1032:. Olive oil is also highly effective in controlling the number of whiteflies. Other natural oils such as cottonseed, castor, peanut, soybean, and sunflower can be effective. Peanut oil was the most effective out of this group in reducing the population. All of these oils cause direct mortality to immature life stages of the silverleaf whitefly on contact and reduce settling and ovipositon by adults when sprayed on plant leaves. The oil extracted from the seeds of sugar apple has also been found effective against the whitefly. This oil causes the silverleaf whitefly nymph to shrink in size and therefore detach from the tomato plant, leading to starvation. Sugar apple seed oil is not
904:. This was done by releasing six female parasitoids per week for the first half of the growing season, and only one female per week for the remaining of the season. This improved the effectiveness of the parasitoid wasps by ensuring they were continuously available to attack the pests, but in numbers that reflected the shrinking population of pests. If natural enemies are not able to control the pest population at low levels due to a significant increase in pest, an insecticide compatible with the biological control agent could be used to assist in reducing the pest population to low levels again.
360:
597:
Mexico, and
Arizona to plague growers in California. California produces approximately 90% of the United States’ winter vegetable crop, and has incurred an estimated $ 500 million in crop damage due to silverleaf whitefly populations. Across the agricultural industry, this pest is thought to cost the state $ 774 million in private sector plant sales, 12,540 jobs, and $ 112.5 million in personal income. On a national scale, the United States has suffered crop and ornamental plant damages in excess of $ 1 billion.
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serves as a trap crop, the tomato yellow curl leaf virus can be controlled and limited. Scientific experiments show in the fields that growing squash crops around the areas where tomato plants can be found is a useful manipulation in regulating the silverleaf whitefly population as well as the transmission of TYLCV. Other plants that can serve as trap crops include cantaloupe and cucumber.
1131:
maintenance and control of the fly population. Weeds and host crop residues must be removed immediately to avoid infestation. Silver/aluminum cover mulches can repel the adult silverleaf whitefly. Thus, when planting seeds, placing a reflective polyethylene mulch on planting beds will significantly reduce the rate of colonization.
1142:
at ARS Subtropical Plant
Pathology Research Unit worked together in screening the watermelon germplasm for resistance to SqVYV as to search for potential sources of resistance in wild-type watermelon. Kousik examined different combinations of insecticides and silver plastic mulch that could be used
965:
is only an effective biological control agent in conditions of low temperatures (maximum of 20 °C (68 °F)) and a humidity level greater than 96%. Not enough studies have been conducted to show the productiveness of fungal pathogen in the real world environment. Much of the success of this
1138:(SqVYV) by the silverleaf whitefly. The SqVYV virus discovered by plant pathologist Benny Bruton and Shaker Kousik is essentially a crippling disease of the watermelon, which leads to the vine of the watermelon to collapse, causing the death of the watermelon before harvest. Kousik and pathologist
1113:
Another important control is the use of other crops as a source of trap crops. Squashes can act as trap crops for the silverleaf whitefly due to the flies’ attraction to these crops. Silverleaf whiteflies are actually more attracted to the squash crop than they are to the tomato plant. When squash
678:
Most of these control tools have a minimal effect on plant and soil properties. Scientists are currently focusing on targeting the whitefly through mechanisms that do not cause pollution or contamination (i.e., mechanisms other than insecticides). It is important to be able to reduce the number of
463:
suggests that the transfer of decorative plants from tropical regions may have aided in the spread of the silverleaf whiteflies to temperate environments. The ability of the whitefly to adapt to various plants facilitates the spread of dangerous plant viruses, which these insects are notorious for
596:
in the 1980s. Scientists speculate that this pest was introduced via infested ornamental plants brought into the United States at this time. Florida's poinsettia greenhouses were crippled by the pest beginning in 1986, and by 1991, the infestation had spread through
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, New
701:
Entomologists with the U.S. Arid-Land
