1029:. One explanation for the significant presence of the Bessi in the navy maintains that they were from the branch that had been resettled in Dobruja and thus had become accustomed to sailing; however, the fact that the Bessian sailors did not reach high ranks within the navy suggests that they likely had no prior experience in seafaring. Thus, it is possible that the presence of the Bessi can simply be attributed to a larger population size during the time of mass recruitment under
157:
1368:
they who possess the place of divination sacred to
Dionysus. This place is in their highest mountains; the Bessi, a clan of the Satrae, are the prophets of the shrine; there is a priestess who utters the oracle, as at Delphi; it is no more complicated here than there." appears to mean that the method of divination is the "usual" one, as at Delphi; perhaps there were exaggerated accounts of the mysterious rites of the Bessi.
38:
947:. The disparate locations of these statues suggests that the conflict was geographically broad and also attests to the military mobility of the Bessi, the inscriptions also present a change in the presentation of the Bessi, who are depicted as the most notable among the Thracians. In 72 BCE, following the retreat of
888:. According to a modern reading of the sources, however, it is possible that the Tetrachoritai and other Thracian groups associated with the Bessi were originally smaller tribes that later became a part of a Bessian-led tribal conglomerate, on the other hand, it is also possible that the tribal designation of
971:
and given to the
Odrysians, rivals of the Bessi and allies of the Romans. In response, the priest Vologaesus rallied the Bessi in c. 15–1 BCE, and managed to win a number of military victories against the Odrysian nobles Rhascyporis and Rhoemetacles. This conflict further supports the thesis that the
1618:
Strabo, Geography, 7.5: "Then come the peoples who live in the neighborhood of the Haemus
Mountain and those who live at its base and extend as far as the Pontus — I mean the Coralli, the Bessi, and some of the Medi and Dantheletae. Now these tribes are very brigandish themselves, but the Bessi, who
1931:
Kosovo: A Short
History - Noel Malcolm - Notes to pages - Jirecek, 'Die Romanen', (i) p.13: Philippide, Originea Rominilor, vol. 1, pp.70-2; Papazoglu, 'Les Royaumes', pp.193-5.Albanian does preserve a very small quantity of borrowings from ancient Greek;see Thumb, 'Altgriechische Elemente'; Jokl,
1932:'Altmakedonisch'; Cabej, 'Zur Charakteristik', p.182. This low level of borrowings from Greek is a further argument against the identification of Albanians with Bessi, part of whose tribal territory was Hellenized: see Philippide, Originea Rominilor, vol. 1, pp 11, 283; Velkov, 'La Thrace', p.188.
1367:
Herodotus, The
Histories, 7.111.1: "CXI. The Satrae, as far as we know, have never yet been subject to any man; they alone of the Thracians have continued living in freedom to this day; they dwell on high mountains covered with forests of all kinds and snow, and they are excellent warriors. It is
860:
sanctuary, located on the highest summits of the land inhabited by the tribe. This prophetic role of the Bessi in the cult has led many scholars to suggest that they may have initially represented a priestly-caste within the greater Satrae tribal group, and that membership into the community was
1243:, which speaks against the construct of a "Bessian church language". The elite of the Bessi tribe was gradually Hellenized. Low level of borrowings from Greek in the Albanian language is a further argument against the identification of Albanian with the Bessi. Also the dialectal division of the
1619:
inhabit the greater part of the Haemus
Mountain, are called brigands even by the brigands. The Bessi live in huts and lead a wretched life; and their country borders on Mount Rhodope, on the country of the Paeonians, and on that of two Illyrian peoples — the Autariatae, and the Dardanians."
