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Sweden and Norway, once even paradropping a hospital complete with a doctor and nurse. Between
November 1944 and April 1945, Balchen also transported 200 tons of Arctic equipment and operational supplies from England to Sweden that were used to make secret overland transport from Sweden to Norway possible. During winter 1945, Balchen shipped communications equipment into northern Norway that was of inestimable value to the Allied Expeditionary Force's intelligence operations. The leading Norwegian wartime ace Sven Heglund was acting military attaché and served with Balchen, later writing about his time at Kallax. Another Norwegian at Kallax during the same period, who became a good friend, was marine biologist and explorer-to-be
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762:. Working for Canadair in 1966, then the parent company, General Dynamics, from 1966 to 1971, Balchen had authority over projects as diverse as ice-breakers, tankers, new epoxy materials for submarine construction, seagoing electronic weather systems and over-snow vehicles. In 1962, he also worked with the USAF presenting a proposal on the Apogee Intercept Defense System (AIDS) in 1962 and later, was the leading advocate for "Project Iceman", a proposed system of intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) stationed in Greenland.
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before returning to
Honolulu. Balchen was the only passenger allowed into the cockpit when the four pilots, who were all qualified Boeing 707 captains, performed four 360-degree loops over the South Geographic Pole. As well as being the first such flight, this would remain the fastest until succeeded
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that followed the end of major hostilities. During a cavalry charge, his horse was shot from under him and he was left for dead on the battlefield. Having received serious wounds that required a lengthy convalescence, Balchen turned to an early interest in athletics and trained strenuously as a boxer
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to
Balchen who was assumed to be planning an Antarctic flight. Balchen flew the Vega to the Fokker Aircraft Company plant at Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey. There, he and the mechanics Frank Nagle and Eddie Gorski reconditioned the Vega for the upcoming record flight. Its fuselage was strengthened to
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From
November 1948 to January 1951, Balchen commanded the 10th Rescue Squadron of the U.S. Air Force, which was located in southern Alaska but which operated across all of Alaska and northern Canada rescuing crashed airmen. Balchen led this squadron in the development of the techniques that became
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Due to Acosta's reported lack of ability to successfully fly via aircraft instruments, and the foul weather for most of this flight, Balchen did most of the flying. Bad weather and low visibility over France made landing at the Paris airport impractical, despite their repeated attempts. When their
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After retiring from the U.S. Air Force in 1956, Colonel
Balchen continued to serve the Air Force on special assignments and aviation and energy industries as a consultant. He joined General Precision Laboratories as a consultant in 1959, as well as working with a host of other companies including
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With his status of holding dual
Norwegian and American citizenship and his extensive contacts in the aviation industry, his instruction from the Norwegian Government-in-exile in London changed to a new directive: to set up a training camp and school for expatriate Norwegian airmen and soldiers in
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on the eastern coast of that island. This destruction hindered the ability of the German armed forces to maintain a presence on
Greenland that not only had been used to send deceptive radio messages to Allied aircraft as well as establishing a weather station required to provide accurate weather
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The air operation also shipped strategic freight; from July to
October 1944, 64 tons of operational supplies such as ammunition were transported from Scotland to the underground in occupied Norway. Life necessities like bales of hay and fodder for livestock were brought to areas in the north of
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In the mid-1930s, Balchen returned to Norway to work with the
Norwegian Airlines. Later, he was part of a team to create a Nordic Postal Union, and as war seemed inevitable in Europe, Balchen helped negotiate an aviation treaty with the United States. Balchen also worked with the airplane, The
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to provide relief to the downed pilots. Bennett had developed pneumonia following a previous crash. Bennett succumbed to his fever while in flight on 25 April. Balchen flew the remaining eight hours, and he was paid $ 10,000 for the effort. Balchen donated the money to
Bennett's widow.
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Quote: "Please tell Bernt Balchen how deeply I appreciate all that he did to make this flight possible. Of course he is about the finest flyer and technical expert in the world but beyond that it was his confidence in my ability which helped so much." Amelia Earhart, 22 May
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carry extra fuel tanks that were added to provide a 420-gallon capacity, and some additional flight instruments were also installed. After modifications had been made, Earhart flew this Lockheed Vega across the Atlantic Ocean on 20 May 1932, landing in Ireland.
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338:. Although he was a highly regarded mechanic, Balchen's main role was to provide survival training to the Italian crew members as well as to teach them to ski. In a last-minute decision by Amundsen, he was not chosen to be on the record-breaking
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Between September 1941 and November 1943, Balchen trained his personnel in cold weather survival skills and rescue techniques which enabled them to carry out many rescues of downed airmen on the Greenland icecap. On 25 May 1943, flying in a
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aircraft was running low on aviation gasoline, Balchen decided to fly back to the western coast of France, and there he landed the Fokker Trimotor —-which was not designed for a water landing —- on the ocean with no injury to the occupants.
