466:
31:
878:. Because they are not seasonal breeders, females could become pregnant when their offspring are approximately 6 months old, making possible for females to produce two offspring per year. Females typically give birth to a single offspring, although twins rarely occur. This differs from the sympatric pygmy slow loris, which commonly has twins. The mother carries her young about three months before they become independent, although they may be temporarily left on branches while the mother searches for food.
693:
92:
1092:) and US$ 70 in Thailand. The Bengal slow loris is used in traditional medicine in all of these countries, selling for US$ 15 in Vietnam, and is also eaten in Vietnam. The animal is predominantly used to prepare treatments for women after childbirth, stomach problems, healing wounds and broken bones, and in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Primary users are wealthy to middle-class women in urban areas.
50:
595:
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forests are being cleared at an increasing rate, with a loss of 6% of the natural forest between 1999 and 2000. Within those same years, Myanmar and
Thailand lost 14% and 26% of their natural forest, respectively. In Vietnam, only 30% of the original forest cover remains due to the deforestation caused by the
437:. It is one of the most common animals sold in local animal markets. In traditional medicine, it is primarily used by wealthy to middle-class, urban women following childbirth, but also to treat stomach problems, broken bones, and sexually transmitted diseases. It is also hunted for food and suffers from
1079:
agriculture has also resulted in the destruction of its habitat, and road construction is another factor in its decline. Hunting has been found to be most severe when nearby urban human populations increase. Enhancing protection measures, enforcing current wildlife protection laws, and improving the
602:
The Bengal slow loris is the largest species of slow loris, weighing 1 to 2.1 kg (2.2 to 4.6 lb), and measuring between 26 and 38 cm (10 and 15 in) from head to tail. It has a skull length of more than 62 mm (2.4 in). It has dense, woolly, brown-gray fur on its back and
1124:
In India, dense forest canopy has been depleted by as much as 55% in some areas and is rapidly disappearing. As early as 1987, the Indo-China region had reportedly lost 75% of the natural habitat for slow lorises. In 1992, the population size was estimated between 16,000 and 17,000 individuals,
1083:
The species is commonly sold as a pet and to zoos throughout
Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, it was reported in 2006 as one of the most common mammals found in shops and stalls, found in the hundreds and selling for US$ 0.85 to US$ 6.25. In the same year, it was found selling for US$ 2.50 to US$ 6.30
1100:
Throughout its geographic range, slow lorises are in serious decline. Their habitat has been seriously degraded, and growing human populations will add increasing pressure. In countries like
Bangladesh, only 9% of the original forest cover was still present in 2000. In northeastern Cambodia,
1151:
in
Tripura, India, yielded an encounter rate of 0.22 individuals/km, with seven of nine sightings occurring within 1.71 km (0.66 sq mi) and most of the animals found at a height of 8–15 m (26–49 ft) and near the interior of wet, deciduous forest. In 2008, the
224:
1125:
based on available habitat; however, recent publications report that few individuals remain due to a reduced geographic range. The Bengal slow loris may be restricted to a few isolated populations and is in serious threat of becoming locally extinct in parts of
1043:
are rampant while conservation measures are not species-specific. The species can be found in at least 43 protected areas in
Northeast India, 14 conservation areas in Laos, and 24 protected areas in Vietnam. It can be found at
2194:
Nekaris, K. A. I.; Starr, C. R.; Collins, R. L.; Wilson, A. (2010). "Comparative
Ecology of Exudate Feeding by Lorises (Nycticebus, Loris) and Pottos (Perodicticus, Arctocebus)". In Burrows, A. M.; Nash, L. T (eds.).
680:. The authors of the study suggest that the chemically complex oils may help the lorises communicate with each other, allowing them to transmit by scent information about sex, age, health and nutritional status, and
363:. It is the largest species of slow loris, measuring 26 to 38 cm (10 to 15 in) from head to tail and weighing between 1 and 2.1 kg (2.2 and 4.6 lb). Like other slow lorises, it has a wet nose (
1105:, and only 10% of that includes closed-canopy forests. Habitat destruction remains rampant, and all slow loris populations within its borders are significantly depleted. Populations have been declared
724:); these areas are typically associated with greater food abundance, and decreased risk of predation. Because of its preference for dense forests, it acts as a good indicator of the ecosystem's health.
