455:
522:
198:, many of the programs that were enacted within the War on Poverty were intended to educate black and poor families to modernize their "culture." Government assistance, in the hundreds of millions of dollars, was intended for organic community growth, the nurturing of local governance, and a gradual transition from developing to developed urban regions. However, when municipalities shrank programs that they directly ran, the money was diverted to smaller unorthodox community action associations with unions or "social protest agendas." For example, in a community center funded by the
402:
factors that made change difficult. New York City was described as "so broke" by the 1970s, with neighborhoods that had become "so desperate and depleted" that municipal authorities wondered how to cope. Some authorities felt the process of decline was inevitable and, instead of trying to fight it, searched for alternatives. According to one view, authorities searched for ways to have the greatest population loss in the areas with the poorest non-white populations.
334:
681:
721:, which had experienced an exodus of people and business during the automobile industry downturn. Flint had been described as one of the poorest Rust Belt cities. One estimate was that its population had declined by half since 1950. In 2002, authorities established a "municipal land bank" to buy abandoned or foreclosed homes to prevent them from being bought up by
219:
startled by what he perceived as the consequences of the War on
Poverty and changed his philosophy and its practice under Johnson. Moynihan found the social policies of the past decades naive in trying to fix the "tangled pathology," which he described in the white paper that he authored for the US Department of Labor,
697:. One report suggested that 50 US cities were potential candidates; they include Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore and Memphis. Proponents claim the plan will bring efficiency with less waste and fraud; detractors complain the policy has been a "disaster" and advocate for community-based efforts instead.
757:, are considering plans to shrink the city by 40%, possibly by demolition or by letting nature overgrow abandoned buildings, as a way to raise values for existing structures, reduce crime, and restore the city to fiscal health. The city has suffered a sustained decline in job losses, followed by a housing bust.
505:
as sources of rental income. As investments, they had limited ability to provide a solid stream of rental income. Accordingly, there was an economic incentive on the part of building owners, according to this view, to simply let the buildings burn. An alternative view was that the fires were a result
401:
and elsewhere. A dwindling tax base depleted many municipal resources. A common view was that it was part of a "downward spiral" caused first by an absence of jobs, the creation of a permanent underclass, and a declining tax base hurting many city services, including schools. It was that interplay of
296:
as an urban affairs adviser. While serving in this capacity, he sent Nixon a memo that suggested, "The time may have come when the issue of race could benefit from a period of 'benign neglect.' The subject has been too much talked about. The forum has been too much taken over to hysterics, paranoids,
49:
and chooses to allocate fewer resources to the poorest communities or communities with less political power, and disenfranchised neighborhoods are slated for demolition, relocation, and eventual replacement. Disinvestment in urban and suburban communities tends to fall strongly along racial and class
725:
speculators. One report was that by the summer of 2009, 1,100 homes in Flint had been bulldozed and that another 3,000 had been scheduled for demolition. One estimate was that the city's size would shrink by twenty per cent, while a second estimate was that it needed to contract by 40% to once again
660:
is not unique to the RAND policies enacted in the 1970s and 1980s. The neighborhood succumbed to numerous fires by out-of-town landlords seeking out the only way to earn back some profit on homes that no longer sold. However, the neighborhood's response to planned shrinkage through community action
227:
administration, Moynihan remained as
Counselor to the President, where he further pushed for dismantling the Offices of Economic Opportunity. It is during that time that Moynihan suggested to Nixon that black communities be treated with a "benign neglect," a philosophy of action that would later be
91:
who could not yet afford to invest in equity. In the postwar era, returning veterans were seeking homes to start families. There was a period of intense residential expansion surrounding major US cities, and banks were gratuitously providing loans in order for families to afford moving there. It is
556:
but resulted from decisions by bureaucrats to abandon sections of the city. According to one report, of the 289 census tracts within the borough of the Bronx, seven census tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings, with 44 tracts losing more than 50% of their buildings, to fire and abandonment.
