293:(darker red) and smoother surface than the unaffected areas. The depapillated areas are usually well-demarcated, and bordered by a slightly raised, white, yellow or grey, serpiginous (snaking) peripheral zone. A lesion of geographic tongue may start as a white patch before the depapillation occurs. In certain cases there may be only one lesion, but this is uncommon; the lesions will typically occur in multiple locations on the tongue and coalesce over time to form the typical map-like appearance. The lesions usually change in shape and size, and migrate to other areas, sometimes within hours. The condition may affect only part of the tongue, with a predilection for the tip and the sides of the tongue, or the entire dorsal surface at any one time. The condition goes through periods of remission and relapse. Loss of the white peripheral zone is thought to signify periods of mucosal healing.
509:. It usually presents only on the dorsal 2/3 and lateral surfaces of the tongue, but less commonly an identical condition can occur on other mucosal sites in the mouth, such as the ventral surface (undersurface) of the tongue, mucosa of the cheeks or lips, soft palate or floor of mouth; usually in addition to tongue involvement. In such cases, terms such as stomatitis erythema migrans, ectopic geographic tongue, areata migrans, geographic stomatitis, or migratory stomatitis are used instead of geographic tongue. Beside the differences in locations of presentation inside the oral cavity and prevalence among the general population, in all other aspects of clinical significance, symptoms, treatment, and histopathologic appearance, these two forms are identical.
421:
examination. GT is a keratotic lesion which can be described as a round or irregular shaped white plaque, cannot be scraped off and is normally self-resolving. These lesions are known to reoccur within variable periods. Although rare, cytological techniques and biopsies can be done to aid in a clinical diagnosis. The cytological description can define the disease due to its inflammatory characteristics, with its main characteristic being nuclear demarcation. Furthermore, it is important to be aware that GT may be related to other extraoral and intraoral conditions.
228:
321:). Some suggest that hormonal factors may be involved, because one reported case in a female appeared to vary in severity in correlation with oral contraceptive use. People with geographic tongue frequently claim that their condition worsens during periods of psychologic stress. Geographic tongue is inversely associated with smoking and tobacco use. Sometimes geographic tongue is said to run in families, and it is reported to be associated with several different
261:
217:
43:
250:
239:
616:
storm where too many inflammatory cells which have a detrimental effect on organ systems throughout the body. Geographic tongue is associated with elevated levels of IL-6, which possibly helps explain the presentation in confirmed COVID-19 cases. This evidence is minimal and requires more studies and
456:
is usually distinguished from benign migratory glossitis on the basis of the migrating pattern of the lesions and the presence of a whitish border, features which are not present in atrophic glossitis, which instead shows lesions which enlarge rather than migrate. Rarely, blood tests may be required
585:
A recent study has proven the link between geographic tongue (GT) and psoriasis - the presence of geographic tongue can be a predictor of psoriasis. Clinical manifestation of GT and psoriasis can be histologically similar, however a genetic link between the two has been pathogenically identified.
532:
Geographic tongue (GT) also termed benign migratory glossitis usually presents without symptoms and due to a lack of reliable evidence, researchers can not identify a specific treatment for the condition. It is currently suggested that patients are given reassurance that the condition is entirely
420:
Diagnosis of
Geographic Tongue (GT) mainly relies on clinical, intraoral findings. As GT is usually asymptomatic in the mouth it does not require treatment. A differential diagnosis between oral candidiasis and GT, two similar looking conditions, can be established through a careful and thorough
404:
Geographic tongue (GT) is a lesion with an unknown origin. However, it has been reported more frequently in people with psoriasis, history of allergies, asthma and rhinitis. Studies have also suggested that psychological/psychiatric factors, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases and haematological
376:, although 90% of children who are diagnosed with geographic tongue do not develop psoriasis. Again however, modern research studies do not support any link between psoriasis and geographic tongue. Lesions that are histologically indistinguishable from geographic tongue may also be diagnosed in
408:
There is strong evidence to support a high prevalence of celiac disease and iron-deficiency anaemia in patients with GT. Oral candidiasis and caries are commonly reported in patients with GT, however this can be explained by saliva of a lower pH which will promote the cariogenic process.
296:
There are usually no symptoms other than the unusual appearance of the tongue, but in some cases persons may experience pain or burning, e.g. when eating hot, acidic, spicy or other kinds of foods (e.g. cheese, tomatoes, fruit). Where there is a burning symptom, other causes of a
536:
Although there is no established gold standard treatment confirmed by current evidence, patients with symptomatic GT can be advised on several treatment options prescribed by the clinician on a case-by-case basis. This includes possible prescriptions of
586:
Patients with generalised pustular psoriasis and GT both exhibit the c.115 +6T >C mutation in the IL36RN gene. Patients who have GT have been shown to experience a greater severity of psoriasis and have a less positive response to treatment.