972:
identity of the Bessi prior to complete Roman subjugation was strongly linked and rooted to the sanctuary of
Dionysus, and that their rivalry with the neighbouring pro-Roman Thracians strengthened this tribal and geographic identity. According to Appian, the Bessi surrendered themselves to
979:
As a result of their opposition to the Romans, there was a shift in the depiction of the Bessi which emphasised their war-like and predatory natures. As such, Strabo refers to the tribe as being "called brigands even by the brigands". The stereotypical image of the Bessi would also become
988:, which depicts a Bessian woman next to other peoples exotic to the Romans. The ethnonym of the Bessi became less associated with the core tribe and their original geographic location, it became an identity that was readily abstracted onto the inhabitants of the south-eastern Balkans.
1255:
in the first decades of the 9th century AD, especially because the dialectal division of a linguistic space is in general a result of a number of linguistic phenomena occurring during a considerable span of time and requires a very large number of natural speakers.
844:, and Philippopolis under Trajan. While these two paradigms dominate academia, a third theory presented by Peter Delev puts forth that Bessica was centred on the northern foothills of the Rila mountain range and was located outside of the Rhodopes.
1859:
Curta, Florin (2020). "Migrations in the
Archaeology of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages (Some Comments on the Current State of Research)". In Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes; Reinfandt, Lucian; Stouraitis, Yannis (eds.).
812:, largely coincided with ancient accounts although was later expanded by Georgi Mihailov to also coincide with Philippopolis and the surrounding environs located to the east of the Bessi core, as well as including the area around modern
1234:
should be rejected, since only very little comparative linguistic material is available (the
Thracian is attested only marginally, while the Bessian is completely unknown), but at the same time the individual
1609:," From these tribes he exacted the tributes they had been failing to pay. When these were conquered, the Hippasini and the Bessi, neighboring tribes, were overcome by fear and surrendered themselves to him"
892:(and its variations) later came to bear no true ethnic meaning and was applied by classical sources to a range of different Thracian tribes inhabiting the highlands of south-western Thrace. Likewise, the
1203:
a monastery with four churches, in each being spoken a different language, among which Bessan was found. The place where the monasteries were founded was called "Cutila", which may be a
Thracian name.
1239:
of Albanian and Thracian clearly indicates a very different sound development that cannot be considered as the result of one language. Furthermore, the Christian vocabulary of Albanian is mainly
1219:
derived from the Christianized Bessi, after their remnants were allegedly pushed by Slavs and Bulgars during the 9th century westwards into today Albania, while mainstream historians support
762:, where he states that the Bessi inhabited a land beginning near the source of the Hébros and encompassing the highlands between the Haemus and Rhodope mountain ranges that bordered the
800:
In light of archaeological and epigraphic evidence, modern scholars have formulated a number of theories on the location of the lands associated with the Bessi during the period of
884:
subjugation of various Thracian polities. The aforementioned tribal group was believed by Strabo to have been the same as that of the Bessi, which he also refers to by the name of
1514:
Delev, Peter (2015). "Chapter 6: From Koroupedion to the Beginning of the Third Mithridatic War (281-73 BCE)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil & Graninger, Denver (eds.).
1993:
1223:-Albanian relation. Archaeologically, there is absolutely no evidence of a 9th-century migration of any population, such as the Bessi, from western Bulgaria to Albania.
910:. The Macedonian king had managed to push into the valley of the Hébros and captured Philippopolis, installing a garrison which was later driven out by the Odrysians.
820:, the territory would come to be administratively incorporated into Philippopolis as a consequence of the emperor's urbanizing projects in Thrace. On the other hand,
1831:
NGL Hammond The Relations of Illyrian Albania with the Greeks and the Romans. In Perspectives on Albania, edited by Tom Winnifrith, St. Martin's Press, New York 1992
423:
327:
265:
173:
1897:
1606:
913:
The Bessi would achieve their greatest prominence in the historical record in their conflicts with the expanding Roman state and the formation of
719:
2030:
968:
1871:
1811:
921:
1144:, brought Christianity to "those mountain wolves", the Bessi. Reportedly his mission was successful, and the worship of Dionysus and other
1962:
2025:
1798:
Indo-European language and culture: an introduction By Benjamin W. Fortson Edition: 5, illustrated Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004
476:
2020:
1863:
Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone: Aspects of Mobility Between Africa, Asia and Europe, 300-1500 C.E.
