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629:. This event sparked demonstrations and strikes at schools, universities and businesses that would rock the Kabyle region for more than two months. This period is known as the "Berber spring" or Tafsut ImaziÉŁen. This event was the first great popular movement to challenge the authorities, the FLN and the single-party system since Algeria's independence. A critical point was the coordinated arrest of hundreds of Berber activists, students and doctors on 20 April, sparking a
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According to Jane
Goodman, the Berber Spring could not have happened if not for the conjunction of four dynamics: the Arabization program that “criminalized” the Berber identity; a small network of Berber scholars in Paris in the 1970s; the student governance in Algerian universities that allowed for
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stressed the need for a linguistic and cultural "recovery", as a symbol of the nation's "recovery". Under French colonization, the Arabic language was disregarded; in 1938, the French government even issued a law that declared Arabic a foreign language in
Algeria. In reaction to the French policies,
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While the Berber Spring was in the end violently suppressed by the
Algerian authorities, it created a lasting legacy for Kabylie and the Berbers across North Africa. Many of today's prominent Kabyle politicians and activists made their name during the Berber Spring events, and organizations such as
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During the 1960s and the 1970s, several Berber cultural organizations emerged in Paris, for they could not be established in
Algeria. At that time, there were many exchanges between Algeria and France, and despite being based in Paris, these organizations also targeted Kabylia's inhabitants. The
703:(RCD) and the Berber Cultural Movement (Mouvement Culturel Berbère – MCB) were later created by activists of the Spring. The Spring was also an important event for Algeria's nascent human rights community, including outside Berber circles.
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country, with little consideration for the pluralism of cultures, identities and languages in
Algeria. For example, the 1976 National Charter did not take into account any Berber claims for recognition.
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the nation-building project envisioned by the
Algerian nationalist and pro-independence party, the FLN, made it so that Algeria would be a monolingual
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The Berber Spring is traditionally dated as beginning on 10 March 1980, with the banning of a conference due to be held by the Kabyle intellectual
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This rejection of the Berber identity, language and culture is to be put in a context where approximately 10 to 12 million
Algerians are Berbers.
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is the region with the highest concentration of
Berbers. Located in northern Algeria, it has approximately 7 million inhabitants.
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the national language in administration, schools and public services in general. Like most ex-colonies, the independence of
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the organization of the demonstrations; and the “human rights discourse” in the media, fueled by the violent repression.
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7 April: violent suppression of a demonstration in
Algiers shocked and the beginning of the strike in Tizi-Ouzou and
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10 March: Mouloud
Mammeri's conference about ancient Kabyle poetry is cancelled in Hasnaoua University in Tizi-Ouzou.
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indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
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for "Spring") was a period of political protest and civil activism in 1980, claiming recognition of the
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17 April: forced eviction of the strikers from the Tizi-Ouzou hospital and the SONELEC factory.
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Berber, and more specifically the Kabyle, identity was already a political cause. For example,
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Since January 2011 massive Berber activism re-emerged in North Africa in the wake of the
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734:. This time, Berber activists were much more active and vocal on the streets of
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Since the dismantling of the one-party FLN system in 1989—followed by abortive
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compared to Algeria. In Libya, Berber rebels helped topple
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19 and 20 April: Mizrana operation: authorities enter the
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Académie Berbère d’Echanges et de Recherches Culturelles
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Académie Berbère d’Echanges et de Recherches Culturelles
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815:"Touareg, Kabyles, Rifains... Qui sont les Berbères?"
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51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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899:"Morocco braces for protests as unrest moves west"
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921:"Tanger manifestation 5 juin 20 fevrier"
682:20 April: general spontaneous strike in
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640:11 March: demonstrations in Kabylia at
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802:(Editions Bouchène ed.): 463–493.
16:Period of political protest in Algeria
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661:10 April: general strike in Kabylia.
534:, with events mainly taking place in
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843:The Journal of North African Studies
145:Celebration of the Berber Spring in
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1477:Riots and civil disorder in Algeria
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1266:International Day of Non-Violence
813:Alilat, Djamel (4 January 2018).