Agricultural Research Center identified the most common causes of death of the whitefly as predation by other insects, parasitism, and weather induced dislodgement. They emphasize the importance of exploiting the use of natural predators and have identified
1130:
infected plants. Planting different host crops away from each other will decrease the number of plants the flies will be able to infect. Thus, the best control is to maximize the distance and time interval between host crops. Good sanitation in winter and spring crops is also required for the
1096:
Another technique used to reduce virus damage include the use of floating row covers, which are covers used to keep plants from exposure from pests. Field studies conducted in
Australia have shown that the use of floating row covers coupled with insect growth regulators increase the yield of
600:
This species of whitefly is a particularly devastating pest because it feeds on over 500 plant species. Common hosts are agricultural crops including tomatoes, squash, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, melons, cotton, carrots, sweet potato, cucumber, and pumpkin, and ornamental plants such as
416:, but is similar in function. Adult whiteflies are approximately four times the size of the egg, with light yellow bodies and white wings, which is attributed by the secretion of wax across its wings and body. Adult silverleaf whiteflies can reach up to 0.9 millimetres (
237:
The silverleaf whitefly thrives worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and less predominately in temperate habitats. Cold temperatures kill both the adults and the nymphs of the species. The silverleaf whitefly can be confused with other insects such as the common
951:
1088:
Chang-Chi Chu and Thomas
Henneberry. Originally, the trap was used to monitor population of silverleaf whitefly populations, but as the trap was improved it was used in control programs to limit whitefly pest populations. The trap itself includes a green
1688:
Goolsby, J. A.; Debarro, P. J.; Kirk, A. A.; Sutherst, R. W.; Canas, L.; Ciomperlik, M. A.; Ellsworth, P. C.; Gould, J. R.; Hartley, D. M.; Hoelmer, K. A.; Naranjo, S. E.; Rose, M.; Roltsch, W. J.; Ruiz, R. A.; Pickett, C. H.; Vacek, D. C. (2005).
563:, which can then reduce the plants ability to absorb light. This results in slower growth, lower yield, and poor quality plants. It also requires that crops be thoroughly washed after harvesting, which raises processing costs for the grower.
900:"Beltsville Strain". The wasps are faster at searching for patches of host nymphs are consistent at controlling the population. A variable release strategy of parasitoids has been found successfully able to control populations of
408:, or shed skins are left on the leaves. The immobile instars appear opaquely white. Nymphs feed by stabbing into the plant with their mouth-parts and sucking up plant juices. After the fourth instar, the nymph transforms into a
1321:. Entomology and Nematology Department special publication 90 (revised ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Archived from
970:
has been conducted in the laboratory. However, it can be concluded though that when the fungal pathogen is combined with an insecticide, the synergistic effect of the two will induce a higher mortality rate of the whitefly.
621:. It can cause specific damage to certain host plants, like "silverleaf" on squash, irregular ripening of tomatoes, whitestalk in broccoli and cauliflower, white stem in poinsettia, and light root in carrots.
812:
is a species of small, shiny, black beetle which sucks out the contents of the silverleaf whitefly by piercing its exoskeleton. Adult and larval stages of this beetle feed on all life stages of the pest.
1093:
light that attracts and traps the whiteflies. The LED device works best at night, and is inexpensive and durable. In addition, the LED does not harm predators and parasitoids of the whitefly.
352: in) in height. Eggs are initially whitish in color and change to a brown color near hatching, within 5 to 7 days. After hatching, the whitefly nymph develops through four
664:
Multiple methods of control can be used to combat these prevalent agricultural pests. Some major control methods include, application of oils, use of natural enemies such as
2372:
1134:
Cultural controls are very important to crops such as vegetables and fruit. For example, in the family
Cucurbitaceae, vegetables such as watermelon and squash contract
975:
has a broad host range but can attack silverleaf whiteflies at a variety of life stages and these include eggs, nymphs, pupae, and adults stages. On the other hand,
2259:
683:
individuals that settle on plants to decrease plant damages such as those caused by viral transmissions. This can be accomplished by reducing settling, decreasing
544:
around 1889 and had a significant impact on tobacco crops there. The first silverleaf whitefly was found in the United States in 1897 on a crop of sweet potatoes.
