154:, an American, joined the expedition there. The Brazilians were also very interested in the Belgian scientific undertaking. The Historical and Geographical Society of Rio held a special meeting where the scientists and officers of the expedition were offered membership. A few weeks later, in Montevideo, Amundsen wrote in his diary that he had never seen so many beautiful women "in one place at the same time".
22:
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and seals were hunted and their meat stored before the onset of winter left the region devoid of wildlife. Warm clothing was improvised from the materials available. On 21 March 1898, Cook wrote: "We are imprisoned in an endless sea of ice ... We have told all the tales, real and imaginative, to
285:
and various tools to create the channel. Finally, on 15 February, they managed to start slowly down the channel they had cleared during the weeks before. It took them nearly a month to cover seven miles (11 km) and, on 14 March, they cleared the ice. The expedition returned to
Antwerp on 5
294:
In
Antwerp, the return of the expedition was heartily welcomed. A special committee had been planning the festivities for months. Typical for polar expeditions in this age, feelings of national and regional pride surrounded the homecoming celebrations. On the day they first set foot on Belgian soil
209:
268:
in the Arctic. He retrieved the frozen penguin and seal meat and insisted that each man eat some each day. Even
Gerlache began to eat the meat and slowly the men recovered their health. It is now known that raw meat and organs contain a small amount of Vitamin C.
276:
was still trapped in ice about seven feet (2 m) thick and the possibility of another winter in the ice seemed real. Open water was visible about one-half mile (800 m) away and Cook suggested that trenches be cut to the open water to allow
102:
to organize a national subscription, but was able to outfit his expedition only after the
Belgian government voted in favor of two large subsidies, making it a state-supported undertaking. With a multinational crew that included
727:
We are imprisoned in an endless sea of ice, and find our horizon monotonous. We have told all the tales, real and imaginative, to which we are equal. Time weighs heavily upon us as the darkness slowly advances.
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November 1899. Though the circumstances had been severe, the expedition had nevertheless managed to collect scientific data, including a full year of meteorological observations.
169:
was named in his honor. Sailing in between the Graham Land coast and a long string of islands to the west, Gerlache named the passage "Belgica Strait"; it was later renamed
257:
was named in his honor. Several men reportedly lost their sanity at this point, including one
Belgian sailor who left the ship "announcing he was going back to Belgium."
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expedition was poorly equipped and did not have enough winter clothing for every man on board. There was a shortage of food, and what there was lacked in variety.
889:
569:
Through The First
Antarctic Night 1898–1899: A Narrative Of The Voyage Of The "Belgica" Among Newly Discovered Lands And Over An Unknown Sea About The South Pole
272:
Several months of hardship followed. Even as spring and summer arrived, attempts to free the ship and its crew from the grip of the ice failed. By
January 1899,
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412:
Adam
Tollefsen – Norwegian – able seaman; suffered a mental breakdown during the expedition and had to be committed to a mental institution on his return
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Cook and
Amundsen took command as Gerlache and Lecointe were unable to fulfill their roles due to scurvy. The true cause of scurvy as a deficiency of
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Gerlache disliked the penguin and seal meat that had been stored and initially tried to ban its consumption, but eventually encouraged it. Signs of
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Moreover, Gerlache had sampled the animals, badly prepared by cook Louis
Michotte, and found them so disgusting that he tried to ban them from the
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sounded and the national flag was seen waving from many houses. The Belgian state honored Gerlache and his men by making them members of the Royal
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which we are equal. Time weighs heavily upon us as the darkness slowly advances." Several weeks later, on 17 May, the perpetual darkness of
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was not discovered until the 1920s, but Cook was convinced that raw meat was a possible cure for scurvy due to his experiences with
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Carl August Wiencke – Norwegian – able seaman; washed overboard and drowned on January 22, 1898, on the way to Antarctica.
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Josef Duvivier – Belgian – mechanic; fired on 26 October 1897 in Rio de Janeiro, rehired in Montevideo, fired again in
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in his honor. After charting and naming several islands from some twenty separate landings, the expedition crossed the
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and morale in general was extremely poor. Lieutenant Danco fell ill from a heart condition and died on 5 June.
