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attainment mediated the association of social class attainments across generations (father's and participants social class, participant's and offspring's social class). There was no direct link between social classes across generations, but in each generation educational attainment was a predictor of social class, which is consistent with other studies. Also, participant's childhood ability moderately predicted their educational and social class attainment (.31 and .38). Participant's educational attainment was strongly linked with the odds of moving downward or upward on the social class ladder. For each SD increase in education, the odds of moving upward on the social class spectrum were 2.58 times greater (the downward ones were .26 times greater). Offspring's educational attainment was also strongly linked with the odds of moving upward or downward on the social class ladder. For each SD increase in education, the odds of moving upward were 3.54 times greater (the downward ones were .40 times greater). In conclusion, education is very important, because it is the fundamental mechanism functioning both to hold individuals in their social class of origin and to make it possible for their movement upward or downward on the social class ladder.
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mental ability in pursuit of educational attainment—professional positions require specific educational credentials. Furthermore, educational attainment contributes to social class attainment through the contribution of mental ability to educational attainment. Even further, mental ability can contribute to social class attainment independent of actual educational attainment, as in when the educational attainment is prevented, individuals with higher mental ability manage to make use of the mental ability to work their way up on the social ladder. This study made clear that intergenerational transmission of educational attainment is one of the key ways in which social class was maintained within family, and there was also evidence that education attainment was increasing over time. Finally, the results suggest that social mobility (moving upward and downward) has increased in recent years in
Britain. Which according to one researcher is important because an overall mobility of about 22% is needed to keep the distribution of intelligence relatively constant from one generation to the other within each occupational category.
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style, known as "accomplishment of natural growth" differs from the style of middle-class and upper-class parents (with at least one parent having higher education), known as "cultural cultivation". More affluent social classes are able to spend more time with their children at early ages, and children receive more exposure to interactions and activities that lead to cognitive and non-cognitive development: things like verbal communication, parent-child engagement and being read to daily. These children's parents are much more involved in their academics and their free time; placing them in extracurricular activities which develop not only additional non-cognitive skills but also academic values, habits, and abilities to better communicate and interact with authority figures. Enrollment in so many activities can often lead to frenetic family lives organized around transporting children to their various activities. Lower class children often attend lower quality schools, receive less attention from teachers and ask for help much less than their higher class peers.
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causing teachers to favor students raised in this manner. This childrearing approach which creates positive interactions in the classroom environment is in contrast with the natural growth approach to childrearing. In this approach, which is more common amongst working-class families, parents do not focus on developing the special talents of their individual children, and they speak to their children in directives. Due to this, it is rarer for a child raised in this manner to question or challenge adults and conflict arises between childrearing practices at home and school. Children raised in this manner are less inclined to participate in the classroom setting and are less likely to go out of their way to positively interact with teachers and form relationships. However, the greater freedom of working-class children gives them a broader range of local playmates, closer relationships with cousins and extended family, less sibling rivalry, fewer complaints to their parents of being bored, and fewer parent-child arguments.
796:"One significant consequence of growing income inequality is that, by historical standards, high-income households are spending much more on their children's education than low-income households." With the lack of total income, low-income families cannot afford to spend money on their children's education. Research has shown that over the past few years, families with high income has increased their spending on their children's education. High income families were paying $ 3,500 per year and now it has increased up to nearly $ 9,000, which is seven times more than what low income families pay for their kids' education. The increase in money spent on education has caused an increase in college graduation rates for the families with high income. The increase in graduation rates is causing an even bigger gap between high income children and low-income children. Given the significance of a college degree in today's labor market, rising differences in college completion signify rising differences in outcomes in the future.
305:. This form of capital, identified by social scientists only in recent years, has to do with the education and life preparation of children. "Human capital refers to the skills, abilities and knowledge possessed by specific individuals". This allows college-educated parents who have large amounts of human capital to invest in their children in certain ways to maximize future success—from reading to them at night to possessing a better understanding of the school system which causes them to be less deferential to teachers and school authorities. Research also shows that well-educated black parents are less able to transmit human capital to their children when compared to their white counterparts, due to a legacy of racism and discrimination.
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429:. This curve demonstrates that high levels of economic inequality fosters low rates of relative social mobility. The culprit behind this model is the Economic Despair idea, which states that as the gap between the bottom and middle of income distribution increases, those who are at the bottom are less likely to invest in their human capital, as they lose faith in their ability and fair chance to experience upward mobility. An example of this is seen in education, particularly in high school drop-outs. Low income status students who no longer see value in investing in their education, after continuously failing to upgrade their social status.
635:(Detroit suburb) observed an average graduation rate of 94%. A similar phenomena was observed in Los Angeles, California as well as in New York City. Los Angeles Senior High School (inner city) observed a graduation rate of 58% and San Marino High School (suburb) observed a graduation rate of 96%. New York City Geographic District Number Two (inner city) observed a graduation rate of 69% and Westchester School District (suburb) observed a graduation rate of 85%. These patterns were observed across the country when assessing the differences between inner city graduation rates and suburban graduation rates.
536:. In addition to other correlations with negative social outcomes for societies having high inequality, they found a relationship between high social inequality and low social mobility. Of the eight countries studied—Canada, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, the UK and the US, the US had both the highest economic inequality and lowest economic mobility. In this and other studies, in fact, the US has very low mobility at the lowest rungs of the socioeconomic ladder, with mobility increasing slightly as one goes up the ladder. At the top rung of the ladder, however, mobility again decreases.
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1973 in
Scotland. Participants completed a questionnaire (participant's address, father's occupation, the participant's own first regular occupation, the age of finishing full-time education, number of siblings, and if the participant was a regular car driver) and attended a physical examination (measurement of height). Social class was coded according to the Registrar General's Classification for the participant's occupation at the time of screening, his first occupation and his father's occupation. Researchers separated into six social classes were used.
126:, health, housing, income, job opportunities and other factors and compares it to some starting point (usually the previous generation). As technological advancements and economic development increase so do income levels and the conditions in which most people live. In absolute terms, people around the world, on average, are living better today than yesterday and in that sense, have experienced absolute mobility. Relative mobility looks at the mobility of a person in comparison to the mobility of others in the same cohort. In more advanced economies and
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systems worsen, high income families move to rich suburbs because that is where they feel better education is; if they do stay in the city, they put their children to private schools. Low income families do not have a choice but to settle for the bad education because they cannot afford to relocate to rich suburbs. The more money and time parents invest in their child plays a huge role in determining their success in school. Research has shown that higher mobility levels are perceived for locations where there are better schools.
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qualified, 75% of all entering freshmen classes at top-tier
American institutions belong to the uppermost socioeconomic quartile. A family's class determines the amount of investment and involvement parents have in their children's educational abilities and success from their earliest years of life, leaving low-income students with less chance for academic success and social mobility due to the effects that the (common) parenting style of the lower and working-class have on their outlook on and success in education.
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There was a lack of social mobility in the offspring generation as a whole. However, there was definitely individual offspring movement on the social class ladder: 31.4% had higher social class attainment than their participant parents (grandparents), 33.7% moved downward, and 33.9% stayed stable. Participant's childhood mental ability was linked to social class in all three generations. A very important pattern has also been confirmed: average years of education increased with social class and IQ.