490:
shrinkage. According to their view, a planned shrinkage approach would encourage so-called "monolithic development," resulting in new urban growth but at much lower population densities than the neighborhoods which had existed previously. The remark by Starr caused a political firestorm, and Mayor
474:
to reduce the impoverished population and better preserve the tax base. According to the "politically toxic" proposal, the city would stop investing in troubled neighborhoods and divert funds to communities "that could still be saved." He suggested that the city should "accelerate the drainage" in
489:
Under the planned shrinkage program, for example, an abandoned 100-unit development on one piece of land could be cleared by a real estate developer. Such an outcome would be preferable to ten separate neighborhood-based efforts to produce 100 housing units each, according to advocates of planned
414:
study examining the relation between city services and large city populations concluded that when services such as police and fire protection were withdrawn, the numbers of people in the neglected areas would decrease. There had been questions about many fires that had been happening in the South
692:
Such proposals, which began around 2009, entail razing entire districts within some cities or else bulldozing them to return the land to its pre-construction rural state. The policies have been studied not only by municipal and state authorities but also by the federal government, and may affect
349:
of the deliberate withdrawal of city services to blighted neighborhoods as a means of coping with dwindling tax revenues. Planned shrinkage involves decreasing city services such as police patrols, garbage removal, street repairs, and fire protection from selected city neighborhoods. It has been
218:
by ceding control of local
Offices of Economic Opportunity to municipal authorities such as the mayor, a reversal of the original strategy of community-lead development; funding was reduced; and the practices of the offices and local community projects were more closely supervised. Moynihan was
479:
stations, firehouses, and schools. Starr felt that those actions were the best way to save money. Starr's arguments soon became predominant in urban planning thinking nationwide. The people who lived in the communities where his policies were applied protested vigorously; without adequate fire
595:
was proposed as a means to create a "more compact, more efficient and less flood-prone city". Areas of the city that were most damaged by the flooding and thus were the most likely to be flooded again would not be rebuilt but become green space. Those areas were frequently less desirable,
120:
extended demolition of neighborhoods with new roads cutting through the most vulnerable ones to create more direct arteries between the metropolitan and the downtown areas. Highway construction expanded upon the already--widening schism of urban poor and the suburban by further enabling
560:
There have been claims that planned shrinkage impacted public health negatively. According to one source, public shrinkage programs targeted to undermine populations of
African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans in the South Bronx and Harlem had an effect on the geographic pattern of the
112:
increased the mandate for public housing, but in claiming to combat "slums" and "blight," it was worded so vaguely that those terms could have been applied to almost all post-Depression urban neighborhoods. What was intended to rebuild in decayed communities was used against poor but
419:
though a contrasting report suggested that arson was not a major cause. If arson was a primary cause, according to the RAND viewpoint, it did not make sense financially for the city to try to invest further funds to improve fire protection The RAND report allegedly influenced then
184:, fulfilled the demand from modernist social theorists and poured funding and resources into volunteer forces. The direction of policy was seen as some as a form of direct investment in impoverished and minority neighborhoods, in contrast to the previous focus on new construction.
350:
advocated as a way to concentrate city services for maximum effectiveness given serious budgetary constraints, but it has been criticized as an attempt to "encourage the exodus of undesirable populations" and to open up blighted neighborhoods for development by private interests.
545:
had 120,000 fires per year, or an average of 30 fires every 2 hours. 40 percent of the housing in the area was destroyed. The response time for fires also increased, as the firefighters did not have the resources to keep responding promptly to numerous service calls. A report in
661:
has made it an example to other neighborhoods of the success of people-first organizing. The neighborhood had worked with the Boston's administration but refused to give in to bureaucratic control by the city and protested whenever the city neglected its redevelopment.
376:
For example, in the South Bronx, many firehouses were closed from the 1960s to the 1980s. Although firehouses were shut down all over the city during this period, the average number of people per engine by was over 44,000 in the South Bronx compared to just 17,000 in
761:
Abandoned properties tear at a city's social fabric. Vacant homes, empty lots and illegal dumps make remaining residents feel isolated, kill community spirit, and breed crime. Providing city services to largely-abandoned neighborhoods wreaks havoc on Gary's
506:
of the city's municipal policies. While there are differing views about whether planned shrinkage caused fire outbreaks in the 1970s or was a result of such fires, there is agreement that the fires in the South Bronx during those years were extensive.