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2010:
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A. Cabay, 'The funding of the Belgian Antarctic expedition 1897–1899' in: Decleir, H. en C. De Broyer ed.,
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770:'Expedition Antarctique Belge. Reception solonnelle des explorateurs a leurs arrivée a Anvers' in:
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Lecointe, G., C. Kaiser and H. Goldfine (translation), In the Land of the Penguins (Erskine 2020)
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385:– Belgian – geophysical observations; died on June 5, 1898, from heart problems and exhaustion
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in order to freeze his vessel into the ice for the winter. Despite the crew's efforts to free
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56:, it was the first Belgian Antarctic expedition and is considered the first expedition of the
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25:
200:, they quickly realised that they would be trapped for the duration of the Antarctic winter.
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68:, explorers who would later attempt the respective conquests of the North and South Poles.
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was received particularly enthusiastically in Rio, where a large Belgian community lived.
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Madhouse at the End of the Earth: The Belgica's Journey into the Dark Antarctic Night
438:
478:
Maurice Warzee – Belgian – sailor; fired on 11 December 1897, due to insubordination
380:
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Jan Van Damme – Belgian – sailor; fired on 11 December 1897, due to insubordination
466:
265:
254:
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703:
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1919:
1255:
946:
The Belgica expedition centennial: perspectives on Antarctic science and history
906:
Roald Amundsen's Belgica Diary. The first scientific expedition to the Antarctic
598:
Roald Amundsen's Belgica Diary: The First Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic
538:
The Belgica expedition centennial: perspectives on Antarctic science and history
231:
181:
162:
481:
Frans Dom – Belgian – sailor; fired on 11 December 1897, due to insubordination
165:. On 22 January, Carl Wiencke was washed overboard during a storm and drowned.
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261:
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Lemonier – French – cook; fired on 13 November 1897, due to insubordination
3340:
652:
Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events
193:
99:
741:
Hoosh: Roast Penguin, Scurvy Day, and Other Stories of Antarctic Cuisine
21:
3967:
3347:
2134:
1612:
1588:
1576:
226:
184:
on 28 February, Gerlache's expedition became trapped in the ice of the
135:
128:
2213:
1538:
238:
990:
849:"Adrien de Gerlache, Belgica Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1897–1899"
311:
1599:
310:
207:
85:
20:
192:. It is likely that Gerlache intentionally sailed deep into the
2790:
1032:
994:
462:
Julliksen – Norwegian – carpenter; resigned on 22 August 1897
459:
Johansen – Norwegian – boatswain; resigned on 22 August 1897
434:
Johan Koren – Norwegian – cabin boy and assistant zoologist
891:
Expedition Belge au Pôle Sud: la Belgica et son Equipage
351:– Belgian – captain, executive officer, and hydrographer
281:
to escape the ice. The weakened crew used the explosive
338:
The expedition team included many notable individuals:
241:
began to show in some of the men. Gerlache and Captain
41:
of 1897–1899 was the first expedition to winter in the
372:– Polish – geologist, oceanographer, and meteorologist
366:– American – surgeon, anthropologist, and photographer
968:
Poolnacht: Adrien de Gerlache en de Belgica-expeditie
626:
Antarctic Pioneers. The Voyage of the Belgica 1897–99
878:
Bulletin de la Société Royale de Géographie d'Anvers
772:
Bulletin de la Société Royale de Géographie d'Anvers
3768:
3499:
3086:
2826:
2199:
1730:
1575:
1073:
790:. Google Books: Penguin Random House. p. 278.
619:
617:
391:– Romanian – zoologist, botanist, and speleologist
134:En route to the Antarctic, the expedition visited
951:Gerlache de Gomery, A., M. Raraty (translation),
884:Bulletin de la Société Royale Belge de Géographie
445:. He died on 22 June 1898, and was buried in the
415:Ludvig-Hjalmar Johansen – Norwegian – able seaman
913:Before the heroes came. Antarctica in the 1890s
76:In 1896, after a period of intensive lobbying,
827:. Shepperton: Nauticalia Ltd. pp. 59–60.
