747:
lifestyle to a more modern one. He notes that the sceptical, modern intellectual, a category in which he includes Tono and Tini, was uncommon in local literature at the time. Tham sees the underlying message of Yah's refusal to marry Tono as that "morals and ethical standards are frequently beyond the ken of intellect, reason, or rationality", indicating that intellectuals may not be able to collaborate effectively with the masses. Johns notes that, although the Tono and Tini are thought to be decisive persons by society, they are actually confused and unsure.
431:, views Tini's aloof nature as a major force driving Tono to Yah; her lifestyle, of which Tono is not a part, alienates him and drives him to find a more traditional woman. Tham Seong Chee, a political scientist from Singapore, views her as a weak-willed character, unwilling to act before meeting Hartono again and even then unable to solve her marital difficulties with Tono. He also sees her as being fettered by her own values, which are incompatible with those held by the general Indonesian populace. The Indonesian writer and literary critic
674:(traditional culture). Instead, it showed a love triangle β common in Western literature but then unheard of in Indonesian literature β without an indication of whether any characters were good, evil, right, or wrong. Teeuw writes that the novel portrayed the interior struggle of a "new kind of human", one who is the result of a mixture of Eastern and Western cultures. According to Christie, earlier themes in Indonesian literature such as feudalism and forced marriage are not intrinsically significant to the character's lives in
722:
traditional wife. According to Taum, Tono wishes for Tini to perform traditional duties, such as removing his shoes. However, Tini, refuses to do so and instead keeps herself busy with social activities. This need for a wife who behaves as he wishes ultimately becomes a factor in his falling for Yah, who does everything expected from a traditional wife. However, in the end neither modern nor traditional values alone are enough to guarantee happiness.
232:
738:. He writes that the characters seem to be part of a "society suspended in a vacuum", without an explicit connection to colonialism but also unable to come to terms with traditional mores. Christie describes Sukartono's relationship with Rohayah as symbolic of attempts by intellectuals to engage with the masses through a shared popular culture, but ultimately failing; Taum notes such a thing occurring in a scene where Tini plays a
701:
which he felt happier. Balfas notes that a factor driving Tono from Tini is the latter's former relationship with
Hartono; due to her guilt over the affair, she is unable to express her love for the doctor. Siregar writes that such a theme is reflected in dialogue between Tono and Hartono, from which he suggests the novel derives its title. Balfas writes that there is no solution to the human problems presented in the novel.
459:
readers at the time would not have accepted Tono having an affair with someone of the same socio-economic status. Mohamad describes her as being fatalistic and notes that she downplays her past by saying that any of a thousand girls in
Tanjung Priok could tell the same story; he found her touching without being melodramatic, and notes that Yah was the first prostitute featured portrayed sympathetically in an Indonesian work.
865:, Karim Halim, and S. Djojopoespito. Alisjahbana wrote that the novel was fatalistic and defeatist, as he felt it did not portray the freedom of spirit necessary for people to choose their own destiny; he decried the plot as lacking causality. Jassin found the characters to resemble caricatures, as their emotions were overly melodramatic, but considered the novel representative of works yet to come. Halim wrote that
534:. "Barang Tiada Berharga" also dealt with a doctor and his wife, named Pardi and Haereni, who were characterised in a similar manner as Sukartono and Sumartini, while "Lupa" introduced the main character Sukartono. As the reigning Dutch colonial government forbade the involvement of politics in literature, Pane minimised the explicit effects of colonialism in the novel. Taum writes that
317:. Tono is busy treating his patients, leaving no time for him to be with Tini. In response, Tini has become active in numerous social organisations and women's groups, leaving her little time to deal with household work. This further distances Tono from her, as he expects her to behave like a traditional wife and be waiting for him at home, with dinner ready, when he returns from work.
370:
university, where Tini surrendered her virginity to him; this action, unacceptable in traditional culture, made her disgusted with herself and unable to love. Hartono had made the situation worse by breaking off their relationship through a letter. When
Hartono asks her to take him back, Tini refuses.
582:
does not provide full exposition; instead, it only explicitly states key points and leaves the rest for the reader to interpret, thus inviting more active participation. Siregar notes that the characters are introduced one at a time, almost as if the novel were a film; he writes that, as a result, at
369:
Siti Hayati. At Gambir, he also meets with his old friend
Hartono, a political activist with the political party Partindo, who enquires about Tini. On a later date, Hartono visits Tono's home and meets Tini. It is revealed that Tini was romantically involved with Hartono while the two of them were in
869:
represented a new school in
Indonesian literature, with new language and new stories. Djojopoespito decried the book's language, which he did not consider smooth, and plotlines, which he found uninteresting. According to Teeuw, the initial mixed reception was due in part to Indonesian readers β
447:
singer. After Tono, who is three years her elder, graduated from elementary school, Yah was forcibly married to a man twenty years her senior and brought from
Bandung to Palembang. After escaping him and returning to Bandung, where she found that her parents had died, she moved to Batavia and became
399:
music: in medical school he preferred to sing rather than study, and as a doctor he keeps a radio in his treatment room. Suffering from loneliness in his loveless marriage with the modern-minded Tini, he becomes involved with Yah, whom he perceives as being more willing to play the traditional wife.