454:
1718:"US cities may have to be bulldozed in order to survive: Dozens of US cities may have entire neighbourhoods bulldozed as part of drastic "shrink to survive" proposals being considered by the Obama administration to tackle economic decline"
637:
As of 2017 median household income is rising, criminal activity is decreasing by 5% annually as of 2017, and the city's blight removal project is making progress in ridding the city of all abandoned homes that cannot be rehabilitated.
596:
lower-income areas which had lower property values precisely because of the risk of flooding. Some residents rejected a "top-down" approach of planned shrinkage of municipal planners and attempted to rebuild in flood-prone areas.
521:
107:
The programs that were then enacted provided more displacement than replacement,a nd the beginning years of housing and infrastructure development were defined by their clearance and destruction of communities. The
510:
In the South Bronx, the average number of people per engine is over 44,000. In Staten Island, it's 17,000. There is no standard for manning areas of multiple dwellings as opposed to one- and two-family
427:, who used the report's findings to make recommendations for urban policy. In Moynihan's view, arson was one of many social pathologies caused by large cities, and he suggested that a policy of "
381:. Firehouses in the Bronx were closed even as the fire alarm rate rose during the 1960s and the 1970s. Many of those planning decisions can be tracked to models created by the Rand corporation.
149:, there was a growing mindset among urban planners that a communal-focused, people-first approach should be taken, along the same lines as community development handled by the recently-enacted
746:. One report suggested that city authorities in Youngstown had demolished 2,000 derelict homes and businesses. In addition, shrink-to-survive has been considered for inner city suburbs of
41:
process in which a city or town or other municipal entity decides to abandon or neglect an area. It can happen when a municipality is in a period of economic prosperity and sees that its
470:
Partly in response to the RAND report, and in an effort to address New York's declining population, New York's housing commissioner, Roger Starr, proposed a policy which he termed
1140:
587:
differed from other cities in that the cause of decline was based not on economic or political shifts but by rather a destructive flood caused by a hurricane. In the aftermath of
1647:
Dan Kildee is getting a lot of attention these days. His radical ideas for fixing the glutted U.S. housing market and breathing new life into struggling cities like Flint, Mich.,
622:
for the first time since 1850. However, the city has a combined statistical area of 5,318,744 people, which currently ranks 12th in the United States. Local crime rates are
45:
and most blighted communities are both the cheapest targets for revitalization as well as the areas with the greatest potential for improvement. It is when a city is facing
1508:"US cities may have to be bulldozed in order to survive: Dozens of US cities may have entire neighbourhoods bulldozed as part of drastic "shrink to survive" proposals ..."
673:
approach to disinvesting in its communities, cities can take an active role in that reduction. That includes investing in more aggressive land buyback and enforcement of
1779:
669:"Shrink to survive" is a contemporary form of planned shrinkage which emphasizes short-term razing of the city. If a city enacting planned shrinkage policies takes a
497:
According to one report, the high inflation during the 1970s combined with the restrictive rent control policies in the city meant that buildings were worth more
634:
in US history, which it successfully exited on
December 10, 2014. Poverty, crime, shootings, drugs and urban blight in Detroit continue to be ongoing problems.
1900:
1890:
565:
outbreak. According to this view, municipal abandonment was interrelated with health issues and helped to cause a phenomenon termed "urban desertification".
480:
service and police protection, the residents faced waves of crime and fires that left much of the South Bronx and Harlem devastated. A report in 2011 in the
449:
1717:
1584:... neighbourhoods bulldozed as part of drastic "shrink to survive" proposals being considered by the Obama administration to tackle economic decline. ...
1507:
619:
146:
1665:
1400:
1746:
1468:
1442:
180:" despite the protests from Congress, which was largely against racial integration. The new philosophy of the administration focused intently on
1384:
R. Wallace, "Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx."
1597:
626:(however, the overall crime rate in the city has seen a decline during the 21st century), and vast areas of the city are in a state of severe
864:
647:
142:
1195:
516:
A New York City battalion chief from the New York City Fire
Department interviewed in the BBC-TV special "The Bronx is Burning," in 1976.
