40:
430:
469:). Radial glial cells show high levels of calcium transient activity, which is transmitted between RGCs in the ventricular zone and along the radial fibers bidirectionally to/from the cortical plate. The calcium activity is thought to promote RGC proliferation and could be involved in radial communication before synapses are present in the brain. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that cues from the external sensory environment can also influence the proliferation and neural
465:(FGF) signaling, developmental period, and differing abilities of radial glia to respond to environmental cues have all been shown to influence the type of radial glia and radial glia-derived daughter cells that will be produced. FGF and Notch signaling regulate the proliferation of radial glia and the rate of neurogenesis, which affects the surface area expansion of the cerebral cortex and its ability to form surface convolutions known as gyri (see
276:
237:
641:
just before him), and observing “various varicosities or swellings” on the radial fibers. Intrigued, Magini also observed that the size and number of these varicosities increased later in development, and were absent in the adult nervous system. Based on these findings, Magini then hypothesized that
497:
Recently, radial glia that exclusively generate upper-layer cortical neurons have also been discovered. Since upper cortical layers have expanded greatly in recent evolution, and are associated with higher-level information processing and thinking, radial glia have been implicated as important
318:. Since bergmann glia appear to persist in the cerebellum, and perform many of the roles characteristic of astrocytes, they have also been called "specialized astrocytes." Bergmann glia have multiple radial processes that extend across the molecular layer of the
572:
As radial glia serve as the primary neural and glial progenitors in the brain, as well as being crucial for proper neuronal migration, defects in radial glial function can have profound effects in the development of the nervous system.
225:, MĂĽller glia have long processes that span the entire width of the retina, from the basal cell layer to the apical layer. However, unlike cortical radial glia, MĂĽller glia do not appear in the retina until after the first rounds of
522:, through which neurons can be seen tightly wrapped around radial glia as they travel upwards through the cortex. Additional evidence suggests that many neurons may move between neighboring radial glial fibers during migration.
596:) and reduced brain volume. Extreme cases of Lissencephaly cause death a few months after birth, while patients with milder forms may experience mental retardation, difficulty balancing, motor and speech deficits, and
476:
At the conclusion of cortical development, most radial glia lose their attachment to the ventricles, and migrate towards the surface of the cortex, where, in mammals, most will become astrocytes during the process of
1183:
Komine O, Nagaoka M, Watase K, Gutmann DH, Tanigaki K, Honjo T, Radtke F, Saito T, Chiba S, Tanaka K (November 2007). "The monolayer formation of
Bergmann glial cells is regulated by Notch/RBP-J signaling".
541:. Tangentially migrating neurons also appear to initiate contact with radial glial fibers in the developing cortex of ferrets, implicating radial glial cells in both of these forms of migration.
1931:
Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver
Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodušek V, Vizjak A, Pižem J, Petrovec M, Avšič Županc T (March 2016).
637:
Using the Golgi method, Giuseppe Magini then studied the mammalian fetal cerebral cortex in 1888, confirming the similar presence of elongated radial cells in the cortex (also described by
244:
The characteristics that truly set MĂĽller glia apart from radial glia in other areas of the brain, is their possession of optical properties. The majority of the retina is actually largely
676:
334:
down to the internal granular layer along their extensive radial processes. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for
197:
The term "radial glia" refers to the morphological characteristics of these cells that were first observed: namely, their radial processes and their similarity to
846:
Noctor SC, Flint AC, Weissman TA, Dammerman RS, Kriegstein AR (February 2001). "Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex".
437:
Radial glia are now recognized as key progenitor cells in the developing nervous system. During the late stages of neurogenesis, radial glial cells divide
331:
607:. Epidemiological evidence indicates infection of the embryo within the first two trimesters of pregnancy has potential to cause fetal birth defects and
429:
39:
2080:
548:
late in spinal cord development, near the onset of gliogenesis, it is unclear whether they are involved in spinal cord neurogenesis or migration.
