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control was carried out with a huge rudder placed in the stern, which was rotated by means of a large, long and thick rod, taken out of the stern of the deck. For this reason the vessel moved not with the nose forward, but with the stern, in order to provide an ability to operate with a lot—a round iron casting with the "ear" for tying the rope with—that should always be dragged behind the vessel. To control the rudder, two iron lots, a riskovy (swivel) anchor and parking anchor were used. The right lot was bigger, weighing between 3200 and 4000 kg for large belyanas and 2400 to 3200 for smaller ones, the left lot was smaller, weighing between 2880 and 3200 kg for large and 1600 and 2400 kg for small vessels. The rudder at the vessel can be effective in cases when the ship speed is less than the flow rate or exceeds the latter. To adjust the speed of the ship and maneuver, two lots were lowered into the water from both sides of the vessel. If both lots simultaneously touched the bottom, the motion of the belyana was stopped. If the right lot was lifted off the bottom, the belyana turned left; if the left one was lifted, it turned right. The riskovy anchor was used at very tight turns.
189:
20:
170:
115:, "white", as opposed to tarred ships, which were black. The cargo could be placed in the hull and in the superstructure with gradual expansion to the sides (up to 2.5–3 meters). There was no upper deck. Dense stacking of the loaded timber was used to achieve an acceptable structural strength of the ship. Two or three holes for anchors and probes were made directly above the laid cargo, and cabins were also erected, where the crew lived during the floating. The vessel traveled 2000 to 3500 km during the trip.
585:
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84:
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425:
389:
200:
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413:
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375:) and four to five boats of various sizes. A zavoznya was a big boat with a carrying capacity of 5–10 tons, used to operate lots and anchors. A belyana should have one nine-meter-long zavoznya and two smaller, seven-meter-long ones. Light boats were used in cases when it was necessary to examine the river bed, go to the shore, etc.
161:. The distance between the frames was not more than half a meter, due to which the strength of the hull was extremely high. The vessels were originally built without a single nail and only later, in the 19th century, did iron nails begin to be used. No tarring was performed, and the logs were simply tied tightly together.
378:
Lots were not used before the 1870s, and belyanas were operated by 60–80 rowers; the vessels also had a mast with a big sail. Instead of the lot the big anchor was used for deceleration. Zavoznya with a big riskovy anchor was also used in order to avoid dangerous places. After the lots were invented,
314:
When the river had returned to normal after the spring flood and all the logs were ready, construction of belyanas started. Typically, the construction took the entire summer, finishing in autumn. The first step was construction of a hull with fir beams and pine boards. After the core was built, the
573:
247:
Although the belyanas were functional vessels, they were richly decorated with flags—not only state and commercial, but also the flags of a particular merchant, which most often depicted the blessings of saints or some symbols appropriate to the occasion. Sometimes they were so large that they flew
227:
As soon as the load began to exceed the height of the board, the next logs were laid so that they protruded outwards and a new load was placed on them. Such protrusions were made bilaterally and very carefully so as not to disturb the balance of the ship. The resulting widenings sometimes protruded
223:
The load of logs, beams and planks was distributed in even rows with wide openings between them so as to provide quick access to its bottom in the event of a breach or other accident. In addition, properly laid logs dry faster, which protects them from rot. In order to withstand the pressure of the
126:
Logging and sailing on the river were carried out in the absence of any mechanization. Workers went to cut wood in groups, bringing food from home. For three to four months they lived in the forest without returning home, contenting themselves with a meager and monotonous diet and sleeping in small
472:
In 2015, tourists found remains of a wooden vessel in a bank of the
Vetluga river. It was later determined to be a belyana that had caught fire and been abandoned by its crew. In 2016, archaeologist Yuri Philippov started to work on the site. In 2017, 28 square meters of the site was inspected and
365:
The floating of belyana required special skills. There were no sails, and boatmen labor was not used. The pilot, who drove the belyana, had to perfectly know the river and the vessel. For this reason, the pilot was present during the construction phase, as all belyanas were individually built. The
251:
There were 15 to 35 sailors on a typical ship, and up to 100 on the largest ones. Most of them worked on the pumps that pumped water from the hull, which tended to flood during the journey. About 10 to 12 pumps were provided, and the ship was loaded so that its bow was immersed in the water deeper
239:
The deck was also a load, usually of cut boards, and was similar in size to that of a modern aircraft carrier. It had two to four holes for lifting heavy anchors and tightening the ropes holding the rudder. Two cabins were installed near the stern, and served as a balance and as quarters for the
142:. The ship docked at the shore, all the cargo was transported by horse- or ox-drawn carriage to the Don. The vessel was then disassembled, the material was transported, reassembled, reloaded and released to the lower reaches of the Don, where it was unloaded and dismantled a second time.