373:
Tini discovers that Tono has been having an affair, and is furious. She then goes to meet Yah. However, after a long talk she decides that Yah is better for Tono and tells the former prostitute to marry him; Tini then moves back to
Surabaya, leaving Tono in Batavia. However, Yah feels that she would
320:
One day, Tono receives a call from a Miss Eni, who asks him to treat her at a hotel. After Tono arrives at the hotel where Eni is staying, he discovers that she is actually his childhood friend
Rohayah (Yah). Yah, who has had romantic feelings for Tono since childhood, begins seducing him, and after
700:
Several further instances have been expounded by critics. Taum notes that Yah's guilt over her past as a prostitute leads her to the (unfounded) fear that Tono would leave her if their relationship were known; her guilt ultimately causes their separation, while Tono feels nostalgic for the past, in
452:
singer under the pseudonym Siti Hayati. When she discovers that Tono has become a doctor in
Batavia, she pretends to be a patient and seduces him. Although the two fall deeply in love, Yah decides to leave Tono and move to New Caledonia because she feels that society would view the doctor poorly if
493:
The various members of Tini's women's group, including Mrs. Sutatmo, Mrs. Padma, Mrs. Rusdio, and Aminah, aid her in planning different social events. Mrs. Rusdio is Tini's friend from university. Aminah was one of Tini's competitors for Tono and enjoys interfering in the couple's lives. The other
301:, stressed the need for "Asian" values, the younger Pane disregarded conventional Indonesian morality. The literary historian Heather Sutherland writes that this may have been a result of Pane's education at a school for Dutch children; the others received Dutch-language education for Indonesians.
629:
reflects the inner conflicts the main characters face that limit their actions. Taum points to the climax of the novel β in which
Rohayah refuses to marry Sukartono because if she were to marry him he would lose face because of her past β as a prime example of these limitations. Siregar
530:, which gives the reader a greater understanding of the characters and their conflicts. The novel was written in the middle of the writer's career, and two of Pane's earlier short stories, "Barang Tiada Berharga" ("Worthless Thing"; 1935) and "Lupa" ("Forget"; 1936), contained plot points used in
458:
Tham sees Yah as being a good match for Tono in personality, as she shows a willingness to serve as the traditional wife. The American scholar of Indonesian literature Harry Aveling writes that Yah's employment as a prostitute was likely a capitulation by Pane to cultural constraints; Indonesian
902:
in which a Western reader would feel truly involved; he also called the novel Pane's greatest contribution to Indonesia literature. Tham, writing in 1981, described the novel as the best reflection of the then-growing consciousness that Western values, such as individualism and intellectualism,
746:
on her violin in front of a group of regular citizens who prefer local music. Teeuw agrees, writing that the novel shows a psychological burden borne by native intellectuals who found themselves physically fit for a modern existence, but mentally unprepared for the transition from a traditional
721:
music over modern genres. Through the contrast of Sukartono and his ultra-modern, emancipatory wife Sumartini, Pane emphasises that modernity does not necessarily bring happiness. Aveling agrees, writing that the conflict arises over Tini's refusal to "mother" her husband as expected from a
467:
Hartono is Tini's lover from university; he was also Tono's friend. After hearing that Tini enjoys partying, he approaches her and they begin dating. After they have sex, he breaks off their relationship through a letter. He then drops out of university and becomes involved with the nascent
417:
which is viewed as unacceptable in traditional Indonesian culture; when Hartono left her, Tini became increasingly aloof and distant from men. After marrying Tono, she felt increasingly lonely and became involved in social work as an effort to give her life meaning. After learning of Tono's
885:, noting that Pane handled technical discussions especially well. Jassin wrote in 1967 that, although he found the characters still came across as caricatures, the novel was capable of making readers stop and think about modern conditions. In 1969, Indonesian writer and literary critic
382:
with a song recorded especially for him as a way of saying goodbye. On the way to New Caledonia, Yah pines for Tono and hears his voice calling from afar, giving a speech on the radio. Tono, now alone, dedicates himself to his work in an attempt to fill the void left in his heart.