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same effect was seen for father's occupation. Men at midlife social class I and II (the highest, more professional) also had the highest IQ at age 11. Height at midlife, years of education and childhood IQ were significantly positively related to upward social mobility, while number of siblings had no significant effect. For each standard deviation increase in IQ score at the age 11, the chances of upward social mobility increases by 69% (with a 95% confidence). After controlling the effect of
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hypotheses depends on which lens the relationship between SES and health is being looked through. The health selection hypothesis is supported when people looking at SES and health through labor market lens. One possible reason for this is health dictates an individual's productivity and to a certain extent if the individual is employed. While, the social causation hypothesis is supported when looking at health and socioeconomic status relationship through an education and income lenses.
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289:, skills, or any other form of knowledge. Usually, people with all three types of capital have a high status in society. Bourdieu found that the culture of the upper social class is oriented more toward formal reasoning and abstract thought. The lower social class is geared more towards matters of facts and the necessities of life. He also found that the environment in which a person develops has a large effect on the cultural resources that a person will have.
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disparities between strictly location and its educational opportunities highlights how patterns of educational mobility are influencing the capacity for individuals to experience social mobility. There is some debate regarding how important educational attainment is for social mobility. A substantial literature argues that there is a direct effect of social origins (DESO) which cannot be explained by educational attainment. However, other
597:, which compare intergenerational mobility in earnings between the 1958 and the 1970 UK cohorts, and claim that intergenerational mobility decreased substantially in this 12-year period. These findings have been controversial, partly due to conflicting findings on social class mobility using the same datasets, and partly due to questions regarding the analytical sample and the treatment of missing data. UK Prime Minister
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high- and low-income students is growing, the difference in college graduation rates between the rich and the poor is also growing. Although the college graduation rate among the poorest households increased by about 4 percentage points between those born in the early 1960s and those born in the early 1980s, over this same period, the graduation rate increased by almost 20 percentage points for the wealthiest households.
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including rent. The strong relationships they have with others offers the support system they need in order for them to meet their monthly expenses. At times, low income families might decide to double up in a single residency to lessen the financial burden on each family. However, this type of support system, that low socioeconomic status individuals have, is still not enough to promote upward relative mobility.
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higher the family income the better opportunities one is given to get a good education. The inequality in education makes it harder for low-income families to achieve social mobility. Research has indicated that inequality is connected to the deficiency of social mobility. In a period of growing inequality and low social mobility, fixing the quality of and access to education has the possibility to increase
115:, between different generations. Intragenerational mobility is less frequent, representing "rags to riches" cases in terms of upward mobility. Intergenerational upward mobility is more common where children or grandchildren are in economic circumstances better than those of their parents or grandparents. In the US, this type of mobility is described as one of the fundamental features of the "
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666:, or inequality. Another objection for economic reasons is due to the globalization that is taking place in the world today. In addition to criticism of the widening inequality caused by the elite, the widening inequality among the general public caused by the influx of immigrants and other factors due to globalization is also a target of populist criticism.
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education, African
Americans and Latinos continued to underperform relative to their white and Asian counterparts, earning lower grades, progressing at a slower rate and dropping out at higher rates. More disturbing was the fact that these differentials persisted even after controlling for obvious factors such as SAT scores and family socioeconomic status".
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education. This shows that the arguments for the regressive model should not be without qualifications. Furthermore, in the elitist system, the effect of earnings distribution on growth is negatively impacted due to the polarizing social class structure with individuals at the top with all the capital and individuals at the bottom with nothing.
749:) educational data, childhood ability and late life intellectual function data. It was proposed that social class of origin acts as a ballast restraining otherwise meritocratic social class movement, and that education is the primary means through which social class movement is both restrained and facilitated—therefore acting in a pivotal role.
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explore whether health dictates social mobility or whether social mobility dictates quality of health. The social causation hypothesis states that social factors (individual behavior and the environmental circumstances) determine an individual's health. Conversely, the health selection hypothesis states that health determines what
622:(2014) finds that wealth-income ratios, today, seem to be returning to very high levels in low economic growth countries, similar to what he calls the "classic patrimonial" wealth-based societies of the 19th century wherein a minority lives off its wealth while the rest of the population works for subsistence living.
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inequality. However, other research has found that minorities, particularly
African Americans, are still being policed and observed more at their jobs than their white counterparts. The constant policing has often led to the frequent firing of African Americans. In this case, African Americans experience
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Higher IQ at age 11 was also significantly related to higher social class at midlife, higher likelihood car driving at midlife, higher first social class, higher father's social class, fewer siblings, higher age of education, being taller and living in a less deprived neighbourhood at midlife. IQ was
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The existing research on mixed housing, however, shows that mixed housing does not promote or facilitate upward social mobility. Instead of developing complex relationships among each other, mixed housing residents of different socioeconomic statuses tend to engage in casual conversations and keep to
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There is also an idea of stickiness concerning mobility. This is when an individual is no longer experiencing relative mobility and it occurs mostly at the ends. At the bottom end of the socioeconomic ladder, parents cannot provide their children with the necessary resources or opportunity to enhance
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Family income is one of the most important factors in determining the mental ability (intelligence) of their children. With such bad education that urban schools are offering, parents of high income are moving out of these areas to give their children a better opportunity to succeed. As urban school
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Researchers looked into the effects elitist and non-elitist education systems have on social mobility. Education policies are often critiqued based on their impact on a single generation, but it is important to look at education policies and the effects they have on social mobility. In the research,
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At midlife period, a subset of the subjects participated in one of the studies, which were large health studies of adults and were carried out in
Scotland in the 1960s and 1970s. The particular study they took part in was the collaborative study of 6022 men and 1006 women, conducted between 1970 and
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can live in one area. There is not a lot of research on the effects of mixed housing. However, the general consensus is that mixed housing will allow individuals of low socioeconomic status to acquire the necessary resources and social connections to move up the social ladder. Other possible effects
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The theory of capital deficiency is among the most recognized explanations for minority underperformance academically—that for whatever reason they simply lack the resources to find academic success. One of the largest factors for this, aside from the social, economic, and cultural capital mentioned
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In the United States, links between minority underperformance in schools have been made with a lacking in the cultural resources of cultural capital, social capital and economic capital, yet inconsistencies persist even when these variables are accounted for. "Once admitted to institutions of higher
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Education is very important in determining the outcome of one's future. It is almost impossible to achieve upward mobility without education. Education is frequently seen as a strong driver of social mobility. The quality of one's education varies depending on the social class that they are in. The
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The authors of the report showed that they can challenge conventional beliefs that elitist and regressive educational policy is the ideal system. This is explained as the researchers found that education has multiple benefits. It brings more productivity and has a value, which was a new thought for
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was conducted. In the structural equation models, social status in the 1970s was the main outcome variable. The main contributors to education (and first social class) were father's social class and IQ at age 11, which was also found in a
Scandinavian study. This effect was direct and also mediated
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also stated that "evidence from social scientists suggests that
American society is much 'stickier' than most Americans assume. Some researchers claim that social mobility is actually declining." A German study corroborates these results. In spite of this low mobility Americans have had the highest
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and leave the bread winning to the men. Additionally, women around the world are denied an education as their families may find it more economically beneficial to invest in the education and wellbeing of their males instead of their females. In the parent's eyes the son will be the one who provides
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was only present for those who did not belong to the high-class status. Meaning race affects an individual's chances at upward mobility if they do not begin at the upper-class population. Another theory concerning race and mobility is, as time progresses, racial inequality will be replaced by class
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of a community. Outside of mixed housing, individuals with a low socioeconomic status consider relationships to be more salient than the type of neighborhood they live to their prospects of moving up the social ladder. This is because their income is often not enough to cover their monthly expenses
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is known to be self-reproducing since they have the necessary resources and money to afford, and get into, an elite university. This class is self-reproducing because these same students can then give the same opportunities to their children. Another example of this is high and middle socioeconomic
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The term "social gradient" in health refers to the idea that the inequalities in health are connected to the social status a person has. Two ideas concerning the relationship between health and social mobility are the social causation hypothesis and the health selection hypothesis. These hypotheses
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A child born to parents with income in the lowest quintile is more than ten times more likely to end up in the lowest quintile than the highest as an adult (43 percent versus 4 percent). And, a child born to parents in the highest quintile is five times more likely to end up in the highest quintile
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directly affects the educational opportunities and outcomes. In other words, social class and a family's socioeconomic status directly affect a child's chances for obtaining a quality education and succeeding in life. By age five, there are significant developmental differences between low, middle,
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Participants at midlife did not necessarily end up in the same social class as their fathers. There was social mobility in the sample: 45% of men were upwardly mobile, 14% were downward mobile and 41% were socially stable. IQ at age 11 had a graded relationship with participant's social class. The
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and therefore social mobility in adulthood are of interest to psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, economists, epidemiologists and many more. The reason behind the interest is because it indicates access to material goods, educational opportunities, healthy environments, and economic
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Illustration from a 1916 advertisement for a vocational school in the back of a US magazine. Education has been seen as a key to social mobility and the advertisement appealed to
Americans' belief in the possibility of self-betterment as well as threatening the consequences of downward mobility in
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There were some great contributors to social class attainment and social class mobility in the twentieth century: Both social class attainment and social mobility are influenced by pre-existing levels of mental ability, which was in consistence with other studies. So, the role of individual level
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it was found that regarding whole generations (not individuals) the social mobility between father's and participant's generation is: 50.7% of the participant generation have moved upward in relation to their fathers, 22.1% had moved downwards, and 27.2% had remained stable in their social class.