1679:
1664:
553:. It is recommended that patients avoid spicy and acidic foods. Research has not shown high levels of evidence for the treatment of symptomatic GT and larger study sizes are needed to come to a reliable recommendation.
203:), and there is no curative treatment. Uncommonly, geographic tongue may cause a burning sensation on the tongue, for which various treatments have been described with little formal evidence of efficacy.
573:
of up to 14%. It is one of the most common tongue disorders that occurs in children. The condition often starts in childhood, sometimes at an early age, but others report that the highest
349:(ariboflavinosis) can cause several signs in the mouth, possibly including geographic tongue, although other sources state that geographic tongue is not related to nutritional deficiency.
577:
occurs in the over 40 age group. Females are sometimes reported to be more commonly affected than males, in a 2:1 ratio, although others report that the gender distribution is equal.
606:
can present with mucosal manifestations in their oral cavities, including geographic tongue. Geographic tongue may appear alongside the onset of the regular symptoms of COVID-19.
2916:
461:
or other nutritional deficiencies. Since the appearance and the history of the condition (i.e. migrating areas of depapillation) are so striking, there is rarely any need for
3098:
1588:
Amorim Dos Santos, J.; Normando, A. G. C.; Carvalho da Silva, R. L.; Acevedo, A. C.; De Luca Canto, G.; Sugaya, N.; Santos-Silva, A. R.; Guerra, E. N. S. (November 2021).
2145:
3103:
405:
disorders may predispose to GT however, more studies with a larger cohort are needed to determine if GT could be an oral manifestation of a systemic disease.
191:
surface. It is a common condition, affecting approximately 2â3% of the general population. It is characterized by areas of smooth, red depapillation (loss of
3765:
412:
Most common areas in which GT can be found include; the lateral border of the tongue, followed by the anterior dorsum of the tongue and ventral surface.
1757:
924:
Ship, Jonathan A.; Joan Phelan, and A. Ross Kerr (2003). "Chapter 112: Biology and
Pathology of the Oral Mucosa". In Freedberg; et al. (eds.).
3730:
2928:
2879:
1441:
de Campos, Wladimir
Gushiken; Esteves, Camila Vieira; Fernandes, LĂgia Gonzaga; Domaneschi, Carina; JĂșnior, Celso Augusto Lemos (September 2018).
1282:
1213:
1103:
905:
880:
720:
521:
3413:
3256:
317:
may be a contributory factor. Persons with parafunctional habits related to the tongue may show scalloping on the sides of the tongue (
3755:
2530:
2014:
1173:
1017:
964:
847:
772:
3657:
1163:
758:
2290:
1055:
933:
195:) which migrate over time. The name comes from the map-like appearance of the tongue, with the patches resembling the islands of an
313:
The cause is unknown. Geographic tongue does not usually cause any symptoms, and in those cases where there are symptoms, an oral
3632:
3569:
3564:
3446:
2874:
2854:
1766:
3478:
3115:
2569:
353:
often occurs simultaneously with geographic tongue, and some consider fissured tongue to be an end stage of geographic tongue.
950:
3463:
3298:
285:), which give the tongue an irregular surface texture and a white-pink color. Geographic tongue is characterized by areas of
64:
3303:
266:
The appearance of geographic tongue is variable from one person to the next and changes over time. The bottom image shows
569:
Geographic tongue is a common condition, affecting 2-3% of the adult general population, although other sources report a
2827:
2436:
2140:
2125:
2063:
2009:
1932:
1750:
512:
This condition is sometimes termed (oral) erythema migrans, but this has no relation to the more common use of the term
3355:
3318:
3048:
2329:
2241:
1007:
325:, though studies show family association may also be caused by similar diets. Some have reported links with various
3365:
3313:
3120:
3053:
2822:
2322:
2317:
2268:
3760:
3370:
3088:
2992:
2463:
1927:
493:
368:, however newer research does not corroborate these findings. Others suggest allergy as a major factor, e.g. to
3677:
3456:
3441:
3137:
3093:
3038:
2911:
2869:
2637:
2483:
1694:
598:, case-series and cross-sectional studies have been done since the 2020 outbreak of COVID-19, causing a global
574:
3510:
2842:
3574:
3375:
3340:
3166:
3033:
2837:
2617:
2458:
2404:
2334:
2256:
2236:
2223:
2200:
1743:
326:
3720:
3687:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3287:
3214:
3170:
3066:
3061:
2847:
2677:
2672:
2647:
2493:
2424:
2251:
2160:
2078:
1805:
425:
298:
105:
2344:
2068:
3529:
3431:
3043:
2921:
2901:
2783:
2742:
2605:
2593:
2542:
2205:
715:. Oxford specialist handbooks in surgery. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 427.