188:
325:
wrote that in the
Russian language there is a saying: “You can disassemble the belyana with your hands and you won't be able to assemble it with the help of an entire city”. In the spring, the floods floated the belyana, and its 2000–to–3500 km trip to the Lower Volga started.
63:
without any special tools or plans. Never motorized, after 1870 they also had no sails and could only float downriver, using specialized anchors to turn and stop. Each year in the 18th and 19th centuries hundreds of belyanas were built and floated to
301:, Lapshanga, Sentyaga, Janushka, Usta, Bakovka, Belenkaya, and Yaktanga. Wood was gathered in winter; loggers spent the winter in the forest, cutting down the trees and preparing them for a transportation. Loggers lived in zimnitsa (Russian:
356:
on the rivers. At first, steamboats exclusively burned wood, which had to be brought to the towns of the lower Volga, where the steppe expanses dominated. Up to 500 steamships on the Volga needed large quantities of firewood to propel them.
473:
the vessel was uncovered. The finding is 80 meters long, 20 meters wide, and approximately 1.5 meters high. It is the only belyana of which remains have been found. Scientists determined the age of the vessel to be approximately 350 years.
1255:
55:
from the end of the 16th century until the middle of the 20th century. Belyanas were among the largest wooden ships ever built, with the largest ones being up to 120 metres (390 ft) long with a load capacity up to 12,800 tons.
19:
315:
loading started. A belyana was loaded in a specific order, with the purpose to place as many goods as possible but also to maintain the buoyancy and stability of the vessel. This process was long and required many workers.
122:
of 2.5 to 2.8 meters and could carry up to 1600 tonnes; medium belyanas had a draught of approximately 3.5 m and could carry 3200 tonnes; the large ones had a draught of 5 m and could carry between 7200 and 12,800 tonnes.
349:. Maintaining a vessel for more than one season was unprofitable. In particularly active years, up to 60 to 150 belyanas sailed the Volga. The value of a belyana could be between 100,000 and 150,000 rubles (c. 1910).
341:, where the timber and hull were dismantled for firewood or went to sawmills for final processing. The boats' cabins were sold as ready-made houses. Belyanas did not go further than Astrakhan on the
1257:Словарь волжских судовых терминов: объяснение современных и старинных слов, в связи с историей волжского судоходства: с рисунками в тексте [старинных и современных судов и портретом автора]
1219:
68:, where they were entirely dismantled and the wood sold. With the development of railroads in the Soviet Union, belyanas became too complex and too expensive; the last belyana was built in 1939.
321:
1649:
1330:
379:
masts and sail were no longer erected on the vessels and there were 30 to 40 members of the crew. A crewmember earned 30 to 40 rubles for a passage. The pilot was paid 400 to 600 rubles.
1173:
400:
75:; archaeologists determined that it was an 80-meter-long belyana that caught fire some 350 years ago and was abandoned by its crew. It is the only known finding of such a vessel.
460:
for city rebuilding. Their usage ended because their construction was time-consuming and special skills were needed to float such unique vessels; with the development of
103:
was up to 120 meters, the width 25 meters, the height 5 meters, the load capacity up to 12,800 tons. The hull was not tarred, which determined the name of such a ship,
1323:
456:. The last known belyana was built in 1939, though there is anecdotal evidence that two or three belyanas were built after the Second World War and sent to
1262:
Dictionary of Volga ship terms: an explanation of modern and ancient words in connection with the history of the Volga shipping: with drawings in the text
138:
Some of the smaller vessels were assembled and disassembled twice in one season. These were the ones that went to places where the Volga is close to the
99:, and were designed for a single trip downstream. The main cargo was timber, in some cases bark fibre, mats, and other similar goods. The length of the
1316:
637:"Хорошо бы летом из Перми на особой беляне устроить поход Аргонавтов за лотосом в Астрахань"; letter from Astrakhan to Petrograd, to M.V. Matushin
1237:
1892:
557:
1157:] (Издание шестое стереотипное ed.). Москва, Ленинград: Государственное издательство технико-технической литературы. p. 155.