603:
white fur on its underside. It also has a clear dark stripe that runs up to the top of its head, but does not extend laterally towards the ears. Its forearm and hand are almost white. The limbs of the
457:. Critical conservation issues for this species include enhancing protection measures, stricter enforcement of wildlife protection laws, and increased connectivity between fragmented protected areas.
720:. It can also be found in bamboo groves. It prefers habitats with larger diameter, tall trees with a large crown depth (defined as the length along the main axis from the tree tip to the base of the
657:
The Bengal slow loris has a small swelling on the ventral side of its elbow called the brachial gland, which secretes a pungent, clear oily toxin that the animal uses defensively by wiping it on its
850:—a layer of tissue in the eye that reflects visible light back through the retina. It sleeps during the day curled up in a ball in dense vegetation or in tree holes. Males and females mark their
1427:
Pan, D.; Chen, J. H.; Groves, C.; Wang, Y. X.; Narushima, E.; Fitch-Snyder, H.; Crow, P.; Jinggong, X.; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial control region and population genetic patterns of
1279:
2938:
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Chen, J. -H.; Pan, D.; Groves, C. P.; Wang, Y. -X.; Narushima, E.; Fitch-Snyder, H.; Crow, P.; Thanh, V. N.; Ryder, O.; Zhang, H. -W.; Fu, Y.; Zhang, Y. (2006). "Molecular phylogeny of
1179:
have been severely degraded. Yunnan has lost 42% of its forests and 2,000 or less slow lorises remain. In
Guangxi, the Bengal slow loris is nearly extinct. It has been extirpated in
2159:
Hagey, L.R.; Fry, B.G.; Fitch-Snyder, H. (2007). "Talking defensively, a dual use for the brachial gland exudate of slow and pygmy lorises". In Gursky, S.L.; Nekaris, K.A.I. (eds.).
654:) is much smaller, with a skull length less than 55 mm (2.2 in). It also lacks the dark dorsal stripe of the Bengal slow loris, has dark brown fur, and longer ears.
562:
apparently share a closer evolutionary relationship with each other than with members of their own species. The authors suggest that this result may be explained by
997:(shares its range) with the pygmy slow loris in the southeast of China, Vietnam, and Laos. The Bengal slow loris is also sympatric with the Sunda slow loris on the
418:, reproducing once every 12–18 months and usually giving birth to a single offspring. For the first three months, mothers carry their offspring, which reach
1028:
2803:
375:
in its arm) differs chemically from that of other slow loris species and may be used to communicate information about sex, age, health, and social status.
1678:
Pliosungnoen, M.; Gale, G.; Savini, T. (2010). "Density and microhabitat use of Bengal slow loris in primary forest and non-native plantation forest".
767:), a deciduous tree common in Southeast Asia, is a preferred source for exudates, but it has also been observed taking plant exudates from a number of
2883:
402:
and pollinator, as well as a prey item for carnivores. Its diet primarily consists of fruit, but also includes insects, tree gum, snails, and small
2725:
2751:
2280:
1143:
has been estimated between 0.03 and 0.33 individuals per km in Assam, India, according to a study published in 2006. A survey in 2007 at the
962:
in
Bangladesh. It is known from 24 protected areas in Vietnam, and is distributed across most of Thailand. In Burma, it has been reported from
574:
individuals was not known. This hypothesis was corroborated by a 2007 study that compared the variations in mitochondrial DNA sequences between
751:. Even though the species does not have keeled nails, it will scrape the plant, actively breaking its surface; this behavior resembles that of
355:
analysis suggests that the Bengal slow loris is most closely related to the Sunda slow loris. However, some individuals in both species have
2248:
2212:
2184:
2149:
2119:
2046:
1275:
662:
1894:
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2009:
619:(the moist, naked surface around the nostrils of the nose) and a broad, flat face with large eyes. Its eyes reflect a bright orange
213:
1567:
759:. Exudates are also obtained by gouging holes in the bark. The winter food supply consists almost entirely of plant exudates. The
2777:
1807:
54:
1031:(IUCN) as endangered-a decision based solely on habitat loss due to lack of sufficient field data. It is found within numerous
669:
or semi-volatile chemicals present do not occur in the closely related pygmy slow loris. The most predominant component was the
1049:
2893:
2795:
2111:
290:
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598:
The Bengal slow loris has large eyes, a round head, and short ears, as shown in this illustration from the mid-19th century.