1006:
596:Amundsen, Roald (1999). Decleir, Hugo (ed.).
421:Gustave-Gaston Dufour – Belgian – able seaman
8:
925:Through the First Antarctic Night, 1898–1899
705:Through the First Antarctic Night, 1898-1899
708:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
655:. Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
409:Louis Michotte – Belgian – steward and cook
400:Jules Melaerts – Belgian – third lieutenant
249:. Two of the crew started to show signs of
80:purchased the Norwegian-built whaling ship
2800:
2787:
1042:
1029:
1013:
999:
991:
591:
589:
418:Engebret Knudsen – Norwegian – able seaman
78:Adrien Victor Joseph de Gerlache de Gomery
810:
4071:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
677:"Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1897–1899"
572:. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co.
94:. Gerlache had worked together with the
3646:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
512:
360:Henri Somers – Belgian – chief engineer
561:
559:
16:Late-19th century Antarctic expedition
424:Jan Van Mirlo – Belgian – able seaman
7:
4137:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
3432:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1629:Norse colonization of North America
904:Amundsen, Roald, Decleir, H. (ed),
743:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 47.
526:(in French). Bruxelles: Ch. Bulens.
497:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
437:Koren brought on board Nansen, the
58:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
2961:United States Exploring Expedition
962:(Antwerp 2011). ISBN 9789081833509
944:Decleir, H., de Broyer, C. (eds),
397:– Polish – assistant meteorologist
234:set in, and lasted until 23 July.
14:
4035:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3403:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
851:. Cool Antarctica. Archived from
628:. Oslo, Norway: The Fram Museum.
3929:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3322:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
960:Antarctica. De Belgen op de pool
84:, which, following an extensive
953:Fifteen months in the Antarctic
551:Fifteen months in the Antarctic
245:became so ill they wrote their
180:Failing to find a way into the
901:(Anvers: Bellemans, s.a. 1897)
784:Sancton, Julian (4 May 2021).
523:Quinze Mois dans l'Antarctique
455:Personnel resigned or let go:
1:
3308:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3243:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
624:Kløver, Geir O., ed. (2010).
502:List of Antarctic expeditions
4127:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3665:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3481:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3287:French Antarctic Expeditions
3217:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3103:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1221:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
825:Ship's Cats in War and Peace
47:Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery
39:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2750:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2429:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1294:Andrée's balloon expedition
970:(in Dutch). Tielt: Lannoo.
702:Cook, Frederick A. (2014).
566:Cook, Frederick A. (1900).
406:– Belgian – second engineer
395:Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski
4158:
1951:Franklin's lost expedition
1651:Christian IV's expeditions
739:Anthony, Jason C. (2012).
549:A. de Gerlache de Gomery,
2803:
2799:
2786:
2305:Great Northern Expedition
1981:Rae–Richardson expedition
1181:British Arctic Expedition
1045:
1041:
1028:
886:. vol. 20–24 (1896–1900).
880:. vol. 20–24 (1896–1900).
520:Gerlache, Adrien (1902).
492:Belgian Antarctic Program
72:Preparation and surveying
60:. Among its members were
3589:British Antarctic Survey
3583:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2828:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
357:– Norwegian – first mate
4065:Pole of inaccessibility
3728:Antarctic Treaty System
2069:2nd Grinnell expedition
930:Doubleday & McClure
897:2 February 2017 at the
649:R. K. Headland (1989).
431:was named in his honor.
966:Verlinden, J. (1993).
540:(Brussels 2001) 83–92.
335:
218:
34:
4122:Antarctic expeditions
3735:Transglobe Expedition
3634:Operation Deep Freeze
3043:Challenger expedition
1909:Coppermine expedition
1430:Drifting ice stations
553:(Bluntisham 1998) 22.
