130:
22:
347:, which varies from year to year. Production in 1948–49 was 24,131.1 tonnes (53.2 million pounds), a record high. The average returns from productive hives in 1958–59 was 47 kilograms (103 lb) of honey per hive and the average quantity of wax was 590 grams (1.3 lb) per productive hive. Australia had 451,000 hives in 1958–59 of which 315,000 were regarded as productive. Total production during that period from all hives was 14,735.9 tonnes (32.487 million pounds) with a gross value of £1,803,000. The amount of bees wax produced in 1958–59 was 189.1 tonnes (417 thousand pounds) worth £105,000.
111:
292:
319:. He said the blossom from the trees was annually converted by bees into honey worth £150 per 260 hectares (1 square mile) of forest. The land was being cleared to create grazing pastures for sheep which he claimed annually returned just £80 per 260 hectares (1 square mile). Bolton sent a test shipment of honey to China early in the 20th century. He reported, “The ships company thought so highly of his honey that empty cases were they only part of the consignment left when the ship reached port.”
220:
169:
160:, since before European settlement. There are 1,600 described species of native bees in Australia. Some fifteen of these are social species while the others are solitary bees that live alone. Most native bees are either stingless or their stings are not generally dangerous to humans. However, native bees generally don't produce large amounts of honey.
444:
The
Australian honeybee industry biosecurity code of practice requires beekeepers to inspect their hives at least twice a year and to keep accurate records. Hives must be inspected for the presence of pests and diseases and for hive strength, the inspection to include at least three full-depth brood
350:
Victoria has long been one of the main honey producing states. In 1971, there were 1,278 registered beekeepers in the state with 103,454 hives that produced 4,447.0 tonnes (9.804 million pounds) of honey worth $ 984,000, plus 54.4 tonnes (120 thousand pounds) of beeswax valued at $ 68,000.
374:
The
Australian Manuka Honey Association (AMHA), has established a set of standards for authentic Australian Manuka honey. Honey that carries the AMHA’s Mark of Authenticity must be pure, natural Manuka honey, produced entirely in Australia, and be tested by an independent, approved laboratory to
440:
caused massive losses of commercial honey bees, feral bees, native bees and other nectar-loving insects. Together they normally contribute about $ 14 billion to the
Australian economy via the pollination of agricultural and broad-acre crops. Canola and almonds are particularly dependant on honey
521:
had been in the country before detection. To date (the end of 2022) 103 hives have been detected with infestation, with over 17,000 being destroyed including 250 colonies at the world class bee research facility at Tocal
Agricultural College, however 48 high value queen bees from Plan Bee, the
516:
mite is a parasite that has caused significant deaths of colonies throughout the world, forcing beekeepers to treat their hives to keep the mites and their associated virus in check. In June of 2022 the parasite was detected near the port of
Newcastle, authorities are attempting to contain and
250:
Australian farmers wishing to diversify and develop additional sources of income in the nineteenth century sometimes turned to bee-keeping as a side-line. A row of gin cases on a rural property was a sign that bee-farming was in progress as they were frequently reused as bee hives. Bee-keeping
140:
Each of the states and the territories have the responsibility to guide and police the beekeeping industry (including amateur beekeepers) within their own borders. However, the
Federal Government has overall jurisdiction over biosecurity and it uses this power to enforce by law some beekeeping
1364:
254:
The export of honey may have started in 1845 when an experimental shipment of honey and honeycomb was shipped from New South Wales to
Britain in wooden casks. In 1895, 92.7 tonnes (204,435 lb) of honey was exported from Victoria alone. Some 90% of that went to the United Kingdom.
932:
517:
eradicate the mite. However containment efforts appear to be failing, in part due to beekeepers moving their hives from the "red eradication zone" to the "surveillance, or purple zone". It is now believed that the port of
Newcastle was not the point of entry, and that
282:
The South
Australian Beekeepers Society was established in 1884 and a beekeeper’s association was active in Victoria in the same year. The Queensland Beekeeper’s Association was meeting by 1886. The Victorian Apiarists Association started in 1900.
676:
266:
The wild bee of the country is not nearly so common as the much more generous and busier bee from Europe,– with which the bush many miles from the coast is already so plentifully filled that honey is a customary delicacy with all the
129:
210:
Later, other species were introduced from Italy, Yugoslavia, and North
America. The milder climate in Australia means less honey has to be left in the hive to feed the bees through winter compared to Europe and North America.
359:
About 70% of Australian honey comes from nectar from native plants. Demand for pollination services for almonds and other crops is growing. Bee-brokers co-ordinate bee-keepers to provide pollination services for such crops.