361:
346:
2278:
3627:
3266:
3251:
2817:
2750:
2356:
2088:
1279:
314:
98:
1205:
3682:
3418:
3398:
3388:
3261:
3194:
3076:
3071:
2997:
2896:
2549:
2473:
2312:
2261:
2210:
2190:
2103:
2093:
2019:
1994:
1852:
1683:
872:
561:
The condition may disappear over time, but it is impossible to predict if or when this may happen.
441:
1959:
3725:
3579:
3383:
3199:
3147:
3108:
2805:
2721:
2652:
2361:
2185:
2165:
2118:
2004:
1949:
1912:
1902:
1887:
1817:
1627:
1570:
1478:
1375:
1328:
550:
453:
377:
199:. The cause is unknown, but the condition is entirely benign (importantly, it does not represent
75:
3672:
3647:
3308:
839:
3423:
3012:
2977:
2810:
2706:
2564:
2488:
2195:
2135:
2098:
2073:
1800:
1795:
1723:
1619:
1611:
1562:
1554:
1515:
1470:
1462:
1423:
1367:
1320:
1262:
1209:
1169:
1141:
1099:
1095:
1051:
1013:
960:
929:
901:
876:
843:
768:
726:
716:
334:
227:
93:
55:
338:
3393:
3028:
3018:
2982:
2891:
2642:
2581:
2515:
2505:
2453:
2351:
2246:
2083:
1601:
1546:
1535:"Association between geographic tongue and psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analyses"
1500:
1454:
1413:
1359:
1312:
1252:
1242:
1197:
1087:
956:
864:
831:
513:
433:
302:
260:
188:
114:
17:
3549:
3335:
3130:
3023:
2859:
2778:
2758:
2682:
2667:
2537:
2441:
2409:
2380:
2302:
2228:
2024:
1907:
1897:
1842:
1827:
1286:
449:
369:
350:
318:
278:
267:
192:
180:
1198:
865:
216:
3715:
3667:
3637:
3505:
3436:
3403:
3125:
2864:
2598:
2478:
2273:
2058:
1871:
1348:"Geographic tongue: Predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review"
1301:"Geographic tongue: Predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review"
1257:
1230:
546:
469:
389:
277:
In health, the dorsal surface of the tongue is covered in tuft-like projections called
1688:
1402:"Orofacial manifestations of hematological disorders: anemia and hemostatic disorders"
612:(IL-6) is known to be an important biomarker in people with COVID-19 in relation to a
465:. When biopsy is taken, the histopathologic appearance is quite similar to psoriasis:
3749:
3617:
3495:
3323:
3142:
2906:
2886:
2795:
2662:
2622:
2419:
2180:
2155:
2130:
2108:
1892:
1882:
1847:
1631:
1533:
GonzĂĄlez-Ălvarez, Laura; GarcĂa-MartĂn, JosĂ© M.; GarcĂa-Pola, MarĂa JosĂ© (May 2019).
1482:
1379:
1332:
1088:
832:
609:
538:
429:
110:
60:
1574:
3468:
3244:
3239:
3224:
3204:
3174:
3007:
2716:
2657:
2588:
2510:
2500:
2468:
2431:
2392:
2384:
1999:
1954:
1939:
1837:
1832:
1735:
517:
482:
42:
270:
combined with geographic tongue. It is common for these two conditions to coexist.
1699:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3559:
3554:
3485:
2559:
2520:
2339:
2215:
2175:
2043:
1964:
1944:
1718:
1400:
Adeyemo, TA; Adeyemo, WL; Adediran, A; Akinbami, AJ; Akanmu, AS (MayâJun 2011).
595:
437:
356:
In the past, some research suggested that geographic tongue was associated with
249:
200:
196:
126:
118:
68:
1229:
Minciullo, PL; Paolino, G; Vacca, M; Gangemi, S; Nettis, E (1 September 2016).
795:
3622:
3408:
3234:
3002:
2832:
2773:
2711:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2627:
2610:
2554:
2525:
2446:
2307:
2285:
2170:
2150:
1673:
1606:
1589:
1499:
Rioboo-Crespo Mdel, R; Planells-del Pozo, P; Rioboo-GarcĂa, R (NovâDec 2005).
1458:
1363:
1316:
1247:
1129:
570:
542:
489:
475:
393:
282:
149:
1615:
1558:
1466:
730:
3490:
3473:
3209:
2987:
2790:
2414:
2297:
1917:
1812:
1790:
1534:
1442:
1418:
1401:
1347:
1300:
516:(erythema chronicum migrans), to describe the appearance of skin lesions in
506:
445:
381:
373:
122:
1623:
1566:
1519:
1474:
1427:
1371:
1324:
1266:
1145:
1048:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
710:
1443:"Treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis: a systematic review"
3500:
3451:
3219:
2972:
2953:
2933:
2754:
2632:
2576:
1822:
764:
613:
603:
599:
357:
290:
1656:
238:
3586:
3544:
3229:
3189:
3083:
2957:
2746:
2113:
1299:
GonzĂĄlez-Ălvarez, L.; GarcĂa-Pola, M. J.; Garcia-Martin, J. M. (2018).
