
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671:
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661:
654:
650:
646:
645:
639:
633:Chinese moves
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Beiyang Fleet
611:
607:
603:
590:
588:
585:
581:
575:
573:
572:Beiyang Fleet
569:
565:
561:
540:
534:
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364:
363:torpedo boats
359:
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89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2963:
2940:
2927:
2923:Fred T. Jane
2918:
2912:
2888:
2869:
2848:
2842:
2820:
2807:
2791:. MMPBooks.
2788:
2769:
2746:
2737:
2718:
2711:Olender 2014
2706:
2694:
2678:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2624:
2608:
2596:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2514:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2479:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2443:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2415:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:the original
2348:
2338:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2252:Elleman 2001
2247:
2240:Olender 2014
2211:Olender 2014
2192:Elleman 2001
2177:Elleman 2001
2140:
2128:
2024:
2022:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1907:Ding Ruchang
1901:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1805:
1800:
1788:
1780:
1774:Itō Sukeyuki
1770:Dewa Shigetō
1764:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1658:
1652:in the 1884
1643:
1634:
1629:Mark Peattie
1625:
1611:
1605:
1601:London Times
1599:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1529:line abreast
1513:
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1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1303:
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1290:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1274:was hit and
1271:
1267:
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1232:
1228:
1213:
1190:
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1125:
1089:
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1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1001:
993:Itō Sukeyuki
987:
981:
972:
966:
960:
958:(flagship),
954:
945:
941:
936:
931:
929:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
851:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
807:
797:
793:
774:
764:
757:Li Hongzhang
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:Ding Ruchang
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:Pungo Island
696:
690:
684:
678:
673:
668:
657:
652:
648:
642:
622:Shanhai Pass
599:
576:
539:Kōkai-kaisen
517:
493:
491:
459:Jiuliancheng
453:
319:2 ironclads
293:Ding Ruchang
270:Itō Sukeyuki
225:Belligerents
174:
160:Part of the
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
2985: /
2973:123°07′35″E
2855:: 243–259.
1876:Fang Boqian
1848:Saikyō Maru
1806:Itsukushima
1789:Itsukushima
1776:) – Damaged
1758:Main Fleet:
1746:Akitsushima
1715:Tsuboi Kōzō
1504:Saikyō Maru
1454:Saikyō Maru
1446:Saikyō Maru
1280:Saikyō Maru
1250:squadrons.
1199: [
1148:mounted in
1102:W. F. Tyler
1074:Saikyō Maru
1021:Saikyō Maru
1007:John Wilson
1002:Saikyō Maru
967:Itsukushima
950:Tsuboi Kōzō
942:Akitsushima
685:Akitsushima
281:Tsuboi Kōzō
3041:Yalu River
3016:Yellow Sea
3000:Categories
2970:39°12′50″N
2730:References
2699:Paine 2003
2629:Paine 2003
2617:Perry 1964
2613:Paine 2003
2589:Perry 1964
2585:Paine 2003
2518:McGriffin
2267:Paine 2003
2133:Paine 2003
2121:Perry 1964
1914:Right Wing
1765:Matsushima
1541:Canet guns
1537:line ahead
1492:Matsushima
1425:(built at
1415:Kuang Ping
1295:Matsushima
1191:Matsushima
1120:and now a
1106:Royal Navy
955:Matsushima
818:Dalian Bay
814:Yalu River
767:sailed to
759:, he left
718:Tsao-kiang
679:Tsao-kiang
664:troopships
591:Background
584:Yalu River
580:Yellow Sea
479:Pescadores
454:Yalu River
321:1 gunboat
304:Liu Buchan
202:Yalu River
98:newspapers
2921:(1904) –
2495:5 October
2426:5 October
1993:Guangbing
1927:Chen Yuen
1886:Kwan Chia
1863:Left Wing
1801:Hashidate
1722:Takachiho
1660:Liu Kunyi
1638:save face
1593:Weihaiwei
1574:Aftermath
1545:Sankeikan
1299:Hashidate
1146:barbettes
1118:Annapolis
978:ironclads
973:Hashidate
937:Takachiho
920:Zhenzhong
912:Guangbing
894:Zhenzhong
886:Guangbing
881:Kwan Chia
810:Pyongyang
769:Lüshunkou
761:Weihaiwei
533:romanized
469:Weihaiwei
464:Lüshunkou
449:Pyongyang
444:Seonghwan
206:Korea Bay
2768:(1997).
2474:McGiffin
2460:7 August
2359:4 August
2031:See also
2027:(1964).