30:
1372:
1148:
2913:
2903:
2623:
1229:
Nekaris, K.A.I.; Al-Razi, H.; Blair, M.; Das, N.; Ni, Q.; Samun, E.; Streicher, U.; Xue-long, J.; Yongcheng, L. (2020).
1014:
2918:
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and pollinator, as well as a prey item for several carnivores. The Bengal slow loris feeds on plant exudates such as
563:
2093:
1048:
in
Bangladesh, and 80% of its range in China is protected. The species has been listed in Schedule I of the Indian
91:
2808:
2677:
2691:
1948:
Karanth, Krithi K.; Nichols, James D.; Hines, James E. (2010). "Occurrence and distribution of Indian primates".
1157:
1144:
2928:
2923:
2908:
1080:
connectivity between protected areas are factors considered critical to ensure the survival of this species.
469:
The Bengal slow loris was long considered a subspecies until it was recognized as a distinct species in 2001.
1045:
1110:
554:) were shown to be genetically distinct—the analysis suggested that DNA sequences from some individuals of
2639:
2266:
959:
666:
2888:
2842:
2535:
2396:
611:
may cause seasonal variations in the color of the dorsal surface. Like other slow lorises, its tail is
196:
990:; populations in Laos have been recorded in the north, central, and southern portions of the country.
2712:
2553:
1068:
882:
is reached at approximately 20 months of age. The species is known to live up to 20 years.
681:
508:
434:
279:
1733:
Swapna, N.; Radhakrishna, S.; Gupta, A.K.; Kumar, A. (2010). "Exudativory in the Bengal slow loris (
1253:
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692:
465:
414:
with urine, and sleeps during the day by curling up in dense vegetation or in tree holes. It is a
411:
332:
257:
39:
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attract males with a loud whistle. Females reproduce every 12–18 months and have a six-month
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1918:
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1703:
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236:
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the other toes, which enhances its gripping power. Its second toe on the hindfoot has a curved "
2168:
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2125:
2115:
2042:
1875:
1754:
1695:
1172:
1153:
1134:
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623:. On its front feet, the second digit is smaller than the rest; the big toe on its hind foot
2603:
2586:
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2526:
2508:
2200:
2172:
2160:
2105:
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1999:
1957:
1926:
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635:
493:
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395:
391:
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344:
268:
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1976:
339:. Its geographic range is larger than that of any other slow loris species. Considered a
2816:
1188:
1180:
1040:
895:
879:
855:
847:
620:
454:
442:
419:
926:). It is the only nocturnal primate found in the northeast Indian states, which include
480:
known as the Bengal slow loris or northern slow loris, is a strepsirrhine primate in the
1374:
Notification to
Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II
890:
The species has the largest geographic range of all slow loris species and is native to
631:" that the animal uses for scratching and grooming, while the other nails are straight.
2336:
1848:
Das, Nabajit; Biswas, J; Das, J.; Ray, P. C.; Sangma, A.; Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2009).
1586:
1076:
1060:
1032:
1020:
998:
809:
728:
721:
446:
399:
223:
1826:
1503:
Radhakrishna, S.; Goswami, A. B.; Sinha, A. (2006). "Distribution and conservation of
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with urine. The species is known to live in small family groups. Animals may practice
2877:
2764:
2450:
2326:
2258:
2161:
2101:
1239:
1184:
1085:
1072:
1024:
871:
814:
804:
643:
426:
360:
352:
317:
153:
59:
2081:
1922:
1766:
1707:
1456:
1052:, and in June 2007, it was transferred, along with all other slow loris species, to
2704:
2137:
2089:
1528:
843:
819:
782:
612:
532:
520:
512:
501:
500:), it was recognized as a distinct species in 2001 by taxonomist and primatologist
438:
407:
368:
994:
1961:
398:, and its presence in its native habitat indicates a healthy ecosystem. It is a
2860:
2782:
2738:
2671:
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1102:
736:
709:
628:
477:
372:
1870:
1849:
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tree to obtain exudates, an important food source—especially in winter seasons.