385:
342:
330:
286:
1550:
3328:
2800:
2388:
1983:
1668:
462:
458:
184:
1501:"Epidemiology of the most common oral mucosal diseases in children"
1050:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 205,206.
1280:
Migratory
Glossitis (Geographic Tongue) on Maxillofacialcenter.com
372:. Some studies have reported a link between geographic tongue and
365:
322:
1590:"Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A 6-Month Update"
896:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
602:. These studies have shown that approximately 20% of people with
1204:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. p.
3704:
3603:
3527:
3285:
3164:
2950:
2740:
2378:
2041:
1981:
1869:
1777:
1739:
1012:(11th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 103, 104.
796:"Geographic Glossitis entry on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)"
1779:
760:
Physical
Diagnosis Secrets: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
492:, which may create superficial microabscesses, similar to the
1196:
Tadataka Yamada; David H. Alpers; et al., eds. (2009).
863:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
179:, also known by several other terms, is a condition of the
1494:
1492:
1231:"Unmet diagnostic needs in contact oral mucosal allergies"
1157:
1155:
1162:
Cameron, Peter; Jelinek, George; Everitt, Ian (2006).
838:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp.
505:
Geographic tongue could be considered to be a type of
1646:
1709:
1650:
867:
166:
158:
148:
140:
132:
104:
92:
84:
74:
54:
35:
3179:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
830:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002).
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
289:and depapillation (loss of papillae), leaving an
709:Kerawala, Cyrus; Newlands, Carrie, eds. (2010).
488:Migration of neutrophilic granulocytes into the
3534:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
2146:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
457:to distinguish from glossitis associated with
3104:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
1751:
1508:Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal
1128:Reamy, BV; Derby, R; Bunt, CW (Mar 1, 2010).
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
926:Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine
919:
917:
8:
1165:Tratado de Medicina de Urgencias PediĂĄtricas
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
928:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1208.
3701:
3600:
3524:
3282:
3161:
2947:
2737:
2375:
2038:
1978:
1866:
1774:
1758:
1744:
1736:
1647:
1130:"Common tongue conditions in primary care"
1006:Greenberg, MS; Glick, M; Ship, JA (2008).
41:
32:
1605:
1417:
1256:
1246:
1539:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
3731:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2880:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
949:Desai, A. B.; Vishwanathan, J. (1989).
686:
671:transitory benign plaques of the tongue
626:
2917:As a manifestation of systemic disease
522:southern tick-associated rash illness
7:
2763:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
1090:Clinical oral medicine and pathology
590:Manifestations in COVID-19 infection
3414:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
3257:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1094:. New York: Humana Press. pp.
281:(some of which are associated with
3766:Conditions of the mucous membranes
2531:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
2015:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
834:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
617:research to confirm these claims.
25:
1406:Indian Journal of Dental Research
329:, such as increased incidence of
3633:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
3570:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3565:Central hypoventilation syndrome
3447:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2875:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2855:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
1767:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
496:described in pustular psoriasis.
259:
248:
237:
226:
215:
50:A patient with geographic tongue
3479:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
3116:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
2570:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
299:burning sensation on the tongue
3464:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
3299:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1235:Clinical and Molecular Allergy
1086:Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010).
798:. National Library of Medicine
712:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
65:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1:
3658:MelkerssonâRosenthal syndrome
3607:Soft tissues around the mouth
3304:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
871:. Saunders Elsevier. p.
2828:Gingival cyst of the newborn
2437:Failure of eruption of teeth
2141:Hand, foot and mouth disease
2126:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2064:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
2010:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1933:Transient lingual papillitis
1447:Clinical Oral Investigations
1200:Textbook of gastroenterology
757:Mangione, Salvatore (2012).
667:wandering rash of the tongue
647:glossitis areata exfoliativa
3356:Salivary gland diverticulum
3319:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
2330:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2242:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
533:benign and self-resolving.
341:and decreased incidence in
18:Benign migratory stomatitis
3782:
3366:Salivary gland hyperplasia
3314:HIV salivary gland disease
2823:Gingival cyst of the adult
2269:Oral florid papillomatosis
1594:Journal of Dental Research
643:erythema migrans lingualis
635:benign migratory glossitis
3756:Ailments of unknown cause
3711:
3700:
3613:
3605:Orofacial soft tissues â
3599:
3540:
3523:
3371:Salivary gland hypoplasia
3294:
3281:
3185:
3160:
3099:Bisphosphonate-associated
2993:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2968:
2946:
2769:
2736:
2464:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2400:
2374:
2054:
2037:
1990:
1977:
1928:Median rhomboid glossitis
1878:
1865:
1786:
1773:
1607:10.1177/00220345211029637
1459:10.1007/s00784-018-2553-4
1364:10.1016/j.rce.2018.05.006
1346:Gonzalez-Alvarez (2018).