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and helped to set up an escape route between the United Kingdom and Sweden that enabled numerous important diplomats and others to flee the Nazis. From March to December 1944, Balchen's "Operation Balder" using six B-24s manned with
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During 1940, with the "Little Norway" facilities under construction and his administrative duties taken over by others, Balchen requested permission from the Norwegian Air Force to fly ferrying missions for the British, teaming with
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Balchen was primarily responsible for the pioneering and development of the strategic air base at Thule, Greenland, built secretly on his recommendation, in 1951 under severe weather conditions which, by extending the range of the
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by Pan Am Flight 50, a Boeing 747SP with U.S. registration N533PA, on October 28–30, 1977. (October 28, 1977 was the 50th anniversary of Pan Am's first (airmail) flight, from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba: about 90 miles.)
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that were menacing American, British, and Canadian ships taking war supplies and troops across the ocean in preparation for the then undecided location of the cross-channel invasion of Europe. This latter air base had the
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Gaining recognition as an accomplished pilot, the Norwegian Defense Department selected Balchen in 1925 to become part of the Amundsen-Ellsworth Relief Expedition, a rescue mission for the missing explorer
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816:(D.N.L.) ("The Norwegian Airline Company"), with which he pioneered commercial Europe–US airline flights across the North Pole. D.N.L. later merged with Danish and Swedish airlines into the major carrier
272:. Besides being a championship boxer, he was also an expert marksman and an accomplished skier. Balchen was very knowledgeable about wilderness and northern survival, skills that he would later exploit.
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As one of the world's foremost Arctic experts, Balchen was sought out by numerous companies and government agencies including Canada and Norway. Balchen was hired as a consultant by Hercules Oil, then
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jet with U.S. registration N322F, which had been modified with additional fuel tanks installed in the front passenger cabin. The route taken, between 14 and 17 November 1965, was from
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on a tour to more than 50 American cities, thereby promoting commercial aviation as a safe, reliable and practical means of transportation. Following this tour Balchen was hired by
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While waiting for his acceptance as an Olympian, Balchen received word that he also qualified for flight training, resulting in his decision to become a pilot in the
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Colonel Balchen was among 27 passengers on board the first circumnavigation of the Earth over both poles. The aircraft was a brand-new, chartered Flying Tiger Line
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bush aircraft, one that became an important search and rescue aircraft for the Arctic. On 23 May 1949, while commanding the 10th Rescue Squadron, Balchen flew a
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During the next year, Balchen became part of a ground party led by Lieutenant J. Höver, providing technical services for the Roald Amundsen,
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Canada. Balchen negotiated directly with Canadian government officials to obtain an agreement to use available airport facilities at the
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as a technical adviser for a planned solo transatlantic flight. In an attempt to throw off the press, Earhart turned over her repaired
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widely used in cold weather search and rescues. He was also directly responsible for persuading the U.S. Air Force to purchase the
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Bernt Balchen: Colonel, United States Air Force, Retired: A Special Report on the Unique Career of a Great American Patriot
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following the first east to west non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe. Balchen and Floyd Bennett flew a
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in his memory in 1976 to recognize airports excelling in snow and ice control. In 1973, Balchen was inducted in the
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in aviation. The annual "International Aviation Snow Symposium", sponsored by the Northeast (U.S.) Chapter of the
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In 1926, under the sponsorship of Joseph Wanamaker, Balchen officially joined the Byrd party, as the co-pilot and
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archipelago. This assignment would make Amundsen, already a family friend, a lifelong friend and confidant.
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and Moran Towing on plans to extract oil from Alaska using pipelines. According to a 1972 article in
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Balchen continued to work in consultancy until his death. In his final year, he was diagnosed with
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Due to his reputation as a polar, transatlantic and aviation expert, Balchen was hired in 1931 by
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Air Base in northern Sweden. Balchen commanded a clandestine air transport operation, using 10
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Balchen-related link list, from the website of the Metropolitan News Company, California, USA
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Balchen then was posted to the European Theatre to run "Operation Where and When", based at
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flight as Nobile was in charge of picking the crew, which already had a complement of 23.
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is melting the polar ice cap and may produce an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the year 2000."
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The Next Fifty Years of Flight: As Visualized by Bernt Balchen and told to Erik Bergaust
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1871:(Explorer books edition). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Xerox University Microfilms, 1954.
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to continue with their attempt to fly to the North Pole and back on 9 May 1926.