422:
at around 20 months. The Bengal slow loris can live up to 20 years.
371:
tail, and dense, woolly fur. The toxin it secretes from its brachial gland (a
2491:
2346:
2176:
2073:
1914:
1520:
1448:
1064:
975:
891:
787:
777:
489:
481:
430:
403:
340:
328:
173:
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2231:
2226:. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press.
1879:
2290:
2129:
1130:
967:
939:
899:
875:
828:
658:
624:
616:
583:
511:-based classifications were consistent with evolutionary relationships, the
507:
To help clarify species and subspecies boundaries, and to establish whether
379:
364:
336:
163:
103:
1758:
1699:
638:
also differs in its coloring: it does not have the pale areas of the head,
2167:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer. pp.
1540:
1538:
1468:
1466:
566:, as the tested individuals of these two taxa originated from a region of
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1036:
935:
923:
903:
799:
772:
752:
748:
705:
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608:
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383:
123:
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vary in color from brown to nearly white, and the feet are always pale.
2730:
2320:
1168:
979:
955:
947:
943:
931:
915:
827:
and crickets), gum, snails, small birds, and reptiles, it is primarily
824:
716:
and semi-evergreen rainforests with forest edges and continuous, dense
634:
In addition to being smaller than the Bengal slow loris, the sympatric
594:
324:
320:
143:
2239:
Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffman, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin (2008).
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1750:
1691:
504:. It is difficult to distinguish from the other species in its genus.
2743:
2686:
2314:
2302:
2004:
1164:
1089:
951:
793:
670:
604:
528:
133:
113:
2633:
1899:) within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy"
2855:
2432:
2387:
1126:
1053:
963:
927:
919:
911:
832:
744:
740:
691:
593:
464:
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throughout its range, but this does not protect them from rampant
76:
70:
2107:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1854:(Primates: Lorisidae) in Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India"
1163:
Since the 1990s, China's forests have declined significantly. In
429:, and is threatened with extinction due to growing demand in the
2717:
987:
907:
639:
406:. In winter, it relies on plant exudates, such as sap and tree
2637:
2262:
1975:
Starr, C.; Nekaris, K. A. I.; Streicher, U.; Leung, L. (2010).
1224:
1222:
732:
665:, and it has been shown that almost half of the several dozen
704:
The preferred habitats of the Bengal slow loris range across
1737:) in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, northeast India".
1483:
1481:
1209:
1207:
359:
sequences that resemble those of the other species, due to
1806:
Nandini, Rajamani; Kakati, Kashmira; Ved, Nimesh (2009).
1720:
1472:
2224:
Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini
1113:
and parts of the highlands, and the same is expected in
842:
A nocturnal animal, the Bengal slow loris has excellent
570:
in southern Thailand. The precise origin of one of the
1566:
Swapna, N.; Gupta, Atul; Radhakrishna, Sindhu (2008).
1317:
1315:
1313:
441:. Wild populations have declined severely, and it is
367:), a round head, flat face, large eyes, small ears, a
1027:, the Bengal slow loris was evaluated in 2020 by the
1790:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1602:
1544:
2646:
2584:
2489:
2448:
2431:
2385:
2344:
2335:
1673:
1671:
1498:
1496:
1371:Management Authority of Cambodia (3–15 June 2007).
1059:The most severe threats facing the species are the
823:). Although it will feed on large insects (such as
1985:in Cambodia: an impediment to their conservation"
1405:
696:The Bengal slow loris will gouge the bark of the
615:and it has a round head and short ears. It has a
1380:. Netherlands: CITES. p. 31. Archived from
1137:, its population is declining and under threat.
1056:, which forbids international commercial trade.
2039:A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia
1254:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39758A179045340.en
663:gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
1808:"Occurrence records of the Bengal Slow Loris (
1801:
1799:
1029:International Union for Conservation of Nature
538:. Although most of the recognized lineages of
2274:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
870:, unlike the pygmy slow loris. Females in an
445:in several regions. It is found within many
410:. The species lives in small family groups,
8:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1156:was measured at 0.18 individuals/km at
1001:. In 2001, Groves reported the existence of
642:, and shoulders, and its overall color is a
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
425:The species is listed as endangered on the
2634:
2445:
2341:
2281:
2267:
2259:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1614:
1568:"Distribution survey of Bengal Slow Loris
1487:
1005:between these two species in this region.