2324:
1642:
Schuster, D. J.; Thompson, S.; Ortega, L. D.; Polston, J. E. (2009). "Laboratory
Evaluation of Products to Reduce Settling of Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults".
1474:
2021:
1994:
547:
This tiny insect causes damage to plants through feeding and transmitting plant diseases. The silverleaf whitefly feeds on its host plants by piercing the
412:
where the eyes become a deep red color, the body color becomes yellow, and the body structure thickens. This is not a true pupal stage, as is found in the
2410:
396: in) and is greenish in color and flat in body structure. The mobile nymph walks to find a suitable area on the leaf with adequate nutrients and
2220:
1527:"New Spread of Cassava Brown Streak Virus Disease and its Implications for the Movement of Cassava Germplasm in the East and Central African Region"
2285:
242:, but with close inspection, the whitefly is slightly smaller and has a distinct wing color that helps to differentiate it from other insects.
1858:
Qureshi, M. S.; Midmore, D. J.; Syeda, S. S.; Playford, C. L. (2007). "Floating row covers and pyriproxyfen help control silverleaf whitefly
447:
Research indicates that the silverleaf whitefly likely came from India. Since the whitefly is predominately associated with areas exhibiting
2002:
1453:
698:
has been the best long-term, sustainable solution to controlling these exotic pests. However, success of this method can be unpredictable.
2400:
1475:"Biological Control: A Grower's Guide to Using Biological Control for Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettias in the Northeast United States"
943:
approximately 89% to 90% of these eggs are killed. Some strains of whitefly have developed resistance to its fungal pathogens including
2415:
2405:
2181:
583:
854:. However, differences in climate preference by these wasps reduced their effect. The best studied of these whitefly parasitoids are
2233:
1526:
571:
245:
While the silverleaf whitefly had been known in the United States since 1896, in the mid-1980s an aggressive strain appeared in
496:. Other common plant damages of whitefly include: removing plant sap, breakdown of the leaves of the plant, and leaf shedding.
1313:
2290:
1067:. This insect growth regulator does not kill adult whiteflies, and has low toxicity to mammals, fish, birds and bumblebees.
1690:
874:
biotype B in commercial greenhouses; it is only able to control the species in small experimental greenhouses. The species
2311:
1021:
575:
386:, commonly called a crawler, is the only mobile nymphal stage. The first instar nymph can grow to about 0.3 millimetres (
579:
2272:
2116:
2093:
1819:"Control of silverleaf whitefly, cotton aphid and kanzawa spider mite with oil and extracts from seeds of sugar apple"
1797:
332:
and emerge from unfertilized eggs. Eggs are laid in groups, being small in size with dimensions of 0.2 millimetres (
2199:
505:
1910:
Schuster, D. J. (2004). "Squash as a trap crop to protect tomato from whitefly-vectored tomato yellow leaf curl".
359:
2420:
2329:
2212:
1625:
1392:
Brown, J. K.; Frohlich, D. R. & Rosell, R. C. (1995). "The
Sweetpotato or Silverleaf whiteflies: Biotypes of
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1986:
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biotype "B" in the USA and the development of predictive tools to guide introductions for other countries"
862:
804:
509:
426: in) in length. While feeding or resting the whitefly adult folds its wings tent-like over its body.
2121:
1990:
958:, a fungus that is a natural enemy to silverleaf whiteflies to a plot of vegetables near Weslaco, Texas.
919:
649:
159:
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or lower leaf surfaces with its mouth and removing nutrients. Affected areas of the plant may develop
2339:
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2071:
785:
2013:
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Insecticides can be costly, and have an increasing risk of resistance by whiteflies. However, the
269:, and other fruit and vegetable crops. Within five years, the silverleaf whitefly had caused over
1927:
1667:
1287:
1189:
931:
797:
185:
49:
1732:
2264:
828:, which kill their host once their development has been completed. Parasitoids in the families
780:. There are currently four species of predators that are commercially available for control of
371:
289:
2347:
2142:
1840:
1659:
1617:
1244:
633:
439:
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1024:. The effect of ultra-fine oil can be strengthened through the combination with oils such as
2352:
1967:
1919:
1871:
1830:
1714:
1651:
1607:
1599:
1447:
1405:
1279:
1234:
1224:
1181:
856:
525:
911:
is the use of fungal pathogens. The most commonly known pathogens to the whitefly pest are
1801:
829:
777:
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climates, the focus shifts to how these insects attained access to crops in habitats with
231:
566:
The silverleaf whitefly is also a notorious vector for plant disease. It has transmitted
1710:
1409:
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2085:
1612:
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116:
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227:
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1835:
1818:
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Squash crops are effectively used as trap crops for attracting silverleaf whitefly.