541:
461:
1654:
1779:
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464:, the cost of transportation by rail became cheaper than by water, so the use of belyanas ended for purely economic reasons.
1104:[Gleb Nikitin: "The unique Vetluzh ship-Belyan can become a museum exhibit"]. Правительство Нижегородской области
369:
In order to maintain the belyana on its way, the vessel was equipped with three special boats, called zavoznya (Russian:
1912:
1807:
1339:
297:
Wood for the building and loading of belyanas was sourced from the banks of the Volga and
Vetluga tributaries: Medyana,
228:
beyond the board by four or more meters—the total width of the vessel at the top could be much larger than the bottom.
1814:
224:
water from the outside, the internal load did not touch the boards, and wedges were driven between it and the boards.
1717:
1203:
Belyanny rafting of timber: a practical guide to the construction of belyany, loading and rafting of timber in them
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388:
1614:
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was located. This cabin was usually covered with wood carvings, and sometimes even painted with gold paint.
235:
Belyana decorated with flags. The rudder is on right, and a dory is rafted alongside on the
Belyana's right.
153:
About 240 pine and 200 spruce logs were needed to build a medium-sized belyana. The flat bottom was made of
669:
1642:
1582:
912:
529:(1930), as an example of how such a big vessel can maneuver using a rudder and a lot, without any engine.
1902:
1682:
1486:
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1278:
712:["The size of an aircraft carrier." We study the history of the unique Vetluzh ship - Belyany].
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crew. A high transverse bridge was built between their roofs with a cabin cut in the middle, where the
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1907:
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Belyana with 5 spans. The value of this belyana was between 80 and 90 thousand rubles in 1910/1911.
273:
1280:Волга и Волжское судоходство. История, развитие и современное состояние судоходства и судостроения
352:
Belyanas flourished in the middle of the 19th century, at the beginning of the massive arrival of
1835:
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92:
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Belyanas were used in the early years of the Soviet Union. They were built at
Milutin factory,
1828:
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1608:
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1198:Белянный сплав леса: практическое руководство по постройке белян, погрузке и сплаву леса в них
100:
1285:
Volga and Volga shipping. History, development and current state of shipping and shipbuilding
1793:
927:
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91:
Belyanas were built since the 16th–17th centuries at the places of timber extraction in the
32:
345:. Only the smallest belyanas, loaded with fish in Astrakhan, went back, pulled upstream by
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1226:
Traditional shipbuilding as part of the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. T. 1
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1102:"Глеб Никитин: «Уникальное ветлужское судно-беляна может стать музейным экспонатом»"
508:
He also wrote in a letter to his friend in 1915, that "it would be great to hold an
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710:"«Размером с авианосец». Изучаем историю уникального ветлужского судна — беляны"
342:
139:
135:, the bark was peeled from the logs, and then the belyana was built and loaded.
1417:
1387:
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1205:] (in Russian). Москва: Всесоюзное кооперативное объединенное издательство
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1221:Традиционное судостроение как часть культурного наследия народов России. Т. 1
983:
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628:"Разберу беляну (судно) одними руками, не соберешь беляны всеми городами?"
145:
In 1884 there were 120 belyanas on the Volga, and in 1885 152 were built.
1800:
931:
592:
509:
1101:
986:[BELJANA - RUSSIAN TIMBER FLOAT] (in Swedish). Project Runeberg.
486:
mentioned belyanas in his poems, for example in this unnamed one (1915):
176:
Hull planking. The hull is placed on stands, called 'gorodok' (Russian:
1308:
330:
308:
231:
1519:
1428:
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60:
1182:] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Типография Спб. градоначальства
672:[ESBE/Belyana]. Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона
613:
Such cabin for the crew on belyana was called "kazyonka" (Russian:
307:), temporary houses in a forest. In spring, logs were delivered to
1124:
439:
288:
230:
82:
48:
18:
158:
1312:
827:
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1264:]. Н. Новгород: Типо-лит. Г. Искольдского. pp. 28–32
1084:Журнал Института Наследия (Journal of the Heritage Institute)
995:
993:
842:
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1082:[Nizhny Novgorod barge-Belyana: past and present].
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322:
Explanatory
Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
71:
In 2015 tourists found the remains of a wooden ship in the
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than the stern and all the incoming water drained there.
165:
Building and loading of belyana at
Milutin factory, 1931
127:
winter huts that did not heat well. On the banks of the
311:, where they were processed into marketable condition.