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1889:"Balchen will Retire. First Pilot to Fly Over South Pole to Leave Air Force."
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in Antarctica also named in his honor. In 1976, Balchen was inducted into the
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2010:
1876:
Poles Apart: The Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Colonel Bernt Balchen Odyssey
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In his native Norway, Balchen was a driving force in the establishment of
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1964:
Little Norway in Pictures: With Supplement, Norway – Yesterday and Today
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1334:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 270–276.
897:. Balchen was also a recipient of the following military decorations:
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and the navigator and air flight organizer, Commander Byrd, flew a
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The son of a country doctor, Balchen was born at the farm Myren in
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1534:
Polar Imperative: A History of Arctic Sovereignty in North America
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crews, safely evacuated at least 2,000 Norwegians, 900 American
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reports for the German forces operating in the North Atlantic.
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On 29 June 1927, Balchen, as the co-pilot with the chief pilot
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Under an assumed name, Balchen fought as a cavalryman with the
1404:"The history of a Norwegian Sikorsky S.43 | European Airlines"
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Arctic Expedition, ultimately a successful attempt to fly the
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to oversee the establishment of the USAAF polar airfields at
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Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
358:, belonging to one of his competitors, Lieutenant Commander
186:(23 October 1899 – 17 October 1973) was a Norwegian pioneer
484:, Balchen became one of the first four men to fly over the
1953:. Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK: Hollycrest Enterprises, 1972.
803:, Balchen asserted that "a general warming trend over the
301:. The expedition consisting of two seaplanes, was sent to
1989:
Target: Arctic, Men in the Skies at the Top of the World.
855:. He is buried in Section 2, Grave 4969, next to Admiral
488:. Balchen was the chief pilot, and he was accompanied by
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These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame
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Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
1537:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 311–312.
1364:"Letter to G.P. Putnam to be directed to Bernt Balchen"
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and 150 internees of other nationalities from Sweden.
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In late April 1928 the three-man crew of the aircraft
1975:
The Immortal Beaver: The World's Greatest Bush Plane.
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sought out Balchen. Arnold asked Balchen to join the
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United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
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1576:Austin, Fred L.; Shoemaker, Brian (29 July 2005).
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16:United States Army Air Forces officer (1899–1973)
1578:"Interview of Fred L. Austin by Brian Shoemaker"
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1860:Balchen, Bernt, Corey Ford and Oliver LaFarge.
1584:. Byrd Polar Research Center Archival Program.
1016:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
889:in Alaska was named after him, and there is a
19:"Balchen" redirects here. For other uses, see
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2041:"Longines Chronoscope with Bernt Balkin (SIC)
1938:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 1999.
1921:East to the Dawn: The Life of Amelia Earhart.
1605:"How Pan Am Flight 50 flew from pole to pole"
673:were also airlifted from Sweden to Finnmark.
8:
5301:Deaths from bone cancer in the United States
1958:Hitch Your Wagon: The Story of Bernt Balchen
1878:. Oakland, Oregon: Elderberry Press, 2004.
593:patrol aircraft could fly far out over the
496:, the flight's photographer; and Commander
377:, with the pilot Floyd Bennett, flying the
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1960:. New York: Bell Publishing Company, 1950.
1739:American Association of Airport Executives
1698:"Polar Explorer Given Burial at Arlington"
895:International Air & Space Hall of Fame
873:American Association of Airport Executives
38:
27:
1977:Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1999.
1704:. Phoenix, AZ. 24 October 1973. p. 3
1678:8 June 1972. Retrieved: 31 December 2010.
5271:Norwegian emigrants to the United States
5196:Marie Byrd Land explorers and scientists
5130:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1862:War Below Zero: The Battle for Greenland
1804:United States Department of the Interior
5291:American Polar Society honorary members
4705:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1956:Knight, Clayton and Robert C. Durham.
1864:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1944.
1383:
1381:
1205:
1184:
1123:New York City Medal of Valor - 2 awards
297:under the command of Flight Lieutenant
5306:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
5281:United States Army Air Forces officers
5261:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1059:(Norway's highest civilian decoration)
625:on the ice in Greenland after a rescue
105:, navigator, engineer, military leader
5276:Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
1331:Explorer: The Life of Richard E. Byrd
1247:
1245:
1057:The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
472:A Ford Trimotor once flown by Balchen
147:
133:
119:
7:
5266:Military personnel from Kristiansand
1994:Wiig, Erling. "Message of Liberty."
1970:). Toronto: S. J. R. Saunders, 1944.
