354:
330:
124:
215:
206:(Hassaniya dialect word for a long rectangular piece of cloth that is used as a head wrap or turban). In Niger a similar type of boubou is worn. And Tuareg men commonly wear wrap turbans and face veils. In Mali, traditional clothing made of white mud cloth and associated with the towns of Djenne and Timbuktu was the type of luxury boubou, and the lomasa primarily associated with the Tunka, the ruler of Ngalam, once a Soninke kingdom in present-day Senegal.
175:
81:
63:
318:
20:
342:
163:. The traditional boubou is an ample tunic with open sleeves and a triangular or rectangular breast pocket. Boubou both formal and everyday wear is made in all different materials for both men and women. Aside from being comfortable and practical, it provides covering in accordance to Islamic beliefs. Usually, Boubou is constructed in three parts.
306:
242:
It is this bazin that is skillfully turned into luxurious intricate clothing by
Senegalese tailors that the entire sub region from Guinea to Nigeria wear. Its high demand, especially during holidays, as well as the many stages of manufacture make it occupy a place of choice in the economy. Senegalese
222:
The informal sector of trade in dyed fabric also called thioup or thioub in Wolof, expanded in the 1980s. As a consequence fabrics such as bazin revived a boom in the fashion sector. Until 2000s cotton damask used to be worked by local craftsmen to become a noble fabric characterized by its stiffness
166:
In
Senegal, the most elegant boubous are made from high quality cotton damask, the bazin riche. They are heavily embroidered with the same color or contrasting silk thread. Ornate embroidered patterns of circles and swirls adorn the pockets, neck opening, front, back and other parts of the gown
293:
internationally and within the
African diaspora. In this regard, he said "Since 2004, I have been organizing the event outside of Senegal, to introduce it to Africans in the diaspora. This year, after Dakar, we will go to Paris, London and the United States where the event is eagerly awaited by the
182:
Traditionally the
Senegalese boubou can be heavily embroidered, it is also known by various names depending on the ethnic group and the region in which it is being worn. In Senegal everyday wear is a caftan, or boubou with pants for the men and pagne a garment that women wrap around their hips and
170:
White and light blue are the classic colors and are commonly worn in
Mauritania, Western Sahara, Mali and Niger. Bright colors with multicolor embroidery are worn in Senegal and Gambia. Less expensive boubous are made from lower quality cotton damask fabric imported from China or India and usually
58:
To transform the white damask into vibrant Bazin, an elaborate dyeing process ensues. The fabric undergoes immersion in a dye bath, followed by rinsing and draining. This cycle is repeated until the desired color and intricate patterns emerge. Subsequently, the dyed Bazin undergoes a thorough cold
54:
The process of crafting Bazin begins with cotton damask fabric. Hand-dyeing, a meticulous and often labor-intensive task undertaken by skilled women, characterizes this traditional artistry. The initial steps involve importing materials, predominantly cotton, and occasionally silk or wool from
73:
Originally, Bazin was dyed with natural indigo, utilizing ash-based potash and clay in a harmless dyeing process. However, since the 1990s, manufacturing processes have evolved with the adoption of chemical dyes, caustic soda, and hydrosulfate. Upon selecting the desired dye, caustic soda and
223:
and dazzling shine. However this craft slowly died out due to cheap competition from neighboring countries. Dyed bazin is now mainly imported in
Senegal, they are then designed and sewn by local tailors who in turn export their products in West African countries and other parts of the world.
114:
Distinguishing between these types is often a skill mastered by women and Bazin sellers. However, a hands-on approach, where individuals see and touch the fabric, makes it easy to identify the premium bazin due to its unique texture that sets it apart from the other variants.
103:
Mid-Grade Bazin: The mid-grade bazin is the result of
Chinese competition, producing a variant of inferior quality compared to the premium bazin. Despite reduced quality, it presents a more affordable option, costing about two times less than its higher-grade
266:
in honor of the popular fabric by
Senegalese singer Djiby Dramé who wanted to revive traditional boubous. It's a festival of boubous, brilliance, colors and a delight to watch. Famous Senegalese designers and pioneers of modern Senegalese fashion such as
109:
Budget-Friendly Bazin: The budget-friendly bazin caters to smaller budgets, providing an affordable alternative that costs up to four times less than the premium bazin. This type allows individuals with limited means to access the elegance of
232:
in Wolof. When the fabric is soaked in the dye bath, that technique makes it possible to preserve certain parts of the fabric, from dyeing and to form patterns in rings or strips. The fabric is then starched and beaten with wooden clubs by
353:
97:
Premium Bazin: The premium bazin stands out with its crafting technique, utilizing 100% fine cotton of superior quality. When exposed to dye, it emits an exceptional shine, establishing it as the epitome of quality among the three
155:, meaning a garment that can be slipped on over the head and used generically to describe long, flowing, ankle length robes worn by both men and women across the predominantly Muslim West African Sahel region from
74:
hydrosulfate are dissolved in water. This chemical reaction enhances the resistance of the dye on cotton, marking a modernization of Bazin production techniques while preserving its rich cultural heritage.