1631:
1373:
Origins of public health collapse in New York City: the dynamics of planned shrinkage, contagious urban decay and social disintegration
309:. However, the policy was widely seen as the municipal disinvestment to abandon urban neighborhoods, particularly ones with a majority-
1555:
The Obama administration reportedly is considering whether to broaden an experimental "shrink to survive" program in Flint, Mich., ...
812:
623:
137:
During the postwar era, municipalities sought to grow enriched and modernized communities from the slums that they demolished. As the
1880:
1179:
987:
928:
904:
1855:
1270:
899:
By
Deborah Wallace, Rodrick Wallace. 2001. (Note: fire chief interviewed in the BBC-TV special "The Bronx is Burning," in 1976.)
191:
1762:... Rust Belt cities are copying Youngstown's demolition of 2,000 derelict homes and businesses, a "shrink to survive" strategy.
415:
Bronx during the 1970s. One account, including the RAND report, suggested that neighborhood fires were predominantly caused by
117:
1568:
1241:
615:
199:
1885:
1613:... initiatives to clear urban neighborhoods ... have been a disaster. ... organic, bottom-up, community-based efforts ...
1296:
1271:"Why the Bronx burned Blame statisticians, not arson. And New York City could be making the same mistake all over again"
236:
42:
1372:
84:
76:
194:
under the
Johnson administration and was a primary influence on policy development. Stemming from his controversial
1834:
80:
1359:
1334:
181:
169:
1905:
1825:
1012:
710:
165:
1539:
797:
739:
576:
plummeted during the two decades after 1970. Only then would the city again begin to invest in these areas.
526:
424:
285:
187:
1866:
Video: Deborah
Wallace of the Harlem Tenants Council Conference on Gentrification, June 2, 2007, Harlem, NY
1081:
459:
445:
87:
three years later, provided generous incentives and reimbursements aimed at
Americans recovering from the
302:
138:
79:, funding the construction of thousands of low-rent homes and infrastructure development. Meanwhile the
1895:
822:
476:
684:
Shrink to survive is used in cities with a large number of abandoned buildings such as this home in
1856:
Syndemic Preventions Network article quoting from the Wallaces' work about AIDS and the South Bronx
916:
475:
what he called the worst parts of the South Bronx through a policy of planned shrinkage by closing
267:
203:
109:
97:
1416:
301:
progress continues and racial rhetoric fades." The policy was designed to ease tensions after the
1838:: There Goes the Neighborhood: Exposing the Relationship Between Gentrification and Incarceration
1360:
A synergism of plagues:“planned shrinkage,” contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx
1214:
993:
631:
605:
358:
1865:
1843:
Disinvestment and Planned Shrinkage: Clearing the Way for Redevelopment of the Lower East Side
1850:
1175:
983:
924:
900:
860:
588:
548:
494:
disavowed the idea while City Council members called it "inhuman," "racist," and "genocidal."
293:
157:
101:
1492:
Mahan, L., Lipman, M., Neuburger, J., Ragazzi, C., & Holding Ground Productions. (1996).
618:
has fallen from a high of 1,850,000 in 1950 to 677,116 in 2015, kicking it off the top 20 of
341:
after the city slashed fire service there serves as a symbol of planned shrinkage to critics.
975:
743:
314:
278:
126:
88:
51:
1691:
1052:
333:
1226:
1114:
718:
653:
569:
240:
195:
161:
55:
897:
A Plague on Your Houses: How New York Was Burned Down and National Public Health Crumbled
305:
of the late 1960s. Moynihan was particularly troubled by the speeches of Vice-President
27:
Urban planning process in which a municipal entity decides to abandon or neglect an area
792:
674:
482:
428:
313:
population, as Moynihan's statements and writings appeared to encourage, for instance,
173:
38:
677:
in order to obtain ownership of a property, relocate its residents, and demolish it.
1874:
1794:
1141:"Roger Starr, New York Planning Official, Author and Editorial Writer, Is Dead at 83"
807:
754:
694:
670:
534:
491:
398:
394:
378:
366:
346:
289:
232:
224:
177:
34:
896:
680:
1829:: Planned Abandonment: The Neighborhood Life-Cycle Theory and National Urban Policy
530:
310:
172:, and soon a series of bills that comprised the foundation of what was termed the "
122:
857:
Reclaiming American Cities: the Struggle for People, Place, and Nature since 1900
614:
has gone through a major economic and demographic decline in recent decades. The
1859:
787:
782:
734:
Shrink to survive has been enacted in other medium-sized cities in the American
722:
627:
584:
370:
362:
354:
338:
306:
244:
215:
150:
46:
1194:
RACHEL NOLAN (interviewer), Jonathan Mahler (interviewee) (December 19, 2011).