1317:10.1016/j.rce.2018.05.006
1248:10.1186/s12948-016-0047-y
1168:. Elsevier. p. 365.
1134:American Family Physician
1046:Scully, Crispian (2008).
898:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
663:stomatitis areata migrans
49:
40:
3678:Orofacial granulomatosis
3457:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
3442:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3376:Salivary gland neoplasms
3167:Temporomandibular joints
3138:Periapical periodontitis
2870:Linear gingival erythema
2638:Regional odontodysplasia
2484:Enamel hypocalcification
1352:Revista Clinica Espanola
1305:Revista Clinica Espanola
651:glossitis areata migrans
594:Many articles including
485:inflammatory infiltrate.
434:erythematous candidiasis
327:human leukocyte antigens
301:are considered, such as
115:erythematous candidiasis
80:Burning sensation (rare)
3575:Obstructive sleep apnea
3341:Salivary duct stricture
3121:Paget's disease of bone
2618:Pulp canal obliteration
2459:Dentin hypersensitivity
2405:Amelogenesis imperfecta
2257:Squamous cell carcinoma
2237:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2224:Squamous cell papilloma
2201:Melanocytic oral lesion
1419:10.4103/0970-9290.87070
952:Textbook Of Paediatrics
3721:Hemifacial hypertrophy
3688:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3361:Salivary gland fistula
3351:Salivary gland atresia
3346:Salivary gland aplasia
3200:Mandibular dislocation
3171:muscles of mastication
3049:Calcifying odontogenic
2678:Vertical root fracture
2673:Cracked tooth syndrome
2648:Shovel-shaped incisors
2543:Wisdom tooth impaction
2425:Early childhood caries
2291:Benign mucous membrane
2252:Spindle cell carcinoma
2161:Intraoral dental sinus
2079:Burning mouth syndrome
1009:Burket's oral medicine
659:psoriasiform mucositis
494:Munro's microabscesses
426:differential diagnosis
106:Differential diagnosis
3530:Stomatognathic system
3432:Acinic cell carcinoma
3054:Glandular odontogenic
2206:Molluscum contagiosum
362:seborrheic dermatitis
347:Vitamin B2 deficiency
3673:Oral Crohn's disease
3628:Basal cell carcinoma
3267:Condylar hyperplasia
3252:Maxillary hypoplasia
2818:Gingival enlargement
2751:periodontal ligament
2357:Verruciform xanthoma
2089:Condyloma acuminatum
900:. St. Louis: Mosby.
767:. pp. 604â605.
551:topical anaesthetics
400:Predisposing Factors
315:parafunctional habit
3683:Perioral dermatitis
3419:Pleomorphic adenoma
3399:Monomorphic adenoma
3389:Canalicular adenoma
3262:Condylar hypoplasia
3195:Condylar resorption
3039:Lateral periodontal
2998:Mandibular fracture
2897:Periodontal abscess
2494:Turner's hypoplasia
2262:Verrucous carcinoma
2211:Morsicatio buccarum
2191:Lupus erythematosus
2104:Erythema multiforme
2020:Stomatitis nicotina
442:lupus erythematosus
3726:Facial hemiatrophy
3580:Periodic breathing
3511:Sjögren's syndrome
3384:Basal cell adenoma
3148:Torus mandibularis
3126:Periapical abscess
3109:Osteoradionecrosis
3034:Buccal bifurcation
3013:Intraosseous cysts
2902:Periodontal trauma
2806:Pyogenic granuloma
2653:Supernumerary root
2606:Pulp calcification
2594:Premature eruption
2565:Odontogenic tumors
2362:White sponge nevus
2335:Submucous fibrosis
2279:Smoker's melanosis
2166:Irritation fibroma
2005:High-arched palate
1913:Foliate papillitis
1903:Cunnilingus tongue
1888:Black hairy tongue
1818:Congenital lip pit
1710:External resources
1285:2005-11-24 at the
655:lingua geographica
470:Hyperparakeratosis
454:Atrophic glossitis
378:reactive arthritis
207:Signs and symptoms
111:Oral lichen planus
99:Visual examination
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3696:
3695:
3595:
3594:
3519:
3518:
3424:Sebaceous adenoma
3277:
3276:
3156:
3155:
3067:Median mandibular
3062:Nasopalatine duct
2978:Alveolar osteitis
2942:
2941:
2929:Perio-endo lesion
2811:Congenital epulis
2732:
2731:
2489:Enamel hypoplasia
2370:
2369:
2345:RigaâFede disease
2196:Melanocytic nevus
2136:Hairy leukoplakia
2099:Epulis fissuratum
2033:
2032:
1973:
1972:
1923:Geographic tongue
1861:
1860:
1733:
1732:
1600:(12): 1321â1329.