856:
wrote that the novel clearly reflected issues faced by highly educated Indonesians in dealing with traditional culture. However, opponents of the novel dismissed it as "pornographic", emphasising traditionally taboo acts like prostitution and adultery. The December 1940 issue of
958:"Mengapa tida'? Mengapa bergantoeng kepada zaman dahoeloe? ... Djangan dibesar2kan, djangan persoesah perkara moedah, nanti pikiran sebagai dibelenggoe. ... Loepakanlah, matikanlah angan2. Lepaskanlah belenggoe ini. Boeat apa tergantoeng pada zaman doeloe?"
211:. Initial critical reception to the novel was mixed. Proponents argued that it served as an honest representation of the internal conflicts faced by Indonesian intellectuals, while opponents dismissed the novel as "pornographic" because of its inclusion of
758:
was submitted to Balai Pustaka for publication in 1938, but was accepted because of its perceived dissonance with public morality, particularly its portrayal of adultery and prostitution β key components of the plot β as acceptable. Eventually
694:"Mengapa tidak? Mengapa bergantung kepada zaman dahulu? ... Jangan dibesar-besarkan, jangan persusah perkara mudah, nanti pikiran sebagai dibelenggu. ... Lupakanlah, matikanlah angan-angan. Lepaskanlah belenggu ini. Buat apa tergantung pada zaman dulu?"
696:"Why not? Why be hung up on the past? ... Don't blow it out of proportion, don't complicate simple things, your thoughts will be as if they are shackled. ... Forget it, kill those reveries. Release these shackles. Why be hung up on the past?
29:
667:
did not feature a good and pure protagonist in a struggle against an evil antagonist, or present conflict and differences between generations. It also eliminated the common themes of forced marriage and the youth's nonacceptance of
476:; these acts cause his family to disown him. He later comes to Batavia to search for Tono and is surprised to find that Tini has married the doctor. Hartono asks her to run away with him, but she refuses. He then goes to Surabaya.
352:, before serving as a Dutchman's mistress for three years. Tono falls further in love with Yah, as he feels that she is more likely to be a proper wife for him; Yah, however, does not consider herself ready for marriage.
156:. The novel follows the love triangle between a doctor, his wife, and his childhood friend, which eventually causes each of the three characters to lose the ones they love. Originally published by the literary magazine
893:
was "in every respect the best novel of pre-war Indonesian literature". In his 1980 book on Indonesian literature, Teeuw wrote that despite several flaws in the psychological portrayal of the main characters,
502:
Tono and Tini are served by two men, Karno and Abdul. Karno, Tono's loyal manservant, dislikes Tini and considers her overly emotional. Abdul is their driver, who usually drives Tono to meet his patients.
717:, contrasting the new with the old. For example, Sukartono, a doctor (a position considered a symbol of modernity), is obsessed with the past, including his schoolmate Rohayah, and prefers traditional
405:
The Australian scholar of Indonesian literature A. Johns writes that Tono's inner turmoil is caused by his inability to understand Tini, Yah, or the bacteria which he must kill to cure his patients.
395:
Sukartono (abbreviated as Tono) is a doctor, Tini's husband and Yah's lover. He treats poor patients for free and thus is well-liked by the general populace. He is also a big fan of traditional
650:), gave both a number and subtitle to the chapters. According to Taum, this change in style represents a stream of consciousness, as opposed to the earlier style which kept chapters separate.
881:
was a "great advance on any previous work", with which the Indonesian novel came to maturity; he praises the structure, plot, and presentation. Siregar, writing in 1964, praised the novel's
2036:
889:
wrote that the novel was more interesting than earlier works because of its multi-interpretable ending. The Indonesian writer and literary critic Muhammad Balfas wrote in 1976 that
605:
and Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana had used Dutch words β representative of the dominant colonial power β to illustrate the intellectualism of the main characters. Instead, in
413:
Sumartini (abbreviated as Tini) is Tono's ultra-modern wife. While in university, she was very popular and enjoyed partying. During this time she lost her virginity to Hartono, an
526:; he writes that it is most evident in the dialogue, especially that of Tini. Taum, while noting psychoanalysis' influence, notes that the novel follows the individual characters
1992:
630:
notes that such a reading is supported by dialogue between Hartono and Sukartono, in which they note that humans are inherently held back by their reminiscences of the past.
852:
received a mixed reception upon its release. Proponents of the novel stated that it was daring, as it dealt with themes based on societal realities. For example, journalist
1885:
690:, reflected in the title, is if one is "shackled" to the past, then one cannot flourish; Taum notes that this is reflected in Hartono's dialogue to Tini, as follows:
578:
calls it a "three-pronged interior monologue", noting that the novel has minimal use of descriptive passages and dialogue. Unlike works published by Balai Pustaka,
176:: "Barang Tiada Berharga" ("Worthless Thing"; 1935) and "Lupa" ("Forget"; 1936). The resulting novel, written to represent a stream of consciousness and using
184:
to show internal struggle, was very different from earlier Indonesian novels. Unlike said works, which kept to traditional themes such as good versus evil,
1684:
617:
of difficult or uncommon words provided with early editions of the novel. Siregar wrote that Pane's language reflected the actual use of Indonesian well.