1803:
1564:
1525:
1389:
1156:
960:
1378:
Graninger, Denver (2015). "Chapter 3: Ethnicity and Ethne". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil & Graninger, Denver (eds.).
688:
298:
1750:
712:
519:
1021:
914:
1553:
Lozanov, Ivaylo (2015). "Chapter 7: Roman Thrace". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil & Graninger, Denver (eds.).
1642:
1196:
655:
991:
As a result of their conflicts with the Romans, a portion of the Bessi were forcibly resettled in the region of
980:
representative for all natives of Thrace as a whole, as is evidenced by a second century CE mural painting from
2035:
967:– one of the Bessian tribal centres. In 29–8 BCE, the sacred sanctuary of Dionysus was taken from the Bessi by
1405:
Gergova, Diana (2013). "The Thracian Bessi: Main Characteristics of the Culture of a Priestly-Warrior Tribe".
1038:
832:
mountains. She then argues that the region was administratively attached to Philippopolis during the reign of
678:
1227:
985:
948:
786:
705:
84:
781:. There are also indications that the Bessi gradually came to settle the lowlands between the Hébros and
1212:
963:, who initiated a campaign against the Thracians and subjugated the Bessi, occupying the settlement of
932:
in his honour. The statue bore a bilingual inscription which outlined the consul's victory against the
1997:
881:
529:
1822:
Stipčević, Alexander. Iliri (2nd edition). Zagreb, 1989 (also published in Italian as "Gli Illiri")
1705:
1294:
1188:
1113:
944:
907:
865:
673:
572:
1989:
924:
who was distinguished in his campaigns against the Thracians, to the point in which the people of
852:
According to Herodotus, the Bessi were a sub-tribe or branch of the Satrae intimately tied to the
1662:
1145:
1141:
1074:
917:
in 146 BCE. Between the years 106 and 100 BCE, the Bessi would come into armed conflict with the
509:
466:
313:
906:. Later in 184 or 183 BCE, the Bessi appear as among the Thracian tribes that were attacked by
1877:
1867:
1807:
1799:
1560:
1521:
1385:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1176:
929:
821:
625:
620:
615:
595:
581:
557:
514:
318:
303:
293:
288:
126:
42:
861:
intrinsically entwined with their cultic role and maintenance of the sanctuary of Dionysus.
1654:
1117:
1088:
and its related variations appear across the Balkans, particularly during the Roman period.
1050:
1026:
853:
749:
490:
456:
451:
308:
240:
225:
122:
60:
1958:
1172:
1121:
897:
809:
567:
524:
250:
194:
145:
31:
1731:
156:
1164:
1105:
1078:
186:
2014:
1666:
1421:
635:
1236:
1149:
918:
856:
and responsible for interpreting the prophetic utterances of the prophetess at the
801:
794:
562:
1003:. Epigraphic analysis attests to around 40–50 individuals bearing the ethnonym of
1000:
824:
proposed that Roman Bessica had no civic centre and was based around the Rhodope,
1903:(Report) (in German). pp. 15–16 – via www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de.
1861:
1554:
1515:
1379:
1275:
1252:
1184:
1160:
758:
745:
471:
220:
190:
1097:
1054:
1012:
790:
770:
693:
650:
504:
260:
235:
210:
37:
1881:
1658:
1866:
Studies in Global Migration History. Vol. 13. Brill. pp. 101–140.