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The patterns of educational mobility that exist between inner-city schools versus schools in the suburbs is transparent. Graduation rates supply a rich context to these patterns. In the 2013–14 school year, Detroit Public
Schools observed a graduation rate of 71% whereas Grosse Pointe High School
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Social mobility can also be influenced by differences that exist within education. The contribution of education to social mobility often gets neglected in social mobility research although it really has the potential to transform the relationship between origins and destinations. Recognizing the
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of social mobility, though one can compare measures of mobility across regions or countries or within a given area over time. While cross-cultural studies comparing differing types of economies are possible, comparing economies of similar type usually yields more comparable data. Such comparisons
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The cultural resources a person has obtained can heavily influence a child's educational success. It has been shown that students raised under the concerted cultivation approach have "an emerging sense of entitlement" which leads to asking teachers more questions and being a more active student,
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between the rich and the poor, the upper and lower class, continues to increase as more middle-class people get poorer and the lower-class get even poorer. As the socioeconomic inequality continues to increase in the United States, being on either end of the spectrum makes a child more likely to
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Among older children, evidence suggests that the gap between high- and low-income primary- and secondary-school students has increased by almost 40 percent over the past thirty years. These differences persist and widen into young adulthood and beyond. Just as the gap in K–12 test scores between
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When private education supplements are introduced, it becomes clear that some elitist policies promote some social mobility and that an egalitarian system is the most successful at creating the maximum amount of welfare. These discoveries were justified from the reasoning that elitist education
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emphasize the importance of economics. They warn that such trends increase resentment and make people susceptible to populist rhetoric. Evidence for this is mixed. At the macro level, political scientists report that xenophobia, anti-immigrant ideas, and resentment towards out-groups tend to be
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Women, in comparison to men, experience less social mobility. One possible reason for this is the poor quality or lack of education that females receive. In countries like India it is common for educated women not use their education to move up the social ladder due to cultural and traditional
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is used primarily by economists to evaluate income mobility. Conversely, social mobility is used by sociologists to evaluate primarily class mobility. How strongly economic and social mobility are related depends on the strength of the intergenerational relationship between class and income of
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The chances for social mobility are primarily determined by the family a child is born into. Today, the gaps seen in both access to education and educational success (graduating from a higher institution) is even larger. Today, while college applicants from every socioeconomic class are equally
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This may be partly due to lower- and working-class parents (where neither is educated above high school diploma level) spending less time on average with their children in their earliest years of life and not being as involved in their children's education and time out of school. This parenting
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It was found that social class of origin predicts educational attainment in both the participant's and offspring generations. Father's social class and participant's social class held the same importance in predicting offspring educational attainment—effect across two generations. Educational
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higher during difficult economic times. Economic crises have been associated with gains by far-right political parties. However, there is little evidence at the micro- or individual level to link individual economic grievances and populist support. Populist politicians tend to put pressure on
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that govern societies hinder or allow social mobility. Education can be a tool used by individuals to move from one stratum to another in stratified societies. Higher education policies have worked to establish and reinforce stratification. Greater gaps in education quality and investment in
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and which has the greater influence on the other. A recent study has found that the social causation hypothesis is more empirically supported than the health selection hypothesis. Empirical analysis shows no support for the health selection hypothesis. Another study found support for either
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When private education supplements were not considered, it was found that the greatest amount of social mobility was derived from a system with the least elitist public education system. It was also discovered that the system with the most elitist policies produced the greatest amount of
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among middle- and high-income countries. A study of social mobility among the French corporate class has found that class continues to influence who reaches the top in France, with those from the upper-middle classes tending to dominate, despite a longstanding emphasis on meritocracy.
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countries there is more space for absolute mobility than for relative mobility because a person from an average status background may remain average (thus no relative mobility) but still have a gradual increase in living standards due to a total social average increasing over time.
726:, only IQ at age 11 was significantly inversely related to downward movement in social mobility. More years of education increase the chance that a father's son will surpass his social class, whereas low IQ makes a father's son prone to falling behind his father's social class.
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Researchers did a study that encompassed a wide range of data of individuals in lifetime (in childhood and during mid-adulthood). Most of the Scottish children who were born in 1921 participated in the Scottish Mental Survey 1932, which was conducted under the auspices of the
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mixed housing can bring are positive behavioral changes and improved sanitation and safer living conditions for the low socioeconomic status residents. This is because higher socioeconomic status individuals are more likely to demand higher quality residencies, schools, and
702:(SCRE) and obtained the data of psychometric intelligence of Scottish pupils. The number of children who took the mental ability test (based on the Moray House tests) was 87,498. They were between age 10 and 11. The tests covered general, spatial and numerical reasoning.
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as an influencer on social mobility stems from colonial times. There has been discussion as to whether race can still hinder an individual's chances at upward mobility or whether class has a greater influence. A study performed on the Brazilian population found that
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elitist schools are defined as schools that focus on providing its best students with the tools to succeed, whereas an egalitarian school is one that predicates itself on giving equal opportunity to all its students to achieve academic success.
285:. Social capital includes resources one achieves based on group membership, networks of influence, relationships and support from other people. Cultural capital is any advantage a person has that gives them a higher status in society, such as
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suggests that, using a sufficiently fine-grained measure of educational attainment, taking on board such factors as university status and field of study, education fully mediates the link between social origins and access to top class jobs.