223:"in every respect the best novel of pre-war Indonesian literature". The novel has been translated into several languages, including into English in 1989.
527:
443:
Rohayah (also known by the pseudonyms Nyonya Eni and Siti Hayati; abbreviated Yah) is Tono's childhood friend and later lover, as well as a popular
1996:
482:
2079:
2148:
1982:
1922:
1871:
1846:
1765:
1744:
122:
1946:
2178:
268:, which was also realised through political actions, was followed in July 1933 with the establishment of the literary magazine
2183:
899:
841:. The German translation was done by Renate LΓΆdel. As of 2008 the Indonesian-language edition has seen twenty-one printings.
1893:
162:
in three instalments from April to June 1940, it was the magazine's only published novel. It was also the first Indonesian
2173:
469:
265:
2193:
2188:
541:
theme of contrasting modernity and traditionalism may have been influenced by, or even written as a response to,
515:
349:
332:
While at Yah's, Tono and Yah discuss their pasts. Tono reveals that after he graduated from elementary school in
212:
137:
948:
542:
424:
418:
infidelity and seeing that Yah could take better care of him, Tini leaves her husband and moves to Surabaya.
188:
mainly focused on its characters' psychological conflict. It also showed modernity and traditionalism as a
798:
309:
The novel begins as Sukartono (Tono), a Dutch-trained doctor, and his wife Sumartini (Tini), residents of
244:
321:
a while, he accepts her advances. The two begin furtively meeting, often taking long walks at the port
2168:
743:
297:, Pane was one of the biggest proponents for Westernisation. While others, such as his elder brother
2103:
1757:
Ideology and Revolution in Southeast Asia, 1900β1980 : Political Ideas of the Anti-Colonial Era
1964:
776:
768:
261:
163:
52:
215:
and adultery as normal facets of life. Later reviews have been more positive: in 1976, the writer
2066:
1819:
1714:
571:
287:
597:. Another way in which he writes differently from earlier writers is by limiting his use of the
2144:
2125:
2023:
1978:
1952:
1942:
1918:
1867:
1842:
1784:
1761:
1740:
834:
735:
714:
574:
heavily to represent the main characters' turmoil; the Dutch scholar of Indonesian literature
379:
314:
248:
200:
189:
117:
640:
chapters were labelled with only a number β other works, such as Abdul Muis' 1928 novel
374:
only ruin Tono's respected status as a doctor because of her history. She decides to move to
260:) and modern culture. These novels, published beginning in the 1920s, spearheaded the use of
2056:
2048:
1881:
1809:
1704:
1696:
833:. The Russian translation was done by A Pavlenko. The English translation, published by the
547:
432:
270:
158:
71:
861:
included comments from several other writers and literary critics, including Alisjahbana,
838:
341:
231:
216:
348:. After deciding that life as a wife was not for her, she moved to Batavia and became a
254:
were often written to show intergenerational conflict and conflict between traditional (
870:
accustomed to idealised literature β being shocked by the realistic portrayals in
853:
598:
587:
523:
414:
365:. While there, he discovers that Yah is also his favourite singer, who sings under the
783:
received the first annual Literary Prize from the government of Indonesia, along with
435:
views her as driven in part by the stress placed on her by her husband's expectations.
2162:
2022:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Jakarta: Akademi Sastera dan Bahasa "Multatuli".
1932:
789:
519:
511:
375:
362:
322:
251:
204:
173:
514:, an Indonesian literary critic associated with the socialist literary organisation
1539:
1537:
642:
586:
Unlike authors of earlier works published by Balai Pustaka, Pane does not use old
485:
in London, describes Hartono as the only overtly political character in the novel.
286:
helped establish, was the first written mainly in Indonesian and with exclusively
2138:
2115:
2013:
1968:
1936:
1857:
1832:
1755:
1730:
886:
784:
298:
283:
236:
153:
42:
1814:
1797:
602:
428:
329:
to attend a women's congress, Tono decides to stay at Yah's house for a week.
2129:
2027:
1788:
1726:
862:
610:
366:
345:
326:
181:
94:
28:
1685:"The Thorny Rose: The Avoidance of Passion in Modern Indonesian Literature"
1956:
1729:(1976). "Modern Indonesian Literature in Brief". In Brackle, L. F. (ed.).
877:
Later reviews have generally been more positive. In 1955 Johns wrote that
614:
575:
567:
357:
337:
177:
1823:
2070:
1718:
882:
590:
555:), which dealt with a similar theme but fully supported modernisation.