222:
48:
29:
20:
2939:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède
2003:
1869:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1252:
2199:. New York: Springer. pp. 155–168.
2197:The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates
1895:"Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (
1662:
1203:
1183:and only a few individuals are left in
958:in China, and has been recorded in the
1321:
1304:
1213:
747:, particularly those from the family
7:
2062:International Journal of Primatology
2060:inferred from mitochondrial genes".
1509:International Journal of Primatology
1437:International Journal of Primatology
582:, and suggested that there has been
394:. It prefers rainforests with dense
1893:Nekaris, K.A.I.; Jaffe, S. (2007).
1240:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1651:Hagey, Fry & Fitch-Snyder 2007
1639:Hagey, Fry & Fitch-Snyder 2007
1627:Hagey, Fry & Fitch-Snyder 2007
661:. The oil has been analyzed using
14:
2144:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1977:"Traditional use of slow lorises
839:are a commonly-used food source.
727:The species acts as an important
2884:IUCN Red List endangered species
2163:Primate Anti-Predator Strategies
90:
2241:A Guide to the Mammals of China
2015:from the original on 2020-12-02
1739:American Journal of Primatology
1680:American Journal of Primatology
1572:in Tripura, northeastern India"
1050:Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
866:The Bengal slow loris is not a
515:relationships within the genus
231:Range of the Bengal slow loris
2243:. Princeton University Press.
2112:Johns Hopkins University Press
999:southern peninsula of Thailand
265:Nycticebus tardigradus typicus
1:
1850:"Status of Bengal Slow Loris
1149:Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary
1096:Habitat and population trends
1023:" as recently as 2006 on the
835:of the flowering plant genus
519:have been investigated using
2104:; Reeder, D. M (eds.).
2037:Francis, Charles A. (2008).
1962:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.011
1286:. UNEP-WCMC Species Database
1015:Conservation of slow lorises
2205:10.1007/978-1-4419-6661-2_8
1992:Endangered Species Research
1035:within its range. However,
950:. It is found in parts of
564:introgressive hybridization
361:introgressive hybridization
2955:
1871:10.11609/jott.o2219.558-61
1858:Journal of Threatened Taxa
1825:(2): 12–18. Archived from
1585:(1): 37–40. Archived from
1175:are few and isolated, and
1145:Thrisna Wildlife Sanctuary
1012:
276:Nycticebus tenasserimensis
2934:Mammals described in 1800
2620:
2297:
2289:Extant species of family
2222:Osman Hill, W.C. (1953).
2177:10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0
2074:10.1007/s10764-006-9032-5
1915:10.1163/18759866-07603004
1521:10.1007/s10764-006-9057-9
1449:10.1007/s10764-007-9157-1
1280:"CITES species database:
1158:Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary
993:The Bengal slow loris is
586:between the two species.
378:The Bengal slow loris is
242:
235:
230:
221:
202:
195:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2563:Kayan River slow loris (
1903:Contributions to Zoology
1812:) in northeastern India"
1507:in northeastern India".
488:. Formerly considered a
2536:Philippine slow loris (
2397:Central African potto (
2041:. London: New Holland.
1950:Biological Conservation
1046:Lawachara National Park
646:- or golden-brown. The
2692:nycticebus-bengalensis
2678:Nycticebus bengalensis
2648:Nycticebus bengalensis
2096:Nycticebus bengalensis
1979:Nycticebus bengalensis
1852:Nycticebus bengalensis
1819:Asian Primates Journal
1810:Nycticebus bengalensis
1735:Nycticebus bengalensis
1579:Asian Primates Journal
1570:Nycticebus bengalensis
1505:Nycticebus bengalensis
1429:Nycticebus bengalensis
1282:Nycticebus bengalensis
1247:: e.T39758A179045340.
1233:Nycticebus bengalensis
960:Chittagong Hill Tracts
701:
599:
590:Anatomy and physiology
474:Nycticebus bengalensis
470:
461:Taxonomy and phylogeny
309:Nycticebus bengalensis
206:Nycticebus bengalensis
2894:Mammals of Bangladesh
2843:Paleobiology Database
2572:Sumatran slow loris (
1408:, pp. 1197–1198.