1855:Come North with Me: An Autobiography
901:United States decorations and medals
832:Memorial plaque to Bernt Balchen in
288:Amundsen-Ellsworth Relief Expedition
5251:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
4491:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2688:Norse colonization of North America
1923:Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
1795:Geographic Names Information System
847:in 1973. Balchen was buried at the
492:, his co-pilot and radio operator;
346:Support of Byrd's North Pole flight
5226:Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
4020:United States Exploring Expedition
1991:Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1965.
1867:Balchen, Bernt and Erik Bergaust.
554:airport on Lake Ontario known as "
212:exploration expertise to help the
14:
5246:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
5094:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4462:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1507:" 'Høk over høk'." (in Norwegian)
1055: Commander 1st Class
422:, across the Atlantic Ocean from
350:After observing the crash of the
345:
5256:United States Air Force officers
4988:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4381:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2043:is available for viewing at the
2009:
1827:. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006.
1719:
1137:
1104:
1092:
1074:
1069:King Christian X's Liberty Medal
1062:
1050:
1032:
1021:
1009:
998:
986:
975:
963:
951:
939:
928:
917:
906:
715:de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
277:Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
1800:United States Geological Survey
1603:Patterson, Thom (6 July 2018).
1045:International orders and medals
982:Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
2027:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1905:, New York: Doubleday, 2013,
1393:. Retrieved: 9 September 2010.
1391:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1039:National Defense Service Medal
993:American Defense Service Medal
883:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1:
4367:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4302:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
1823:Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor.
1674:The Christian Science Monitor
1663:"Ice-free Arctic Ocean near?"
1230:. Retrieved: 28 January 2013.
1153:Adventurers' Club of New York
800:The Christian Science Monitor
614:during its operational life.
45:
5221:Norwegian military personnel
4724:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4540:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4346:French Antarctic Expeditions
4276:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4162:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2280:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1936:Bernt Balchen: Polar Aviator
1512:Retrieved: 9 September 2010.
1264:Retrieved: 8 September 2010.
867:Balchen was a winner of the
5296:Recipients of the Air Medal
3809:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3488:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2353:Andrée's balloon expedition
960:with five oak leaf clusters
913:Distinguished Service Medal
849:Arlington National Cemetery
632:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
623:Consolidated OA-10 Catalina
591:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
268:to represent Norway in the
5322:
5206:Norwegian Air Lines people
3010:Franklin's lost expedition
2710:Christian IV's expeditions
1998:, No. 338, September 2009.
1903:One Summer: America, 1927
1582:Polar Oral History Program
1374:e-archives.lib.purdue.edu.
1318:Simmons 1965, pp. 107–108.
1028:World War II Victory Medal
972:with two oak leaf clusters
935:Distinguished Flying Cross
813:Det Norske Luftfartselskap
773:, over the North Pole, to
416:aircraft, Fokker trimotor
195:Distinguished Flying Cross
18:
5216:Norwegian polar explorers
3862:
3858:
3845:
3364:Great Northern Expedition
3040:Rae–Richardson expedition
2240:British Arctic Expedition
2104:
2100:
2087:
1857:. New York: Dutton, 1958.
1765:"Enshrinee Brent Balchen"
1630:"Round the World Flights"
1566:Glines 1999, pp. 268–270.
1521:Rossiter 1999, pp. 86–87.
1449:Glines 1999, pp. 128–129.
1212:Glines 1999, pp. 268–273.
1018:with three campaign stars
37:
4648:British Antarctic Survey
4642:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3887:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1126:City of Paris Gold Medal
725:, via the North Pole to
597:in search of the German
542:In 1939, Balchen was in
533:Image of Balchen's plane
385:as a test pilot for the
21:Balchen (disambiguation)
5201:Explorers of the Arctic
5191:Explorers of Antarctica
5124:Pole of inaccessibility
4787:Antarctic Treaty System
3128:2nd Grinnell expedition
1949:Isakson, Evelyn Moore.
1531:Grant, Shelagh (2010).
1408:www.europeanairlines.no
1328:Rose, Lisle A. (2008).
1005:American Campaign Medal
970:Army Commendation Medal
671:Norwegian police troops
638:, a forward station at
405:; the flight engineer,
387:Fokker Aircraft Company
1470:Balchen 1944, pp. 4–5.
1257:1 January 2011 at the
836:
719:Douglas C-54 Skymaster
709:
626:
534:
473:
453:Greenly Island, Canada
5241:Harmon Trophy winners
4794:Transglobe Expedition
4693:Operation Deep Freeze
4102:Challenger expedition
2968:Coppermine expedition
2489:Drifting ice stations
1737:. Northeast Chapter,
1227:Store Norske Leksikon
948:with oak leaf cluster
845:Mount Kisco, New York
831:
818:Scandinavian Airlines
760:Electric Boat Company
735:Strategic Air Command
707:
620:
532:
471:
397:Trans-Atlantic Flight
246:French Foreign Legion
91:Mount Kisco, New York
2018:at Wikimedia Commons
1769:nationalaviation.org
1735:"Balchen/Post Award"
1687:Glines 1999, p. 275.
