1180:, the Bengal School emerged as a powerful movement that sought to revive traditional Indian artistic practices and forge a unique national identity. However, it is important to note that "while a special kind of nationalist sentiment is present in the paintings of Abanindranath and in the ideas of Rabindranath, there was always an aversion to direct political confrontation at the core of those sentiments". Artists of this style include Amit Sarkar, Ajoy Ghosh, Sankarlal Aich, Amal Chaklader, Narendra Chandra De Sarkar, Sukti Subhra Pradhan, and Ratan Acharya. Some of the best known artists of present-day Bengal are
122:
233:
25:
1167:
The Bengal School of Art, which emerged in the first half of the twentieth century, has produced a significant legacy in the world of Indian art. Its deep impact on the cultural landscape of India and its role in shaping the trajectory of modern Indian art cannot be overstated. Led by eminent artists
1109:, depicted a young woman, portrayed with four arms in the manner of Hindu deities, holding objects symbolic of India's national aspirations. Tagore later attempted to develop links with Japanese artists as part of an aspiration to construct a
1711:
Wong, A. Y. (2009). "6. Landscapes Of
Nandalal Bose (1882–1966): Japanism, Nationalism And Populism In Modern India". In Okakura Tenshin and Pan-Asianism. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781905246618.i-176.19
1089:
miniatures. This caused controversy, leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move. Havell was supported by the artist
1471:
1264:. According to Siva Kumar, 'This happened because early writers were guided by genealogies of apprenticeship rather than their styles, worldviews, and perspectives on art practice'.
1268:
1232:
1102:, a style that he and Havell believed to be expressive of India's distinct spiritual qualities, as opposed to the materialism of the West. Tagore's best-known painting,
1113:
model of art. Through the paintings of Bharat Mata, Abanindranath established the pattern of patriotism. Some of the notable painters and artists of Bengal school were
1525:
1481:
1048:
365:
360:
946:
1392:
1358:
42:
195:
1757:
1159:
Bimal Sil was a contemporary of
Abanindernath Tagore. He painted in water colours. His paintings are found in private collections only.
355:
1432:
108:
89:
1507:
61:
1156:
ideas in the 1920s. As of 2012, there has been a surge in interest in the Bengal school of art among scholars and connoisseurs.
1762:
1041:
1662:
1672:
1651:
1333:
46:
68:
1721:
1290:
691:
1639:
1731:
666:
646:
75:
1555:
1533:
1737:
1693:
Thakurta, Tapati Guha. (1991). Women as “Calendar Art” Icons: Emergence of
Pictorial Stereotype in Colonial India.
1034:
656:
1742:
35:
1682:
Sircar, Sanjay. (1998). Shashthi’s Land: Folk
Nursery Rhyme in Abanindranath Tagore’s “The Condensed-Milk Doll.”
836:
350:
57:
1241:
936:
661:
178:
in the early 20th century. Also known as 'Indian style of painting' in its early days, it was associated with
681:
1726:
1257:
1216:
1142:
641:
636:
1767:
1285:
1103:
1082:
1078:
385:
199:
191:
126:
1589:
Eaton, Natasha. (2013). “Swadeshi” Color: Artistic
Production and Indian Nationalism, ca. 1905–ca. 1947.
1612:
980:
397:
121:
232:
1280:
1249:
1212:
1169:
1091:
976:
791:
591:
187:
131:
1772:
1177:
1095:
751:
554:
171:
135:
1189:
82:
1702:
1598:
1580:
1476:
1305:
601:
581:
573:
424:
340:
278:
179:
1571:
Bagchi, Jasodhara. (1990). Representing
Nationalism: Ideology of Motherhood in Colonial Bengal.
876:
517:
1668:
1647:
1428:
1388:
1354:
1134:
896:
811:
686:
502:
497:
273:
240:
223:
1452:
1625:
1295:
1185:
1130:
856:
846:
831:
335:
330:
322:
308:
190:(1871–1951), and was also being promoted and supported by British arts administrators like
1300:
1253:
1181:
1138:
1099:
1086:
1070:
956:
714:
710:
696:
549:
512:
476:
465:
345:
263:
214:
155:
1424:
1244:
masters and their approach to art since the early 80s, refutes the practice of subsuming
596:
1208:
931:
816:
726:
671:
631:
626:
268:
1751:
1245:
1237:
1220:
1173:
1146:
1118:
1114:
1074:
1073:
and in
British art schools. Following the influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the
861:
616:
522:
434:
167:
1608:
1205:
1201:
1110:
1066:
851:
826:
766:
492:
293:
151:
1382:
1348:
1635:
1556:"Humanities underground » All the Shared Experiences of the Lived World II"
1417:
1267:
His ideas on this issue are formulated in the catalogue essay of the exhibition
1197:
1193:
1122:
1062:
1010:
921:
606:
175:
24:
1629:
1015:
1005:
901:
871:
586:
409:
1153:
1126:
449:
288:
283:
1623:
E B Havell: The art and politics of
Indianness. Third Text, 11(39), 3–19.