754:there originated from the Berber
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36:needs additional citations for
1472:Opposition to Arab nationalism
901:. Al Arabiya. 19 February 2011
188:End to the suppression of the
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494:Riffian independence movement
328:Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani
133:history of Algeria (1962–99)
1512:April 1980 events in Africa
1507:March 1980 events in Africa
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750:and greatly helped end the
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1249:International Day of Peace
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158:10 March – 20 April 1980
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837:Goodman, Jane (2004).
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679:Tizi Ouzou university.
563:. After 132 years of
1462:Berberism in Algeria
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1348:Hijri New Year's Day
794:Mahé, Alain (2001).
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45:improve this article
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724:Tunisian revolution
565:French colonization
217:Violently repressed
1492:History of Kabylia
1421:(Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
941:. 28 February 2011
732:Berber-Arab Spring
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101:December 2009
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62: –
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56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
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1402:
1399:(Ramadan 27)
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1351:(Muharram 1)
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1213:Father's Day
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1168:Mother's Day
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1135:Election Day
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943:. Retrieved
939:The Guardian
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903:. Retrieved
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881:. Retrieved
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849:(3): 60–82.
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468:Rif Conflict
459:Black Spring
452:
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287:Lead figures
274:Armed Forces
253:
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131:Part of the
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55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1418:Eid al-Adha
1407:(Shawwal 1)
1404:Eid al-Fitr
1393:(Ramadan 1)
1068:Victory Day
883:13 February
774:Arab Spring
569:Arabization
214:Resulted in
179:Arabization
1502:1980 riots
1451:Categories
1435:See also:
1138:(Thursday)
923:. Youtube.
781:References
684:Tizi-Ouzou
667:Tizi Ouzou
642:Tizi Ouzou
627:Tizi-Ouzou
617:The events
546:Background
522:or simply
337:Casualties
71:newspapers
1314:Christmas
1272:Halloween
1242:September
1128:Earth Day
945:23 August
905:23 August
863:144431016
752:civil war
717:civil war
707:Aftermath
490:(2016–17)
484:(1958–59)
478:(1921–26)
449:(1963–64)
353:Thousands
175:Caused by
1301:December
1282:November
1190:(varies)
1029:February
1018:Yennayer
762:See also
350:Injuries
342:Death(s)
163:Location
149:in 2016.
1390:Ramadan
1259:October
1002:January
748:Tripoli
736:Morocco
728:Ben Ali
677:Kabylia
650:Algiers
594:Kabylia
577:Algeria
540:Algiers
536:Kabylia
532:Algeria
496:(2023–)
476:Rif War
426:2007–09
421:1990–95
416:1962–64
263:Algeria
241:Berbers
222:Parties
200:Methods
194:culture
168:Kabylia
85:scholar
1373:Mawlid
1356:Ashura
1042:Tafsut
861:
819:Geo.fr
770:- 2001
688:Bejaia
686:&
663:Bejaia
657:Bejaia
646:Bejaia
586:Muslim
573:Arabic
555:Since
528:Berber
524:Tafsut
516:Berber
461:(2001)
455:(1980)
260:
147:Azazga
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1099:April
1052:March
879:. BBC
859:S2CID
740:Libya
185:Goals
92:JSTOR
78:books
1431:Bold
1324:(31)
1316:(25)
1310:(24)
1274:(31)
1251:(21)
1223:July
1215:(21)
1198:June
1130:(22)
1124:(20)
1116:(16)
1083:(30)
1077:(22)
1071:(19)
1044:(28)
1038:(14)
1021:(12)
947:2011
907:2011
885:2022
738:and
715:and
699:the
648:and
584:and
582:Arab
538:and
514:(in
510:The
431:2012
192:and
155:Date
64:news
1293:(1)
1268:(2)
1234:(5)
1209:(1)
1163:(3)
1157:(1)
1146:May
1108:(1)
1063:(8)
1013:(1)
851:doi
561:FLN
345:128
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