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Finally, height, education and IQ at age 11 were predictors of upward social mobility and only IQ at age 11 and height were significant predictors of downward social mobility. Number of siblings was not significant in either of the models.
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Average family income, and social status, have both seen a decrease for the bottom third of all children between 1975 and 2011. The 5th percentile of children and their families have seen up to a 60% decrease in average family income. The
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to get married. Moreover, when women do enter the workforce, they are highly unlikely to earn the same pay as their male counterparts. Furthermore, women can even differ in pay among each other due to race. To combat these
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Jäntti M, Bratsberg B, Roed K, Rauum O, et al. (2006). "American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States".
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Education provides one of the most promising chances of upward social mobility and attaining a higher social status, regardless of current social standing. However, the stratification of social classes and high
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While it is generally accepted that some level of mobility in society is desirable, there is no consensus agreement upon "how much" social mobility is good for or bad for a society. There is no international
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Von Stumm S, Gale CR, Batty GD, Deary IJ (July 2009). "Childhood intelligence, locus of control and behaviour disturbance as determinants of intergenerational social mobility: British Cohort Study 1970".
107:. Occupation is another measure used in researching mobility which usually involves both quantitative and qualitative analysis of data, but other studies may concentrate on social class. Mobility may be
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Another research looked into the pivotal role of education in association between ability and social class attainment through three generations (fathers, participants and offspring) using the SMS1932 (
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Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility. However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.
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parents have the necessary resources and opportunities to ensure their children also remain in same ladder rung as them. In East Asian countries this is exemplified by the concept of familial
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One study comparing social mobility between developed countries found that the four countries with the lowest "intergenerational income elasticity", i.e. the highest social mobility, were
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The New York Times offers a graphic about social mobility, overall trends, income elasticity and country by country. European nations such as Denmark and France, are ahead of the US.
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Deary IJ, Whiteman MC, Starr JM, Whalley LJ, Fox HC (January 2004). "The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: following up the Scottish mental surveys of 1932 and 1947".
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of economic stature, prestige, and power and we see the potential for complexity in a given social stratification system. Such dimensions within a given society can be seen as
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Johnson W, Brett CE, Deary IJ (January 2010). "The pivotal role of education in the association between ability and social class attainment: A look across three generations".
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Structural equation model of the direct and indirect influence of childhood position and IQ upon social status attainment at mid-life. All parameters significant (p<.05)
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direction. Markers for social mobility such as education and class, are used to predict, discuss and learn more about an individual or a group's mobility in society.
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that can explain differences in social mobility at different times and places in different stratification systems. In addition, the same variables that contribute as
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Scottish Council for Research in Education (1933). The intelligence of Scottish children: A national survey of an age-group. London, UK7 University of London Press.
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Studies have also found "a clear negative relationship" between income inequality and intergenerational mobility. Countries with low levels of inequality such as
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distinguishes between the economic and cultural aspects of class. Bourdieu described three types of capital that place a person in a certain social category:
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typically look at intergenerational mobility, examining the extent to which children born into different families have different life chances and outcomes.
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777:. Logically, social mobility decreases with more elitist education systems and utilitarian welfare decreases with less elitist public education policies.
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The evidence of increasing economic disparity and volatility of family incomes is clear, particularly in the United States, as shown by the work of
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3446:"Intergenerational social mobility and mid-life status attainment: Influences of childhood intelligence, childhood social factors, and education"
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These differing dimensions of social mobility can be classified in terms of differing types of capital that contribute to changes in mobility.
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for them in their old age while the daughter will move away with her husband. The son will bring an income while the daughter might require a
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status parents are able to send their children to an early education program, enhancing their chances at academic success in the later years.
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Waller JH (September 1971). "Achievement and social mobility: relationships among IQ score, education, and occupation in two generations".
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in a given society. The extent of differing social positions and the manner in which they fit together or overlap provides the overall
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Mobility can also be defined in terms of relative or absolute mobility. Absolute mobility looks at a person's progress in the areas of
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Kosteniuk JG, Dickinson HD (July 2003). "Tracing the social gradient in the health of Canadians: primary and secondary determinants".
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Grusky DB, Hauser RM (February 1984). "Comparative Social Mobility Revisited: Models of Convergence and Divergence in 16 Countries".
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2471:, Jackson M (December 2007). "Intergenerational class mobility in contemporary Britain: political concerns and empirical findings".
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2710:
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1723:
589:
In Britain, much debate on social mobility has been generated by comparisons of the 1958 National Child Development Study (
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Comparison of social mobility in selected countries (fraction of children from poor families growing up to be poor adults)
327:
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How social position of origin relates to intelligence and level of education when adjusting for attained social position
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relative to one's current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an
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systems discourage skilled workers from supplementing their children's educations with private expenditures.
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significantly more strongly related to the social class in midlife than the social class of the first job.
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2938:"DPS Graduation rates are up 6.5 percentage points over last year and 11 percentage points since 2010–11"
1938:
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The Source of the River: The Social Origins of Freshmen at America's Selective Colleges and Universities
869:
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68:
56:
45:
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1939:"How much scope for a mobility paradox? The relationship between social and income mobility in Sweden"
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Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (1 August 2022).
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is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between
4216:
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4858:
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students among elite and standard universities account for the lower upward social mobility of the
270:
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4280:"Intergenerational Mobility in Latin America: Deeper Markets and Better Schools Make a Difference"
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4030:"Thirteen Economic Facts about Social Mobility and the Role of Education | Brookings Institution"
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208:
188:
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96:
41:
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had some of the greatest mobility, while the two countries with the high level of inequality—
555:
with less than 20% of advantages of having a high income parent passed on to their children.
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2097:
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1984:
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975:
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967:
923:
819:
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250:
160:
1619:
1305:
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1855:
1595:
1570:
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1521:
1468:
980:
670:
619:
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parents and kids, and "the covariance between parents' and children's class position".
397:
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themselves. If noticed and unaddressed for a long period of time, this can lead to the
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334:
262:
116:
3444:
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1498:
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2484:
2117:
2041:
1836:
1700:
1386:
1192:
881:
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606:
302:
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152:
60:
4067:
2539:
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1989:
1972:
1342:
5280:
5207:
4986:
4976:
4895:
4645:
4552:
4502:
3963:
2236:
1018:
679:
651:
647:
601:
has famously said that trends in social mobility "are not as we would have liked".
598:
509:
425:
Additionally, economic and social mobility can also be thought of as following the
367:
363:
180:
3831:
3322:
3290:"Economic Crisis and Political Extremism in Europe: From the 1930s to the Present"
2101:
4144:
3674:
3594:
3555:
3464:
2808:
2768:
1820:
1440:
1408:
524:. Higher equality of wealth correlates with higher social mobility for countries.
71:. Open stratification systems are those in which at least some value is given to
5444:
5275:
5265:
5215:
5197:
5108:
5069:
4863:
4774:
4757:
4337:
4322:
4225:
4186:
1715:
710:
674:
612:
392:. This type of housing is funded by profit, nonprofit and public organizations.
371:
119:" even though there is less such mobility than almost all other OECD countries.
3745:
3511:
1879:
1098:"Intergenerational Social Mobility Economics Department Working Papers No. 707"
5290:
4630:
4405:
3947:
3395:
3306:
3289:
3129:
3112:
3055:
3038:
2833:. Bernardi, Fabrizio,, Ballarino, Gabriele. Cheltenham, UK. 12 February 2024.