1350:
Art and nationalism in colonial India, 1850-1922: occidental orientations
741:
736:
731:
529:
303:
250:
183:
163:
1602:
1347:
Mitter, Partha (1994). "How the past was salvaged by
Swadeshi artists".
1329:
1706:
1584:
1020:
1000:
886:
801:
796:
786:
746:
507:
444:
439:
402:
298:
906:
891:
771:
454:
390:
258:
159:
16:
Art movement and a style of Indian painting in the early 20th century
1069:
styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as
1152:
The Bengal school's influence in India declined with the spread of
916:
866:
611:
120:
1453:"Art Review: Indian Modernism via an Eclectic and Elusive Artist"
781:
776:
761:
1353:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–306.
18:
198:
from 1896; eventually it led to the development of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1738:Profile of a Pioneer: Sarada Ukil by Satyasri Ukil
1472:"For many art lovers, it's back to the old school"
1416:
1269:Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism
1233:Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism
1387:. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 304.
1098:. Tagore painted a number of works influenced by
1081:attempted to reform the teaching methods at the
1065:and nationalist movement reacting against the
1743:Kokka and the Early Neo-Bengal School Masters
1508:"Nationalism and Painting in Colonial Bengal"
1042:
8:
1667:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
196:Government College of Art and Craft, Kolkata
1690:(1), 25–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/1178995
1049:
1035:
366:Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)
231:
209:
1646:. Laurence King Publishing. p. 304.
1470:Ghose, Archana Khare (12 February 2012).
1219:, Sudip Roy, Ramananda Bandopadhyay and
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1664:Indian court painting, 16th-19th century
1240:, who has been studying the work of the
361:Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)
1316:
475:
239:
221:
1324:
1322:
1320:
7:
1514:– via SIT Digital Collections.
1501:
1499:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1451:Cotter, Holland (August 19, 2008).
1423:. Oxford University Press. p.
1085:by encouraging students to imitate
947:Indian People's Theatre Association
356:Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)
1121:(sister of Abanindranath Tagore),
14:
1439:Ernest Binfield Havell education.
170:, and flourished throughout the
134:, a pioneer of the movement and
23:
34:needs additional citations for
1334:National Gallery of Modern Art
1061:The Bengal school arose as an
1:
1695:Economic and Political Weekly
1573:Economic and Political Weekly
692:Bangla Academy Literary Award
1227:R. Siva Kumar's disagreement
1226:
1480:. New Delhi. Archived from
667:Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi
1789:
1758:Schools of Indian painting
1330:"Showcase - Bengal School"
1291:Progressive Artists' Group
1230:
1077:, the British art teacher
1630:10.1080/09528829708576669
837:Rock music of West Bengal
351:Bengali Language Movement
1614:A Handbook of Indian Art
1530:The Telegraph (Calcutta)
937:Group theatre of Kolkata
662:Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
1722:Anthology of Indian Art
1661:Kossak, Steven (1997).
1415:Mitter, Partha (2001).
1258:Benode Behari Mukherjee
1143:Kshitindranath Majumdar
1094:, a nephew of the poet
194:, the principal of the
146:, commonly referred as
1763:Culture of West Bengal
1727:Art Galleries in India
1684:Asian Folklore Studies
1679:(see index: p.148-152)
1617:. John Murray, London.
1506:Cohen, Jasmin (2012).
1286:Modern Indian painting
1217:Manindra Bhushan Gupta
1083:Calcutta School of Art
1079:Ernest Binfield Havell
386:Bengali Muslim wedding
200:modern Indian painting
139:
58:"Bengal School of Art"
1732:Which Way Indian Art?
1621:Jamal, Osman (1997).
1381:Onians, John (2004).
981:Cinema of West Bengal
657:Literary institutions
398:Bengali Hindu wedding
124:
1579:(42/43), WS65–WS71.