1986:Pingyuan
1962:Chaoyong
1954:Jingyuen
1942:Jingyuan
1922:Zhenyuan
1902:Dingyuan
1880:Chaoyung
1607:Le Temps
1588:Zhenyuan
1584:Dingyuan
1568:Waterloo
1556:fragging
1510:Analysis
1485:Dingyuan
1427:Schichau
1419:Pingyuan
1400:Guangjia
1392:Guangjia
1377:Chaoyong
1365:Columbia
1357:Zhenyuan
1353:Dingyuan
1338:Dingyuan
1330:Dingyuan
1323:Dingyuan
1319:Dingyuan
1311:Zhenyuan
1307:Dingyuan
1268:Jingyuan
1256:Zhenyuan
1252:Dingyuan
1240:Chaoyong
1166:flagship
1126:Jingyuan
1090:Zhenyuan
1086:Dingyuan
1070:Pingyuan
1062:Chaoyong
1058:Jingyuen
1050:Jingyuan
1040:Guangjia
1032:Zhenyuan
1028:Dingyuan
908:Pingyuan
875:Chaoyong
857:Jingyuan
841:Jingyuen
835:Pingyuan
829:Zhenyuan
823:Dingyuan
749:Kwang-yi
745:Kowshing
735:Admiral
726:Kowshing
714:Kwang-yi
674:Kwang-yi
660:steamers
649:Kowshing
606:Chemulpo
524:Japanese
310:Strength
197:Location
1970:Yangwei
1934:Laiyuan
1894:Zhiyuen
1833:Others:
1781:Chiyoda
1706:Yoshino
1670:as the
1543:of the
1481:Laiyuan
1473:Yoshino
1465:Zhiyuan
1458:Yangwei
1431:Choi Ti
1423:Fu Lung
1408:Yangwei
1381:Yangwei
1272:Yoshino
1263:Zhiyuan
1244:Yangwei
1150:echelon
1066:Yangwei
1054:Laiyuan
1045:Zhiyuan
961:Chiyoda
932:Yoshino
916:Zhennan
890:Zhennan
869:Yangwei
863:Zhiyuen
847:Laiyuan
794:Yoshino
691:Yoshino
653:Le Lion
626:Tianjin
547:
535::
474:Yingkou
358:gunboat
112:scholar
2895:
2876:
2827:
2795:
2776:
2753:
2451:
2000:Fulong
1871:Jiyuan
1734:Naniwa
1469:Naniwa
1435:Yarrow
1429:) and
1404:Jiyuan
1396:Jiyuan
1388:Jiyuan
1220:, 1894
1205:, 1894
1180:Battle
1170:signal
1142:salvos
1096:major
1036:Jiyuan
985:, and
976:, the
946:Naniwa
944:, and
899:Fulong
852:Jiyuan
798:Naniwa
789:Dalian
765:Jiyuan
753:Jiyuan
741:Jiyuan
730:Naniwa
722:Naniwa
710:Jiyuan
697:Naniwa
669:Jiyuan
516::
514:pinyin
508::
500::
439:Pungdo
248:
213:Result
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
2053:Notes
2007:Zuo 1
1840:Akagi
1772:, VA
1713:, RA
1694:Japan
1523:in a
1516:Lissa
1500:Akagi
1450:Akagi
1341:'
1326:'
1276:Akagi
1236:knots
1203:]
1012:Akagi
904:Zuo 1
781:Zhili
610:Korea
251:China
238:Japan
119:JSTOR
105:books
2893:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2774:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2656:(2).
2497:2014
2462:2011
2449:ISBN
2428:2014
2361:2013
1825:Hiei
1817:Fusō
1804:(as
1610:and
1586:and
1519:the
1496:Hiei
1448:and
1442:Hiei
1417:and
1379:and
1355:and
1309:and
1291:Hiei
1285:Hiei
1278:and
1254:and
1242:and
1162:beam
1088:and
1064:and
988:Hiei
982:Fusō
902:and
892:and
878:and
860:and
826:and
796:and
785:Taku
694:and
676:and
624:and
544:lit.
528:黄海海戦
510:黃海海戰
502:黄海海战
492:The
189:Date
91:news
2857:doi
1808:) (
1521:ram
1433:(a
1116:at
74:by
3002::
2849:50
2847:.
2654:11
2652:.
2648:.
2636:^
2542:^
2523:^
2392:^
2369:^
2347:.
2321:^
2274:^
2259:^
2218:^
2199:^
2184:^
2167:^
2152:^
2073:^
2061:^
1604:,
1595:.
1570:.
1460:.
1444:,
1394:.
1301:.
1216:,
1201:ja
1084:,
1076:.
1056:,
1052:,
1048:,
1042:,
1038:,
1030:,
1023:.
970:,
964:,
940:,
934:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
872:,
854:,
850:,
844:,
688:,
574:.
542:;
530:,
526::
522:;
512:;
504:;
361:2
356:1
351:2
344:3
339:2
334:1
329:2
323:1
204:,
177:,
2960:.
2901:.
2882:.
2863:.
2859::
2833:.
2801:.
2782:.
2759:.
2499:.
2464:.
2430:.
2363:.
1812:)
1796:)
1753:)
1741:)
1729:)
1717:)
556:'
550:'
496:(
416:e
409:t
402:v
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
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