194:(Wolof word for loose trousers), grand boubou and a white embroidered skullcap, pillbox cap, or red or brown fez. In Mauritania and Western Sahara a similar garment is commonly worn with
329:
466:
417:
442:
395:
279:
but also other designers from other countries are invited to that event. The success of la grande nuit du bazin lead to other branches in
784:
758:
738:
657:
819:
59:
water wash to eliminate any remaining products. The final step, essential for preventing fabric tearing, involves sun-drying.
42:
textile known for its stiffness and vibrant sheen. It is primarily recognized as the most commonly used fabric for crafting a
690:
226:
The first step in this craftsmanship is to dye the white fabric oftentimes with patterns made through a technique called
55:
Germany, the
Netherlands, or China. Following material acquisition, the fabric is precisely cut to standard dimensions.
804:
317:
814:
809:
730:
572:"Les Portes de l'Or. Le royaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'ère musulmane au temps de negriers (VIIIe-XVIIIe siècle)"
123:
93:
Bazin production comprises three distinct types, each offering a unique appeal and varying in affordability:
276:
773:
in Dakar, Senegal: Altered
Inception, Use and Wear". In Karen Tranberg Hansen; D. Soyini Madison (eds.).
272:
599:
460:
46:, a long, loose traditional outerwear worn by both men and women, particularly in West Africa.
780:
754:
734:
686:
663:
653:
591:
552:
448:
438:
411:
43:
628:
583:
544:
382:
341:
160:
305:
80:
798:
243:
boubous are mainly exported in neighboring countries such as Gambia and Mali.
214:
174:
484:
188:
The formal ensemble for men is a three piece outfit consisting of a caftan, a
62:
667:
595:
556:
452:
620:
532:
632:
548:
19:
268:
287:
successively in 2014 and 2018. Djiby Dramé also intended to spread the
284:
156:
683:
Elégances africaines : Tissus traditionnels et mode contemporaine
603:
509:
647:
432:
280:
67:
39:
571:
727:
Textiles du Mali. D'après les collections du Musée national du Mali
587:
263:
213:
173:
122:
79:
61:
18:
34:) is a West African fabric with its origin in Europe imported in
35:
200:(Arabic word for loose trousers) in matching damask fabric and
359:
Woman, dressed in a boubou embroidered in turquoise blue bazin
397:
The Bazin: Malian Fashion Threads of Power, Color and Culture
751:
Teinturières à Bamako. Quand la couleur sort de sa réserve…
434:
Ethnic dress in the United States a cultural encyclopedia
218:
A boubou with thioup technique, Senegal ca. 1800-1900
84:
Bazin fabrics being dried on a football field in Mali
483:
Madison, D. Soyini; Hansen, Karen Tranaberg (2013).
262:(the night of bazin) is an event founded in 2004 in
201:
570:Klein, Martin A.; Bathily, Abdoulaye (1990).
489:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 7, 63–72, 242
431:D., Lynch, Annette Strauss, Mitchell (2015).
377:"The Global Circulation of African Fashion".
38:, made from hand-dyed cotton, resulting in a
8:
615:
613:
465:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
288:
257:
251:
234:
195:
776:African Dress: Fashion, Agency, Performance
621:"The Global Circulation of African Fashion"
478:
476:
227:
189:
150:
144:
138:
132:
486:African Dress Fashion, Agency, Performance
416:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
649:The global circulation of African fashion
625:The Global Circulation of African Fashion
379:The Global Circulation of African Fashion
239:until it results in a shiny noble bazin.
127:Embroidery technique, Senegal around 1900
370:
301:
458:
409:
7:
510:"Grave Something from Designer Page"
646:Rabine, Leslie W. (November 2002).
576:Canadian Journal of African Studies
725:Bernhard Gardi (2003). yes (ed.).
14:
779:. A&C Black. pp. 63–76.
706:"La nuit du Bazin 7Ă©me Ă©dition".
149:) originates from the Wolof word
352:
340:
328:
316:
304:
335:A wedding dress made with bazin
323:A boubou with golden embroidery
131:Boubou (also bubu; from wolof
1:
437:. Rowman & Littlefield.
202:
196:
178:A Senegalese woman in Bazin
836:
749:Patricia GĂ©rimont (2008).
531:Davis, J. Madison (2015).
167:depending on the design.
23:Bazin after manufacturing
681:Mendy-Ongoundou, Renée.
533:"Dragonfish by Vu Tran"
385::10.5040/9781847888891.
253:La grande nuit du bazin
247:La grande nuit du bazin
820:Textile arts of Africa
769:Kirby, Kelly (2013). "
731:Musée national du Mali
537:World Literature Today
289:
258:
252:
235:
228:
219:
190:
179:
151:
145:
139:
133:
128:
85:
70:
24:
753:. Paris: Ibis Press.
633:10.5040/9781847888891
549:10.1353/wlt.2015.0213
512:. Bouchrafilalilahlou
277:Diouma Dieng Diakhaté
217:
177:
126:
83:
65:
22:
290:grande nuit du bazin
183:wear under a boubou.
171:have no embroidery.