342:
death induced by CNS injury, Bergmann glia undergo extensive proliferative changes so as to replace lost or damaged tissue in a process known as
178:
in order to reach their final destinations. Despite the various possible fates of the radial glial population, it has been demonstrated through
1882:
Tang H, Hammack C, Ogden SC, Wen Z, Qian X, Li Y, Yao B, Shin J, Zhang F, Lee EM, Christian KM, Didier RA, Jin P, Song H, Ming GL (May 2016).
646:
staining method, Magini was able to identify these varicosities as cells, some of which were very closely associated with the radial fibers.
634:), first described radially oriented cells spanning from the central canal to the outer surface of the embryonic chick spinal cord, in 1885.
2899:
263:
in the retina, so they take on many of the supportive functions that astrocytes and oligodendrocytes usually handle in the rest of the
696:"The receptor for granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is expressed in radial glia during development of the nervous system"
619:
can lead to radial glial depletion during brain development which ultimately leads to a smaller brain size and mental disabilities.
1349:
1253:
1228:
1167:
506:
The best characterized and first widely accepted function of radial glia is their role as scaffolds for neuronal migration in the
2704:
2634:
485:
91:
2699:
2629:
2244:
390:
379:
660:
Despite the initial period of interest in radial glia, little additional information was learned about these cells until the
1974:"The association of microcephaly protein WDR62 with CPAP/IFT88 is required for cilia formation and neocortical development"
588:(which literally translate to “smooth brain”). Patients with these diseases are characterized by a lack of cortical folds (
2319:
2314:
2302:
2073:
2354:
2292:
657:, who also proposed the idea that growing axons may use radial cells for orientation and guidance during development.
649:
Additional early works that were important in elucidating the identity and function of radial glia, were completed by
1826:"Scripps Research Neuroscientists Find Brain Stem Cells that May Be Responsible for Higher Functions, Bigger Brains"
2349:
1672:"Bidirectional radial Ca(2+) activity regulates neurogenesis and migration during early cortical column formation"
484:
While it has been suggested that radial glia most likely give rise to oligodendrocytes, through the generation of
2859:
2709:
2644:
2272:
650:
2639:
2365:
577:
545:
470:
462:
438:
230:
79:
653:, who first suggested that the radial cells were a type of glia through their similarities to astrocytes; and
2338:
2066:
534:
458:
327:
1623:"Calcium waves propagate through radial glial cells and modulate proliferation in the developing neocortex"
252:
in the rear of the retina. Properties that help MĂĽller glia achieve this function include a limited number
2806:
2333:
2097:
1477:
1374:
1048:
Barry DS, Pakan JM, McDermott KW (January 2014). "Radial glial cells: key organisers in CNS development".
941:
638:
264:
370:. This process is mediated through the down-regulation of epithelium-related protein expression (such as
2664:
2654:
2589:
589:
519:
383:
367:
355:
256:(which are very light scattering), as well as a specialized arrangement of internal protein filaments.
84:
2904:
2789:
2686:
2616:
2442:
2297:
1683:
855:
665:
397:
494:, more evidence is yet needed to conclude whether this process also occurs in the developing brain.
2829:
2674:
2669:
2204:
2137:
661:
515:
454:
1525:"FGF signaling expands embryonic cortical surface area by regulating Notch-dependent neurogenesis"
1221:
Cellular
Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections: Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience
897:
Rakic P (May 1972). "Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex".
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1478:"Conservation of neural progenitor identity and the emergence of neocortical neuronal diversity"
1375:"Conservation of neural progenitor identity and the emergence of neocortical neuronal diversity"
942:"Conservation of neural progenitor identity and the emergence of neocortical neuronal diversity"
248:, suggesting that MĂĽller glia serve as the main fiber responsible for the relay of light to the
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1729:"Visual activity regulates neural progenitor cells in developing xenopus CNS through musashi1"
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Malatesta P, Appolloni I, Calzolari F (January 2008). "Radial glia and neural stem cells".
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Death of neural progenitor cells has recently been linked the mosquito-borne virus,
453:(IPC) daughter cell. Intermediate progenitor cells then divide symmetrically in the
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Bipolar-shaped progenitor cells of all neurons in the cerebral cortex and some glia
1884:"Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth"
1112:
Sild M, Ruthazer ES (June 2011). "Radial glia: progenitor, pathway, and partner".