345:– Belgian – commander
314:
211:
161:reached the coast of
157:During January 1898,
24:
600:. Bluntisham Books.
404:Max Van Rysselberghe
315:From left to right:
96:Geographical Society
3905:South magnetic pole
2571:Brusilov expedition
1680:Danish colonization
1118:North magnetic pole
823:Lewis, Val (2002).
469:due to incompetence
131:on 16 August 1897.
3596:Operation Windmill
3577:Operation Highjump
2552:Rusanov expedition
2457:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2201:North East Passage
2005:McClure expedition
343:Adrien de Gerlache
336:
219:
217:trapped in the ice
186:Bellingshausen Sea
35:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
3563:Operation Tabarin
3425:Far Eastern Party
3271:Nimrod Expedition
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2341:M. Pronchishcheva
2263:Siberian Cossacks
1732:Northwest Passage
1065:Research stations
1022:Polar exploration
955:(Bluntisham 1998)
908:(Bluntisham 1999)
855:on 9 October 2010
750:978-0-8032-4474-0
683:on 9 October 2010
662:978-0-521-30903-5
607:978-1-85297-058-1
579:978-0-905838-40-3
323:, Somers, Danco,
4149:
3610:Ronne Expedition
3095:
3089:
2953:Dumont d'Urville
2801:
2788:
2336:V. Pronchishchev
1043:
1030:
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
981:
958:Lambrechts, J.,
941:
865:
864:
862:
860:
845:
839:
838:
820:
814:
808:
802:
801:
781:
775:
768:
762:
761:
736:
730:
729:
724:
722:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
679:. Archived from
673:
667:
666:
646:
640:
639:
621:
612:
611:
593:
584:
583:
563:
554:
547:
541:
534:
528:
527:
517:
384:
370:Henryk Arctowski
349:Georges Lecointe
329:Van Rysselberghe
301:Order of Leopold
243:Georges Lecointe
177:on 15 February.
175:Antarctic Circle
117:Henryk Arctowski
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4097:
3772:
3764:
3640:McMurdo Station
3509:Modern research
3507:
3495:
3230:O. Nordenskjöld
3093:
3087:
3082:
2998:Ross expedition
2822:
2795:
2774:
2203:
2195:
1736:Northern Canada
1734:
1726:
1579:
1571:
1077:
1069:
1037:
1024:
1019:
984:
978:
965:
948:(Brussels 2001)
918:
915:(Nebraska 1994)
911:Baughman, T.H.
899:Wayback Machine
873:
868:
858:
856:
847:
846:
842:
835:
822:
821:
817:
809:
805:
798:
783:
782:
778:
774:24 (1900) 5–17.
769:
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751:
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531:
519:
518:
514:
510:
488:
443:Fridtjof Nansen
378:
309:
292:
206:
171:Gerlache Strait
74:
45:region. Led by
17:
12:
11:
5:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4142:Wiencke Island
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4107:
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4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4057:Vostok Station
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4008:Cherry-Garrard
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3848:Southern Cross
3844:
3843:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3778:
3776:
3770:Farthest South
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3467:Ross Sea party
3463:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3161:Southern Cross
3154:Southern Cross
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3098:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3019:
3013:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:Bellingshausen
2890:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2205:Russian Arctic
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1647:
1642:
1640:Snæbjörn galti
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1542:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1075:Farthest North
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
989:
988:
983:
982:
976:
963:
956:
949:
942:
916:
909:
902:
887:
881:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:
840:
833:
815:
811:Verlinden 1993
803:
796:
776:
763:
749:
731:
714:
694:
668:
661:
641:
634:
613:
606:
585:
578:
555:
542:
529:
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
463:
460:
453:
452:
451:
450:
441:, named after
432:
429:Wiencke Island
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
401:
398:
392:
386:
373:
367:
364:Frederick Cook
361:
358:
355:Roald Amundsen
352:
346:
308:
305:
297:La Brabançonne
291:
288:
251:mental illness
205:
202:
190:Peter I Island
167:Wiencke Island
152:Frederick Cook
140:Rio de Janeiro
127:set sail from
105:Roald Amundsen
73:
70:
66:Roald Amundsen
62:Frederick Cook
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4154:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:Discovery Hut
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:A. Sibiryakov
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:Glavsevmorput
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:J. Richardson
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
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3294:Pourquoi-Pas
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3264:Orcadas Base
3262:
3254:
3241:
3235:C. A. Larsen
3223:
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3194:
3181:
3173:
3167:Borchgrevink
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2013:Investigator
2012:
2003:
1979:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1936:
1907:
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1824:
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1779:
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1645:Erik the Red
1627:
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1555:submersibles
1552:
1546:Arktika 2007
1544:
1537:
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1300:S. A. Andrée
1292:
1279:
1254:
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1201:
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1179:
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1152:
1150:
1116:
967:
959:
952:
945:
928:. New York:
924:
912:
905:
890:
883:
877:
871:Bibliography
857:. Retrieved
853:the original
843:
824:
818:
806:
786:
779:
771:
766:
756:
754:
740:
734:
726:
719:. Retrieved
704:
697:
685:. Retrieved
681:the original
671:
651:
644:
625:
597:
568:
550:
545:
537:
532:
522:
515:
467:Punta Arenas
454:
337:
293:
278:
273:
271:
266:Robert Peary
259:
255:Danco Island
236:
222:
220:
213:
197:
179:
158:
156:
147:
133:
124:
90:
81:
75:
52:
38:
36:
30:anchored at
26:
18:
4132:Graham Land
3754:Lake Vostok
3704:Tryoshnikov
3626:Schlossbach
3517:Christensen
3459:James Caird
3380:E. R. Evans
3146:Dobrowolski
3116:de Gerlache
2818:Expeditions