1551:10.1111/jop.12840
1215:978-1-4051-6911-0
1105:978-1-60327-519-4
907:978-1-4160-2999-1
882:978-0-7216-2921-6
722:978-0-19-920483-0
187:, usually on the
177:Geographic tongue
174:
173:
144:Reassurance, time
94:Diagnostic method
36:Geographic tongue
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3773:
3761:Tongue disorders
3702:
3601:
3525:
3394:Ductal papilloma
3283:
3162:
3059:Non-odontogenic:
3044:Globulomaxillary
2983:Buccal exostosis
2948:
2892:Peri-implantitis
2738:
2454:Dentin dysplasia
2376:
2352:Verruca vulgaris
2247:Mucosal melanoma
2094:Darier's disease
2069:Behçet's disease
2039:
1995:Bednar's aphthae
1979:
1867:
1853:Trumpeter's wart
1775:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1648:
1636:
1635:
1609:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1453:(7): 2487â2493.
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1083:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1024:
1023:
1003:
978:
977:
975:
973:
957:Orient Blackswan
946:
940:
939:
921:
912:
911:
893:
887:
886:
870:
860:
854:
853:
837:
827:
808:
807:
805:
803:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
754:
735:
734:
706:
674:
639:erythema migrans
631:
514:erythema migrans
490:epithelial layer
303:oral candidiasis
279:lingual papillae
263:
252:
241:
230:
219:
193:lingual papillae
45:
33:
21:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3735:
3707:
3692:
3648:Ludwig's angina
3609:
3591:
3550:Mouth breathing
3536:
3515:
3336:Pneumoparotitis
3309:Frey's syndrome
3290:
3288:Salivary glands
3273:
3181:
3152:
3131:Phoenix abscess
2964:
2960:hard tissues â
2938:
2860:Hypercementosis
2779:Cementoblastoma
2765:
2728:
2442:Dens evaginatus
2396:
2366:
2318:Denture-related
2303:Plasmoacanthoma
2229:Keratoacanthoma
2050:
2048:Lining of mouth
2029:
2025:Torus palatinus
1986:
1969:
1950:Lingual thyroid
1908:Fissured tongue
1898:Crenated tongue
1874:
1857:
1843:Nasolabial cyst
1828:Herpes labialis
1782:
1769:
1764:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1705:
1704:
1659:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1287:Wayback Machine
1278:
1274:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1106:
1085:
1084:
1065:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1027:
1020:
1005:
1004:
981:
971:
969:
967:
959:. p. 405.
948:
947:
943:
936:
923:
922:
915:
908:
895:
894:
890:
883:
862:
861:
857:
850:
829:
828:
811:
801:
799:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
775:
756:
755:
738:
723:
708:
707:
688:
683:
678:
677:
632:
628:
623:
592:
583:
567:
559:
547:corticosteroids
530:
503:
418:
402:
370:nickel sulphate
351:Fissured tongue
319:crenated tongue
311:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
268:fissured tongue
264:
255:
254:
253:
244:
243:
242:
233:
232:
231:
222:
221:
220:
209:
181:mucous membrane
31:
28:
27:Tongue disorder
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Eagle syndrome
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3638:Cystic hygroma
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3506:Sialolithiasis
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Adenocarcinoma
3434:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:Myoepithelioma
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3077:Traumatic bone
3074:
3072:Median palatal
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2867:
2865:Hypocementosis
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:Neonatal teeth
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2481:
2479:Ectopic enamel
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2274:Oral melanosis
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Bohn's nodules
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Amalgam tattoo
2055:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1676:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:Classification
1644:
1643:External links
1641:
1638:
1637:
1580:
1545:(5): 365â372.
1525:
1488:
1433:
1392:
1358:(9): 481â488.
1338:
1311:(9): 481â488.