396:
After this transition, radial glia retain many of the original characteristics of
287:
1744:
1639:
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are radial glial cells that are present in the developing, as well as the adult,
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2393:
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2209:
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1574:"Cortical gyrification induced by fibroblast growth factor 2 in the mouse brain"
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478:
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these varicosities could be developing neurons. Using a combination Golgi and
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Radial glia have also been implicated in forming boundaries between different
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17:
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Weissman TA, Riquelme PA, Ivic L, Flint AC, Kriegstein AR (September 2004).
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Steindler DA (1993). "Glial boundaries in the developing nervous system".
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1990:
1973:
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as a bulbous endfoot. Bergmann glial cells assist with the migration of
97:
2796:
2757:
2020:
Bentivoglio M, Mazzarello P (July 1999). "The history of radial glia".
1793:
611:, possibly due to the death of progenitor cells. Further, mutations in
433:
Interneuron-radial glial interactions in the developing cerebral cortex
343:
283:
48:
1070:
799:"Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology"
576:
Mutations in either Lis1 or Nde1, essential proteins for radial glial
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2411:
2176:
867:
446:
218:
152:
128:
814:
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and stabilization, cause the associated neurodevelopmental diseases
47:
expression clearly delineates cells of radial glia in the embryonic
1778:"Human fetal radial glia cells generate oligodendrocytes in vitro"
616:
593:
428:
274:
235:
175:
67:
2058:
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557:
233:
into readily dividing neural progenitors in response to injury.
136:
2062:
747:"Mechanisms of radial glia progenitor cell lineage progression"
445:, generating a new radial glial cell, as well as a postmitotic
1572:
Rash BG, Tomasi S, Lim HD, Suh CY, Vaccarino FM (June 2013).
310:
derived from radial glia that are intimately associated with
1050:
408:
of the developing cortex, and the phasic migration of their
1429:"The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells"
1523:
Rash BG, Lim HD, Breunig JJ, Vaccarino FM (October 2011).
488:(OPCs), and OPCs can be generated from radial glial cells
374:) and an up-regulation of glial-specific features such as
630:, using his silver staining technique (later deemed the
354:
Radial glial cells originate from the transformation of
514:
cortexes. This role can be easily visualized using the
457:
to generate neurons. Local environmental cues such as
229:
have occurred. Studies suggest that MĂĽller glia can
2815:
2756:
2749:
2685:
2615:
2572:
2532:
2494:
2476:
2469:
2455:
2402:
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2218:
2175:
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2105:
2096:
1342:
Clinical neuropathology : text and color atlas
677:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
78:
66:
61:
56:
32:
615:associated genes which encode proteins such as
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
694:Kirsch F, KrĂĽger C, Schneider A (March 2008).
127:that are responsible for producing all of the
2074:
1670:Rash BG, Ackman JB, Rakic P (February 2016).
190:, fates. Radial glia can be found during the
8:
792:
790:
745:Beattie, R; Hippenmeyer, S (December 2017).
389:, and, in some instances, including humans,
194:phase in all vertebrates (studied to date).
985:
983:
416:(termed “interkinetic nuclear migration”).
201:, another member of the glial cell family.
2753:
2473:
2466:
2277:
2172:
2102:
2081:
2067:
2059:
1482:Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology
1379:Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology
1297:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
946:Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology
38:
1989:
1972:Shohayeb, B, et al. (January 2020).
1948:
1933:"Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly"
1907:
1801:
1752:
1703:
1638:
1597:
1548:
1452:
1316:
1069:
822:
770:
721:
711:
1476:Shohayeb B, et al. (October 2021).
1373:Shohayeb B, et al. (October 2021).
940:Shohayeb B, et al. (October 2021).
259:MĂĽller glia are the predominant type of
135:. RGPs also produce certain lineages of
1427:Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A (2009).
1219:Rubenstein, John; Rakic, Pasko (2013).
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
686:
182:that most radial glia have restricted,
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
668:became available some 60 years later.