800:
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87:
Scheme of the 70-meter-long belyana, Perm, before 1917
920:
525:
mentioned belyanas in the first edition of his book
1864:
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913:"Nizhny Novgorod Belyana barge in the XIX century"
1080:"Нижегородская баржа-беляна: прошлое и настоящее"
595:from Belyana, by D. I. Archangelsky (1920s–1930s)
59:Belyanas were built in the Upper Volga region of
1291:. Moscow: Транспечать. pp. 210–218, 344–347
1127:[116 letters from Velimir Khlebnikov].
489:
182:), that allow easy access to every part of it.
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534:Several artists created pictures of belyanas:
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1232:(in Russian). Moscow: Институт Наследия.
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911:Philippov, Yury V. (November 19, 2015).
734:
563:Konstantin Gorbatov painted the town of
329:Frequent destinations for belyanas were
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448:travel poster of the Volga region, 1932
381:
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163:
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7:
708:Шуга, Светлана (11 September 2019).
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579:Belyana on Volga, by Y. Weber (1929)
1254:Неуструев, Семен Петрович (1914).
14:
984:"BELJANA — RYSK TIMMERFLOTTNING"
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512:trip on a special belyana for a
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109:, derived from the Russian word
1125:"116 писем Велимира Хлебникова"
959:. Толковый словарь Даля онлайн
430:Decorated belyana with 4 spans
16:A type of ship found in Russia
1:
394:Belyana with at least 7 spans
256:Steps of belyana construction
1893:Merchant sailing ship types
1195:Писаревский, А. А. (1933).
716:. Новости Нижнего Новгорода
527:Mechanics for entertainment
494:В наших веслах только клен.
383:Belyanas of different sizes
157:and the walls were made of
1929:
502:Наливают ковш повольницы.
498:Браги груз несется пьяный;
492:В нашей пре заморский лен,
293:Map of the Volga watershed
248:over the ship like sails.
149:Construction and equipment
1172:Верховский, В.Н. (1911).
615:
371:
337:(today's Volgograd), and
303:
178:
111:
105:
36:
1149:Перельман, Яков (1951).
516:from Perm to Astrakhan".
1218:Окороков, А.В. (2021).
1078:Филиппов, Ю.В. (2018).
285:Origin and destinations
267:Hull planking underway
1155:Entertaining mechanics
1151:Занимательная механика
547:Belyanas. Painting by
505:
468:Archaeological finding
449:
294:
236:
88:
24:
1898:Naval ships of Russia
1677:Sovereign of the Seas
1487:Chinese treasure ship
1398:Roman ship of Marausa
1354:Caligula's Giant Ship
500:И красивые невольницы
443:
292:
234:
118:Small belyanas had a
86:
39:) is a type of large
22:
1340:Largest wooden ships
1277:Шубин, И.А. (1927).
932:10.2298/IJGI1503423P
496:На купеческой беляне
444:Belyana on a Soviet
418:Belyana with 5 spans
194:During construction
23:Loaded belyana, 1931
1913:Disposable products
1719:William D. Lawrence
1429:Medieval and modern
1123:Пажитнов, Евгений.
955:[Belyana].
737:, pp. 410–414.
549:Konstantin Gorbatov
436:In the Soviet Union
279:During construction
1650:Santisima Trinidad
1359:Hatshepsut's barge
484:Velimir Khlebnikov
462:the railway system
450:
295:
237:
93:Upper Volga region
89:
43:that was used for
25:
1880:
1879:
1656:São João Baptista
1609:Peter Pomegranate
1465:Wind-powered only
1431:oar-powered ships
1239:978-5-86443-345-4
1065:, pp. 30–31.
1041:, pp. 85–86.
834:, pp. 57–62.
788:, pp. 13–19.
567:on Belyana (1913)
206:Loading, sideview
47:along the rivers
1920:
1616:Peter von Danzig
1481:Baron of Renfrew
1474:Adler von Lübeck
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1781:Frank O'Connor
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1554:Great Republic
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1507:Flor de la Mar
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1305:External links
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1093:
1067:
1063:Неуструев 1914
1055:
1053:, p. 345.
1043:
1031:
1019:
1004:
989:
970:
944:
926:(3): 423–429.
890:
888:, p. 101.
878:
866:
862:Неуструев 1914
851:
836:
821:
809:
807:, p. 212.
790:
778:
776:, p. 214.