473:
333:
310:
2061:
2037:"Pudjangga Baru: Aspects of Indonesian Intellectual Life in the 1930s"
1709:
817:
has been translated into multiple languages: in 1962, Mandarin as ζ‘ζ’ (
775:
was the only novel published by the magazine and the first Indonesian
494:
two disapprove of Tini's modernness and her lack of attention to Tono.
803:
739:
594:
2052:
1781:
Pujangga Baru: High Literature and Nationalism in Indonesia 1933β142
1777:
Pujangga Baru: Kesusasteraan dan Nasionalisme di Indonesia 1933β1942
1700:
1543:
2102:(2). Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University: 131β153. Archived from
230:
670:
256:
825:; in 1965, Malay under the original title; in 1989, English as
207:, in 1938, but rejected as "immoral". It was then picked up by
633:
Uncommonly for Indonesian literature during this time period,
1365:
1363:
663:
Teeuw notes that, unlike most Indonesian novels at the time,
481:
Clive Christie, a lecturer on Southeast Asian Studies at the
1140:
1138:
336:, where he studied with Yah, he attended medical school in
1323:
1321:
1319:
1397:
1395:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1229:
1227:
1167:
1165:
1856:
Mahayana, Maman S.; Sofyan, Oyon; Dian, Achmad (2007).
1622:
1620:
1618:
1605:
1603:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1493:
1491:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1338:
1336:
400:
However, when Tini and Yah leave him, he is left alone.
2124:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Ende: Nusa Indah.
1739:]. Vol. 1. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
1578:
1576:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
984:
982:
2140:
Essays on Literature & Society in Southeast Asia
1864:
Summaries and Commentary on Modern Indonesian Novels
1839:
Introduction to the History of Indonesian Literature
583:
times the transition between characters is unclear.
340:
and married Tini for her beauty. Meanwhile, Yah was
1798:"The Novel as a Guide to Indonesian Social History"
1649:
1647:
172:was based on themes present in two of Pane's early
116:
108:
100:
90:
80:
66:
58:
48:
38:
1783:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Girimukti Pasaka.
1555:
361:music, is asked to judge a singing competition at
1977:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
771:in three editions between April and June 1940.
1941:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
955:was originally published, this paragraph read
247:published by the state-owned publisher of the
1917:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dian Rakyat.
1144:
947:Presented in the current spelling. Under the
8:
1802:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
518:, notes that Pane was influenced in part by
21:
1993:"Results for 'belenggu' > 'Armijn Pane'"
1938:The Development of Modern Indonesian Poetry
1859:Ringkasan dan Ulasan Novel Indonesia Modern
713:presents modernity and traditionalism as a
2090:using the Semiotic Theory and Method]
2047:(6). Ithaca: Cornell University: 106β127.
1866:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grasindo.
1841:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grasindo.
1057:
27:
20:
2060:
1813:
1708:
1695:(7). Ithaca: Cornell University: 67β76.
1218:
1033:
1021:
448:a prostitute; she also became a popular
1401:
1369:
1354:
1286:
1171:
978:
912:
378:, leaving a note for Tono as well as a
1516:
1482:
1310:
1045:
1009:
988:
483:School of Oriental and African Studies
313:(modern day Jakarta), are suffering a
1638:
1626:
1497:
1434:
1342:
1081:
7:
2035:Sutherland, Heather (October 1968).
1665:
1609:
1594:
1582:
1567:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1413:
1386:
1327:
1298:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1195:
1183:
1156:
1129:
1112:
1100:
1069:
898:was the only novel from before the
2078:Taum, Yoseph Yapi (October 2008).
1975:A Lexicon of Indonesian Literature
1834:Pengantar Sejarah Sastra Indonesia
1653:
1528:
609:Pane relies on the Indonesianised
152:) is a novel by Indonesian author
14:
2084:dengan Teori dan Metode Semiotik"
903:contradicted traditional values.
293:Of the staff and contributors to
2020:History of Indonesian Literature
1556:Mahayana, Sofyan & Dian 2007
1544:WorldCat, Results for 'belenggu'
423:Yoseph Yapi Taum, a lecturer at
278:). The literary magazine, which
192:, unable to reach a compromise.
104:Print (hardback & paperback)
1892:(in Indonesian). Archived from
453:he married a former prostitute.
900:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
1683:Aveling, Harry (April 1969).
625:According to Taum, the title
472:, following future-president
264:as a national language. This
705:Modernity and traditionalism
1970:Leksikon Susastra Indonesia
937:... manusia jenis baru...".