95:
29:
412:depending on their location with the
330:, guiding the small neurons from the
7:
1727:Sharma P, Cline HT (November 2010).
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1244:Sanes DH, Reh TA, Harris WA (2005).
1160:Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology
899:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
159:, which lies next to the developing
1937:The New England Journal of Medicine
1861:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.002305
1445:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135600
1248:. Elsevier Science and Technology.
1223:. Elsevier Science and Technology.
174:, traveling along the radial glial
25:
1246:Development of the Nervous System
486:oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
92:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
51:brain. From Kirsch et al., 2008.
2245:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
391:glial fibrillary acidic protein
380:glutamate aspartate transporter
1776:Mo Z, Zecevic N (April 2009).
1590:10.1523/jneurosci.3621-12.2013
1541:10.1523/jneurosci.4439-11.2011
1340:Catherine., Haberland (2007).
1291:Sofroniew MV (November 2014).
529:neuronal migration is largely
498:mediators of brain evolution.
1:
2034:10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00065-9
1849:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1433:Annual Review of Neuroscience
294:Bergmann glia (also known as
113:radial glial progenitor cells
1828:. Scripps Research Institute
1745:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.028
1640:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.015
1494:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.024
1391:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.024
1162:. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
1062:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.013
958:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.024
803:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2355:Postganglionic nerve fibers
1578:The Journal of Neuroscience
1529:The Journal of Neuroscience
1309:10.1101/cshperspect.a020420
1198:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.042
537:have been shown to undergo
404:, their position along the
2921:
2900:Developmental neuroscience
2350:Preganglionic nerve fibers
1900:10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.016
1158:; Butt, Arthur M. (2013).
155:) reside in the embryonic
2860:Olfactory receptor neuron
2524:Neurofibril/neurofilament
1004:10.1007/s00441-007-0481-8
700:BMC Developmental Biology
90:
37:
1978:Human Molecular Genetics
1126:10.1177/1073858410385870
992:Cell and Tissue Research
797:Rakic P (October 2009).
463:fibroblast growth factor
378:granules, the astrocyte
2022:Brain Research Bulletin
763:10.1002/1873-3468.12906
544:As radial glia seem to
451:intermediate progenitor
332:external granular layer
296:radial epithelial cells
240:Slcla3 in Bergmann Glia
2807:Neuromuscular junction
2670:III or Aδ or fast pain
1696:10.1126/sciadv.1501733
713:10.1186/1471-213X-8-32
434:
300:Golgi epithelial cells
291:
265:central nervous system
241:
1950:10.1056/NEJMoa1600651
1270:"Bergmann Glial Cell"
1186:Developmental Biology
911:10.1002/cne.901450105
568:Clinical significance
520:time-lapse microscopy
432:
402:apical-basal polarity
398:neuroepithelial cells
384:intermediate filament
368:embryonic development
356:neuroepithelial cells
322:and terminate at the
278:
239:
2825:Meissner's corpuscle
2790:Postsynaptic density
2687:Efferent nerve fiber
2675:IV or C or slow pain
2617:Afferent nerve fiber
2443:Satellite glial cell
666:immunohistochemistry
564:areas of the brain.
552:Compartmentalization
539:tangential migration
166:During development,
2830:Merkel nerve ending
1688:2016SciA....2E1733R
1344:. New York: Demos.
1156:Verkhratsky, Alexei
860:2001Natur.409..714N
662:electron microscope
518:or high-resolution
516:electron microscope
455:subventricular zone
170:use radial glia as
2865:Photoreceptor cell
2835:Pacinian corpuscle
2766:Electrical synapse
2720:Lower motor neuron
2715:Upper motor neuron
2436:Internodal segment
2376:Connective tissues
2346:Autonomic ganglion
1991:10.1093/hmg/ddz281
1794:10.1002/glia.20775
1114:The Neuroscientist
586:microlissencephaly
435:
406:lateral ventricles
292:
242:
161:ventricular system
109:Radial glial cells
85:H3.11.08.3.01098
73:gliocytus radialis
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2850:Free nerve ending
2817:Sensory receptors
2745:
2744:
2660:Ib or Golgi or Aα
2568:
2567:
2451:
2450:
2328:Ramus communicans
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2133:Commissural fiber
2128:Association fiber
2123:Projection fibers
757:(24): 3993–4008.