21:
526:
free, resulting in the destruction of hobbies, businesses and breeding projects, opposition is beginning to be voiced against the government policy of eradication, with calls for management of
107:
Australia is the fourth largest honey exporting nation after China, Argentina and Mexico. The high quality and unique flavours of Australian honey allows exporters to charge a premium price.
1419:
Money in bees in Australasia: A practical treatise on the profitable management of the honey bee in Australasia, and a Special Section Dealing with the Nectariferous Value of Indigenous Flora
441:
bees. The fires also devastated some of the best nectar producing forests where bees forage. The reduced honey bee population is expected to take between three and twenty years to recover.
522:
National Honey Bee Genetic Improvement Program, were able to be securely removed and re-homed. In light of the large numbers of hives being destroyed with over 99% of them being
406:, each named after the trees that produce the pollen and nectar gathered by the bees. The purity, taste and variety of Australian honey makes it popular in Asia and elsewhere.
1501:
1474:
463:
1195:
The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1871 - 1912) Sat 14 Dec 1889 Page 1305. Trove: National Library of Australia. Retrieved 9 March 2019
340:
and the tendency for beeswax to melt in very hot conditions. The distance from export markets is another issue. So too is the use of pesticides in agriculture.
251:
remained largely a part-time activity for farmers and people living on the outskirts of towns and cities until dedicated full-time beekeepers began to emerge.
1541:
1281:
1207:
South Australian Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1895) Sat 18 Apr 1891 Page 13. Trove: National Library of Australia. Retrieved 9 March 2019
688:
1480:
1335:
437:
1254:
1227:
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803:
960:
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1308:
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from a single flowering species while other honey is produced from multiple types of flowering plants. Popular types of honey include
637:
1443:
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The production of honey and bees-wax fluctuates greatly and is determined by the flow of nectar from flora, particularly from the
1536:
1048:
839:
792:
750:
122:
There are also beekeeping hobbyists in Australia who produce honey for home consumption or to be made into products, such as
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instead, like elsewhere in the world. A petition supporting this alternative policy has amassed nearly 25,000 signatures.
115:
238:
110:
316:
946:
1511:
1107:
Halcroft, Megan T.; et al. (2013). "The Australian Stingless Bee Industry: A Follow-up Survey, One Decade on".
917:
485:
591:
762:
559:
322:
In 1921–22, Australia produced 3,343.3 tonnes (7,370,790 lb) of honey. Honey exports that year were worth
92:
for fruit trees and a variety of ground crops. These pollination services to agriculture are valued at between
1496:
1468:
896:
574:
539:
403:
291:
198:
418:
371:). Most commercial beekeepers have between 400 and 800 hives, but some large operators have up to 10,000.
333:
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was in use by 1872. It led to greater honey production and less disease in hives. The smoker developed by
195:
157:
153:
149:
134:
89:
424:
399:
1521:
1167:
1095:
1059:
202:
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Australia produces 25,000 to 30,000 tonnes (55 to 66 million pounds) of honey annually. Some is
337:
308:
234:
185:
59:
661:
262:(1815–1882) visited Australia in 1871 and commented on the popularity of honey as a favourite food.
544:
1516:
1124:
1071:
489:
471:
219:
1228:"Emergency orders in place across NSW to protect bee industry from deadly varroa mite parasite"
1439:
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1404:
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835:
788:
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67:
1255:"Varroa mite detection in Hunter Valley raises questions about origin of deadly bee parasite"
879:
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601:
554:
391:
387:
380:
323:
296:
259:
1043:, No.87, Melbourne, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Victorian Office, p.902.
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indicates that there was already an act in that state to attempt to control the spread of
481:
459:
272:
181:
168:
55:
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bee-farmer Thomas Bolton (1863–1928) questioned the wisdom of clearing the forest in the
1491:
1459:
1506:
1282:"Varroa mite detection forces the destruction of research hives in NSW's Hunter region"
1216:
Harman, Alan, “Small hive beetle in Australia,” Bee Culture, 131 (1) January 2003, p.59
1204:
1192:
983:
729:
476:
223:
1530:
564:
430:
376:
1128:
1309:"Beekeeper calls on NSW government to stop destroying hives to control varroa mite"
276:
101:
818:
85:
586:
344:
73:
51:
1522:
Western Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development
1426:
1471:
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication No. 14/098
410:
43:
1365:
Bolton, Professor H.C., "Thomas Bolton: A pioneer bee-keeper in Victoria,"
1120:
184:
in Australia were brought in seven hives aboard the convict transport ship
395:
63:
611:
81:
47:
26:
191:
1336:"NSW queen bee breeders struggle with varroa mite control measures"
1477:(Plant Health Australia and Australian Honey Bee Industry Council)
1205:"Foul Brood in Bees Deputation to the Commissioner of Crown Lands"
606:
363:
The species most commonly used for beekeeping in Australia is the
290:
218:
194:
in March 1822. The first honey bees brought to Tasmania came with
167:
128:
109:
97:
77:
20:
1022:, Canberra, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, p.1,001
1151:“Croppers to feel the yield sting from devastating bee losses,”
1020:
Official year book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No.46, 1960
616:
123:
1507:
South Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regions
1150:
690:
The Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice
413:
for hobbyist and small scale beekeepers was launched in 2015.