2704:Aviaarktika
2658:Samoylovich
2529:Kolomeitsev
2423:Middendorff
2383:Gedenshtrom
1803:I. Fyodorov
1565:Chilingarov
1453:E. Fyodorov
1060:Expeditions
920:Cook, F. A.
379: [
376:Émile Danco
232:polar night
182:Weddell Sea
163:Graham Land
49:aboard the
4116:Categories
3977:Terra Nova
3882:Shackleton
3825:J. C. Ross
3784:Resolution
3774:South Pole
3549:New Swabia
3473:Mackintosh
3445:Shackleton
3364:Terra Nova
3357:Terra Nova
3091:Heroic Age
3051:Challenger
3011:J. C. Ross
2921:Bransfield
2853:Resolution
2768:icebreaker
2732:Chelyuskin
2473:expedition
2451:Expedition
2393:Matyushkin
2351:Kh. Laptev
2346:Chelyuskin
2240:Heemskerck
2230:Chancellor
2225:Willoughby
2220:Koch boats
2163:Stefansson
2097:McClintock
2061:Inglefield
1903:J. C. Ross
1810:Resolution
1662:Cunningham
1560:Sagalevich
1249:expedition
1208:Stephenson
1168:C. F. Hall
1155:expedition
1129:J. C. Ross
1092:Heemskerck
1079:North Pole
721:28 January
687:19 October
439:ship's cat
144:Montevideo
4076:Tolstikov
3862:Discovery
3832:HMS
3817:HMS
3799:Adventure
3797:HMS
3782:HMS
3718:Tolstikov
3439:Endurance
3224:Antarctic
3209:Drygalski
3182:Discovery
3175:Discovery
3136:Arctowski
3049:HMS
3022:HMS
3016:Abernethy
3004:HMS
2982:USS
2969:Vincennes
2967:USS
2947:Astrolabe
2887:San Telmo
2868:Adventure
2866:HMS
2851:HMS
2846:Kerguelen
2808:Continent
2793:Antarctic
2670:Urvantsev
2628:Vilkitsky
2481:Jeannette
2479:USS
2471:Jeannette
2435:Weyprecht
2413:Pakhtusov
2363:Chichagov
2356:D. Laptev
2299:Permyakov
2274:Stadukhin
2269:Perfilyev
2246:Mangazeya
2184:H. Larsen
2149:Rasmussen
2104:HMS
2075:USS
2024:HMS
2011:HMS
1975:Collinson
1965:HMS
1957:HMS
1935:HMS
1883:HMS
1868:HMS
1853:HMS
1838:Mackenzie
1825:Discovery
1823:HMS
1808:HMS
1780:Discovery
1759:Frobisher
1722:Rasmussen
1635:Gunnbjörn
1581:Greenland
1510:USS
1501:USS
1373:Ellsworth
1315:Roosevelt
1245:Nansen's
1202:Discovery
1200:HMS
1187:HMS
1134:Abernethy
1102:Marmaduke
859:5 October
508:Footnotes
447:Antarctic
327:, Bryde,
307:Personnel
290:Reception
262:Vitamin C
43:Antarctic
4088:A. Fuchs
4045:V. Fuchs
4025:McKinley
3988:E. Evans
3947:Bjaaland
3942:Amundsen
3892:Marshall
3805:Furneaux
3657:V. Fuchs
3621:E. Ronne
3616:F. Ronne
3555:Ritscher
3409:SY
3397:Filchner
3341:Framheim
3335:Amundsen
3141:Racoviță
3126:Amundsen
3121:Lecointe
2990:Ringgold
2984:Porpoise
2874:Furneaux
2710:Shevelev
2665:Begichev
2644:Amundsen
2606:Nagórski
2584:Brusilov
2578:Sv. Anna
2492:Melville
2462:Palander
2418:Tsivolko
2378:Sannikov
2373:Billings
2316:Chirikov
2235:Barentsz
2177:St. Roch
2168:Bartlett
2142:Amundsen
2126:Sverdrup
2026:Resolute
1915:Franklin
1843:Kotzebue
1710:Sverdrup
1693:Scoresby
1667:Lindenov
1518:Plaisted
1503:Nautilus
1448:Shirshov
1422:Belyakov
1417:Baydukov
1391:Nautilus
1353:Amundsen
1313:SS
1272:Sverdrup
1267:Johansen
1237:Brainard
1232:Lockwood
1087:Barentsz
938:83229343
922:(1900).
895:Archived
486:See also
325:Amundsen
317:Gerlache
227:Penguins
194:pack ice
100:Brussels
4093:Messner
4040:Hillary
4020:Balchen
3968:Polheim
3962:Wisting
3840:Crozier
3812:Weddell
3790:J. Cook
3760:Kapitsa
3741:Fiennes
3683:Klenova
3652:Hillary
3602:Ketchum
3528:BANZARE
3503:·
3348:Polheim
3314:Shirase
3300:Charcot
3110:Belgica
3029:Crozier
2941:Morrell
2936:Weddell
2914:Lazarev
2859:J. Cook