1653:Glines 1999, p. 271.
1557:Glines 1999, p. 212.
1488:Balchen 1944, p. 21.
1458:Glines 1999, p. 129.
1431:Glines 1999, p. 127.
1369:20 July 2011 at the
1354:Butler 1997, p. 263.
1309:Simmons 1965, p. 87.
1291:Simmons 1965, p. 56.
1282:Simmons 1965, p. 31.
1273:Simmons 1965, p. 27.
1252:"Bernt Balchen Bio."
595:North Atlantic Ocean
202:U.S. Army Air Forces
4964:South magnetic pole
3630:Brusilov expedition
2739:Danish colonization
2177:North magnetic pole
1934:Glines, Carroll V.
1745:on 18 November 2016
1668:29 May 2013 at the
1497:Balchen 1944, p. 4.
1479:Glines 1999, p. 163
1239:Glines 1999, p. 21.
1111:War Medal 1939–1945
878:Bernt Balchen Award
863:Honors and tributes
407:George Otto Noville
200:His service in the
137: Engelbrethsen
5211:Norwegian aviators
4655:Operation Windmill
4636:Operation Highjump
3611:Rusanov expedition
3516:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3260:North East Passage
3064:McClure expedition
1968:R.N.A.F. in Canada
1895:, 20 October 1956.
1892:The New York Times
1300:Glines 199, p. 19.
1262:snowsymposium.org.
1158:Aviation in Norway
837:
795:Phillips Petroleum
710:
695:Postwar activities
627:
612:"Bluie West Eight"
572:US Army Air Forces
568:Henry "Hap" Arnold
535:
478:Ford 4-AT Trimotor
474:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
4622:Operation Tabarin
4484:Far Eastern Party
4330:Nimrod Expedition
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3400:M. Pronchishcheva
3322:Siberian Cossacks
2791:Northwest Passage
2124:Research stations
2081:Polar exploration
2035:video documentary
2014:Media related to
1987:Simmons, George.
1911:978-0-7679-1940-1
1833:978-1-57864-397-4
1544:978-1-55365-618-0
1440:Wiig 2009, p. 57.
1221:Henriksen, Vera.
843:, and he died at
723:Fairbanks, Alaska
705:
584:Sondre Stromfjord
464:South Pole flight
391:Teterboro Airport
334:from Svalbard to
314:Lincoln Ellsworth
265:Finnish Civil War
181:
180:
165:Bernt Jr, Lauritz
5313:
4669:Ronne Expedition
4154:
4148:
4012:Dumont d'Urville
3860:
3847:
3395:V. Pronchishchev
2102:
2089:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2045:Internet Archive
2033:Alone on the Ice
2013:
1973:Rossiter, Sean.
1966:(Also on cover:
1849:Balchen, Bernt (
1836:
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1741:. Archived from
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1702:Arizona Republic
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1223:"Bernt Balchen."
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1145:Biography portal
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824:Death and burial
752:General Dynamics
706:
451:was stranded on
411:U.S. Post Office
322:lighter-than-air
208:made use of his
173:Lauritz, Dagny (
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4699:McMurdo Station
4568:Modern research
4566:
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4289:O. Nordenskjöld
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4057:Ross expedition
3881:
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2795:Northern Canada
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2006:
2001:
1874:Balchen, Bess.
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1790:"Mount Balchen"
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1168:Marie Byrd Land
1163:Balchen Glacier
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946:Soldier's Medal
924:Legion of Merit
903:
865:
857:Richard E. Byrd
826:
767:Boeing 707-349C
748:Hughes Aircraft
743:
741:Post-retirement
699:
697:
540:
523:
506:
498:Richard E. Byrd
494:Ashley McKinley
466:
443:
424:Roosevelt Field
399:
360:Richard E. Byrd
352:Fokker trimotor
348:
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240:, just outside
234:
222:Northern Europe
157:
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83:17 October 1973
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64:23 October 1899
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2016:Bernt Balchen
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1917:Butler, Susan
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1081:Victory Medal
1077:
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891:Mount Balchen
888:
887:Mount Balchen
884:
880:
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874:
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869:Harmon Trophy
862:
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749:
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729:, Greenland.