1483:(2014) Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
1072:"Australian Manuka Honey Association - Our Quality Standards"
1382:(1973), Melbourne, Victorian Department of Agriculture, 148p
1376:(1981), Melbourne, Victorian Department of Agriculture, 139p
104:) of honey produced each year is worth around $ 90 million.
93:
1481:
Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice
785:
Shipping arrivals and departures Tasmania Vol 1, 1803-1833
1512:
Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania
1421:(1st ed.). Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd. pp. 1–293.
1387:
Australian stingless bees: A guide to Sugarbag Beekeeping
434:
have been domesticated on a small scale for their honey.
375:
ensure it meets minimum standards of naturally occurring
42:
is a commercial industry with around 25,000 registered
141:
requirements under the Biosecurity Code of Practice.
1475:
Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers Version 1.1 (2016)
853:
Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
743:
Shipping arrivals & departures Sydney, 1788-1825
696:. 1. Deakin, ACT: Plant Health Australia. July 2016.
126:. A few are involved in domesticating native bees.
1502:Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
869:. Melbourne: Government Printer. 1898. p. 118.
832:
Rural industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880
1226:Paulina Vidal, Alexandra Jones and Ursula Malone.
1174:. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries
638:"670,000+ registered honey bee hives in Australia"
303:) trees provide a popular type of Australian honey
1492:New South Wales Department of Primary Industries
180:The first imported honey bees to be successfully
50:in 2018. Most are found in the eastern states of
1008:The Illustrated Australian Encyclopaedia, vol 1
264:
1463:Digitised newspapers & Government Gazettes
1096:agrifutures.com.au, accessed 16 September 2019
1060:agrifutures.com.au, accessed 17 September 2019
464:The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser
96:8–19 billion a year. The approximately 30,000
1497:Northern Territory Department of Agriculture
1010:, (1925) Sydney, Angus & Robertson, p.148
730:Common Questions about Australian Native Bees
332:Drawbacks to beekeeping in Australia include
8:
279:to pacify bees was known by at least 1895.
468:Beekeepers' Association of South Australia
918:“The Beehive - Smoke in Bee Management,”
819:"The Wonderful Story of Australian Honey"
207:that reached Hobart on 28 January 1831.
1465:, Trove: National Library of Australia.
662:Australian Honey Bee Industry Council,
628:
76:or apiarists, and their bees, produce
1403:, Exisle Publishing, Wollombi (NSW).
1031:Commonwealth year book, 1960, p.1,002
984:"The Beekeper - Forest Destruction,"
834:, Melbourne University Press, p.117.
480:) in a hive and how to treat it. In
84:, package bees, queen bee pollen and
7:
1542:History of agriculture in Australia
1369:, Vol 47 (4) November 1976, 295-305
1076:Australian Manuka Honey Association
988:(Melbourne), 21 February 1903, p.10
867:The Government Handbook of Victoria
597:Centre for Integrative Bee Research
504:was detected in Australia by 2003.
329:84,417. Beeswax was also exported.
18:Overview of beekeeping in Australia
1469:Australian Beekeeping Guide (2014)
438:Bushfires in the summer of 2019–20
14:
1517:Agriculture Victoria, Honey Bees
416:The stingless native bee species
1401:The Australian beekeeping manual
1367:The Victorian Historical Journal
897:"The Honey Bee - improved hives"
884:, London, Tapman and Hall, p.190
1109:Journal of Apicultural Research
934:The South Australian Advertiser
895:Carroll, J. (7 December 1872).
783:Nicholson, Ian Hawkins (1983),
133:Scientist examining bees near
1:
1280:Kim Honan and Joshua Becker.
666:, March 2018, honeybee.org.au
227:
164:Introduction of European bees
66:as well as the south-west of
30:
787:, Canberra, Roebuck, p.180.