1085:
1048:
992:
761:
749:
719:
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413:
41:
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to tomato plants of any concentrations and reduces the survival rate of the pest.
950:
555:
spots, whither, or drop leaves. Whiteflies also produce a sticky substance called
1949:
1923:
1892:
1748:
1603:
265:. Less than a year after its identification, strain B was found to have moved to
2316:
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2246:
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997:
846:
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773:
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molting on leaves. The silver empty structures on the leaves are cast-off skins.
259:(biotype B), to distinguish it from the milder infestation of the earlier known
224:
17:
2056:
2007:
1283:
540:, and several European countries. It was classified as an agricultural pest in
1817:
Lin, C. Y.; Wu, D. C.; Yu, J. Z.; Chen, B. H.; Wang, C. L.; Ko, W. H. (2009).
1185:
1164:
Fan, Yuqing Fan & Petitt, Frederick (1998). "Dispersal of the broad mite,
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602:
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473:
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246:
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1795:
Bellows and
Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Greenhouse Grown Ornamentals
1229:
841:
757:
738:
730:
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produces a higher predator-to-prey ratio. Insect growth regulators, such as
672:
552:
533:
456:
106:
86:
66:
1844:
1663:
1621:
1501:"Silverleaf Whitefly | National Invasive Species Information Center | USDA"
1248:
1055:
plants including zucchini squash, cucumber, and pumpkin. This hormone is a
2277:
2108:
1588:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1268:(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Two Whitefly Hosts (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)"
1084:
The Light-Emitting Diode Equipped CC trap (LED-CC) was developed by plant
592:
became a serious issue in crops across the southwestern United States and
2134:
2129:
2050:
1655:
1595:
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in immature insects, and causes deformation and death during molting and
1025:
481:
477:
448:
220:
126:
230:. A review in 2011 concluded that the silverleaf whitefly is actually a
2225:
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614:
405:
397:
329:
325:
250:
136:
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1262:
Greenberg, S. M.; Legaspi, B. C.; Jones, W. A.; Enkegaard, A. (2000).
1016:
oil product that reduces the settlement of the adult flies, decreases
722:, which can indiscriminately kill both predator and pest populations.
559:, which is left behind on the host. Honeydew can induce the growth of
1207:
Tang, Xiao-Tian; Cai, Li; Yuan, Shin; Xu, Li–Li; Du, Yu–Zhou (2019).
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383:
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266:
96:
76:
2027:
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is only able to feed on the immature stages or the larval stages of
675:, release of insect growth regulators, and implementation of traps.
404:
remain in place for 40–50 days, until molting into an adult. Silver
2173:
2010:
Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Silverleaf Whitefly
2024:. Lists general information and resources for Silverleaf Whitefly.
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harvested fruit and quality and reduce virus damage to cucurbits.
991:
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703:
489:
438:
370:
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288:
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containing at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable species.
850:
wasps has been attempted in the Western United States to control
464:
transmitting. Plants which are affected by the whitefly include:
485:
409:
2160:
2031:
1423:
Azab AK; Megahed MM; EI-Mirsawi, HD (1971). "On the biology of
1051:
has been found successful in reducing whitefly populations on c
1000:
seed oil is an effective chemical control against the whitefly.
870:"Beltsville Strain", however, has been unsuccessful in control
744:
Species in eight arthropod orders are known to be predators of
443:
Poinsettia is one of the silverleaf whitefly's preferred hosts.