766:
762:Неуструев 1914
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750:Неуструев 1914
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1393:Obelisk ships
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1347:Ancient ships
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1029:, p. 89.
1028:
1023:
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1017:, p. 41.
1016:
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1002:, p. 84.
1001:
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891:
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876:, p. 34.
875:
870:
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863:
858:
856:
852:
849:, p. 82.
848:
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819:, p. 25.
818:
813:
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767:
764:, p. 29.
763:
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751:
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736:
735:Окороков 2021
731:
728:
715:
711:
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702:
700:
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696:
694:
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690:
688:
684:
671:
670:"ЭСБЕ/Беляна"
665:
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73:Vetluga river
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34:
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1903:Lumber ships
1871:
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1670:Soleil Royal
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1514:Ganj-i-Sawai
1512:
1505:
1499:
1493:Cinco Chagas
1491:
1480:
1472:
1454:Galère Réale
1453:
1446:
1438:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1383:Marsala Ship
1377:Leontophoros
1375:
1364:
1293:. Retrieved
1284:
1279:
1266:. Retrieved
1261:
1256:
1243:. Retrieved
1225:
1220:
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1197:
1184:. Retrieved
1179:
1174:
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1132:. Retrieved
1128:
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1106:. Retrieved
1096:
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1034:
1022:
961:. Retrieved
956:
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935:. Retrieved
923:
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718:. Retrieved
713:
674:. Retrieved
633:
624:
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491:
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377:
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328:
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317:Vladimir Dal
313:
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152:
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137:
125:
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90:
70:
58:
28:
26:
1816:La Bretagne
1760:Continental
1753:Australasia
1684:Susquehanna
1602:Océan class
1540:Great Harry
1447:Galera Real
1440:Cakra Dunia
343:Caspian Sea
95:and on the
1908:Ship types
1887:Categories
1767:Dunderberg
1746:Appomattox
1663:Shenandoah
1644:Santa Anna
1533:Grace Dieu
1418:Thalamegos
1388:Nemi ships
1371:Khufu ship
1295:1 November
1268:1 November
1245:1 November
1051:Шубин 1927
805:Шубин 1927
774:Шубин 1927
645:References
591:View over
458:Stalingrad
454:Cheboksary
354:steamboats
1823:L.R. Doty
1691:Tenacious
1583:Mahmudiye
1560:Javanese
1526:Götheborg
1404:Syracusia
1209:4 October
1186:4 October
1134:6 October
1108:4 October
963:6 October
937:4 October
720:4 October
676:6 October
601:Footnotes
446:Intourist
339:Astrakhan
335:Tsaritsyn
140:Don river
66:Astrakhan
1847:Immobile
1623:Pretoria
1500:Columbus
1129:proza.ru
953:"БЕЛЯНА"
593:Simbirsk
510:Argonaut
361:Floating
309:sawmills
299:Chernaya
1872:Belyana
1837:Orlando
1809:Jylland
1726:Wyoming
1712:Victory
1637:Roanoke
1180:Belyana
1166:Sources
616:казёнка
372:завозня
347:burlaks
331:Saratov
319:in his
304:зимница
218:Loading
179:городок
133:Vetluga
120:draught
79:History
33:Russian
29:belyana
1830:Mersey
1774:Eureka
1630:Rahīmī
1597:Orient
1569:Kronan
1520:Ghurab
1287:]
1236:
1228:]
1175:Беляна
565:Kitezh
551:(1914)
477:In art
155:spruce
106:беляна
61:Russia
37:Беляна
1865:Other
1802:Iosco
1289:(PDF)
1283:[
1260:[
1230:(PDF)
1224:[
1201:[
1178:[
1153:[
1090:(15).
916:(PDF)
714:nn.ru
514:lotus
482:Poet
242:pilot
112:белый
49:Volga
1698:Vasa
1590:Mars
1562:jong
1365:Isis
1297:2021
1270:2021
1247:2021
1234:ISBN
1211:2021
1188:2021
1136:2021
1110:2021
965:2021
939:2021
722:2021
678:2021
159:pine
131:and
129:Usta
101:hull
97:Kama
53:Kama
51:and
928:doi
1889::
1086:.
1070:^
1007:^
992:^
973:^
924:65
922:.
918:.
893:^
854:^
839:^
824:^
793:^
742:^
686:^
653:^
333:,
35::
27:A
1604:)
1600:(
1332:e
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1138:.
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1088:4
967:.
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930::
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619:)
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