2531:
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3955:
3785:
3138:
3087:
3064:
2882:"The path from social origins to top jobs: social reproduction via education"
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2729:
2644:
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2025:
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1030:
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5336:
5331:
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1404:
663:
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Along with the aforementioned "Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults?" study,
286:
164:
163:
of such positions. Add to this the differing dimensions of status, such as
123:
3804:
3753:
3519:
3413:
2908:
2492:
1897:
1645:
1604:
1506:
1334:
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179:
to the valuation of income or wealth and that also affect social status,
2268:
2251:
2033:
952:
340:
There has been a lot of research investigating the relationship between
5341:
5326:
5322:
5084:
5034:
5026:
5016:
4920:
4908:
4767:
4663:
4657:
4400:
4362:
2711:"Pathways to Power: Class, Hyper-Agency and the French Corporate Elite"
2278:
1856:"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility"
1692:
1586:
1326:
1177:
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662:, who then support populism. Some theories only focus on the effect of
575:
567:
548:
540:
19:"Upwardly mobile" redirects here. For the Irish television series, see
1127:"A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility - en - OECD"
5313:
5126:
5059:
4999:
4994:
4801:
4410:
583:
571:
552:
544:
487:. This goal is accused of being too broad and having no action plan.
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345:
282:
200:
192:
104:
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5131:
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4732:
4472:
4468:
4295:
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5564:
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5388:
5289:
5246:
5206:
5188:
5107:
5025:
4985:
4894:
4887:
4842:
4745:
4591:
4545:
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4330:
3917:Cremer H, De Donder P, Pestieau P (1 August 2010).
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3249:
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1385:
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3604:20.500.11820/c1a4facd-67f3-484b-8943-03f62e5babc0
3380:"Populism and de Facto Central Bank Independence"
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3715:
718:via education and the participant's first job.
479:, the UN has made it one of their goals on the
227:remain there and never become socially mobile.
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3111:Flaherty, Thomas M.; Rogowski, Ronald (2021).
2393:"Financial Security and Mobility - Pew Trusts"
2296:International Comparisons of Economic Mobility
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1964:
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232:than the lowest (40 percent versus 8 percent).
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3908:
3906:
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3491:
3489:
3439:
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3435:
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845:Higher education bubble in the United States
253:, a term first coined by French sociologist
4114:Grusky, David B; Cumberworth, Erin (2012).
2132:"The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap"
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450:that stunts their upward social mobility.
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3784:
3735:
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3403:
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686:Influence of intelligence and education
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4130:from the original on 5 November 2021
3926:International Tax and Public Finance
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2405:from the original on 9 February 2012
2142:from the original on 27 October 2019
1949:from the original on 27 October 2019
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1788:from the original on 27 October 2019
1726:from the original on 24 October 2019
1137:from the original on 26 October 2019
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3614:from the original on 26 April 2019
3474:from the original on 7 August 2020
3288:Klapsis, Antonis (December 2014).
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2962:from the original on 8 April 2017.
2944:from the original on 8 April 2017.
2549:from the original on 10 March 2020
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1918:from the original on 2 August 2022
1904:Leonhardt, David (1 August 2022).
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715:structural equation model analysis
593:) and the 1970 Birth Cohort Study
586:—had some of the lowest mobility.
245:Class cultures and social networks
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4040:from the original on 8 April 2017
4003:from the original on 8 April 2017
3973:from the original on 28 July 2021
3359:from the original on 18 July 2023
2918:from the original on 28 July 2021
2747:from the original on 31 July 2020
2373:from the original on 23 July 2018
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1266:from the original on 8 April 2017
1039:from the original on 19 July 2014
1021:, Cumberworth E (February 2010).
673:and others. Commentators such as
499:Social mobility is lower in more
59:in a society. It is a change in
5736:
5735:
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2889:The British Journal of Sociology
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2485:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00165.x
2473:The British Journal of Sociology
2256:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1652:from the original on 3 June 2018
999:from the original on 2 June 2018
111:, within the same generation or
4123:. National Academy of Science.
3919:"Education and social mobility"
2186:Wilkinson R, Pickett K (2009).
1990:10.1590/S0011-52582007000100008
1214:Collins, Patricia Hill (1998).
95:measured in terms of change in
73:achieved status characteristics
16:Mobility to move social classes
5377:
1445:. Princeton University Press.
1413:. Princeton University Press.
147:Social status and social class
1:
3832:10.1080/19485565.1971.9987927
3724:British Journal of Psychology
3384:Comparative Political Studies
3157:Berman, Sheri (11 May 2021).
2686:. The Brookings Institution.
2669:IZA Discussion Paper No. 1938
2433:Paul Krugman| 15 January 2012
2102:10.1080/13545701.2016.1195004
1499:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00345-3
1487:Social Science & Medicine
835:Essential facilities doctrine
328:Social determinants of health
3675:10.1016/j.intell.2009.04.002
3635:European Sociological Review
3595:10.1016/j.intell.2009.11.010
3556:10.1016/j.intell.2009.11.008
3465:10.1016/j.intell.2005.06.003
3240:Wolf, M. (3 December 2019).
2809:10.1080/01425692.2013.826414
2682:Isaacs J, Sawhill I (2008).
2568:Clark, Tom (10 March 2010).
2250:Corak, Miles (August 2013).
1821:10.1080/14616718.2014.961753
1673:Comparative Education Review
1158:American Sociological Review
920:Economic Policy Reforms 2010
876:Social and Cultural Mobility
840:Global Social Mobility Index
481:Millennium Development Goals
4226:10.1177/0730888400027004004
4187:10.1177/0730888499026004005
2770:Capital in the 21st century
5793:
4583:Weberian (three-component)
4149:. Transaction Publishers.
4107:Princeton University Press
3746:10.1348/000712603322503097
3512:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.130
3117:International Organization
3043:International Organization
2570:"Is social mobility dead?"
1880:10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4
960:Annual Review of Economics
922:. 2010. pp. 181–198.
457:
337:an individual will be in.
317:
25:
18:
5731:
5397:
5384:
5371:
4741:
4728:
4541:
4512:
3948:10.1007/s10797-010-9133-0
3396:10.1177/00104140221139513
3307:10.1007/s12290-014-0315-5
3215:Hacker, Jacob S. (2019).
3130:10.1017/S0020818321000163
3056:10.1017/S0020818320000314
2532:10.1080/01425690801966402
1569:Warren JR (1 June 2009).
1356:Bourdieu, Pierre (1984).
928:10.1787/growth-2010-38-en
747:Lothian Birth Cohort 1921
680:central bank independence
5705:Pre-industrial East Asia
4255:10.1177/0002716215596971
3997:www.equalitytrust.org.uk
3786:10.1186/1471-2458-11-895
3330:European Economic Review
3190:Piketty, Thomas (2014).
3088:10.1017/cbo9780511492037
2730:10.1177/0170840613509919
2645:10.1177/0002716215596971
2026:10.1177/0002716206297018
1538:10.1136/bmj.313.7055.435
1384:Lareau, Annette (2003).
1285:Lareau, Annette (2011).
897:Winner and loser culture
691:Social status attainment
26:Not to be confused with
5772:Socio-economic mobility
4753:Administrative detainee
3273:Dancygier, RM. (2010).
2901:10.1111/1468-4446.12314
2429:7 November 2017 at the
791:equality of opportunity
644:economic liberalisation
91:Mobility is most often
5169:
2424:The Great Gatsby Curve
2060:frontline.thehindu.com
1520:Dahl E (August 1996).