728:
724:
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694:
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684:
680:
674:
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664:
659:
658:Douglas C-47s
655:
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640:Sabine Island
637:
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619:
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581:
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569:
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556:Little Norway
553:
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531:
527:
520:
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514:Lockheed Vega
511:
503:
501:
499:
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491:
487:
483:
482:Floyd Bennett
479:
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463:
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457:Ford Trimotor
454:
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396:
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388:
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368:Floyd Bennett
365:
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270:1920 Olympics
266:
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184:Bernt Balchen
176:
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99:Occupation(s)
97:
92:
82:
78:
73:
69:
56:
52:
41:
36:
32:Bernt Balchen
29:
26:
22:
5122:
5110:Pole of Cold
5108:
5078:
5034:
5025:
4993:
4986:
4962:
4933:
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4913:Borchgrevink
4905:
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4857:
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4365:
4353:Pourquoi-Pas
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4323:Orcadas Base
4321:
4313:
4300:
4294:C. A. Larsen
4282:
4274:
4260:
4253:
4240:
4232:
4226:Borchgrevink
4219:
4211:
4168:
4160:
4135:C. A. Larsen
4128:
4109:
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4082:
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4005:
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3362:
3320:
3303:
3271:
3235:
3233:
3213:
3212:
3192:
3191:
3177:
3164:
3149:
3135:
3126:
3113:
3084:
3072:Investigator
3071:
3062:
3038:
3025:
3017:
3008:
2995:
2966:
2943:
2928:
2913:
2883:
2868:
2838:
2757:
2737:
2708:
2704:Erik the Red
2686:
2664:
2657:
2614:submersibles
2611:
2605:Arktika 2007
2603:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2570:
2561:
2558:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2494:
2487:
2463:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2438:
2404:
2402:
2373:
2370:
2359:S. A. Andrée
2351:
2338:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2278:
2260:
2247:
2238:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2175:
2039:A film clip
2032:
1995:
1988:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1902:
1890:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1851:ghostwritten
1843:Bibliography
1824:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1729:
1712:– via
1706:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1683:
1672:
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1598:
1581:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1390:
1373:
1359:
1350:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1261:
1235:
1225:
1217:
1208:
1187:
1118:Civil awards
1109:
1097:
1087:Verdun Medal
1079:
1037:
1026:
1014:
1003:
991:
980:
968:
956:
944:
933:
922:
911:
877:
876:
866:
838:
834:Kristiansand
811:
809:
798:
792:
787:Christchurch
783:Buenos Aires
764:
744:
731:
711:
686:
682:
675:
647:
645:
628:
600:Kriegsmarine
598:
560:
548:
541:
538:World War II
524:
507:
481:
475:
447:
444:
438:
432:
418:
400:
378:
372:
355:
349:
325:
311:
291:
274:
261:White Guards
258:
242:Kristiansand
235:
206:World War II
199:
183:
182:
177:Dietrechson)
174:
145:
131:
123: Sorlie
117:
85:(1973-10-17)
72:Kristiansand
25:
5186:1973 deaths
5181:1899 births
4813:Lake Vostok
4763:Tryoshnikov
4685:Schlossbach
4576:Christensen
4518:James Caird
4439:E. R. Evans
4205:Dobrowolski
4175:de Gerlache
3877:Expeditions
3763:Aviaarktika
3717:Samoylovich
3588:Kolomeitsev
3482:Middendorff
3442:Gedenshtrom
2862:I. Fyodorov
2624:Chilingarov
2512:E. Fyodorov
2119:Expeditions
1899:Bill Bryson
1809:28 November
1749:17 November
1639:20 February
1614:20 February
841:bone cancer
683:Ra I and II
681:, later of
526:Valkyrien.
