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disposals of waste to air, water and landâ had been in effect; the UK, however, desired a more uniform approach to waste management. Further, the RCEP sought to identify the âoptimum overall environmental solution for any given waste streamââand so the BPEO came to be, with the intention to direct pollution "to the medium where the least damage would be doneâ. At the time of creation, a primary reason for the development of the BPEO was to develop a âsystematic audit trailâ that would allow for transparent decision making. This audit trail involved the development of the BPEO's seven key stages: (1) âdefine the objectiveâ, (2) âgenerate optionsâ, (3) âevaluate the optionsâ, (4) âsummarise and present the evaluationâ, (5) âselect the BPEOâ, (6) âreview the BPEOâ, and (7) âimplement and monitorâ. The development of these stages was a notable event in the early history of the BPEO concept, as this procedural development extended the idea beyond its early focus, pollution control, and prompted the expansion of the scope to include âall projects affecting the environmentââwhile simultaneously expanding the reasoning behind the establishment of the BPEO concept to include the need for broader considerations of environmental factors, as well as the demand for the establishment of more cost-effective and socially feasible waste management options.
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the BPEO. Specifically, for the MPA, the decision to have the current disposal method remain at a licensed disposal ground was determined after identifying and analyzing a wealth of environmental, economic, social factors that led to the following conclusionâaltering the disposal method, specifically to a means of land-based disposal in a terrestrial landfill, would be cost-prohibitive, impractical, and not environmentally sustainable. In this particular instance, the current BPEO at the time of review was determined to remain the BPEO, as all other options considered were determined to be less viable options. The
Maintenance Dredging BPEO determination by the Montrose Port Authority serves as a prominent example of the importance of determining the BPEO using the herein described processâas the BPEO framework allows for the determination of the best, most practicable, environmentally conscious, cost effective waste management option possible.
80:âas such, to understand the development of BPEO, it is critical to understand the origins of environmental auditing. Environmental auditing was originally developed as a business management tool to address concerns about compliance with legislation and regulations. Further, âenvironmental auditing provides environmental performanceâ and has the capability to identify âany negative environmental impactsâ and evaluate âthe opportunities to change current practices in order to improve that performanceâ. For that reason, environmental auditing tools are necessary for the establishment of the BPEO. However, environmental auditing was highly regarded long before the creation of the BPEOâin fact, this auditing mechanism played a primary role in the establishment of BPEO's predecessor, BPM, or âbest practicable meansâ. Additionally, â
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for the same type of waste originating from differing locations,the RCEP developed a simple four-step universal procedure, shown as follows, that allows for the determination of the BPEO, relative to the area in the scope of the assessment: â(1) Researching current waste types, amounts and waste disposal routes, (2) Analyzing potential waste management routes, (3) Identifying, and where possible quantifying, impacts relating to cost, legislation, global and local environment, (4) Providing the tools and guidance to help waste producers to identify their BPEOâ.
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underlying systematic processâ as opposed to a precise, regulated tool. A notable appeal of the BPEO concept resides within the fundamentals of the approachâas it is one that is holistic in nature and allows for the identification of a âpreferred overall strategyâ in which the environment is considered wholly, rather than atomistically, and does not demand for strict optimization of the processes. For example, the flexibility of this framework concept is exemplified by the fact that two distinct locations may have different BPEO's for the same type of waste.
84:â, also known as âBATâ, or the âbest available technology not entailing excessive costâ is a concept closely associated with BPEOâand, unsurprisingly, derives from the early BPM construct. The ideology behind the BPEO is based largely on the basis of its early counterparts, but is intended to harmoniously merge the primary concerns behind BPM, BAT, and other like-minded conceptsâenvironmental, economic, and social concerns.
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literature that considers the combination of LCA with financial and social modelling techniquesâ in determining the BPEO. These scholars go on to highlight the importance of considering the âinternational obligations, the national policy framework, and policy guidance at a local levelâ to effectively determine the BPEOânoting the fact that ânone of these factors can be considered by a financial model or LCA aloneâ.
56:. This comparison establishes the opportunity to change current disposal practices and implement less environmentally harmful options. From a criterion standpoint, the BPEO must meet certain standards of practicality for successful implementation in legislative and social aspectsâotherwise, the BPEO would only be the best âenvironmentalâ option.
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For example, the
Montrose Port Authority (MPA), in its âMaintenance Dredging BPEOâ report, used the Waste Hierarchy Assessment (WHA) to determine the BPEO. After considering multiple options, it was determined that the current method of disposalâidentified during a previous BPEO analysisâhas remained
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of the environment across land, air and waterâ. The BPEO goal, curated by the United
Kingdom's RCEP, identifies and evaluates proposed disposal methods using environmental and economic auditing tools that ultimately aim to provide environmentally and economically viable solutions; solutions that may
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Of primary importance to the determination and implementation of the BPEO are the potential environmental impacts, increased cost-effectiveness, and social feasibility. In determining the BPEO, identifying and analyzing waste management options is a critical part of the process. Additionally, given
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The BPEO is determined by identifying and analyzing factors for the management of the waste in question. Key variables include the environmental impact, cost, compliance and technical viability arising from the different types of waste management methods identified. Since the BPEO may be different
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conducted a BPEO review that reinforces the aforementioned thinkingâtheir findings support âthe idea that LCA would allow a systematic examination of a waste management option and its environmental impacts both up-stream and down-stream of the waste disposal unitâ though âthere is little, if any,
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the framework nature of the BPEO concept, the flexibility afforded allows for a BPEO determination that is unique to the type of waste, location, and any other relevant data pointsâand allows for the specifics of the analysis to incorporate as many strategic tools or analysis methods as desired.
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approach. With respect to the reasoning for the development of the BPEO, it is critically important to note that the UK's RCEP recognized the demand for a structured concept, rather than a rigid decision making toolâand, therefore, put forth the BPEO process as a âframework concept, linked to an
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The concept of the BPEO was introduced by the RCEP due its identification of the âneed for a more unified approach to regulatory control over pollutant discharges than that which prevailed at the timeâ. Prior to the development of the BPEO, âseparate and effectively independent controls over the
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Stakeholder involvementâor the participation of âanyone with an active interest in waste managementââis possibility the most obvious, publicly understood driving factor behind the establishment and identification of the BPEO. The involvement and encouragement of those individuals interested in
63:âreduce, reuse, recycle, recovery and disposalâcannot be applied without taking into consideration the environmental, economic and social impacts associated with the options considered, given that the BPEO must be economically and socially sustainable as well.
52:. The rationale behind the BPEO is âpolluter-orientatedânot policy-, planning-, or environmentally-, directedââan ideology that is intended to facilitate the comparison of disposal options by associating each practice with its respective
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In the simplest of terms, the BPEO idea was established as an attempt to institute a method that could determine the soundest waste disposal practices using a
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practical, environmentally sound waste management processes is said to have made a significant impact on the RCEP's decision to curate the BPEO.
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The ideology behind the BPEO expresses concern for social improvementsâin addition to the focus on economic viability, a reduction in overall
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Guruswamy, L.D.; Tromans, S.R. (1987-01-01). "British
Environmental Policy: Towards the Best Practicable Environmental Option".
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O'Riordan, Timothy (1989). "Best
Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO): A Case-study in Partial Bureaucratic Adaptation".
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Adams, Katherine. "How Do You
Identify the Best Practicable Environmental Option for Construction and Demolition Waste?".
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Goodall, Brian (1995). "Environmental
Auditing: A Tool for Assessing the Environmental Performance of Tourism Firms".
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