1291:
1272:
1221:
1214:
1188:
1175:978-0443073489
1174:
1151:
1111:
1104:
1063:
1056:
1025:
1019:978-1550093452
1018:
979:
966:978-8125004400
965:
941:
934:
913:
906:
888:
881:
855:
849:978-0721690032
848:
809:
787:
774:978-0323112116
773:
736:
721:
685:
684:
682:
679:
676:
675:
633:Also known as
625:
624:
622:
619:
591:
588:
582:
579:
566:
563:
558:
555:
539:antihistamines
529:
526:
502:
501:Classification
499:
498:
497:
486:
481:Subepithelial
479:
473:
450:chemical burns
428:includes oral
417:
414:
401:
398:
390:conjunctivitis
310:
307:
265:
258:
257:
256:
247:
246:
245:
236:
235:
234:
225:
224:
223:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
208:
205:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
127:chemical burns
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3778:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Actinomycosis
3616:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Sialodochitis
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:malocclusions
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Stafne defect
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:Osteonecrosis
3092:
3090:
3089:Osteomyelitis
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:Bones of jaws
2959:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:Periodontitis
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Pericoronitis
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Granulomatous
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Eruption cyst
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Pulp necrosis
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:Dens in dente
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Discoloration
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Lichen planus
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Herpes zoster
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Fordyce spots
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Erythroplakia
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Caviar tongue
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Ankyloglossia
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Sun poisoning
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1514:(5): 376â87.
1513:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1412:(3): 454â61.
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1140:(5): 627â34.
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:9780443068188
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
980:
968:
962:
958:
954:
953:
945:
942:
937:
935:0-07-138067-1
931:
927:
920:
918:
914:
909:
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
878:
874:
869:
868:
859:
856:
851:
845:
841:
836:
835:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
810:
797:
791:
788:
776:
770:
766:
762:
761:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
718:
714:
713:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
687:
680:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
627:
620:
618:
615:
611:
610:Interleukin-6
607:
605:
601:
597:
589:
587:
580:
578:
576:
572:
564:
562:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
500:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
466:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:lichen planus
427:
422:
415:
413:
410:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
269:
262:
251:
240:
229:
218:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
61:Oral Medicine
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
3606:
3533:
3469:Sialadenitis
3428:
3380:
3245:Scissor bite
3240:Retrognathia
3225:Overeruption
3205:Malocclusion
3178:
3058:
3017:
3008:Micrognathia
2961:
2952:Periapical,
2838:Desquamative
2762:
2743:Periodontium
2717:Acid erosion
2658:Taurodontism
2589:Open contact
2501:Enamel pearl
2469:Dilaceration
2432:Concrescence
2233:
2220:
2047:
2000:Cleft palate
1960:Microglossia
1955:Macroglossia
1940:Glossoptosis
1922:
1838:Microcheilia
1833:Macrocheilia
1717:
1693:
1678:
1663:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1511:
1507:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1355:
1351:
1341:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1275:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1199:
1191:
1181:November 12,
1179:. Retrieved
1164:
1137:
1133:
1089:
1047:
1008:
972:November 12,
970:. Retrieved
951:
944:
925:
897:
891:
866:
858:
833:
800:. Retrieved
790:
780:November 12,
778:. Retrieved
759:
711:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
608:
596:case reports
593:
584:
568:
565:Epidemiology
560:
535:
531:
518:Lyme disease
511:
504:
483:T lymphocyte
423:
419:
411:
407:
403:
355:
312:
295:
291:erythematous
276:
176:
175:
3663:Microstomia
3653:Macrostomia
3643:Gnathophyma
3560:Catathrenia
3555:Sleep apnea
3486:Sialectasis
3029:Dentigerous
3019:Odontogenic
2848:Plasma cell
2784:Gigantiform
2560:Microdontia
2550:Macrodontia
2521:Hyperdontia
2216:Oral cancer
2176:Leukoplakia
2084:Candidiasis
2044:Oral mucosa
1965:Rhabdomyoma
1945:Hypoglossia
1806:Plasma cell
1719:MedlinePlus
543:anxiolytics
438:leukoplakia
201:oral cancer
197:archipelago
119:leukoplakia
69:Dermatology
3750:Categories
3623:Angioedema
3429:Malignant:
3409:Oncocytoma
3235:Prognathia
3024:periapical
3003:Microgenia
2954:mandibular
2912:Aggressive
2833:Gingivitis
2774:Cementicle
2712:Abfraction
2702:Tooth wear
2695:Edentulism
2690:Tooth loss
2643:Resorption
2628:Pulp polyp
2611:Pulp stone
2555:Meth mouth
2526:Hypodontia
2516:Gemination
2447:Talon cusp
2340:Ulceration
2308:Stomatitis
2286:Pemphigoid
2234:Malignant:
2186:Linea alba
2171:Leukoedema
2151:Herpangina
2119:Giant-cell
681:References
571:prevalence
476:Acanthosis
394:urethritis
283:taste buds
150:Medication
133:Prevention
3491:Sialocele
3474:Parotitis
3215:Open bite
3210:Crossbite
2988:Cherubism
2958:maxillary
2791:Cementoma
2722:Attrition
2538:Impaction
2506:Fluorosis
2415:Anodontia
2410:Ankylosis
2298:Pemphigus
1918:Glossitis
1813:Cleft lip
1791:Cheilitis
1632:236516140
1616:1544-0591
1559:1600-0714
1483:254080778
1467:1436-3771
1380:196504048
1333:196504048
1241:(1): 10.