947:, episode 3, written by Larry Adelman, edited by Llewellyn M. Smith, PBS, 2003.
1388:, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813 – abstract retrieved on July 5, 2008 from
1053:"'Urbanscapes,' a Documentary on the Decaying of Neighborhoods (movie review)"
827:
706:
421:
17:
997:
817:
802:
735:
542:
256:
93:
1032:
466:, New York City, was demolished. Pictured is the remaining portion in 1974.
1780:
Battered city of Gary, Ind., considers shrinking 40 percent to save itself
979:
714:
463:
390:
72:
1844:
1813:
South Bronx Rising: The Rise, fall and resurrection of an American city
972:
Thinking Small: The United States and the Lure of Community Development
747:
685:
611:
228:
translated into the planned shrinkage policies of the 1970s and 1980s.
657:
573:
318:
679:
553:
520:
453:
416:
397:, particularly in the poorer sections of many large cities in the
332:
322:
298:
1375:." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 66.5 (1990): 391.
1335:"By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City"
486:
suggested that the planned shrinkage approach was "short-lived."
562:
411:
1389:
923:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. p. 34.
113:
otherwise-flourishing neighborhoods by labeling them ghettos.
54:
exerted upon the space, since more affluent individuals with
859:. USA: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 79–171.
1632:"A Rust Belt remedy for the U.S. housing glut: bulldozers"
1196:"Behind the Cover Story: Jonathan Mahler on Benton Harbor"
717:. He proposed it as a way to handle municipal problems in
164:, by signing into law during his first year in office the
1630:
Gary Lamphier of the Edmonton Journal (August 25, 2009).
393:
growth caused in part by increased automobile use led to
277:"Benign neglect" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1745:
Mary Jordan of The Washington Post (September 9, 2009).
1469:"Police: Our data shows crime fell last year in Detroit"
1747:"Traficant's release from prison stirs strong emotions"
1321:
Breathing Space: A Spiritual Journey in the South Bronx
297:
and boodlers on all sides. We need a period in which
1174:by Roberta Brandes Gratz. Simon and Schuster 1989.
1809:by Mel Rosenthal, Martha Rosler and Barry Phillips
1443:"Census Figures Show Drop in Detroit Poverty Rate"
1692:"An Effort to Save Flint, Mich., by Shrinking It"
1800:by Myron Magnet; Roger Starr had been editor of
1569:"U.S. cities may bulldoze entire neighbourhoods"
1013:"The Negro Family: The Case for National Action"
1036:Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations
759:
508:
284:Benign neglect is a policy proposed in 1969 by
1740:
1738:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
974:. Harvard University Press. pp. 150–170.
552:suggested that the cause of the fires was not
221:The Negro Family: The Case for National Action
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
58:can more easily leave disenfranchised areas.
8:
1494:Holding ground: The rebirth of Dudley Street
1401:Detroit population rank is lowest since 1850
1362:." Environmental research 47.1 (1988): 1–33.
1080:ROBERTA BRANDES GRATZ (September 28, 2010).
247:, who more tightly controlled its function.
1189:
1187:
223:, nicknamed the Moynihan Report. Under the
214:Johnson responded to the radicalization of
160:continued the policies of his predecessor,
1774:
1772:
1770:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1264:
1262:
1134:
1132:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
1075:
1073:
1046:
1044:
321:to avoid a supposedly-futile war against
235:administration, the OEO changed into the
1371:Wallace, Rodrick, and Deborah Wallace. "
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
1115:"The Shifting Landscape of New Orleans"
838:
450:History of New York City (1978–present)
133:Civil Rights Movement and Great Society
1778:Nick Bogert, June 19, 2013, NBC News,
1222:
1212:
624:among the highest in the United States
431:" would be appropriate as a response.
1496:. Boston: Holding Ground Productions.