1220:
1216:
1137:
956:
936:
873:
869:
833:
829:
767:
763:
733:
664:
630:
552:
432:
349:
283:
274:
245:
215:
114:
1041:. However, traditional scholarship has argued that during the Roman period
1840:"Johann Thunmann: On the History and Language of the Albanians and Vlachs"
732:
The exact geographic location of the Bessi is still unclear. According to
1898:
Die albanische Autochthoniehypothese aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft
1200:
1093:
1034:
981:
973:
952:
857:
816:
to the south. The paradigm would then maintain that, during the reign of
813:
778:
777:
to the west. Strabo also places the Bessi as bordering the Odrysians and
741:
645:
605:
600:
418:
383:
943:). A virtually identical statue is also noted as having been erected in
1994:"La version ibéro-arménienne de l'autobiographie de Denys l'Aréopagite"
1133:
1100:. It also appears in the Roman veteran legionary settlements of Scupi (
1062:
1049:
and thus the tribal name did not bear an ethnic meaning. Hence why the
1016:
992:
902:
841:
782:
774:
744:
alludes to the Bessi as having been situated on the plains between the
590:
543:
499:
461:
446:
378:
358:
205:
118:
1065:
and Bessi who had migrated from their homeland between the Danube and
17:
1270:
1070:
1058:
1046:
925:
876:
are noted as having conducted military campaigns in the lands of the
817:
753:
737:
683:
610:
534:
481:
441:
413:
408:
403:
345:
255:
230:
200:
182:
164:
130:
104:
92:
1456:
1331:
1308:
1251:
contradicts the alleged migration of Albanians in the hinterland of
836:, later being divided and absorbed into the administrative units of
1240:
1168:
933:
837:
640:
398:
393:
373:
363:
354:
340:
752:. The geographic extent of the Bessi is further expanded upon by
30:
This article is about the historical tribe. For the surname, see
1066:
1030:
996:
825:
336:
1092:
is attested among the ancient locals of the area around modern
1265:
893:
388:
46:
1422:"'Thracian' Identities in the time of Rome: Bessi and Others"
98:
1970:
Scritti in onore di Eric Pratt Hamp per il suo 90 compleanno
1183:. The origin of the monasteries is explained in a mediaeval
75:
69:
1789:
1994 Gottfried Schramm: A New Approach to Albanian History
1706:"Thracians in Roman Dacia: Military and Civilian Elements"
1578:
1576:
1351:
1349:
1732:"Christianity Among the Thracians: Sources and Problems"
1045:
became a synonym for all Thracians living south of the
72:
1963:"Gli insediamenti degli albanesi nell'alto medioevo"
1607:
Appian, Illyrian Wars, ed. Horace White, App. Ill. 4
66:
1972:. Rende: Università della Calabria. pp. 73–83.
1112:). In Dacia it appears in several sites, including
808:. The first major paradigm, originally advanced by
63:
1968:. In Gianni Belluscio; Antonino Mendicino (eds.).
1230:the Thracian-Bessian hypothesis of the origin of
736:, the Bessi occupied the highest summits of the
1309:"VETERANI CLASSIARII IN PHILIPPOPOLIS (THRACE)"
1163:there was a monastery in which the monks spoke
1691:
1679:
1913:Philippide, Originea Rominilor, vol. 1, pp 11
1647:The International Journal of Maritime History
713:
117:tribe that inhabited the upper valley of the
8:
1628:
1594:
1477:
939:and "Bessi and the rest of the Thracians" (
896:are believed to be related to the Bessi as
41:The regional location of the Bessi, in the
1295:The wines of Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova
1037:, the latter of which was preparing for a
720:
706:
140:
1765:
1582:
1540:
1355:
999:noting a community of Bessi living near
793:, consequently expanding eastwards near
36:
1941:
1777:
1287:
663:
580:
542:
489:
431:
326:
273:
172:
1643:"Thracians in the Roman Imperial Navy"
1849:Noel Malcolm - Kosovo A Short History
1501:
1489:
1442:
7:
1983:, Editura Saeculum, București, 2005.
1132:Towards the end of the 4th century,
1193:Vita Sancti Theodosii Coenobiarchae
941:pros Bessous ai tous loipous Thrai
25:
155:
59:
1641:Bekker-Nielsen, Tønnes (2017).
1559:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 24.
1520:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 66.
1384:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 24.
961:Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus
740:in south-western Thrace, while
129:mountain ranges in historical
1:
2031:Ancient tribes in the Balkans
1556:A Companion to Ancient Thrace
1517:A Companion to Ancient Thrace
1420:Evangelidis, Vasilis (2020).
1381:A Companion to Ancient Thrace
1159:wrote that in the valleys of
955:, Thrace was assigned to the
1199:founded on the shore of the
105:
93:
1922:Velkov, 'La Thrace', p.188.
1896:Matzinger, Joachim (2016).
1736:Studia Academica Šumenensia
1461:Studia academica Šumenensia
1426:Studia academica Šumenensia
1336:Studia academica Šumenensia
1148:was eventually replaced by
2052:
2026:Ancient tribes in Bulgaria
2000:39, 1921, p. 288-290.
1730:Dimitrov, Dimitar (2020).
1455:Sayar, Mustafa H. (2020).
1330:Solas, Aliénor R. (2020).
1206:
1102:Colonia Flavia Aelia Scupi
1022:equites singulares Augusti
121:and the lands between the
99:
88:
29:
1015:, while 22 appear in the
2021:Ancient tribes in Thrace
1704:Onofrei, Cosmin (2008).
1659:10.1177/0843871417714374
144:This article is part of
1313:Ancient West & East
1307:Topalilov, Ivo (2013).
1195:in which he wrote that
1025:, and even less in the
969:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1245:Albanian-speaking area
1228:historical linguistics
986:Hispania Tarraconensis
949:Mithridates VI Eupator
882:Philip II of Macedon's
50:
45:and North-West of the
27:Ancient Thracian tribe
1749:Wilkes, John (1996).
1017:auxiliary land forces
922:Marcus Minucius Rufus
900:records the ethnonym
40:
1998:Analecta Bollandiana
1755:. Wiley. p. 84.
1713:Ephemeris Napocensis
1215:speculated that the
1207:Schramm's hypothesis
1157:Antoninus Placentius
1110:Colonia Claudia Apri
530:Battle of Callinicus
2007:, 1982, p. 84.
1692:Bekker-Nielsen 2017
1680:Bekker-Nielsen 2017
1189:Simeon Metaphrastes
1138:Bishop of Remesiana
1114:Sarmizegetusa Regia
1013:Roman imperial navy
908:Philip V of Macedon
864:In c. 340 BCE, the
674:Thracian Bulgarians
573:Justinian the Great
1332:"Pre-Roman Bessoi"
1226:Also according to
1142:Dacia Mediterranea
951:and his forces to
510:Greco-Persian Wars
51:
1873:978-90-04-42561-3
1812:978-1-4051-0316-9
1694:, pp. 492–4.
1249:Early Middle Ages
1213:Gottfried Schramm
1211:German historian
930:equestrian statue
822:Margarita Tacheva
802:Roman imperialism
730:
729:
558:Third Servile War
520:Wars of Alexander
515:Peloponnesian War
16:(Redirected from
2043:
1988:
1979:Lozovan, Eugen,
1978:
1973:
1967:
1959:Demiraj, Bardhyl
1945:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1923:
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1629:Evangelidis 2020
1626:
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1604:
1598:
1595:Evangelidis 2020
1592:
1586:
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1550:
1544:
1538:
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1478:Evangelidis 2020
1475:
1469:
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1396:
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1369:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1237:phonetic history
1197:Saint Theodosius
1128:Christianization
1118:Banatska Palanka
1027:Praetorian Guard
995:, with the poet
854:cult of Dionysus
722:
715:
708:
457:Odrysian Kingdom
167:
159:
148:
141:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
21:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2036:Thracian tribes
2011:
2010:
1986:
1976:
1965:
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1954:
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1921:
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1826:
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1817:
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1748:
1747:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1698:
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1686:
1678:
1674:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1262:
1209:
1130:
1057:wrote that the
915:Roman Macedonia
898:Pliny the Elder
850:
810:Gavril Katsarov
726:
679:Thracian Greeks
568:Maximinus Thrax
525:Battle of Issus
165:
146:
139:
62:
58:
35:
32:Bessi (surname)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:Wilkes, John,
2001:
1984:
1974:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1888:
1872:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1791:
1782:
1770:
1768:, p. 262.