745:, Canberra, Roebuck, p.132.
636:Frost, Liz (28 March 2019).
484:, by 1891 an article in the
470:to outline how to recognise
239:National Gallery of Victoria
1558:
1438:. Melbourne: Inaka Press.
880:Trollope, Anthony (1873),
486:South Australian Chronicle
950:, 13 December 1884, p.13.
882:Australia and New Zealand
708:Australian Stingless Bees
592:Beekeeping in New Zealand
201:on the convict transport
152:have consumed honey from
1389:, Earthing Enterprises.
1041:Victorian year book 1973
964:, 13 September 1886, p.1
741:Cumpston, J.S., (1977),
466:uses a leaflet from the
383:(DHA), and leptosperin.
1537:Beekeeping in Australia
1380:Honey flora of Victoria
1359:Other published sources
922:, 9 November 1895, p.5.
805:The Hobart Town Courier
199:Thomas Braidwood Wilson
40:Beekeeping in Australia
1436:Honey and Pollen Flora
1434:Clemson, Alan (1985).
1385:Klumpp, John, (2007),
1374:Beekeeping in Victoria
1121:10.3896/ibra.1.52.2.01
830:Peel, Lynette (1974),
821:Retrieved May 13, 2016
732:Retrieved May 13, 2016
710:Retrieved May 13, 2016
449:Diseases and parasites
419:Tetragonula carbonaria
304:
269:
242:
196:surgeon-superintendent
177:
150:Aboriginal Australians
137:
135:Young, New South Wales
119:
36:
1399:Owen, Robert (2015),
936:, 3 October 1884, p.9
855:, 29 August 1846, p.2
807:, 10 August 1832, p.2
445:frames in each hive.
425:Tetragonula hockingsi
409:The locally invented
294:
226:, “An old bee farm,”
222:
171:
132:
113:
24:
1486:Government web sites
998:Bolton (1976), p.299
974:Bolton (1976), p.296
235:Warrandyte, Victoria
215:Bee-farming develops
90:pollination services
88:. They also provide
46:owning over 670,000
1172:extensionaus.com.au
851:“The Honey Trade,”
728:Aussie Bee website
706:Aussie Bee website
490:American foul brood
472:American foul brood
258:The British author
1168:"Hive inspections"
899:. The Queenslander
307:In February 1903,
305:
243:
178:
138:
120:
37:
1334:David Claughton.
1166:Chapman, Nadine.
920:Adelaide Observer
514:Varroa destructor
502:small hive beetle
496:Small hive beetle
365:western honey bee
114:Urban bee hives,
100:(66 million
68:Western Australia
1549:
1449:
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1415:Rayment, Rayment
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817:Honeybee.org.au
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763:"Sydney Gazette"
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602:Eucalyptus honey
560:George Hannaford
555:Ernest Hannaford
540:Minard Crommelin
534:Noted beekeepers
388:monofloral honey
381:dihydroxyacetone
328:
317:Western District
301:Eucryphia Lucida
260:Anthony Trollope
232:
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35:
32:
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765:. 12 April 1822
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1319:27 December
1292:27 December
1265:27 December
903:28 February
719:Owen, p.228
508:Varroa Mite
474:(caused by
392:leatherwood
336:, frequent
297:Leatherwood
231: 1900
154:native bees
86:royal jelly
34: 1940
1531:Categories
1342:. ABC News
1340:abc.net.au
1315:. ABC News
1313:abc.net.au
1288:. ABC News
1286:abc.net.au
1261:. ABC News
1259:abc.net.au
1234:. ABC NEWS
1232:abc.net.au
1115:(2): 1–7.
1049:0642952965
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793:0909434220
751:0909434158
677:vff.org.au
647:21 October
623:References
587:Beekeeping
454:Foul brood
400:yellow box
295:Tasmanian
74:Beekeepers
52:Queensland
44:beekeepers
1461:Beekeeper
1427:762734838
1417:(1914) .
411:flow hive
345:eucalypts
334:bushfires
309:Victorian
267:settlers.
172:The ship
1178:15 April
1153:The Land
1129:86326633
581:See also
462:in 1889
396:blue gum
338:droughts
187:Isabella
174:Isabella
145:Pre-1788
64:Tasmania
60:Victoria
1238:26 June
612:Beeswax
379:(MGO),
313:Dunkeld
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176:at sea
102:pounds
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1125:S2CID
694:(PDF)
607:Honey
404:karri
78:honey
48:hives
1440:ISBN
1423:OCLC
1405:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1348:2022
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1180:2021
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