304:
will lay 50 to 400 eggs ranging from 0.10 to 0.25 millimetres (
1090:
1862:(Gennadius) Biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in zucchini".
1561:
Service, A. R. National Invasive Species Information Center:
324: in) on the under part of leaves. Female whiteflies are
1446:
Paine, Timothy; Bellows, Thomas; Hoddle, Mark (2019-12-27).
706:). It was found that the use of the biological controls and
702:
predators by the use of enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (
328:
and emerge from fertilized eggs whereas male whiteflies are
907:
Another natural mechanism of controlling the population of
741:
specific to whiteflies can keep populations under control.
582:
for years and over many continents and is now a vector for
1637:
1635:
1312:
Johnson, F. A.; Short, D. E. & Castner, J. L. (2005).
1004:
Natural oils are another important tool in the control of
1733:
Beyond Insecticides: Improved Methods of Whitefly Control
1213:
MEAM1 and MED and Evidence for Multiple Invasions of MED"
840:
are known to attack whiteflies. Establishment of several
1791:
The Biology and Management of the Silverleaf Whitefly,
1008:
Currently, the most effective oil in the market is the
1315:
Sweetpotato/Silverleaf Whitefly Life Stages and Damage
878:
works much better at controlling the whitefly species
718:, conserve natural predators compared to conventional
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
2040:
1126:, different planting areas can limit the amount of
1691:"Post-release evaluation of biological control of
1577:
1575:
1525:Pheneas Ntawuruhunga & James Legg (May 2007).
1159:
1157:
1155:
1080:Traps offer a pesticide free method of control of
253:. For convenience that strain was referred to as
2020:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1479:Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment
866:, both of which are commercially available. The
508:in many locations around the world, including
1429:Bulletin de la Société entomologique d'Égypte
8:
1968:On the Guard Against Watermelon Vine Decline
1812:
1810:
1584:"The Retinoid X Receptors and Their Ligands"
1582:Dawson, Marcia I.; Xia, Zebin (2021-06-02).
1427:(Genn.) Hemiptera, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae".
1346:
1344:
1342:
979:only infects and destroys nymphs and pupae.
2022:United States National Agricultural Library
1995:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
1905:
1903:
1901:
1743:
1741:
2028:
1950:UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Peppers
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1885:
1785:
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824:Another natural enemy of the whitefly are
40:
31:
1962:
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1945:
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1893:New Trap To Control Silverleaf Whiteflies
1834:
1775:
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1731:United States Department of Agriculture:
1611:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1238:
1228:
524:The silverleaf whitefly is considered an
1912:International Journal of Pest Management
400:into an immobile stage. The next three
2014:Species Profile – Silverleaf Whitefly (
1567:United States Department of Agriculture
1264:"Temperature-Dependent Life History of
1151:
748:These include members of the families
687:, and abating population development.
1749:Alternate Methods of Whitefly Control
1059:, which affects hormonal balance and
1020:, and abates the transmission of the
273:100 million in damage to agriculture
215:, also informally referred to as the
7:
2340:8fc083fc-5c88-4068-b8cf-3ec6490abcf9
2213:9ed5b9b5-5612-46ab-ad7b-8c81d1c48a6f
1454:Center for Invasive Species Research
1143:to reduce the whitefly populations.
342: in) wide and 0.1 millimetres (
1410:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002455
1209:"Competitive Displacement between
1174:Experimental and Applied Acarology
892:has been found more successful at
584:cassava brown streak virus disease
25:
2411:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
1952:. ipm.ucdavis.edu. December 2009.
1876:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2007.00600.x
1864:Australian Journal of Entomology
1719:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.07.012
572:lettuce infectious yellows virus
53:
1891:Elstein, David (May 30, 2002).
1836:10.1590/S1519-566X2009000400016
636:(EcRs) which may be useful for
219:) is one of several species of
1644:Journal of Economic Entomology
504:The silverleaf whitefly is an
378:adult whiteflies on green leaf
363:An adult Silverleaf Whitefly (
1:
1747:McGinnis, L. (April 5, 2006)
1022:tomato yellow leaf curl virus
576:tomato yellow leaf curl virus
223:that are currently important
1924:10.1080/09670870412331284591
1604:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014
696:Classical biological control
580:African cassava mosaic virus
2003:USDA Whitefly Knowledgebase
1735:. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
1505:www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
1398:Annual Review of Entomology
1172:(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)".