490:Harold June
428:Long Island
403:Bert Acosta
330:, over the
303:Spitsbergen
299:Lützow-Holm
250:World War I
232:Early years
218:Scandinavia
5175:Categories
5036:Terra Nova
4941:Shackleton
4884:J. C. Ross
4843:Resolution
4833:South Pole
4608:New Swabia
4532:Mackintosh
4504:Shackleton
4423:Terra Nova
4416:Terra Nova
4150:Heroic Age
4110:Challenger
4070:J. C. Ross
3980:Bransfield
3912:Resolution
3827:icebreaker
3791:Chelyuskin
3532:expedition
3510:Expedition
3452:Matyushkin
3410:Kh. Laptev
3405:Chelyuskin
3299:Heemskerck
3289:Chancellor
3284:Willoughby
3279:Koch boats
3222:Stefansson
3156:McClintock
3120:Inglefield
2962:J. C. Ross
2869:Resolution
2721:Cunningham
2619:Sagalevich
2308:expedition
2267:Stephenson
2227:C. F. Hall
2214:expedition
2188:J. C. Ross
2151:Heemskerck
2138:North Pole
1774:20 January
1708:11 January
1609:CNN Travel
1174:References
805:North Pole
621:Balchen's
486:South Pole
332:North Pole
60:1899-10-23
5135:Tolstikov
4921:Discovery
4891:HMS
4876:HMS
4858:Adventure
4856:HMS
4841:HMS
4777:Tolstikov
4498:Endurance
4283:Antarctic
4268:Drygalski
4241:Discovery
4234:Discovery
4195:Arctowski
4108:HMS
4081:HMS
4075:Abernethy
4063:HMS
4041:USS
4028:Vincennes
4026:USS
4006:Astrolabe
3946:San Telmo
3927:Adventure
3925:HMS
3910:HMS
3905:Kerguelen
3867:Continent
3852:Antarctic
3729:Urvantsev
3687:Vilkitsky
3540:Jeannette
3538:USS
3530:Jeannette
3494:Weyprecht
3472:Pakhtusov
3422:Chichagov
3415:D. Laptev
3358:Permyakov
3333:Stadukhin
3328:Perfilyev
3305:Mangazeya
3243:H. Larsen
3208:Rasmussen
3163:HMS
3134:USS
3083:HMS
3070:HMS
3034:Collinson
3024:HMS
3016:HMS
2994:HMS
2942:HMS
2927:HMS
2912:HMS
2897:Mackenzie
2884:Discovery
2882:HMS
2867:HMS
2839:Discovery
2818:Frobisher
2781:Rasmussen
2694:Gunnbjörn
2640:Greenland
2569:USS
2560:USS
2432:Ellsworth
2374:Roosevelt
2304:Nansen's
2261:Discovery
2259:HMS
2246:HMS
2193:Abernethy
2161:Marmaduke
1590:1811/6042
1200:Citations
1071:(Denmark)
995:with star
958:Air Medal
885:In 1974,
667:internees
636:Greenland
609:code name
587:Greenland
375:navigator
364:U.S. Navy
340:dirigible
324:airship,
279:in 1921.
170:Parent(s)
5147:A. Fuchs
5104:V. Fuchs
5084:McKinley
5047:E. Evans
5006:Bjaaland
5001:Amundsen
4951:Marshall
4864:Furneaux
4716:V. Fuchs
4680:E. Ronne
4675:F. Ronne
4614:Ritscher
4468:SY
4456:Filchner
4400:Framheim
4394:Amundsen
4200:Racoviță
4185:Amundsen
4180:Lecointe
4049:Ringgold
4043:Porpoise
3933:Furneaux
3769:Shevelev
3724:Begichev
3703:Amundsen
3665:Nagórski
3643:Brusilov
3637:Sv. Anna
3551:Melville
3521:Palander
3477:Tsivolko
3437:Sannikov
3432:Billings
3375:Chirikov
3294:Barentsz
3236:St. Roch
3227:Bartlett
3201:Amundsen
3185:Sverdrup
3085:Resolute
2974:Franklin
2902:Kotzebue
2769:Sverdrup
2752:Scoresby
2726:Lindenov
2577:Plaisted
2562:Nautilus
2507:Shirshov
2481:Belyakov
2476:Baydukov
2450:Nautilus
2412:Amundsen
2372:SS
2331:Sverdrup
2326:Johansen
2296:Brainard
2291:Lockwood
2146:Barentsz
1666:Archived
1367:Archived
1255:Archived
1131:See also
1089:(France)
1083:(France)
853:Virginia
771:Honolulu
758:and the
756:Canadair
688:Kon-Tiki
544:Helsinki
307:Svalbard
283:Aviation
162:Children
74:, Norway
5152:Messner
5099:Hillary
5079:Balchen
5027:Polheim
5021:Wisting
4899:Crozier
4871:Weddell
4849:J. Cook
4819:Kapitsa
4800:Fiennes
4742:Klenova
4711:Hillary
4661:Ketchum
4587:BANZARE
4562:·
4407:Polheim
4373:Shirase
4359:Charcot
4169:Belgica
4088:Crozier
4000:Morrell