1766:Topalilov 2013
1758:
1741:
1722:
1696:
1684:
1682:, p. 483.
1672:
1633:
1621:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1583:Graninger 2015
1572:
1565:
1545:
1541:Graninger 2015
1533:
1526:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1447:
1435:
1412:
1397:
1390:
1370:
1360:
1358:, p. 260.
1356:Topalilov 2013
1345:
1322:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1208:
1205:
1129:
1126:
1061:stem from the
959:of Macedonia,
849:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2048:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2005:The Illyrians
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:Peeters, Paul
1985:
1982:
1977:(in Romanian)
1975:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
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1846:
1843:
1837:
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1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:1-4051-0316-7
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1780:, p. 76.
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:The Illyrians
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1693:
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1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1631:, p. 41.
1630:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1597:, p. 45.
1596:
1591:
1588:
1585:, p. 27.
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:9781444351040
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1543:, p. 26.
1542:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1527:9781444351040
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1504:, p. 26.
1503:
1498:
1495:
1492:, p. 13.
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:, p. 44.
1479:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1445:, p. 28.
1444:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1391:9781444351040
1387:
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1147:
1146:Thracian gods
1143:
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1125:
1123:
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1023:
1019:, 5–7 in the
1018:
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904:
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891:
887:
883:
880:as a part of
879:
878:Tetrachoritai
875:
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839:
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788:
787:Philippopolis
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202:
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168:
163:
162:
158:
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153:
149:
143:
142:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
95:
86:
85:Ancient Greek
80:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2004:
1980:
1969:
1952:Bibliography
1944:, p. 78
1942:Demiraj 2010
1937:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1891:
1862:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1794:
1785:
1778:Onofrei 2008
1773:
1761:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1624:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1555:
1548:
1536:
1516:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1290:
1225:
1210:
1192:
1180:
1154:
1150:Christianity
1131:
1109:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1042:
1039:war in Dacia
1020:
1008:
1004:
990:
978:
964:
940:
912:
901:
889:
885:
877:
863:
851:
805:
799:
757:
731:
563:Thraco-Roman
544:Roman Thrace
368:
299:Construction
110:
54:
52:
1987:(in French)
1981:Dacia Sacră
1276:Haemus Mons
1253:Dyrrhachium
1187:written by
1185:hagiography
1161:Mount Sinai
1069:, and into
928:erected an
804:- known as
789:and modern
759:Geographica
746:Dentheletae
689:Archaeology
472:Seuthes III
221:Seuthopolis
2015:Categories
1653:(3): 483.
1502:Solas 2020
1490:Sayar 2020
1443:Solas 2020
1409:(18): 247.
1282:References
1098:Prijepolje
1081:.
1055:Kekaumenos
886:Tetrakomai
866:Macedonian
791:Pazardzhik
771:Autariatae
694:Thracology
636:Zbelthourd
505:Trojan War
261:Singidunum
236:Samothrace
211:Perperikon
1882:1874-6705
1738:(7): 197.
1667:164267862
1217:Albanians
1084:The name
1075:Macedonia
1051:Byzantine
957:proconsul
937:Scordisci
903:Diobessoi
874:Parmenion
870:Antipater
868:generals
834:Vespasian
830:Strandzha
764:Paeonians
750:Odrysians
734:Herodotus
631:Asclepius
582:Mythology
553:Spartacus
314:Mysteries
246:Pulpudeva
216:Byzantion
174:Geography
137:Geography
1961:(2010).
1457:"Bessoi"
1407:Mousaios
1297:. p. 12.