970:Immerwahr, Daniel (January 1, 2015).
648:Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative
345:Planned shrinkage is a controversial
92:in this new economic landscape where
7:
1664:Ellen Dunham-Jones (June 27, 2011).
1567:The Calgary Herald (June 13, 2009).
1417:"Violent crime improving in Detroit"
1139:BRUCE LAMBERT (September 11, 2001).
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
568:The populations in the South Bronx,
239:and became put under the control of
1901:Urban politics in the United States
1891:Urban planning in the United States
1690:DAVID STREITFELD (April 21, 2009).
705:Shrink to survive was initiated by
389:During the 20th century, a boom in
1240:JONATHAN MAHLER (March 12, 2009).
1113:Kenneth M. Reardon (Spring 2006).
1020:Republished by Stanford University
813:Principles of intelligent urbanism
693:dozens of declining cities in the
353:Planned shrinkage occurred in the
210:Change in urban development policy
25:
1333:SAM ROBERTS (February 19, 2006).
1011:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1965).
632:largest municipal bankruptcy case
337:The large number of fires in the
1596:Richard Florida (June 1, 2011).
709:during his term as Treasurer of
369:in 1976 by Housing Commissioner
118:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956
1297:"Podcast: Baby Boom Revisited"
1295:SAM ROBERTS (March 30, 2007).
945:Race: The Power of an Illusion
742:, as well as the Ohio city of
200:Office of Economic Opportunity
1:
1807:In the South Bronx of America
1716:Tom Leonard (June 12, 2009).
1506:Tom Leonard (June 12, 2009).
1386:Social Science & Medicine
855:Platt, Rutherford H. (2014).
630:. In 2013, Detroit filed the
537:tour the South Bronx in 1977.
501:for the insurance money than
365:. The term was first used in
50:lines and may perpetuate the
1540:"Bulldozing American cities"
1538:Cal Thomas (June 16, 2009).
1117:. National Housing Institute
921:the Social Control of Cities
288:, who was then on President
237:Office of Community Services
147:responses to racial violence
141:was in full display through
1051:NATHAN LEE (July 5, 2006).
726:become viable financially.
460:Myrtle Avenue elevated line
85:Wagner-Steagall Housing Act
77:Public Works Administration
1922:
1598:"How Not to 'Save' a City"
1447:US News & World Report
1269:Joe Flood (May 16, 2010).
738:such as the Michigan city
645:
603:
443:
276:
265:
254:
125:and reducing the focus on
81:Homeowners Refinancing Act
1666:"What About the Suburbs?"
1082:"It Takes a Neighborhood"
753:Municipal authorities in
206:started its development.
182:Community Action Agencies
170:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1881:History of New York City
1782:, Accessed June 19, 2013
943:"The House We Live In."
166:Civil Rights Act of 1964
67:New Deal and postwar era
1751:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
798:Mortgage discrimination
620:US cities by population
425:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
286:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
188:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
31:Municipal disinvestment
1849:New Hope in the Bronx
774:
689:
616:population of the city
538:
519:
467:
446:Crime in New York City
410:In the early 1970s, a
342:
1827:Housing Policy Debate
1798:Roger Starr 1918–2001
683:
652:Planned shrinkage in
524:
457:
336:
303:Civil Rights Movement
139:Civil Rights Movement
1886:History of the Bronx
1544:The Washington Times
1449:. September 14, 2017
980:10.2307/j.ctt13x0h4w
917:Body-Gendrot, Sophie
823:Environmental racism
231:In 1981, during the
190:served as Assistant
1358:Wallace, Rodrick. "
1323:By Heidi B. Neumark
665:"Shrink to survive"
533:and New York Mayor
361:and in the city of
268:Exclusionary zoning
262:Exclusionary zoning
204:Black Panther Party
110:Housing Act of 1949
98:exclusionary zoning
37:which describes an
1831:by John T. Metzger
1696:The New York Times
1670:The New York Times
1602:The New York Times
1339:The New York Times
1301:The New York Times
1246:The New York Times
1242:"After the Bubble"
1225:has generic name (
1200:The New York Times
1145:The New York Times
1086:The New York Times
1057:The New York Times
690:
606:Decline of Detroit
541:By the mid-1970s,
539:
468:
343:
192:Secretary of Labor
1851:startsandfits.com
1845:gregoryheller.com
1796:The City Journal:
1423:. October 6, 2016
1275:The New York Post
866:978-1-62534-050-4
593:planned shrinkage
589:Hurricane Katrina
549:The New York Post
525:H.U.D. Secretary
472:planned shrinkage
329:Planned shrinkage
158:Lyndon B. Johnson
102:predatory lending
83:, as well as the
33:is a term in the
16:(Redirected from
1913:
1840:by Casey Kellogg
1783:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:The Detroit News
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1405:The Detroit News
1398:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1110:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1002:
1001:
967:
948:
941:
935:
934:
913:
907:
894:
871:
870:
852:
772:
517:
315:fire departments
279:Salutary neglect
127:public transport
89:Great Depression
52:cycle of poverty
21:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1906:Flint, Michigan
1871:
1870:
1862:on July 6, 2008
1858:retrieved from
1822:
1791:
1789:Further reading
1786:
1777:
1768:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1421:The Morning Sun
1415:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1221:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1172:The Living City
1170:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
990:
969:
968:
951:
942:
938:
931:
915:
914:
910:
895:
874:
867:
854:
853:
840:
836:
779:
773:
766:
732:
730:In other cities
703:
667:
650:
644:
642:Roxbury, Boston
608:
602:
582:
570:Lower East Side
527:Patricia Harris
518:
515:
452:
442:
437:
408:
387:
331:
282:
275:
270:
264:
259:
253:
241:Donald Rumsfeld
212:
196:Moynihan Report
162:John F. Kennedy
143:highway revolts
135:
69:
64:
56:social mobility
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1821:
1820:External links
1818:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1734:
1708:
1682:
1651:
1617:
1588:
1559:
1523:
1498:
1485:
1460:
1434:
1408:
1393:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1325:
1313:
1287:
1258:
1232:
1183:
1157:
1128:
1098:
1069:
1040:
1025:
1003:
988:
949:
936:
929:
908:
872:
865:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Gentrification
790:
785:
778:
775:
764:
731:
728:
711:Genesee County
702:
699:
675:eminent domain
666:
663:
643:
640:
604:Main article:
601:
598:
581:
578:
513:
483:New York Times
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:benign neglect
407:
404:
386:
383:
330:
327:
274:
273:Benign neglect
271:
266:Main article:
263:
260:
255:Main article:
252:
249:
211:
208:
174:War on Poverty
134:
131:
68:
65:
63:
60:
39:urban planning
26:
24:
18:Benign neglect
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1815:by Jill Jones
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1722:The Telegraph
1719:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1511:The Telegraph
1509:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1223:|author=
1216:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:0-671-63337-6
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
989:9780674289949
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
950:
946:
940:
937:
932:
930:0-631-20520-9
926:
922:
918:
912:
909:
906:
905:1-85984-253-4
902:
898:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
873:
868:
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
839:
833:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Urban renewal
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
770:
767:Nick Bogert,
763:
758:
756:
755:Gary, Indiana
751:
749:
745:
741:
740:Benton Harbor
737:
729:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
695:United States
687:
682:
678:
676:
672:
671:laissez-faire
664:
662:
659:
655:
649:
641:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
599:
597:
594:
590:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
566:
564:
558:
555:
551:
550:
544:
536:
535:Abraham Beame
532:
528:
523:
512:
507:
504:
500:
495:
493:
492:Abraham Beame
487:
485:
484:
478:
473:
465:
461:
456:
451:
447:
440:New York City
439:
434:
432:
430:
426:
423:
418:
413:
405:
403:
400:
399:United States
396:
395:urban decline
392:
384:
382:
380:
379:Staten Island
374:
372:
368:
367:New York City
364:
360:
359:New York City
356:
351:
348:
347:public policy
340:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
290:Richard Nixon
287:
280:
272:
269:
261:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Ronald Reagan
229:
226:
225:Richard Nixon
222:
217:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
178:Great Society
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
130:
128:
124:
119:
114:
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
61:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:United States
32:
19:
1835:
1826:
1812:
1806:
1802:City Journal
1801:
1795:
1761:
1756:November 16,
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1675:December 31,
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1646:
1641:November 16,
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1612:
1607:November 16,
1605:. Retrieved
1601:
1591:
1583:
1578:November 16,
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1554:
1549:November 16,
1547:. Retrieved
1543:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1235:
1203:. Retrieved
1199:
1171:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1119:. Retrieved
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1006:
998:j.ctt13x0h4w
971:
944:
939:
920:
911:
856:
768:
760:
752:
733:
704:
691:
668:
651:
636:
610:The city of
609:
592:
583:
567:
559:
547:
540:
531:Jimmy Carter
509:
502:
498:
496:
488:
481:
471:
469:
458:Much of the
435:Case studies
409:
388:
375:
352:
344:
317:engaging in
283:
230:
220:
213:
186:
155:
136:
123:white flight
115:
106:
104:flourished.