3995:Weddell
3973:Lazarev
3918:J. Cook
3872:History
3822:Arktika
3798:Krassin
3783:Voronin
3755:Schmidt
3741:Ushakov
3680:Vaygach
3648:Albanov
3617:Rusanov
3598:Kolchak
3593:Matisen
3567:Makarov
3546:De Long
3447:Wrangel
3427:Lyakhov
3380:Malygin
3338:Dezhnev
3165:Pandora
3136:Advance
3103:Kennedy
3098:Belcher
3091:Kellett
3078:McClure
3002:Beechey
2996:Blossom
2989:Simpson
2957:Crozier
2950:Hoppner
2907:J. Ross
2875:J. Cook
2823:Gilbert
2716:J. Hall
2682:Ingólfr
2672:Naddodd
2666:Vikings
2653:Brendan
2648:Pytheas
2636:Iceland
2590:Arktika
2582:Herbert
2547:Badygin
2517:Krenkel
2502:Papanin
2471:Chkalov
2457:Wilkins
2422:Wisting
2366:F. Cook
2272:Markham
2232:Bessels
2221:Polaris
2212:Polaris
2183:J. Ross
2166:Carolus
2114:History
1996:Flypast
1414:2 April
604:U-boats
580:Qaanaaq
576:colonel
419:America
414:airmail
389:at the
362:of the
305:on the
263:in the
204:during
191:aviator
144:Audrey
110:Spouses
103:Aviator
5062:Bowers
5057:Wilson
5016:Hassel
5011:Helmer
4980:Mackay
4970:Mawson
4935:Nimrod
4893:Terror
4878:Erebus
4805:Burton
4600:Rymill
4476:Mawson
4470:Aurora
4449:Lashly
4434:Wilson
4337:Nimrod
4314:Scotia
4121:Murray
4096:Cooper
4083:Terror
4065:Erebus
4034:Wilkes
3985:Palmer
3953:Vostok
3900:Bouvet
3824:-class
3804:Gakkel
3672:Taymyr
3653:Konrad
3622:Kuchin
3560:Yermak
3467:Lavrov
3385:Ovtsyn
3370:Bering
3348:Ivanov
3311:Hudson
3273:Pomors
3250:Cowper
3215:Karluk
3114:Isabel
3108:Bellot
3058:Austin
3026:Terror
3018:Erebus
2914:Griper
2890:Clerke
2850:Baffin
2833:Hudson
2764:Nansen
2677:Garðar
2598:Barneo
2465:ANT-25
2441:Italia
2417:Nobile
2386:Henson
2345:Amedeo
2321:Nansen
2286:Greely
2156:Hudson
2094:Arctic
1981:
1942:
1927:
1909:
1882:
1831:
1541:
1510:nb.no.
1338:
779:Lisbon
775:London
691:fame.
653:Kallax
582:, and
521:Norway
480:named
448:Bremen
441:rescue
439:Bremen
214:Allies
210:Arctic
130:Inger
93:, U.S.
5142:Crary
5089:Dufek
5052:Oates
5042:Scott
4975:David
4956:Adams
4927:Barne
4748:Mirny
4737:Somov
4547:Quest
4444:Crean
4429:Scott
4308:Bruce
4262:Gauss
4255:Gauss
4129:Jason
4116:Nares
3990:Davis
3967:Mirny
3940:Smith
3895:Roché
3815:Lenin
3735:Sadko
3660:Wiese
3605:Sedov
3576:Zarya
3499:Payer
3462:Litke
3457:Anjou
3390:Minin
3353:Vagin
3343:Popov
3316:Poole
3171:Young
2984:Dease
2929:Hecla
2920:Parry
2845:Bylot
2828:Davis
2803:Cabot
2776:Peary
2758:Jason
2745:Egede
2659:Papar
2571:Skate
2552:Wiese
2532:NP-37
2525:NP-36
2405:Norge
2393:Sedov
2381:Peary
2339:Jason
2254:Nares
2248:Alert
2203:Hayes
2171:Parry
2109:Ocean
1192:1932.
1179:Notes
721:from
649:Luleå
574:as a
327:Norge
238:Tveit
216:over
188:polar
68:Tveit
5074:Byrd
4995:Fram
4946:Wild
4628:Marr
4594:BGLE
4581:Byrd
4509:Wild
4388:Fram
4190:Cook
3711:AARI
3696:Maud
3583:Toll
3508:Vega
3194:Gjøa
3179:Fram
3142:Kane
2979:Back
2944:Fury
2935:Lyon
2857:Munk
2496:NP-1
2398:Byrd
2315:Fram
2306:Fram
2198:Kane
1979:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1811:2023
1776:2023
1751:2016
1710:2022
1641:2022
1616:2022
1539:ISBN
1416:2018
1336:ISBN
685:and
316:and
220:and
80:Died
54:Born
48:1950
4771:3rd
4757:2nd
4731:1st
4564:IGY
4560:IPY
3150:Fox
3046:Rae
2612:Mir
2588:NS
1853:).
1586:hdl
851:in
663:OSS
426:on
175:née
149:née
135:née
121:née
5177::
3676:/
1919:.
1901:,
1802:,
1798:.
1792:.
1767:.
1700:.
1632:.
1607:.
1580:.
1463:^
1424:^
1406:.
1380:^
1244:^
859:.
820:.
781:;
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