734:contains a strong sense of
355:Tono, a fan of traditional
146:; translated to English as
2210:
2015:Sedjarah Sastera Indonesia
1995:. WorldCat. Archived from
1737:Handbook of Orientalistics
1732:Handbuch der Orientalistik
601:; earlier writers such as
33:Cover of the 21st printing
2137:Tham, Seong Chee (1981).
2122:New Indonesian Literature
1815:10.1163/22134379-90002236
829:; and in 1993, German as
344:an older man and move to
201:Dutch colonial government
26:
1775:Foulcher, Keith (1991).
1754:Christie, Clive (2001).
949:Soewandi Spelling System
726:Intellectuals in society
543:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
425:Sanata Dharma University
2179:Novels set in Indonesia
2086:[Giving Meaning to
2012:Siregar, Bakri (1964).
821:); in 1964, Russian as
528:stream of consciousness
2143:. S.l: Coronet Books.
1909:Pane, Armijn (2008) .
960:
799:Achdiat Karta Mihardja
698:
686:A main theme found in
240:
2184:Indonesian literature
2117:Sastra Baru Indonesia
956:
692:
234:
2174:Psychological novels
1965:Rampan, Korrie Layun
1831:KS, Yudiono (2010).
1760:. Richmond: Curzon.
925:yang berganda tiga".
923:monologue interieure
744:Ludwig van Beethoven
730:Christie notes that
709:Taum indicates that
470:nationalist movement
325:. When Tini goes to
203:'s state publisher,
1449:, pp. 114β115.
1372:, pp. 103β104.
1330:, pp. 148β150.
1159:, pp. 144β146.
1103:, pp. 142β143.
1072:, pp. 139β141.
1060:, pp. 120β121.
777:psychological novel
767:and published in a
572:internal monologues
553:With Sails Unfurled
199:was offered to the
164:psychological novel
112:150 (21st printing)
23:
16:Book by Armijn Pane
2114:Teeuw, A. (1980).
1796:Johns, A. (1959).
682:Living in the past
593:; he instead uses
266:national awakening
241:
195:After completion,
138:Perfected Spelling
2194:1940 debut novels
2189:Indonesian novels
2150:978-9971-69-035-9
2109:on 13 March 2012.
2098:(in Indonesian).
1984:978-979-666-358-3
1924:978-979-523-046-5
1884:(20 April 1985).
1882:Mohamad, Goenawan
1873:978-979-025-006-2
1848:978-979-759-849-5
1767:978-0-7007-1308-0
1746:978-90-04-04331-2
1558:, pp. 83β84.
1236:, pp. 41β43.
1145:Mohamad 1985, Yah
835:Lontar Foundation
763:was picked up by
315:marital breakdown
249:Dutch East Indies
245:Indonesian novels
243:The first modern
129:
128:
123:978-979-523-046-5
91:Publication place
2201:
2154:
2133:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2074:
2064:
2031:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1999:on 16 April 2013
1988:
1960:
1928:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1877:
1852:
1827:
1817:
1792:
1771:
1750:
1727:Balfas, Muhammad
1722:
1712:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1613:
1612:, pp. 8β12.
1607:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
992:
986:
961:
945:
939:
933:
927:
917:
859:Poedjangga Baroe
765:Poedjangga Baroe
648:Wrong Upbringing
639:
548:Layar Terkembang
540:
433:Goenawan Mohamad
295:Poedjangga Baroe
271:Poedjangga Baroe
209:Poedjangga Baroe
159:Poedjangga Baroe
82:Publication date
72:Poedjangga Baroe
31:
24:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2113:
2106:
2091:
2077:
2053:10.2307/3350714
2034:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1963:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1896:on 4 March 2016
1880:
1874:
1855:
1849:
1830:
1795:
1774:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1725:
1701:10.2307/3350803
1682:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1058:Sutherland 1968
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
995:
987:
980:
970:
965:
964:
946:
942:
934:
930:
918:
914:
909:
847:
839:John H. McGlynn
753:
728:
707:
695:
684:
661:
656:
637:
623:
561:
538:
522:'s theories on
509:
389:
342:forced to marry
307:
229:
217:Muhammad Balfas
125:(21st printing)
101:Media type
83:
75:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2111:
2075:
2032:
2009:
1989:
1983:
1961:
1947:
1933:Raffel, Burton
1929:
1923:
1906:
1878:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1828:
1808:(3): 232β248.
1793:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1723:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1668:, p. 112.
1658:
1643:
1641:, p. 241.
1631:
1629:, p. 121.
1614:
1599:
1597:, p. 115.
1587:
1585:, p. 113.
1572:
1560:
1548:
1533:
1531:, p. 107.
1521:
1502:
1500:, p. 244.
1487:
1475:
1473:, p. 148.
1463:
1461:, p. 145.
1451:
1439:
1437:, p. 119.