1260:See also
1232:Albanian
1221:Illyrian
1201:Dead Sea
1177:Egyptian
1155:In 570,
1094:Pljevlja
1035:Domitian
982:Valentia
974:Augustus
965:Uscudama
953:Bithynia
814:Yakoruda
779:Sapaeans
768:Illyrian
742:Polybius
651:Pleistor
646:Derzelas
606:Zalmoxis
601:Sabazios
294:Religion
289:Language
256:Uskudama
147:a series
115:Thracian
1886:p. 105.
1342:: 27–9.
1247:in the
1181:Bessian
1134:Nicetas
1063:Dacians
1053:author
1011:in the
993:Dobruja
945:Europus
858:deity's
848:History
842:Serdica
806:Bessica
775:Dardani
756:in his
626:Apellon
596:Zagreus
591:Orpheus
500:Peltast
491:Warfare
467:Cotys I
462:Teres I
447:Phineus
433:History
419:Bebrici
384:Agriani
359:Bithyni
309:Warfare
275:Culture
241:Serdika
206:Phrygia
127:Rhodope
113:were a
43:Rhodope
1880:
1870:
1810:
1802:
1665:
1563:
1524:
1388:
1319:: 260.
1271:Satrae
1173:Syriac
1136:, the
1122:Apulum
1120:, and
1104:) and
1090:Bessus
1079:Hellas
1077:, and
1071:Epirus
1059:Vlachs
1047:Danube
1009:Bessus
934:Celtic
926:Delphi
919:consul
828:, and
818:Trajan
783:Tonsus
754:Strabo
738:Satrae
684:Pomaks
665:Legacy
621:Hermes
611:Bendis
535:Thraex
482:Skudra
477:Rulers
452:Rhesus
442:Tereus
424:Tribes
414:Trausi
409:Pieres
350:Phrygi
328:Tribes
319:Emblem
284:People
266:Cities
231:Pyrgos
226:Sintia
201:Moesia
183:Thrace
166:Thrace
131:Thrace
123:Haemus
119:Hebros
111:Bessae
106:Béssoi
100:Βέσσοι
94:Bēssoi
89:Βῆσσοι
49:tribe.
18:Bessoi
1966:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1719:: 83.
1709:(PDF)
1663:S2CID
1467:: 13.
1432:: 47.
1241:Latin
1191:, in
1169:Latin
1165:Greek
1106:Aprus
1086:Bessi
1043:Bessi
1005:Bessi
1001:Tomis
890:Bessi
838:Scupi
795:Beroe
785:near
641:Kotys
404:Satri
399:Edoni
374:Getae
369:Bessi
364:Maedi
355:Thyni
346:Brygi
341:Moesi
251:Varna
195:North
109:) or
55:Bessi
1878:ISSN
1868:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1179:and
1096:and
1067:Sava
1033:and
1031:Nero
997:Ovid
872:and
826:Rila
773:and
766:and
748:and
656:Gods
616:Ares
394:Asti
379:Daci
337:Mysi
191:East
187:West
125:and
53:The
1655:doi
1266:Dii
1140:in
1007:or
976:.
894:Dii
797:.
389:Dii
304:Art
97:or
47:Dii
2017::
1996:,
1992:,
1876:.
1806:,
1734:.
1717:13
1715:.
1711:.
1661:.
1651:29
1649:.
1645:.
1575:^
1463:.
1459:.
1428:.
1424:.
1348:^
1338:.
1334:.
1317:12
1315:.
1311:.
1175:,
1171:,
1167:,
1152:.
1124:.
1116:,
1073:,
984:,
840:,
193:,
189:,
150:on
133:.
103:,
91:,
87::
83:;
76:aɪ
1884:.
1669:.
1657::
1569:.
1530:.
1465:7
1430:7
1394:.
1340:7
1108:(
721:e
714:t
707:v
357:-
348:-
339:-
197:)
185:(
79:/
73:s
70:ɛ
67:b
64:ˈ
61:/
57:(
34:.
20:)
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