535:GABAergic neurons
502:Migration Pattern
400:including: their
320:cerebellar cortex
282:showing Bergmann
106:
105:
101:
33:Radial glial cell
16:(Redirected from
2912:
2780:Synaptic vesicle
2775:Chemical synapse
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1676:Science Advances
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1584:(26): 10802–14.
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868:10.1038/35055553
854:(6821): 714–20.
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826:
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785:
784:
774:
742:
736:
735:
725:
715:
691:
473:of radial glia.
443:ventricular zone
336:synaptic pruning
306:s) are unipolar
304:radial astrocyte
246:light scattering
157:ventricular zone
145:oligodendrocytes
125:progenitor cells
98:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
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2554:Apical dendrite
2549:Dendritic spine
2528:
2490:
2460:
2447:
2431:Node of Ranvier
2426:Myelin incisure
2398:
2370:
2259:
2250:Oligodendrocyte
2233:Ependymal cells
2214:
2164:
2092:
2087:
2057:
2019:
2018:
2007:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1682:(2): e1501733.
1669:
1668:
1664:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1111:
1110:
1087:
1047:
1046:
1027:
989:
988:
981:
939:
938:
934:
896:
895:
891:
845:
844:
840:
815:10.1038/nrn2719
796:
795:
788:
744:
743:
739:
693:
692:
688:
684:
674:
625:
578:differentiation
570:
554:
504:
471:differentiation
427:
422:
372:tight junctions
352:
273:
231:dedifferentiate
212:
207:
180:clonal analysis
168:newborn neurons
133:cerebral cortex
102:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2875:Taste receptor
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Muscle spindle
2842:
2840:Ruffini ending
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2802:Ribbon synapse
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2622:Sensory neuron
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2590:Pseudounipolar
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:Basal dendrite
2551:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Axon terminals
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2361:Nerve fascicle
2358:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:Nervous tissue
2088:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2005:
1984:(2): 248–263.
1964:
1923:
1888:Cell Stem Cell
1874:
1839:
1817:
1768:
1719:
1662:
1613:
1564:
1515:
1468:
1412:
1365:
1350:
1332:
1303:(2): a020420.
1293:"Astrogliosis"
1283:
1261:
1254:
1236:
1229:
1211:
1175:
1168:
1147:
1120:(3): 288–302.
1085:
1025:
979:
932:
889:
838:
809:(10): 724–35.
786:
737:
685:
683:
680:
673:
670:
624:
621:
569:
566:
553:
550:
533:, inhibitory,
503:
500:
439:asymmetrically
426:
423:
421:
418:
358:that form the
351:
348:
312:Purkinje cells
272:
269:
250:photoreceptors
211:
208:
206:
203:
104:
103:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:G-CSF receptor
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2917:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2736:
2735:Îł motorneuron
2733:
2731:
2730:β motorneuron
2728:
2726:
2725:α motorneuron
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:(5): 305–15.
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1943:(10): 951–8.
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:(5): 587–90.
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:(3): 442–55.
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1633:(5): 647–61.
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:(118): 4–13.
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:(118): 4–13.
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:9781934559529
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1272:. 14 Oct 2011
1271:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1255:9780126186215
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1230:9780123972668
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:(1): 238–50.
1191:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1169:9780470978535
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:(1): 165–78.
997:
993:
986:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:(118): 4–13.
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
733:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
687:
681:
679:
678:
671:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
651:RamĂłn y Cajal
647:
645:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:Camillo Golgi
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Lissencephaly
579:
574:
567:
565:
563:
559:
551:
549:
547:
546:differentiate
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
499:
495:
493:
492:
487:
482:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
431:
424:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
385:
382:(GLAST), the
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
340:Purkinje cell
337:
333:
329:
328:granule cells
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
288:H&E stain
285:
281:
277:
271:Bergmann glia
270:
268:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
204:
202:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
99:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Bergmann glia
2770:Gap junction
2692:Motor neuron
2486:Axon hillock
2462:nerve fibers
2416:Schwann cell
2326:
2309:
2287:
2205:Medium spiny
2118:White matter
2106:Tissue Types
2025:
2021:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1820:
1788:(5): 490–8.