400:, Worldmalian, 2020
805:Culture of Senegal
220:
180:
129:
86:
71:
25:
444:978-0-7591-2148-5
185:
827:
815:Robes and cloaks
810:African clothing
790:
764:
744:
712:
711:
708:Magazine Teranga
703:
697:
696:
685:. alternatives.
678:
672:
671:
643:
637:
636:
617:
608:
607:
567:
561:
560:
528:
522:
521:
519:
517:
508:Elbert, Robert.
505:
499:
498:
496:
494:
480:
471:
470:
464:
456:
428:
422:
421:
415:
407:
406:
405:
392:
386:
375:
356:
344:
332:
320:
308:
292:
261:
255:
238:
231:
205:
199:
193:
184:
161:Northern Nigeria
154:
148:
142:
136:
119:Usage in Senegal
835:
834:
830:
829:
828:
826:
825:
824:
795:
794:
787:
768:
761:
748:
741:
724:
721:
716:
715:
705:
704:
700:
693:
680:
679:
675:
660:
645:
644:
640:
619:
618:
611:
569:
568:
564:
530:
529:
525:
515:
513:
507:
506:
502:
492:
490:
482:
481:
474:
457:
445:
430:
429:
425:
408:
403:
401:
394:
393:
389:
376:
372:
367:
360:
357:
348:
345:
336:
333:
324:
321:
312:
309:
300:
249:
212:
121:
91:
77:
66:Women dyers in
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
833:
831:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
797:
796:
793:
792:
785:
766:
759:
746:
739:
720:
717:
714:
713:
698:
691:
673:
658:
638:
609:
588:10.2307/485261
562:
523:
500:
472:
443:
423:
387:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
351:
349:
346:
339:
337:
334:
327:
325:
322:
315:
313:
311:A grand boubou
310:
303:
299:
296:
273:Collé Ardo Sow
259:nuit du boubou
248:
245:
211:
208:
120:
117:
112:
111:
106:
105:
100:
99:
90:
87:
51:
48:
16:Type of fabric
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
832:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
788:
786:9780857853813
782:
778:
775:
772:
767:
762:
760:9782910728823
756:
752:
747:
742:
740:9782911741241
736:
732:
728:
723:
722:
718:
709:
702:
699:
694:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
665:
661:
659:1-85973-598-3
655:
651:
650:
642:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
527:
524:
511:
504:
501:
488:
487:
479:
477:
473:
468:
462:
454:
450:
446:
440:
436:
435:
427:
424:
419:
413:
399:
398:
391:
388:
384:
380:
374:
371:
364:
355:
350:
343:
338:
331:
326:
319:
314:
307:
302:
297:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
260:
254:
246:
244:
240:
237:
230:
224:
216:
209:
207:
204:
198:
192:
186:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
153:
147:
141:
135:
125:
118:
116:
108:
107:
102:
101:
96:
95:
94:
88:
82:
78:
75:
69:
64:
60:
56:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
777:
774:
770:
750:
726:
719:Bibliography
707:
701:
682:
676:
648:
641:
624:
579:
575:
565:
543:(6): 69–69.
540:
536:
526:
514:. Retrieved
503:
491:. Retrieved
485:
433:
426:
402:, retrieved
396:
390:
378:
373:
250:
241:
225:
221:
187:
181:
169:
165:
130:
113:
104:counterpart.
92:
76:
72:
57:
53:
31:
27:
26:
771:Bazin Riche
710:(2013): 20.
347:Boubou vert
799:Categories
729:. Bamako:
692:2862273562
582:(2): 266.
404:2023-12-18
365:References
146:gran mbubu
50:Production
668:988803305
596:0008-3968
557:1945-8134
461:cite book
453:935597064
210:Technique
627:. 2010.
412:citation
381:. 2010.
269:Oumou Sy
236:tappeurs
516:22 June
298:Gallery
294:fans."
285:Abidjan
157:Senegal
783:
757:
737:
689:
666:
656:
604:485261
602:
594:
555:
493:4 July
451:
441:
281:Bamako
197:sirwal
191:tchaya
134:mbubbe
110:bazin.
98:types.
68:Bamako
44:Boubou
40:damask
600:JSTOR
264:Dakar
203:hawli
152:mbubb
89:Types
32:basin
28:Bazin
781:ISBN
755:ISBN
735:ISBN
687:ISBN
664:OCLC
654:ISBN
592:ISSN
553:ISSN
518:2023
495:2022
467:link
449:OCLC
439:ISBN
418:link
283:and
140:bubu
36:Mali
30:(or
629:doi
584:doi
545:doi
383:doi
256:or
229:tak
159:to
143:or
801::
733:.
662:.
652:.
623:.
612:^
598:.
590:.
580:24
578:.
574:.
551:.
541:89
539:.
535:.
475:^
463:}}
459:{{
447:.
414:}}
410:{{
275:,
271:,
137:,
791:.
789:.
765:.
763:.
745:.
743:.
695:.
670:.
635:.
631::
606:.
586::
559:.
547::
520:.
497:.
469:)
455:.
420:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