2813:History
2763:Arktika
2739:Krassin
2724:Voronin
2696:Schmidt
2682:Ushakov
2621:Vaygach
2589:Albanov
2558:Rusanov
2539:Kolchak
2534:Matisen
2508:Makarov
2487:De Long
2388:Wrangel
2368:Lyakhov
2321:Malygin
2279:Dezhnev
2106:Pandora
2077:Advance
2044:Kennedy
2039:Belcher
2032:Kellett
2019:McClure
1943:Beechey
1937:Blossom
1930:Simpson
1898:Crozier
1891:Hoppner
1848:J. Ross
1816:J. Cook
1764:Gilbert
1657:J. Hall
1623:Ingólfr
1613:Naddodd
1607:Vikings
1594:Brendan
1589:Pytheas
1577:Iceland
1531:Arktika
1523:Herbert
1488:Badygin
1458:Krenkel
1443:Papanin
1412:Chkalov
1398:Wilkins
1363:Wisting
1307:F. Cook
1213:Markham
1173:Bessels
1162:Polaris
1153:Polaris
1124:J. Ross
1107:Carolus
1055:History
757:Belgica
333:Andvord
295:again,
279:Belgica
274:Belgica
223:Belgica
214:Belgica
198:Belgica
188:, near
159:Belgica
148:Belgica
136:Madeira
129:Antwerp
125:Belgica
113:Romania
91:Belgica
53:Belgica
27:Belgica
4003:Bowers
3998:Wilson
3957:Hassel
3952:Helmer
3921:Mackay
3911:Mawson
3876:Nimrod
3834:Terror
3819:Erebus
3746:Burton
3541:Rymill
3417:Mawson
3411:Aurora
3390:Lashly
3375:Wilson
3278:Nimrod
3255:Scotia
3062:Murray
3037:Cooper
3024:Terror
3006:Erebus
2975:Wilkes
2926:Palmer
2894:Vostok
2841:Bouvet
2765:-class
2745:Gakkel
2613:Taymyr
2594:Konrad
2563:Kuchin
2501:Yermak
2408:Lavrov
2326:Ovtsyn
2311:Bering
2289:Ivanov
2252:Hudson
2214:Pomors
2191:Cowper
2156:Karluk
2055:Isabel
2049:Bellot
1999:Austin
1967:Terror
1959:Erebus
1855:Griper
1831:Clerke
1791:Baffin
1774:Hudson
1705:Nansen
1618:Garðar
1539:Barneo
1406:ANT-25
1382:Italia
1358:Nobile
1327:Henson
1286:Amedeo
1262:Nansen
1227:Greely
1097:Hudson
1035:Arctic
974:
936:
831:
794:
747:
712:
659:
632:
604:
576:
321:Nansen
283:tonite
239:scurvy
204:Winter
142:, and
121:Poland
115:, and
82:Patria
4083:Crary
4030:Dufek
3993:Oates
3983:Scott
3916:David
3897:Adams
3868:Barne
3689:Mirny
3678:Somov
3488:Quest
3385:Crean
3370:Scott
3249:Bruce
3203:Gauss
3196:Gauss
3070:Jason
3057:Nares
2931:Davis
2908:Mirny
2881:Smith
2836:Roché
2756:Lenin
2676:Sadko
2601:Wiese
2546:Sedov
2517:Zarya
2440:Payer
2403:Litke
2398:Anjou
2331:Minin
2294:Vagin
2284:Popov
2257:Poole
2112:Young
1925:Dease
1870:Hecla
1861:Parry
1786:Bylot
1769:Davis
1744:Cabot
1717:Peary
1699:Jason
1686:Egede
1600:Papar
1512:Skate
1493:Wiese
1473:NP-37
1466:NP-36
1346:Norge
1334:Sedov
1322:Peary
1280:Jason
1195:Nares
1189:Alert
1144:Hayes
1112:Parry
1050:Ocean
383:]
247:wills
119:from
111:from
86:refit
4015:Byrd
3936:Fram
3887:Wild
3569:Marr
3535:BGLE
3522:Byrd
3450:Wild
3329:Fram
3131:Cook
2652:AARI
2637:Maud
2524:Toll
2449:Vega
2135:Gjøa
2120:Fram
2083:Kane
1920:Back
1885:Fury
1876:Lyon
1798:Munk
1437:NP-1
1339:Byrd
1256:Fram
1247:Fram
1139:Kane
972:ISBN
934:OCLC
861:2010
829:ISBN
792:ISBN
745:ISBN
723:2022
710:ISBN
689:2009
657:ISBN
630:ISBN
602:ISBN
574:ISBN
221:The
64:and
37:The
3712:3rd
3698:2nd
3672:1st
3505:IGY
3501:IPY
2091:Fox
1987:Rae
1553:Mir
1529:NS
98:of
51:RV
4118::
2617:/
932:.
753:.
725:.
616:^
588:^
558:^
381:fr
331:,
319:,
146:.
138:,
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3094:"
3088:"
3031:)
3027:(
3018:)
3009:(
1014:e
1007:t
1000:v
980:.
940:.
863:.
837:.
813:.
800:.
759:.
691:.
665:.
638:.
610:.
582:.
449:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