1307:The Future of Children
1193:"Class, Status, Party"
830:Distribution of wealth
734:
563:
525:
504:
414:
385:socioeconomic statuses
234:
219:
49:
5777:Social stratification
5710:Pre-industrial Europe
4331:Life stages or events
3006:10.1017/9781108595841
2956:"Overall Niche Grade"
2865:) CS1 maint: others (
2345:Corak, Miles (2006).
2327:14 March 2012 at the
1637:10.1093/eurpub/ckv111
1466:Becker, Gary (1964).
1360:. London: Routledge.
1319:10.1353/foc.2006.0015
1260:Brookings Institution
870:Rational expectations
860:Occupational prestige
810:Ascriptive inequality
732:
724:independent variables
561:
530:Wilkinson and Pickett
519:
498:
412:
281:, and other material
229:
214:
177:intervening variables
173:independent variables
69:social stratification
46:Industrial Revolution
38:
5567: or countries
5378:By country or region
4616:Class discrimination
4381:Boomerang Generation
4204:Work and Occupations
4175:Work and Occupations
2718:Organization Studies
2608:. 29 December 2004.
2194:. Bloomsbury Press.
1943:Sociological Science
1782:Community-Wealth.org
850:Kitchen sink realism
491:Patterns of mobility
342:socioeconomic status
137:socioeconomic status
44:existing during the
5099:Vanniar (Chieftain)
4433:Quarter-life crisis
3647:10.1093/esr/17.2.81
3254:on 10 December 2022
3078:Mudde, Cas (2007).
2269:10.1257/jep.27.3.79
1971:Ribeiro CA (2007).
1872:2022Natur.608..108C
918:"A Family Affair".
855:Horizontal mobility
825:Desert (philosophy)
793:for all Americans.
775:utilitarian welfare
640:deindustrialisation
534:developed countries
99:such as changes in
5680:18th-century Spain
5534:Standard of living
5238:Upper middle class
5233:Lower middle class
4824:Political prisoner
4606:Chattering classes
4578:Spoon class theory
4458:Youth unemployment
4453:Youth homelessness
4391:Disconnected youth
4374:social dysfunction
4353:Identity formation
4164:Matthys M (2012).
2766:Piketty T (2014).
2293:Isaacs JB (2008).
2090:Feminist Economics
1912:The New York Times
1750:Durova AO (2013).
1587:10.1353/sof.0.0219
892:Spatial inequality
735:
564:
526:
522:Great Gatsby Curve
505:
477:gender disparities
427:Great Gatsby curve
415:
370:. Conversely, the
50:
5767:Social inequality
5749:
5748:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5560:
5559:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5261:Lumpenproletariat
4763:illegal immigrant
4724:
4723:
4636:Classless society
4466:
4465:
4396:Economic mobility
4105:. Princeton, NJ:
4080:978-0-02-914673-6
3773:BMC Public Health
3226:978-0-19-084414-1
3201:978-0-674-43000-6
3097:978-0-511-49203-7
3015:978-1-108-59584-1
2774:. Belknap Press.
2454:978-0-521-82760-7
2363:978-0-76231-350-1
2020:: 233–248. 2007.
1866:(7921): 108–121.
1407:(20 April 2016).
1367:978-0-415-56788-6
1233:978-0-8476-8542-4
485:gender inequality
448:racial inequality
443:racial inequality
419:Economic mobility
209:wealth inequality
185:social inequality
113:intergenerational
109:intragenerational
97:economic mobility
42:income inequality
5784:
5739:
5738:
5566:
5467:Mexican-American
5395:
5386:
5373:
5174:
5117:Business magnate
5007:Knowledge worker
4892:
4780:dual or multiple
4743:
4730:
4684:Social exclusion
4679:Social cleansing
4593:
4543:
4532:Economic classes
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4443:Vulnerable adult
4372:Psychological or
4358:Self-sufficiency
4316:
4309:
4302:
4293:
4283:
4266:
4237:
4219:
4198:
4169:
4160:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4122:
4110:
4085:
4084:
4072:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4036:. 26 June 2013.
4026:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3941:
3923:
3914:
3901:
3900:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3788:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3739:
3730:(Pt 4): 551–61.
3719:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3606:
3580:
3571:
3560:
3559:
3539:
3524:
3523:
3495:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3450:
3441:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3390:(8): 1189–1223.
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3327:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3248:. Archived from
3237:
3231:
3230:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3154:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3034:
3028:
3027:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2940:. 6 March 2015.
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2852:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2803:(5–6): 637–643.
2792:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2515:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2434:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2309:on 21 July 2014.
2308:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2217:Economic Studies
2212:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2066:on 24 March 2019
2062:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1909:
1901:
1891:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1747:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1639:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1581:(4): 2125–2153.
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1191:Weber M (1946).
1188:
1182:
1181:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1133:. 15 June 2018.
1123:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1027:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
998:
983:
957:
948:
942:
941:
915:
820:Cycle of poverty
271:Economic capital
267:cultural capital
259:economic capital
251:Cultural capital
161:social structure
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5719:
5668:
5556:
5528:
5495:
5479:Underprivileged
5421:
5380:
5379:
5355:
5285:
5242:
5202:
5184:
5103:
5021:
4981:
4883:
4838:
4737:
4736:
4720:
4699:Social position
4689:Social mobility
4587:
4537:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4467:
4462:
4438:Social mobility
4421:Parasite single
4373:
4367:
4326:
4320:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4240:
4217:10.1.1.979.3395
4201:
4172:
4163:
4157:
4142:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4097:
4093:
4091:Further reading
4088:
4081:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3939:10.1.1.637.2983
3921:
3916:
3915:
3904:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3737:10.1.1.482.4805
3721:
3720:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3563:
3541:
3540:
3527:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3421:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3246:Financial Times
3239:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3016:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2513:
2507:Gorard, Stephen
2505:
2504:
2500:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2431:Wayback Machine
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2332:– 26 April 2006
2329:Wayback Machine
2318:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1903:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1784:. 30 May 2017.
1776:
1775:
1771:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1532:(7055): 435–6.
1519:
1518:
1514:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1234:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1170:10.2307/2095555
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1075:10.2307/2576520
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
955:
950:
949:
945:
938:
917:
916:
909:
905:
806:
688:
664:economic crises
660:wage stagnation
493:
462:
456:
435:
407:
381:
357:The systems of
355:
330:
316:
311:
255:Pierre Bourdieu
247:
153:social statuses
149:
89:
53:Social mobility
31:
28:Social movement
24:
21:Upwardly Mobile
17:
12:
11:
5:
5790:
5788:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Social classes
5754:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5700:Ottoman Empire
5697:
5692:
5687:
5685:Ancient Greece
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5659:United Kingdom
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5552:Home-ownership
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5407:American Dream
5404:
5398:
5392:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4900:
4898:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4819:Migrant worker
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4735:By demographic
4733:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4715:Status Anxiety
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4669:Ranked society
4666:
4661:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:Class conflict
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4594: topics
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:Mudsill theory
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4273:
4272:External links
4270:
4268:
4267:
4238:
4210:(4): 500–523.
4199:
4181:(4): 483–509.
4170:
4161:
4155:
4140:
4111:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4073:. Free Press.
4051:
4014:
3984:
3932:(4): 357–377.