1418:
1416:, p. 138.
1406:
1404:, p. 105.
1391:
1389:, p. 147.
1374:
1359:
1357:, p. 102.
1347:
1345:, p. 122.
1332:
1315:
1303:
1301:, p. 137.
1291:
1289:, p. 103.
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1223:
1200:
1198:, p. 100.
1188:
1186:, p. 112.
1176:
1161:
1149:
1134:
1132:, p. 114.
1117:
1115:, p. 142.
1105:
1086:
1084:, p. 243.
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
993:
977:
976:
969:
966:
963:
962:
940:
928:
911:
910:
908:
905:
854:S. K. Trimurti
846:
843:
837:, was done by
752:
749:
727:
724:
706:
703:
683:
680:
660:
657:
655:
652:
622:
619:
599:Dutch language
560:
557:
545:'s 1936 novel
524:psychoanalysis
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
496:
495:
491:
487:
486:
478:
477:
465:
461:
460:
455:
454:
441:
437:
436:
420:
419:
411:
407:
406:
402:
401:
393:
388:
385:
306:
303:
228:
225:
127:
126:
120:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:9780873950244
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1656:, p. 99.
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1519:, p. 68.
1518:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1485:, p. 70.
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:, p. 71.
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:, p. 19.
1271:
1266:
1263:
1260:, p. 18.
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:, p. 52.
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1221:, p. 69.
1220:
1219:Christie 2001
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1174:, p. 74.
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:, p. 22.
1035:
1034:Foulcher 1991
1030:
1027:
1024:, p. 68.
1023:
1022:Christie 2001
1018:
1015:
1012:, p. 69.
1011:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
991:, p. 92.
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
974:
967:
959:
954:
950:
944:
941:
938:
932:
929:
926:
922:
916:
913:
906:
904:
901:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
791:
790:Sitti Nurbaya
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:serial format
766:
762:
757:
750:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
723:
720:
716:
715:binary system
712:
704:
702:
697:
691:
689:
681:
679:
677:
673:
672:
666:
658:
653:
651:
649:
645:
644:
636:
631:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
554:
550:
549:
544:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Sigmund Freud
517:
513:
512:Bakri Siregar
506:
501:
498:
497:
492:
490:Women's group
489:
488:
484:
480:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
446:
442:
439:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
377:
376:New Caledonia
371:
368:
364:
363:Gambir Market
360:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
323:Tanjung Priok
318:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
259:
258:
253:
252:Balai Pustaka
250:
246:
238:
233:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:Balai Pustaka
202:
198:
193:
191:
190:binary system
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:short stories
171:
167:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
124:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
79:
74:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2139:
2121:
2116:
2104:the original
2099:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2044:
2040:
2019:
2014:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1974:
1969:
1937:
1914:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1889:
1863:
1858:
1838:
1833:
1805:
1801:
1780:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1731:
1692:
1688:
1676:Bibliography
1675:
1674:
1661:
1634:
1590:
1570:, p. 4.
1563:
1551:
1524:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1409:
1402:Siregar 1964
1370:Siregar 1964
1355:Siregar 1964
1350:
1306:
1294:
1287:Siregar 1964
1265:
1253:
1241:
1191:
1179:
1172:Aveling 1969
1152:
1108:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1048:, p. 5.
1041:
1029:
1017:
972:
971:
957:
952:
943:
936:
931:
924:
920:
915:
895:
890:
878:
876:
871:
866:
858:
849:
848:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
802:
795:Salah Asuhan
794:
788:
780:
772:
764:
760:
755:
754:
731:
729:
718:
710:
708:
699:
693:
687:
685:
675:
669:
664:
662:
647:
643:Salah Asuhan
641:
634:
632:
626:
624:
606:
585:
579:
563:
562:
552:
546:
535:
531:
510:
449:
444:
396:
372:
356:
354:
331:
319:
308:
294:
292:
279:
275:
269:
255:
242:
235:The author,
220:
213:prostitution
208:
196:
194:
185:
169:
168:
157:
148:
147:
142:
141:
132:
131:
130:
70:
18:
2169:1940 novels
2080:"Pemaknaan
1517:Balfas 1976
1483:Balfas 1976
1311:Balfas 1976
1046:Raffel 1967
1010:Balfas 1976
989:Rampan 2000
951:, in which
935:Original: "
921:... sebuah
919:Original: "
887:Ajip Rosidi
785:Marah Rusli
779:. In 1969,
284:Armijn Pane
237:Armijn Pane
154:Armijn Pane
76:Dian Rakyat
43:Armijn Pane
2163:Categories
2062:1813/53440
2003:3 February
1900:3 February
1710:1813/53460
1639:Johns 1959
1627:Teeuw 1980
1498:Johns 1959
1435:Teeuw 1980
1343:Teeuw 1980
1082:Johns 1959
968:References
831:In Fesseln
736:alienation
603:Abdul Muis
507:Influences
429:Yogyakarta
387:Characters
350:prostitute
288:Indonesian
276:New Writer
262:Indonesian
227:Background
182:monologues
53:Indonesian
2130:222168801
2041:Indonesia
1689:Indonesia
1666:Tham 1981
1610:Pane 2008
1595:Tham 1981
1583:Taum 2008
1568:Pane 2008
1471:Taum 2008
1459:Taum 2008
1447:Pane 2008
1414:Taum 2008
1387:Taum 2008
1328:Taum 2008
1299:Taum 2008
1270:Pane 2008
1258:Pane 2008
1246:Pane 2008
1234:Pane 2008
1196:Pane 2008
1184:Pane 2008
1157:Taum 2008
1130:Tham 1981
1113:Taum 2008
1101:Taum 2008
1070:Taum 2008
973:Footnotes
863:HB Jassin
845:Reception
811:; 1949).