1281:Contextual Modernism
1262:Bengal School of Art
1250:Abanindranath Tagore
1213:Bikash Bhattacharjee
1170:Abanindranath Tagore
1092:Abanindranath Tagore
977:Cinema of Bangladesh
792:Shreekrishna Kirtana
592:Shreekrishna Kirtana
560:Bengal School of Art
188:Abanindranath Tagore
144:Bengal School of Art
132:Abanindranath Tagore
43:improve this article
1536:on February 7, 2013
1526:"Shanu Lahiri dead"
1178:Rabindranath Tagore
1096:Rabindranath Tagore
752:Maimansingha Gitika
172:Indian subcontinent
158:that originated in
136:Rabindranath Tagore
1644:Atlas of World Art
1477:The Times of India
1384:Atlas of world art
1306:Madhubani painting
1117:, M.A.R Chughtai,
602:Vaishnava Padavali
582:Bengal Renaissance
279:Bengali Christians
180:Indian nationalism
140:
1701:(43), WS91–WS99.
1512:Unpublished Paper
1394:978-1-85669-377-6
1360:978-0-521-44354-8
1135:Asit Kumar Haldar
1059:
1058:
812:Bishnupur Gharana
807:Classical genres
687:Rabindra Puraskar
503:Kolkata Book Fair
498:Ekushey Book Fair
274:Bengali Buddhists
224:Culture of Bengal
119:
118:
111:
93:
1780:
1678:
1657:
1618:
1591:The Art Bulletin
1560:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1532:. Archived from
1522:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1326:
1296:Tanjore painting
1186:Mrinal Kanti Das
1131:Kalipada Ghoshal
1051:
1044:
1037:
857:Dwijendralal Ray
847:Rabindra Sangeet
832:Bangladeshi rock
309:List of Bengalis
235:
226:
210:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1748:
1747:
1718:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1640:"Bengal School"
1634:
1607:
1568:
1566:Further reading
1563:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1301:Rajput painting
1277:
1254:Ram Kinker Baij
1235:
1229:
1182:Jogen Chowdhury
1165:
1139:Sudhir Khastgir
1071:Raja Ravi Varma
1055:
1026:
1025:
996:
995:
986:
985:
979:
972:
971:
962:
961:
957:Gerasim Lebedev
720:
718:
717:
715:performing arts
702:
701:
697:Ananda Puraskar
682:Literary awards
642:Folk literature
637:Science fiction
577:
576:
565:
564:
545:
544:
535:
534:
513:Pohela Boishakh
488:
487:
471:
470:
466:Thakurmar Jhuli
461:
431:
428:
427:
415:
414:
381:
380:
371:
370:
326:
325:
314:
313:
264:Bengali Muslims
254:
253:
222:
208:
156:Indian painting
154:and a style of
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1716:External links
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1691:
1680:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1632:
1619:
1605:
1597:(4), 623–641.
1587:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1547:
1517:
1495:
1462:
1457:New York Times
1443:
1433:
1407:
1393:
1373:
1359:
1339:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1231:Main article:
1228:
1225:
1211:, Samir Aich,
1209:Jahar Dasgupta
1164:
1161:
1107:(Mother India)
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
973:
969:
968:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
950:
949:
942:Organizations
940:
939:
934:
925:
924:
919:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
840:
839:
834:
829:
822:Modern genres
820:
819:
817:Maihar gharana
814:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
727:Agamani-Vijaya
719:
709:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
675:
674:
672:Bangla Academy
669:
664:
659:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
572:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
546:
542:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
526:
525:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
469:
468:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
429:
423:Mythology and
422:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
406:
405:
395:
394:
393:
382:
378:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
321:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Bengali Hindus
266:
261:
255:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
237:
236:
228:
227:
219:
218:
207:
204:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1785:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Art movements
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:Havell, E. B.