1084:at bazaars in China (
712:regions, and include
695:
597:
468:
2554:Bornean slow loris (
2477:Gray slender loris (
2415:West African potto (
2406:East African potto (
2364:Calabar angwantibo (
2114:. pp. 111–184.
1069:traditional medicine
688:Behavior and ecology
435:traditional medicine
386:, occurring in both
2914:Mammals of Thailand
2904:Mammals of Cambodia
2545:Bangka slow loris (
2518:Bengal slow loris (
2468:Red slender loris (
2373:Golden angwantibo (
1721:Nekaris et al. 2010
1547:, pp. 159–160.
1473:Nekaris et al. 2010
1387:on 28 February 2011
1216:, pp. 122–123.
765:Terminalia belerica
576:N. bengalensis
560:N. bengalensis
412:marks its territory
333:Indian subcontinent
314:northern slow loris
254:Nycticebus cinereus
188:N. bengalensis
40:Conservation status
2919:Mammals of Vietnam
2899:Mammals of Myanmar
2604:Pygmy slow loris (
2594:(Pygmy slow loris)
2527:Javan slow loris (
2509:Sunda slow loris (
2102:Wilson, D. E.
2090:Groves, C. P.
1617:, p. 162–163.
1141:Population density
1111:Quảng Nam Province
757:fork-marked lemurs
702:
600:
471:
287:Nycticebus incanus
24:Bengal slow loris
16:Species of primate
2871:
2870:
2830:Open Tree of Life
2640:Taxon identifiers
2631:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2597:
2502:
2461:
2458:(Slender lorises)
2442:
2427:
2426:
2357:
2250:978-0-691-09984-2
2214:978-1-4419-6660-5
2186:978-0-387-34807-0
2151:978-1-56098-872-4
2121:978-0-8018-8221-0
2048:978-1-84537-735-9
1956:(12): 2891–2899.
1791:Smith et al. 2008
1751:10.1002/ajp.20760
1692:10.1002/ajp.20875
1686:(12): 1108–1117.
1603:Smith et al. 2008
1545:Smith et al. 2008
1177:secondary forests
1154:species abundance
1135:Arunachal Pradesh
1121:nature reserves.
954:and in southwest
552:N. javanicus
523:derived from the
392:deciduous forests
357:mitochondrial DNA
304:Bengal slow loris
300:
299:
294:
283:
272:
261:
250:
80:
63:
2946:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2635:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2587:Xanthonycticebus
2501:
2500:
2496:
2479:L. lydekkerianus
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2235:
2218:
2190:
2166:
2155:
2142:Primate Taxonomy
2133:
2110:(3rd ed.).
2085:
2068:(4): 1187–1200.
2052:
2030:Literature cited
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2005:10.3354/esr00285
1989:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1845:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1816:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1563:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1424:
1409:
1406:Chen et al. 2006
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1368:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1054:CITES Appendix I
868:seasonal breeder
846:, enhanced by a
761:bastard myrobala
698:bastard myrobala
648:pygmy slow loris
636:Sunda slow loris
544:N. pygmaeus
494:Sunda slow loris
416:seasonal breeder
345:Sunda slow loris
289:
278:
267:
256:
248:
246:Lori bengalensis
226:
208:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2929:Fauna of Yunnan
2924:Northeast India
2909:Mammals of Laos
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2817:Observation.org
2815:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2612:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2580:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2423:
2381:
2366:A. calabarensis
2353:
2352:
2350:
2331:
2293:
2287:
2257:
2251:
2238:
2221:
2215:
2193:
2187:
2158:
2152:
2136:
2122:
2088:
2055:
2049:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1929:on 24 July 2011
1897:Nycticebus spp.
1892:
1891:
1887:
1864:(11): 558–561.