1136:squash vein yellowing virus
367:) on surface of Cotton leaf
2437:
2401:Hemiptera of North America
2008:CISR – Silverleaf Whitefly
1284:10.1603/0046-225X-29.4.851
935:. When spore solutions of
660:Integrated pest management
506:invasive agricultural pest
2416:Insects described in 1889
2406:Agricultural pest insects
1168:(Acari: Tarsonemidae) on
1166:Polyphagotarsonemus latus
1076:Man-made traps and covers
1057:juvenile hormone analogue
954:A technician is applying
914:Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
881:Trialeurodes vaporariorum
435:Native/original community
191:
184:
165:
158:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
1789:Hoddle, Mark S. (1999).
1396:or a species complex?".
1272:Environmental Entomology
1040:Insect growth regulators
708:insect growth regulators
632:like all arthropods has
1230:10.3390/insects11010035
1186:10.1023/A:1006045911286
1124:cultural control method
1046:insect growth regulator
939:are sprayed on eggs of
792:Macrolophus caliginosus
646:X-ray crystal structure
638:insecticide development
1823:Neotropical Entomology
1360:Bellows & Perring"
1110:
1001:
966:biological control on
959:
444:
379:
368:
297:
285:Anatomy and life cycle
1991:University of Florida
1972:Agricultural Research
1448:"Silverleaf Whitefly"
1108:
995:
953:
920:Aschersonia aleyrodis
650:ligand-binding domain
442:
374:
362:
292:
217:sweet potato whitefly
197:Bellows & Perring
2208:Fauna Europaea (new)
2016:Bemisia argentifolii
1804:. biocontrol.ucr.edu
1793:Bemisia argentifolii
1656:10.1603/029.102.0412
1358:Bemisia argentifolii
1266:Eretmocerus eremicus
926:Verticillium lecanii
863:Eretmocerus eremicus
644:, 2005 presents the
194:Bemisia argentifolii
35:Silverleaf whitefly
1987:silverleaf whitefly
1966:Flores, A. (2007).
1711:2005BiolC..32...70G
1563:Silverleaf Whitefly
1071:Mechanical controls
786:Delphastus pusillus
691:Biological controls
207:silverleaf whitefly
27:Species of true bug
1998:Featured Creatures
1800:2020-05-26 at the
1699:Biological Control
1364:entnemdept.ufl.edu
1111:
1002:
960:
956:Beauveria bassiana
932:Beauveria bassiana
798:Chrysoperla carnea
634:ecdysone receptors
445:
380:
369:
298:
2383:
2382:
2348:Open Tree of Life
2034:Taxon identifiers
1118:Cultural controls
983:Chemical controls
625:Nuclear receptors
520:Commercial impact
203:
202:
198:
16:(Redirected from
2428:
2421:Insects of India
2376:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2317:NHMSYS0020746001
2307:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2029:
1975:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1907:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1814:
1805:
1787:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1650:(4): 1482–1489.
1639:
1630:
1629:
1615:
1579:
1570:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1532:. Archived from
1531:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1465:
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1389:
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1327:
1320:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1161:
876:Encarsia formosa
868:Encarsia formosa
857:Encarsia formosa
671:, employment of
526:invasive species
500:Introduced range
425:
424:
420:
395:
394:
390:
351:
350:
346:
341:
340:
336:
323:
322:
318:
313:
312:
308:
264:
263:
258:
257:
196:
171:
58:
57:
44:
32:
21:
18:Bemisia tabaci A
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2036:
1983:
1978:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1883:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1802:Wayback Machine
1788:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1356:(Gennadius) or
1350:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1120:
1103:
1078:
1073:
1042:
990:
985:
973:P. fumosoroseus
890:Eretmocerus sp.