3902:
3872:
3845:
3820:Social Biology
3810:
3759:
3711:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3652:
3625:
3561:
3525:
3485:
3459:(5): 455–472.
3419:
3370:
3313:
3300:(2): 189–198.
3280:
3265:
3232:
3225:
3207:
3200:
3182:
3144:
3123:(2): 495–523.
3103:
3096:
3070:
3049:(2): 464–494.
3029:
3014:
2983:
2965:
2947:
2929:
2895:(3): 776–798.
2872:
2839:
2822:
2787:
2781:978-0674430006
2780:
2758:
2724:(6): 825–855.
2701:
2674:
2658:
2639:(1): 140–183.
2623:
2591:
2560:
2526:(3): 317–324.
2498:
2460:
2453:
2435:
2416:
2384:
2362:
2334:
2312:
2285:
2242:
2207:
2201:978-1608190362
2200:
2175:
2153:
2123:
2077:
2047:
2004:
1960:
1929:
1842:
1815:(2): 127–147.
1799:
1769:
1764:2286/R.I.18092
1737:
1720:Working Papers
1706:
1685:10.1086/445813
1679:(1): 129–143.
1663:
1610:
1561:
1512:
1477:
1458:
1452:978-1400840762
1451:
1426:
1419:
1395:
1373:
1366:
1348:
1292:
1277:
1239:
1232:
1206:
1183:
1148:
1115:
1088:
1069:(2): 200–210.
1050:
1010:
943:
936:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
805:
802:
687:
684:
671:Thomas Piketty
620:Thomas Piketty
492:
489:
455:
452:
434:
431:
406:
403:
398:gentrification
390:infrastructure
380:
377:
359:stratification
354:
351:
335:social stratum
315:
312:
310:
307:
263:social capital
246:
243:
148:
145:
117:American Dream
93:quantitatively
88:
85:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5789:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5664:United States
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:Other regions
5563:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:United States
5387:
5383:
5374:
5370:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Socioeconomic
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Social stigma
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Social orphan
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:Nouveau riche
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Class traitor
4624:
4622:
4621:Class society
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Gilbert model
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4427:Puer aeternus
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:(1): 140–84.
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4156:9781412834353
4152:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3669:(4): 329–40.
3668:
3664:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3641:(2): 81–101.
3640:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:(2): 268–81.
3588:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:(1): 130–47.
3505:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:European View
3291:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2840:9781785360442
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:The Economist
2601:
2595:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:(4): 525–46.
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:Goldthorpe JH
2464:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2262:(3): 79–102.
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:(1): 77–107.
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:(6): 951–60.
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Social Forces
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:(2): 263–76.
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:9781400882793
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:(2): 125–50.
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
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1063:Social Forces
1060:
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865:One-upmanship
863:
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815:Asset poverty
813:
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61:social status
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57:social strata
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5715:Soviet Union
5690:Ancient Rome
5547:Homelessness
5472:Upper Middle
5344: /
5325: /
5316: /
5281:Working poor
5177:
5164:Robber baron
4987:Intellectual
4977:Royal family
4941:Ancient Rome
4795:second-class
4713:
4688:
4656:
4655: /
4650:
4646:High society
4553:Elite theory
4530:
4523:
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4503:Social class
4437:
4425:
4246:
4242:
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4178:
4174:
4168:. Routledge.
4165:
4145:
4134:18 September
4132:. Retrieved
4116:
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4068:
4063:Herrnstein R
4042:. Retrieved
4033:
4005:. Retrieved
3996:
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3975:. Retrieved
3929:
3925:
3888:
3884:
3861:(1): 27–36.
3858:
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3663:Intelligence
3662:
3655:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3616:. Retrieved
3586:
3583:Intelligence
3582:
3550:(1): 55–65.
3547:
3544:Intelligence
3543:
3503:
3499:
3476:. Retrieved
3456:
3453:Intelligence
3452:
3387:
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3361:. Retrieved
3333:
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3251:the original
3245:
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3169:(1): 71–88.
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2614:. Retrieved
2603:
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2582:. Retrieved
2574:The Guardian
2573:
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2551:. Retrieved
2523:
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2407:. Retrieved
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2353:
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2304:the original
2295:
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2135:
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2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2059:
2050:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1980:
1976:
1951:. Retrieved
1942:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1911:
1863:
1859:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1781:
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1728:. Retrieved
1719:
1709:
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1654:. Retrieved
1627:
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1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1259:
1219:
1209:
1196:
1186:
1164:(1): 19–38.
1161:
1157:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1131:www.oecd.org
1130:
1106:. Retrieved
1091:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1029:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
963:
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652:job security
648:deregulation
637:
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624:
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599:Gordon Brown
588:
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538:
527:
506:
463:
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364:middle class
356:
339:
331:
301:earlier, is
299:
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181:social class
150:
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108:
90:
80:
76:
52:
51:
32:
5634:New Zealand
5351:Untouchable
5276:Proletariat
5266:Pea-pickers
5216:Bourgeoisie
4904:Aristocracy
4790:naturalized
4785:native-born
4338:Adolescence
4325:development
4323:Young adult
4282:. Carnegie.
3977:31 December
3891:(1): 3–24.
3363:26 November
3336:: 227–260.
2922:16 February
2694:15 February
2616:15 February
2584:16 December
2409:28 November
2377:16 December
2279:10419/80702
1902:Charted in
1656:19 November
1003:31 December
966:: 689–733.
758:Cohort 1936
711:correlation
675:Martin Wolf
613:meritocracy
372:upper class
169:delineation
157:occupations
65:open system
5756:Categories
5624:Luxembourg
5514:Inequality
5179:Superclass
4970:Hereditary
4946:Post-Roman
4937:Patrician
4807:adolescent
4631:Classicide
4406:Hikikomori
3618:3 December
3478:3 December
2576:. London.
2168:27 October
2146:27 October
2070:27 October
1953:27 October
1852:Data from
1792:27 October
1730:24 October
1141:26 October
1059:Lopreato J
903:References
656:inequality
611:belief in
503:countries.
467:homemakers
458:See also:
318:See also:
224:wealth gap
40:the great
5649:Sri Lanka
5542:Education
5509:Household
5402:Affluence
5337:Rat tribe
5299:Ant tribe
5271:Precariat
5256:Lazzaroni
5198:Bohemians
5159:Overclass
5154:Old money
5090:Spartiate
5065:Kshatriya
5055:Hashashin
5012:Professor
4953:Political
4926:Oligarchy
4916:Hanseaten
4834:Stateless
4814:Convicted
4746:By status
4709:Subaltern
4641:Euthenics
4573:New class
4263:156569226
4234:145264871
4212:CiteSeerX
4195:145308055
4034:Brookings
3956:0927-5940
3934:CiteSeerX
3732:CiteSeerX
3350:154426984
3258:24 August
3139:0020-8183
3065:0020-8183
3024:242313055
2857:cite book
2849:947837575
2817:143584008
2738:145716192
2653:156569226
2118:156163393
2110:1354-5701
2042:220836882
1999:0011-5258
1983:(SE): 0.
1837:154912878
1829:1949-1247
1701:144855073
1403:Bowen W,
1019:Grusky DB
510:benchmark
368:low class
353:Education
287:education
197:ethnicity
165:Max Weber
124:education
5741:Category
5673:Historic
5594:Colombia
5584:Cambodia
5519:Personal
5417:Mobility
5346:Freedman
5332:Plebeian
5318:Prisoner
5304:Commoner
5190:Creative
5171:Seigneur
5137:Nobility
5095:Vanniyar
5080:Pendekar
5040:Cossacks
4674:Snobbery
4546:Theories
4448:Waithood
4386:Chūnibyō
4348:Gap year
4125:Archived
4101:(2014).