1847:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1774:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1615:Osman Hill 1953
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1488:Osman Hill 1953
1486:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1328:
1320:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1181:Ningming County
1173:primary forests
1107:locally extinct
1098:
1090:Yunnan Province
1041:illegal logging
1033:protected areas
1017:
1011:
896:Northeast India
888:
880:Sexual maturity
864:
856:social grooming
848:tapetum lucidum
690:
592:
580:N. coucang
572:N. coucang
556:N. coucang
498:N. coucang
463:
455:illegal logging
447:protected areas
443:locally extinct
420:sexual maturity
349:N. coucang
217:
210:
204:
191:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2668:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2520:N. bengalensis
2515:
2505:
2503:
2499:(Slow lorises)
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2470:L. tardigradus
2464:
2462:
2443:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2339:
2337:Perodicticinae
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2219:
2213:
2191:
2185:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2120:
2086:
2053:
2047:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
1967:
1940:
1909:(3): 187–196.
1885:
1835:
1832:on 2012-03-03.
1795:
1793:, p. 160.
1772:
1745:(2): 113–121.
1725:
1713:
1667:
1665:, p. 261.
1655:
1653:, p. 269.
1643:
1641:, p. 263.
1631:
1629:, p. 253.
1619:
1607:
1605:, p. 159.
1595:
1592:on 2011-07-27.
1549:
1534:
1515:(4): 971–982.
1492:
1490:, p. 160.
1477:
1475:, p. 157.
1462:
1443:(4): 791–799.
1410:
1398:
1326:
1309:
1307:, p. 122.
1297:
1267:
1218:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1097:
1094:
1077:Slash and burn
1063:(trapping for
1061:wildlife trade
1021:Data Deficient
1010:
1007:
887:
884:
863:
860:
810:Careya arborea
729:seed disperser
689:
686:
591:
588:
548:N. menagensis,
462:
459:
400:seed disperser
351:) until 2001,
331:native to the
298:
297:
296:
295:
284:
273:
262:
251:
249:Lacépède, 1800
240:
239:
233:
232:
228:
227:
219:
218:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2951:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2538:N. menagensis
2534:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2354:(Angwantibos)
2349:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2327:Strepsirrhini
2324:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, p. 99.
1323:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:Mengla County
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:deforestation
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:IUCN Red List
1022:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
872:estrous cycle
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
815:Sterculiaceae
812:
811:
806:
805:Lecythidaceae
802:
801:
796:
795:
791:), Fabaceae (
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
530:
526:
525:mitochondrial
522:
521:DNA sequences
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
467:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:IUCN Red List
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
318:strepsirrhine
315:
311:
310:
305:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
258:Milne-Edwards
255:
252:
247:
244:
243:
241:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
215:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:Strepsirrhini
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2889:Slow lorises
2647:
2622:
2605:
2585:
2573:
2564:
2556:N. borneanus
2555:
2546:
2537:
2529:N. javanicus
2528:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2490:
2478:
2469:
2449:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2388:Perodicticus
2386:
2374:
2365:
2345:
2240:
2223:
2196:
2162:
2141:
2138:Groves, C.P.
2106:
2095:
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2061:
2057:
2038:
2017:. Retrieved
1998:(1): 17–23.
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1906:
1902:
1896:
1888:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1827:the original
1822:
1818:
1809:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1716:
1683:
1679:
1663:Francis 2008
1658:
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1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1587:the original
1582:
1578:
1569:
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1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1373:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1281:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1244:
1238:
1232:
1162:
1139:
1123:
1119:Kon Cha Rang
1109:in southern
1099:
1082:
1058:
1018:
1009:Conservation
992:
889:
886:Distribution
865:
862:Reproduction
844:night vision
841:
836:
820:Pterospermum
818:
808:
798:
792:
786:
783:Magnoliaceae
776:
764:
726:
703:
675:
656:
651:
633:
601:
579:
575:
571:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
516:
513:phylogenetic
506:
502:Colin Groves
497:
485:
473:
472:
439:habitat loss
424:
377:
353:phylogenetic
348:
313:
308:
307:
303:
301:
286:
275:
264:
253:
245:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
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2739:iNaturalist
2672:Wikispecies
2606:X. pygmaeus
2547:N. bancanus
2399:P. edwardsi
1983:N. pygmaeus
1433:N. pygmaeus
1322:Groves 2001
1305:Groves 2005
1260:19 November
1214:Groves 2005
1171:provinces,
1103:Vietnam War
1067:and use in
1065:exotic pets
1019:Listed as "
984:Thaungdaung
918:, southern
829:frugivorous
710:subtropical
652:N. pygmaeus
629:toilet-claw
542:(including
533:cytochrome
404:vertebrates
373:scent gland
2878:Categories
2574:N. hilleri
2511:N. coucang
2492:Nycticebus
2408:P. ibeanus
2347:Arctocebus
2325:Suborder:
2058:Nycticebus
2019:2020-01-27
1290:3 February
1199:References
1160:in Assam.