70:
30:
29:
1896:Urban decay
1860:Web Archive
788:Urban decay
783:South Bronx
771:, June 2013
723:real estate
628:urban decay
585:New Orleans
580:New Orleans
511:residences.
371:Roger Starr
363:New Orleans
355:South Bronx
339:South Bronx
307:Spiro Agnew
245:Dick Cheney
216:Watts riots
151:Peace Corps
71:Out of the
47:urban decay
1875:Categories
1727:January 2,
1701:January 2,
1636:Canada.com
1573:Canada.com
1516:January 2,
1344:January 2,
1306:January 2,
1280:January 2,
1251:January 2,
1205:January 2,
1150:January 2,
1121:January 2,
1091:January 2,
1062:January 2,
834:References
828:Ghost town
744:Youngstown
707:Dan Kildee
646:See also:
444:See also:
422:US Senator
406:RAND study
385:Background
156:President
1215:cite news
818:Austerity
803:Redlining
736:Rust belt
543:the Bronx
257:Redlining
251:Redlining
94:redlining
75:came the
1427:June 25,
919:(2000).
777:See also
769:NBC News
765:—
715:Michigan
514:—
464:Brooklyn
391:suburban
73:New Deal
1478:July 1,
1453:July 1,
762:budget.
748:Detroit
686:Detroit
654:Roxbury
612:Detroit
600:Detroit
176:" and "
62:History
43:poorest
1836:Themis
1390:PubMed
1178:
1038:(1989)
996:
986:
927:
903:
863:
658:Boston
574:Harlem
572:, and
477:subway
319:triage
202:, the
168:, the
100:, and
1033:#1579
1016:(PDF)
994:JSTOR
719:Flint
701:Flint
554:arson
503:alive
417:arson
323:arson
311:black
299:Negro
294:staff
1758:2012
1729:2012
1703:2012
1677:2011
1643:2012
1609:2012
1580:2012
1551:2012
1518:2012
1480:2023
1455:2023
1429:2018
1346:2012
1308:2012
1282:2012
1253:2012
1227:help
1207:2012
1176:ISBN
1152:2012
1123:2012
1093:2012
1064:2012
984:ISBN
925:ISBN
901:ISBN
861:ISBN
563:AIDS
499:dead
448:and
412:RAND
243:and
145:and
116:The
976:doi
462:in
357:of
292:'s
1877::
1769:^
1760:.
1749:.
1737:^
1720:.
1694:.
1668:.
1654:^
1645:.
1634:.
1620:^
1611:.
1600:.
1582:.
1571:.
1553:.
1542:.
1526:^
1471:.
1445:.
1419:.
1403:,
1337:.
1299:.
1273:.
1261:^
1244:.
1219::
1217:}}
1213:{{
1198:.
1186:^
1160:^
1143:.
1131:^
1101:^
1084:.
1072:^
1055:.
1043:^
1018:.
992:.
982:.
952:^
875:^
841:^
750:.
713:,
656:,
591:,
529:,
373:.
325:.
153:.
129:.
96:,
1731:.
1705:.
1679:.
1520:.
1482:.
1457:.
1431:.
1348:.
1310:.
1284:.
1255:.
1229:)
1209:.
1154:.
1125:.
1095:.
1066:.
1022:.
1000:.
978::
933:.
869:.
688:.
281:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.