955:. India:
731:403362622
581:Psoriasis
575:incidence
557:Prognosis
528:Treatment
507:glossitis
446:glossitis
416:Diagnosis
382:arthritis
374:psoriasis
159:Frequency
141:Treatment
123:glossitis
56:Specialty
3501:Sialosis
3452:Lymphoma
3324:Mucocele
3220:Overbite
2973:Agnathia
2934:Teething
2759:alveolus
2755:cementum
2707:Abrasion
2683:Occlusal
2668:Avulsion
2633:Pulpitis
2577:Odontoma
2323:Herpetic
2313:Aphthous
1823:Eclabium
1624:34324825
1575:73443546
1567:30739339
1520:16264385
1475:29982968
1428:22048588
1385:11 March
1372:29903400
1325:29903400
1283:Archived
1267:27587983
1146:20187599
765:Elsevier
614:cytokine
604:COVID-19
600:pandemic
358:diabetes
335:HLA-DRW6
76:Symptoms
3587:Snoring
3545:Bruxism
3381:Benign:
3230:Overjet
3190:Bruxism
3084:Osteoma
2922:Chronic
2747:gingiva
2221:Benign:
2114:Fibroma
1801:Angular
1796:Actinic
1700:D005929
1258:5007719
802:19 July
386:uveitis
343:HLA-B51
339:HLA-Cw6
331:HLA-DR5
287:atrophy
183:of the
88:Unknown
3329:Ranula
2801:Epulis
2663:Trauma
2511:Fusion
2420:Caries
2393:enamel
2389:dentin
1984:Palate
1872:Tongue
1724:001049
1630:
1622:
1614:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1518:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1426:
1378:
1370:
1331:
1323:
1265:
1255:
1212:
1172:
1144:
1102:
1098:, 21.
1054:
1016:
963:
932:
904:
879:
846:
842:â679.
771:
729:
719:
669:, and
463:biopsy
459:anemia
448:, and
309:Causes
189:dorsal
185:tongue
167:Deaths
125:, and
85:Causes
3706:Other
2381:Teeth
1689:529.1
1674:K14.1
1628:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1504:(PDF)
1479:S2CID
1376:S2CID
1329:S2CID
621:Notes
366:atopy
323:genes
3668:Noma
3173:and
2956:and
2761:) â
2385:pulp
1780:Lips
1695:MeSH
1684:9-CM
1620:PMID
1612:ISSN
1563:PMID
1555:ISSN
1516:PMID
1471:PMID
1463:ISSN
1424:PMID
1387:2022
1368:PMID
1321:PMID
1263:PMID
1210:ISBN
1206:2547
1183:2012
1170:ISBN
1142:PMID
1100:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1014:ISBN
974:2012
961:ISBN
930:ISBN
902:ISBN
877:ISBN
844:ISBN
804:2013
782:2012
769:ISBN
727:OCLC
717:ISBN
549:and
520:and
424:The
392:and
364:and
337:and
170:None
162:2-3%
154:None
136:None
1680:ICD
1665:ICD
1602:doi
1598:100
1547:doi
1455:doi
1414:doi
1360:doi
1356:218
1313:doi
1309:218
1253:PMC
1243:doi
873:800
840:677
396:).
3752::
3532:â
3177:â
3169:,
2757:,
2753:,
2749:,
2391:,
2387:,
2046:â
1722::
1698::
1687::
1672::
1669:10
1626:.
1618:.
1610:.
1596:.
1592:.
1569:.
1561:.
1553:.
1543:48
1541:.
1537:.
1512:10
1510:.
1506:.
1491:^
1477:.
1469:.
1461:.
1451:22
1449:.
1445:.
1422:.
1410:22
1408:.
1404:.
1374:.
1366:.
1354:.
1350:.
1327:.
1319:.
1307:.
1303:.
1261:.
1251:.
1239:14
1237:.
1233:.
1208:.
1154:^
1138:81
1136:.
1132:.
1114:^
1096:20
1066:^
1028:^
982:^
916:^
875:.
812:^
763:.
739:^
725:.
689:^
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
637:,
545:,
541:,
524:.
452:.
444:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
384:,
360:,
345:.
333:,
305:.
121:,
117:,
113:,
67:,
63:,
3021::
2745:(
2395:)
2383:(
1759:e
1752:t
1745:v
1682:-
1667:-
1657:D
1634:.
1604::
1577:.
1549::
1522:.
1485:.
1457::
1430:.
1416::
1389:.
1362::
1335:.
1315::
1289:.
1269:.
1245::
1218:.
1185:.
1148:.
1108:.
1060:.
1022:.
976:.
938:.
910:.
885:.
852:.
806:.
784:.
733:.
673:.
478:.
472:.
388:/
380:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