1115:Song Thanh
1013:See also:
976:Chin Hills
892:Bangladesh
788:Manglietia
778:Artocarpus
540:Nycticebus
517:Nycticebus
509:morphology
490:subspecies
486:Nycticebus
482:slow loris
433:trade and
431:exotic pet
341:subspecies
329:slow loris
175:Nycticebus
150:Suborder:
73:Appendix I
55:Endangered
2439:(Lorises)
2433:Lorisinae
2375:A. aureus
2301:Kingdom:
2291:Lorisidae
2232:500576914
1933:9 January
1880:0974-7907
1391:9 January
1276:UNEP-WCMC
1193:Pingxiang
1131:Meghalaya
995:sympatric
968:Sumprabum
940:Meghalaya
900:Indochina
876:gestation
852:territory
753:marmosets
714:evergreen
682:dominance
673:compound
659:toothcomb
621:eye shine
617:rhinarium
613:vestigial
584:gene flow
388:evergreen
380:nocturnal
369:vestigial
365:rhinarium
337:Indochina
182:Species:
164:Lorisidae
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2856:Species+
2796:12100113
2657:Wikidata
2624:Category
2565:N. kayan
2417:P. potto
2321:Primates
2315:Mammalia
2309:Chordata
2307:Phylum:
2303:Animalia
2140:(2001).
2130:62265494
2092:(2005).
2082:24319996
2010:Archived
1923:45718454
1767:23726143
1759:19937974
1708:31261833
1700:20938966
1457:35725257
1189:Longzhou
1037:poaching
936:Nagaland
924:Thailand
904:Cambodia
837:Bauhinia
825:katydids
800:Bauhinia
773:Moraceae
769:families
755:and the
749:Fabaceae
718:canopies
706:tropical
671:phenolic
667:volatile
609:Moulting
568:sympatry
527:markers
478:commonly
451:poaching
396:canopies
384:arboreal
269:Lydekker
237:Synonyms
214:Lacépède
160:Family:
144:Primates
134:Mammalia
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2835:1049687
2783:1001062
2731:4267329
2718:4454392
2663:Q817174
2319:Order:
2313:Class:
1529:6679294
1169:Guangxi
1003:hybrids
980:Pathein
956:Guangxi
948:Tripura
944:Manipur
932:Mizoram
916:Vietnam
813:), and
745:latexes
678:-cresol
625:opposes
492:of the
484:genus,
343:of the
325:species
321:primate
216:, 1800)
170:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
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2848:234320
2809:261741
2757:944107
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1165:Yunnan
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986:, and
972:Kindat
952:Yunnan
946:, and
922:, and
898:, and
833:Lianas
794:Acacia
743:, and
741:resins
605:pelvis
529:D loop
323:and a
293:, 1921
291:Thomas
282:, 1913
280:Elliot
271:, 1905
260:, 1867
2822:85984
2770:39758
2744:54863
2705:485JH
2451:Loris
2100:. In
2078:S2CID
2013:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1919:S2CID
1830:(PDF)
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1525:S2CID
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1385:(PDF)
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1133:. In
1127:Assam
964:Bhamo
928:Assam
920:China
912:Burma
722:crown
644:tawny
316:is a
312:) or
77:CITES
71:CITES
2861:4118
2804:NCBI
2765:IUCN
2752:ITIS
2726:GBIF
2245:ISBN
2228:OCLC
2209:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2126:OCLC
2116:ISBN
2043:ISBN
1981:and
1935:2011
1876:ISSN
1755:PMID
1696:PMID
1431:and
1393:2011
1292:2011
1262:2021
1245:2020
1167:and
1147:and
1129:and
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1039:and
988:Pegu
908:Laos
737:gums
708:and
640:nape
578:and
558:and
550:and
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382:and
335:and
302:The
2791:MSW
2778:MDD
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2700:CoL
2201:doi
2173:doi
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2070:doi
2000:doi
1958:doi
1954:143
1911:doi
1866:doi
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