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1484:on 8 May 2013
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:0-19-284221-8
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Nandalal Bose
1243:
1239:
1238:R. Siva Kumar
1234:
1224:
1222:
1221:Devajyoti Ray
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:Nandalal Bose
1171:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1147:Sughra Rababi
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Sunayani Devi
1116:
1115:Nandalal Bose
1112:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
990:
989:
982:
978:
975:
974:
966:
965:
958:
955:
954:
953:
948:
945:
944:
943:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:Ramprasad Sen
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
723:
716:
712:
706:
705:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:Institutions
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
618:
617:Yusuf-Zulekha
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
569:
568:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
539:
538:
531:
528:
524:
523:Pahela Falgun
521:
520:
519:
518:Basanta Uṯsab
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
482:
481:
478:
474:
467:
464:
463:
462:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Chand Sadagar
433:
432:
426:
419:
418:
411:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
383:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
324:
318:
317:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
252:
246:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
225:
220:
216:
212:
211:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:) and led by
185:
181:
177:
174:, during the
173:
169:
168:Shantiniketan
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:Bengal School
145:
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1734:by Mukul Dey
1698:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1663:
1643:
1622:
1613:
1594:
1590:
1576:
1572:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1529:
1520:
1511:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1475:
1465:
1456:
1446:
1438:
1418:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1383:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1349:
1342:
1266:
1261:
1242:Santiniketan
1236:
1206:Ganesh Haloi
1202:Shanu Lahiri
1190:Gopal Sanyal
1166:
1158:
1151:
1111:pan-Asianist
1104:
1067:academic art
1060:
951:
941:
926:
911:
882:Instruments
881:
852:Nazrul Geeti
841:
827:Bengali band
821:
806:
756:
722:Folk genres
721:
676:
651:
621:
597:Mangal-Kāvya
559:
493:Barsha Utsab
459:
192:E. B. Havell
162:, primarily
152:art movement
147:
143:
141:
125:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1636:John Onians
1198:Manishi Dey
1194:Ganesh Pyne
1123:Manishi Dey
1105:Bharat Mata
1063:avant garde
1011:Lathi khela
757:Devotional
607:Laila Majnu
555:West Bengal
176:British Raj
130:(1905), by
127:Bharat Mata
1773:Modern art
1752:Categories
1674:0870997831
1653:1856693775
1419:Indian art
1312:References
1260:under the
1100:Mughal art
1016:Chaturaṅga
1006:Boli Khela
877:Polligeeti
872:Hason Raja
587:Charyapada
574:Literature
550:Bangladesh
410:Gaye holud
379:Traditions
341:Vocabulary
138:'s nephew.
69:newspapers
1540:March 15,
1154:modernist
1127:Mukul Dey
902:Harmonium
486:Festivals
450:Satya Pir
323:Languages
289:Dhakaiyas
284:Bhadralok
150:, was an
99:June 2020
1638:(2004).
1611:(1920).
1603:43188857
1275:See also
1168:such as
927:Theater
767:Bhandari
742:Gombhira
737:Bhawaiya
732:Bhatiali
530:Shakrain
425:folklore
336:Dialects
304:Sylhetis
215:a series
213:Part of
184:swadeshi
164:Calcutta
1707:4398221
1585:4396894
1488:8 March
1400:8 March
1366:8 March
1021:Kho kho
1001:Kabaddi
952:People
887:Bansuri
842:People
797:Qawwali
787:Nasheed
747:Kavigan
677:Awards
622:Genres
508:Nabanna
477:Cuisine
445:Oladevi
440:Bonbibi
403:Panjika
346:Grammar
299:Mahimal
241:History
206:History
83:scholar
1705:
1671:
1650:
1601:
1583:
1431:
1391:
1357:
1176:, and
1163:Legacy
1087:Mughal
912:Dance
907:Ploong
892:Dotara
772:Ghazal
632:Novels
627:Poetry
455:Manasa
391:Walima
331:Script
259:Bangal
251:People
217:on the
160:Bengal
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1703:JSTOR
1599:JSTOR
1581:JSTOR
994:Sport
970:Media
932:Jatra
922:Chhau
917:Alkap
867:Lalon
711:Music
647:Tarja
612:Puthi
460:Lores
430:Myths
294:Ghoti
90:JSTOR
76:books
1669:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1542:2013
1490:2012
1429:ISBN
1402:2012
1389:ISBN
1368:2012
1355:ISBN
1256:and
1075:West
897:Dhak
802:Zari
782:Naat
777:Hamd
762:Baul
713:and
166:and
142:The
62:news
1626:doi
1425:177
1141:,
543:Art
45:by
1754::
1699:26
1697:,
1688:57
1686:,
1642:.
1595:95
1593:,
1577:25
1575:,
1528:.
1510:.
1498:^
1474:.
1455:.
1437:.
1427:.
1332:.
1319:^
1271:.
1252:,
1248:,
1223:.
1215:,
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1192:,
1188:,
1184:,
1172:,
1149:.
1145:,
1137:,
1133:,
1129:,
1125:,
202:.
1677:.
1656:.
1628::
1558:.
1544:.
1492:.
1459:.
1404:.
1370:.
1336:.
1050:e
1043:t
1036:v
182:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.