1785:
1781:
1771:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1436:
1432:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1341:
1335:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1276:10 September
1274:. Retrieved
1264:
1245:
1239:
1220:
1214:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1159:
1150:
1117:
1113:
1053:
1049:
995:
991:
949:
945:
935:
905:(1): 61–83.
902:
898:
892:
851:
847:
841:
806:
802:
754:
751:FEBS Letters
750:
740:
703:
699:
689:
675:
659:
648:
636:
632:Golgi method
626:
613:microcephaly
609:microcephaly
602:
575:
571:
562:white matter
555:
543:
524:
505:
496:
489:
483:
475:
467:gyrification
436:
395:
364:neurogenesis
360:neural plate
353:
338:. Following
324:pial surface
303:
299:
295:
293:
258:
254:mitochondria
243:
227:neurogenesis
221:. As in the
213:
196:
165:
139:, including
116:
112:
108:
107:
72:
2905:Glial cells
2785:Active zone
2750:Termination
2600:Interneuron
2504:Telodendron
2412:Myelination
2394:Endoneurium
2389:Perineurium
2210:Interneuron
2200:Von Economo
2148:Decussation
2143:Nerve tract
2113:Grey matter
655:Wilhelm His
644:hematoxylin
560:tracts and
479:gliogenesis
425:Progenitors
350:Development
215:MĂĽller glia
210:MĂĽller glia
188:multipotent
149:cell bodies
62:Identifiers
2894:Categories
2855:Nociceptor
2595:Multipolar
2544:Nissl body
2421:Neurilemma
2384:Epineurium
2169:Cell Types
1855:: 445–70.
1439:: 149–84.
1071:2262/68379
682:References
527:excitatory
512:cerebellar
414:cell cycle
316:cerebellum
308:astrocytes
280:Micrograph
199:astrocytes
192:neurogenic
141:astrocytes
2870:Hair cell
2404:Neuroglia
2366:Funiculus
2255:Microglia
2228:Astrocyte
2185:Pyramidal
2138:Lemniscus
1510:235336596
1407:235336596
1360:166267295
974:235336596
366:in early
261:macroglia
205:Structure
184:unipotent
172:scaffolds
2655:Ia or Aα
2585:Unipolar
2534:Dendrite
2519:Axolemma
2514:Axoplasm
2298:Ganglion
2238:Tanycyte
2190:Purkinje
2177:Neuronal
2160:Meninges
2155:Neuropil
2050:26003944
2042:10452351
2000:31816041
1959:26862926
1918:26952870
1812:18814269
1763:21040846
1714:26933693
1649:15339647
1608:23804101
1559:22031906
1502:34083116
1463:19555289
1399:34083116
1327:25380660
1206:17915208
1134:21558559
1080:24269781
1056:: 76–9.
1012:17846796
966:34083116
927:41001390
876:11217860
833:19763105
781:29121403
732:18371196
672:See also
639:Kölliker
598:epilepsy
508:cerebral
491:in vitro
420:Function
393:(GFAP).
387:vimentin
376:glycogen
147:. Their
123:-shaped
2797:Autapse
2758:Synapse
2605:Renshaw
2580:Bipolar
2457:Neurons
2310:Ventral
2281:General
2195:Granule
1909:5299540
1869:8460899
1832:1 March
1803:2644732
1754:3005332
1705:4771444
1684:Bibcode
1657:7094565
1599:3693057
1550:3235689
1454:3086722
1318:4315924
1142:1817598
1020:1903664
919:4624784
884:3041502
856:Bibcode
824:2913577
772:5765500
723:2329616
623:History
441:in the
362:during
344:gliosis
314:in the
284:gliosis
131:in the
129:neurons
121:bipolar
119:), are
57:Details
2650:fibers
2288:Dorsal
2048:
2040:
1998:
1957:
1916:
1906:
1867:
1810:
1800:
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