4065:(1994).
4038:Archived
4001:Archived
3968:Archived
3805:22117779
3754:14687461
3609:Archived
3520:14717632
3469:Archived
3414:37305061
3405:10251451
3354:Archived
2978:Archived
2960:Archived
2942:Archived
2913:Archived
2909:28972272
2742:Archived
2688:Archived
2610:Archived
2578:Archived
2544:Archived
2540:51853936
2509:(2008).
2493:18076385
2427:Archived
2400:Archived
2368:Archived
2325:Archived
2223:(1): 1.
2140:Archived
2034:25097883
1947:Archived
1922:2 August
1916:Archived
1898:35915342
1786:Archived
1724:Archived
1650:Archived
1646:26089181
1605:23596343
1507:12765707
1343:22554922
1335:17036549
1264:Archived
1135:Archived
1102:Archived
1034:Archived
994:Archived
990:25346785
804:See also
694:growth.
628:evidence
87:Typology
77:downward
5644:Romania
5639:Nigeria
5524:Poverty
5427:Classes
5412:History
5323:Peasant
5309:Outcast
5248:Working
5228:Burgher
5085:Samurai
5075:Ocēlōtl
5035:Chhetri
5027:Warrior
5017:Scholar
4931:Russian
4921:Magnate
4909:Aristoi
4888:By type
4775:Citizen
4768:refugee
4664:Poverty
4658:Parvenu
4592:Related
4563:Marxian
4525:Stratum
4401:Freeter
4363:Twixter
4099:Clark G
4044:6 April
4007:6 April
3964:6848305
3840:5120877
3796:3248886
3779:: 895.
2237:7088564
1889:9352590
1868:Bibcode
1693:1187731
1596:3626501
1556:8776298
1547:2351864
1327:3844794
1270:5 April
1224:231–247
1178:2095555
1083:2576520
1043:15 July
981:4204337
756:In the
654:, high
576:Finland
568:Denmark
549:Finland
541:Denmark
501:unequal
483:reduce
379:Housing
366:and/or
309:Markers
5599:France
5579:Belize
5574:Africa
5501:Income
5457:Middle
5450:Gentry
5314:Outlaw
5221:Petite
5208:Middle
5142:Landed
5127:Gentry
5060:Knight
5000:Priest
4995:Clergy
4958:Family
4896:Ruling
4845:collar
4802:Clique
4518:Status
4411:Kidult
4261:
4232:
4214:
4193:
4153:
4077:
3962:
3954:
3936:
3838:
3803:
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3412:
3402:
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3137:
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3063:
3022:
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2837:
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2778:
2751:8 July
2736:
2651:
2553:8 July
2538:
2491:
2451:
2360:
2235:
2198:
2164:. 2015
2116:
2108:
2040:
2032:
1997:
1896:
1886:
1860:Nature
1835:
1827:
1699:
1691:
1644:
1603:
1593:
1554:
1544:
1505:
1449:
1417:
1364:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1230:
1201:180–95
1176:
1108:2 June
1081:
988:
978:
934:
658:, and
646:, and
584:Brazil
572:Norway
553:Canada
545:Norway
460:Sexism
454:Gender
405:Income
346:health
326:, and
314:Health
283:assets
279:credit
265:; and
199:, and
183:, and
105:wealth
101:income
81:upward
5695:Aztec
5654:Tibet
5629:Nepal
5619:Italy
5609:India
5604:Haiti
5589:China
5489:Under
5484:Lower
5462:Black
5445:Donor
5440:Black
5435:Upper
5342:Slave
5291:Under
5147:Petty
5122:Elite
5109:Upper
5050:Harii
5045:Cuāuh
4879:White
4859:Green
4758:Alien
4601:Caste
4259:S2CID
4230:S2CID
4191:S2CID
4128:(PDF)
4121:(PDF)
3971:(PDF)
3960:S2CID
3922:(PDF)
3612:(PDF)
3579:(PDF)
3472:(PDF)
3449:(PDF)
3357:(PDF)
3346:S2CID
3326:(PDF)
3020:S2CID
2916:(PDF)
2885:(PDF)
2813:S2CID
2745:(PDF)
2734:S2CID
2714:(PDF)
2649:S2CID
2547:(PDF)
2536:S2CID
2514:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
2396:(PDF)
2371:(PDF)
2350:(PDF)
2319:CAP:
2307:(PDF)
2300:(PDF)
2233:S2CID
2114:S2CID
2038:S2CID
2030:JSTOR
1977:Dados
1833:S2CID
1697:S2CID
1689:JSTOR
1405:Bok D
1339:S2CID
1323:JSTOR
1174:JSTOR
1079:JSTOR
1037:(PDF)
1026:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
956:(PDF)
595:BCS70
580:Chile
472:dowry
141:karma
5614:Iran
5327:Serf
5132:Lord
5070:Nair
4963:List
4874:Pink
4864:Grey
4854:Blue
4843:By "
4416:NEET
4151:ISBN
4136:2021
4075:ISBN
4046:2017
4009:2017
3979:2019
3952:ISSN
3836:PMID
3801:PMID
3750:PMID
3620:2019
3516:PMID
3480:2019
3410:PMID
3365:2023
3260:2021
3221:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3135:ISSN
3092:ISBN
3061:ISSN
3010:ISBN
2924:2021
2905:PMID
2867:link
2863:link
2845:OCLC
2835:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2753:2019
2696:2013
2618:2013
2586:2016
2555:2019
2489:PMID
2449:ISBN
2411:2010
2379:2017
2358:ISBN
2221:2010
2196:ISBN
2170:2019
2148:2019
2106:ISSN
2072:2019
1995:ISSN
1955:2019
1924:2022
1894:PMID
1825:ISSN
1794:2019
1732:2019
1658:2019
1642:PMID
1601:PMID
1552:PMID
1503:PMID
1447:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1331:PMID
1272:2017
1228:ISBN
1143:2019
1110:2019
1045:2014
1005:2019
986:PMID
932:ISBN
713:and
591:NCDS
582:and
574:and
551:and
520:The
438:Race
433:Race
344:and
275:cash
193:race
155:and
128:OECD
4869:New
4251:doi
4247:663
4222:doi
4183:doi
3944:doi
3893:doi
3863:doi
3828:doi
3791:PMC
3781:doi
3742:doi
3671:doi
3643:doi
3599:hdl
3591:doi
3552:doi
3508:doi
3461:doi
3400:PMC
3392:doi
3338:doi
3302:doi
3171:doi
3125:doi
3084:doi
3051:doi
3002:doi
2897:doi
2805:doi
2726:doi
2641:doi
2528:doi
2481:doi
2274:hdl
2264:doi
2225:doi
2098:doi
2022:doi
2018:609
1985:doi
1884:PMC
1876:doi
1864:608
1817:doi
1760:hdl
1681:doi
1632:doi
1591:PMC
1583:doi
1542:PMC
1534:doi
1530:313
1526:BMJ
1495:doi
1315:doi
1166:doi
1071:doi
976:PMC
968:doi
924:doi
269:.
201:age
195:or
167:'s
143:.
103:or
79:or
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