830:Platygasteridae
778:Coniopterygidae
728:
726:Natural enemies
693:
662:
627:
522:
502:
437:
432:
422:
418:
417:
392:
388:
387:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
333:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
287:
261:
260:
255:
254:
232:species complex
180:
173:
167:
154:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
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2398:
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2380:
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2367:
2357:
2344:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2195:Fauna Europaea
2191:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2103:
2099:Bemisia_tabaci
2090:
2086:Bemisia_tabaci
2077:
2072:Bemisia tabaci
2062:
2046:
2044:
2042:Bemisia tabaci
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1982:
1981:External links
1979:
1977:
1976:
1954:
1937:
1918:(4): 281–284.
1897:
1881:
1870:(4): 313–319.
1860:Bemisia tabaci
1850:
1806:
1753:
1737:
1724:
1693:Bemisia tabaci
1677:
1631:
1571:
1549:
1517:
1492:
1481:. 6 March 2015
1466:
1438:
1425:Bemisia tabaci
1415:
1404:(1): 511–534.
1394:Bemisia tabaci
1375:
1354:Bemisia tabaci
1338:
1297:
1278:(4): 851–860.
1254:
1211:Bemisia tabaci
1199:
1180:(7): 411–415.
1170:Bemisia tabaci
1150:
1148:
1145:
1119:
1116:
1102:
1099:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1041:
1038:
1010:ultra-fine oil
989:
986:
984:
981:
727:
724:
692:
689:
661:
658:
626:
623:
590:Bemisia tabaci
521:
518:
501:
498:
459:climates. One
436:
433:
431:
428:
376:Bemisia tabaci
365:Bemisia tabaci
294:Bemisia tabaci
286:
283:
212:Bemisia tabaci
201:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
169:Bemisia tabaci
163:
162:
156:
155:
151:B. tabaci
148:
146:
142:
141:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:Sternorrhyncha
114:
110:
109:
104:
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94:
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69:
64:
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37:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2433:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
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2409:
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2399:
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2370:White-Files:
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2063:
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2019:
2017:
2012:
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1589:
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1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1539:on 2007-12-15
1535:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
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1382:
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1355:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1328:on 2012-09-25
1324:
1317:
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1141:
1137:
1132:
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1125:
1117:
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1083:
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1068:
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1054:
1050:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:, which is a
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
987:
982:
980:
978:
974:
969:
964:
957:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
928:
927:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:than it does
883:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
815:C. rufilabris
811:
807:
806:
805:C. rufilabris
801:
799:
795:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Coccinellidae
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
690:
688:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
648:for the 1Z5X
647:
643:
640:. Carmichael
639:
635:
631:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
598:
595:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:United States
527:
519:
517:
515:
514:in California
511:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
441:
434:
429:
427:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
385:
377:
373:
366:
361:
357:
355:
331:
327:
303:
295:
291:
284:
282:
280:
279:in California
276:
272:
268:
252:
248:
243:
241:
235:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
208:
199:
195:
190:
187:
183:
178:
172:
170:
164:
161:
160:Binomial name
157:
153:
152:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2041:
2015:
1997:
1971:
1970:. pp. 10–11
1915:
1911:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1829:(4): 531–6.
1826:
1822:
1792:
1727:
1705:(1): 70–77.
1702:
1698:
1692:
1647:
1643:
1591:
1587:
1566:
1541:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1451:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1357:
1353:
1330:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1314:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1140:Scott Adkins
1133:
1127:
1121:
1112:
1095:
1086:physiologist
1081:
1079:
1049:pyriproxyfen
1043:
1005:
1003:
988:Natural oils
977:A. aleyrodis
976:
972:
967:
962:
961:
955:
944:
940:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
908:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
879:
875:
871:
867:
861:
855:
851:
845:
823:
818:
814:
809:
803:
796:
790:
784:
781:
762:Anthocoridae
750:Phytoseiidae
745:
743:
729:
720:insecticides
716:pyriproxyfen
700:
694:
680:
677:
663:
653:
641:
629:
628:
611:garden roses
607:crepe myrtle
599:
589:
588:
568:gemniviruses
565:
546:
523:
503:
446:
430:Distribution
414:Holometabola
381:
375:
364:
301:
299:
293:
244:
236:
225:agricultural
216:
211:
210:
206:
204:
193:
192:
168:
166:
150:
149:
137:
29:
2299:NatureServe
2247:iNaturalist
2066:Wikispecies
1895:. usda.gov.