621:Symbolism
613:, with a
611:loanwords
410:Sumartini
392:Sukartono
367:pseudonym
346:Palembang
327:Surakarta
290:editors.
282:s author
280:Belenggu'
239:, in 1953
133:Belenggoe
95:Indonesia
67:Publisher
22:Belenggu
2096:Sintesis
2088:Belenggu
2082:Belenggu
2028:63841626
1967:(2000).
1935:(1967).
1915:Shackles
1911:Belenggu
1824:27860197
1789:36682391
953:Belenggu
896:Belenggu
891:Belenggu
879:Belenggu
872:Belenggu
867:Belenggu
850:Belenggu
827:Shackles
815:Belenggu
793:(1922),
781:Belenggu
773:Belenggu
761:Belenggu
756:Belenggu
732:Belenggu
719:kroncong
711:Belenggu
688:Belenggu
676:Belenggu
665:Belenggu
635:Belenggu
627:Belenggu
615:glossary
607:Belenggu
591:proverbs
580:Belenggu
576:A. Teeuw
568:ellipses
564:Belenggu
536:Belenggu
532:Belenggu
499:Servants
450:kroncong
445:kroncong
397:kroncong
358:kroncong
338:Surabaya
221:Belenggu
197:Belenggu
186:Belenggu
178:ellipses
170:Belenggu
149:Shackles
143:Belenggu
49:Language
2071:3350714
1719:3350803
1654:KS 2010
1529:KS 2010
883:diction
809:Atheist
751:Release
659:General
595:similes
474:Sukarno
464:Hartono
440:Rohayah
334:Bandung
311:Batavia
219:called
2147:
2128:
2069:
2026:
1981:
1957:849327
1955:
1945:
1921:
1870:
1845:
1822:
1787:
1764:
1743:
1717:
804:Atheis
797:, and
740:sonata
654:Themes
638:'s
539:'s
380:record
299:Sanusi
39:Author
2120:[
2107:(PDF)
2092:(PDF)
2067:JSTOR
2018:[
1973:[
1913:[
1890:Tempo
1886:"Yah"
1862:[
1837:[
1820:JSTOR
1779:[
1735:[
1715:JSTOR
907:Notes
823:Okovy
819:Zhìgù
588:Malay
566:uses
559:Style
516:Lekra
109:Pages
62:Novel
59:Genre
2145:ISBN
2126:OCLC
2024:OCLC
2005:2012
1979:ISBN
1953:OCLC
1943:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1902:2012
1868:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1785:OCLC
1762:ISBN
1741:ISBN
671:adat
570:and
305:Plot
257:adat
180:and
118:ISBN
86:1940
2057:hdl
2049:doi
1810:doi
1806:115
1705:hdl
1697:doi
801:'s
787:'s
742:by
427:in
415:act
2165::
2094:.
2065:.
2055:.
2043:.
2039:.
1951:.
1888:.
1818:.
1804:.
1800:.
1713:.
1703:.
1691:.
1687:.
1646:^
1617:^
1602:^
1575:^
1536:^
1505:^
1490:^
1421:^
1394:^
1377:^
1362:^
1335:^
1318:^
1277:^
1226:^
1203:^
1164:^
1137:^
1120:^
1089:^
996:^
981:^
874:.
678:.
166:.
140::
2153:.
2132:.
2100:6
2073:.
2059::
2051::
2045:6
2030:.
2007:.
1987:.
1959:.
1927:.
1904:.
1876:.
1851:.
1826:.
1812::
1791:.
1770:.
1749:.
1721:.
1707::
1699::
1693:7
1546:.
1147:.
807:(
646:(
551:(
274:(
136:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