1223:(1): 1–12.
1030:citronellal
1018:oviposition
998:sugar apple
963:B. bassiana
847:Eretmocerus
844:species of
834:Aphelinidae
826:parasitoids
810:D. pusillus
774:Chrysopidae
735:parasitoids
685:oviposition
669:parasitoids
666:Aphelinidae
561:sooty molds
532:as well as
453:subtropical
410:pupal stage
127:Aleyrodidae
2396:Whiteflies
2390:Categories
1751:. usda.gov
1543:2012-08-12
1460:2022-07-09
1369:2017-12-06
1332:2011-04-22
1147:References
1122:Through a
1101:Trap crops
1082:B. tabaci.
1034:phytotoxic
1014:paraffinic
1006:B. tabaci.
945:V. lecanii
937:V. lecanii
898:E. formosa
838:Eulophidae
782:B. tabaci:
746:B. tabaci.
712:buprofezin
673:trap crops
603:poinsettia
570:including
510:in Florida
474:poinsettia
461:hypothesis
382:The first
247:poinsettia
113:Suborder:
87:Arthropoda
2304:2.1000756
1598:: 21–56.
1435:: 305–15.
1128:B. tabaci
968:B. tabaci
941:B. tabaci
909:B. tabaci
902:B. tabaci
896:than the
894:B. tabaci
886:B. tabaci
872:B. tabaci
852:B. tabaci
842:Old World
819:B. tabaci
758:Syrphidae
739:pathogens
731:Predators
681:B. tabaci
654:B. tabaci
630:B. tabaci
553:chlorotic
534:Australia
482:eggplants
457:temperate
302:B. tabaci
249:crops in
177:Gennadius
145:Species:
107:Hemiptera
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
2265:11128485
2130:BugGuide
2106:BioLib:
2057:Q1303946
2051:Wikidata
1932:84016262
1845:19768275
1798:Archived
1672:45206625
1664:19736760
1622:22020178
1596:Elsevier
1510:25 March
1485:25 March
1292:85854037
1249:31906186
1194:20767783
1065:pupation
1026:limonene
557:honeydew
478:cucumber
466:tomatoes
449:tropical
275:in Texas
267:tomatoes
262:strain A
256:strain B
240:fruitfly
221:whitefly
186:Synonyms
123:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
2363:5796360
2226:2012126
2135:1182406
1989:on the
1707:Bibcode
1628:341742.
1626:NIHMSID
1613:4097889
1240:7022974
1217:Insects
770:Miridae
766:Nabidae
652:of the
615:lantana
528:in the
421:⁄
402:instars
391:⁄
356:stages.
347:⁄
337:⁄
330:haploid
326:diploid
319:⁄
309:⁄
300:Female
251:Florida
179:, 1889)
138:Bemisia
133:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
2360:uBio:
2353:290577
2337:NZOR:
2291:200547
2252:199414
2174:BEMITA
2161:588056
2109:102774
1930:
1843:
1670:
1662:
1620:
1610:
1290:
1247:
1237:
1192:
1061:chitin
929:, and
836:, and
768:, and
737:, and
642:et al.
619:lilies
617:, and
594:Mexico
578:, and
549:phloem
542:Greece
538:Africa
494:cotton
492:, and
470:squash
406:exuvia
384:instar
354:instar
2260:IRMNG
2200:54175
2187:66481
2182:EUNIS
2122:27396
1928:S2CID
1668:S2CID
1594:(1).
1537:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1326:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1288:S2CID
1190:S2CID
1053:urbit
704:ELISA
656:EcR.
490:beans
398:molts
228:pests
2330:7038
2325:NCBI
2286:ITIS
2278:8925
2234:GISD
2221:GBIF
2169:EPPO
2148:LGV8
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