History of Berlin - Knowledge (XXG)

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government offices for the first time hired women for clerical positions. Factories hired them for unskilled labor – by December 1917, half the workers in chemicals, metals, and machine tools were women. Laws protecting women in the workplace were relaxed, and factories set up canteens to provide food for their workers, lest their productivity fall off. The food situation in 1918 was better, because the harvest was better, but serious shortages continued, with high prices, and a complete lack of condiments and fresh fruit. Many migrants had flocked into Berlin to work in industry and the government ministries, which made for overcrowded housing. Reduced coal supplies left everyone in the cold. Daily life involved long working hours, poor health, and little or no recreation, as well as increasing anxiety for the safety of loved ones in the Army and in prisoner of war camps. The men who returned from the front were those who had been permanently crippled; wounded soldiers who recovered were sent back to the trenches.

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their strength, and internal bickering was characteristic of the 1850s and 1860s. Many locals were under the control of reformist, bourgeois leaders who competed with each other and had a negative view of Marxism and socialist internationalism. They concentrated on wages, hours and control of the workplace, and gave little support to national organizations such as the Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeiterverein (ADAV) founded in 1863. By the 1870s, however, the Lassallean ADAV finally gained strength; it joined together with the Social Democratic Worker's Party (SDAP) in 1874. Henceforth the city's labor movement supported radical socialism and gained preeminence within the German labor movement. Germany had universal manhood suffrage after 1871, but the government was controlled by hostile forces, and Chancellor

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dashed in a matter of weeks, as the invasion of Belgium bogged down and the French Army held in front of Paris. The Western Front became a killing machine, as neither army moved more than a ten thousand yards at a time. There had been no preparations before the war, and no stockpiles of essential goods. Industry was in chaos, unemployment soared while it took months to reconvert to munitions productions. In 1916, the Hindenburg Program called for the mobilization of all economic resources to produce artillery, shells, and machine guns. Church bells and copper roofs were ripped out and melted down.

1311:. The sums were reduced and paid using loans from New York banks. In response to French occupation, the government reacted by printing so much money that inflation was enormous. Especially pensioners lost their savings; everyone else lost their debts. At the worst point of the inflation, one dollar was worth about 4.2 trillion marks. From 1924 onwards the situation became better because of newly arranged agreements with the allied forces, American help, and a sounder fiscal policy. The heyday of Berlin began. It became the largest industrial city on the continent. People like the architect 1077: 2444: 2506: 1698: 30: 4770: 1445:, where mainly political opponents, Jews, Poles, Russian prisoners of war, etc. were incarcerated. Tens of thousands died there. In Berlin, Sachsenhausen had 17 subcamps for men and women, including teenagers, near industries, where the prisoners had to work. The prisoners were of various nationalities, including Polish, Jewish, French, Belgian, Czechoslovak, Russian, Ukrainian, Romani, Dutch, Greek, Norwegian, Spanish, Luxembourgish, German, Austrian, Italian, Yugoslavian, Bulgarian, Hungarian. There was also a camp for 2456: 1005:

the religious practices of their old villages. The labor unions promoted anticlericalism, and denounced the Protestant churches as aloof from the needs of the working class. However, the Catholic workers remained somewhat closer to their traditional churches, which featured liturgies that were more appealing to workers than wordy intellectual sermons at the Protestant churches. Adult attendance at Sunday church services in the early 20th century was 6% in Berlin, compared to 22% in London and 37% in New York.

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soup kitchens were opened. The meat ration in late 1916 was only 31% of peacetime, and it fell to 12% in late 1918. The fish ration was 51% in 1916, and none at all by late 1917. The rations for cheese, butter, rice, cereals, eggs and lard were less than 20% of peacetime levels. In 1917 the harvest was poor, and the potato supply ran short, and Germans substituted almost inedible turnips; the "turnip winter" of 1917–18 was remembered with bitter distaste for generations.

1101: 4796: 2092: 563: 1434:. Only some 1200 Jews survived in Berlin by hiding. Approximately 800 Jews survived in Berlin's Jewish Hospital. Causes for their survival include bureaucratic infighting, hospital director Dr. Walter Lustig's relationship with Adolf Eichmann, the Nazis' bizarre system for classifying persons of partly Jewish ancestry, German leader Adolf Hitler's ambivalence about how to handle Jews of German descent, and the fact that the Nazis needed a place to treat Jews. 4848: 2110: 1379: 794: 4877: 71: 4757: 1096:"Waste-water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the curbs and emitted a truly fearsome smell. There were no public toilets in the streets or squares. Visitors, especially women, often became desperate when nature called. In the public buildings the sanitary facilities were unbelievably primitive....As a metropolis, Berlin did not emerge from a state of barbarism into civilization until after 1870." 2060: 1968: 4731: 4625: 4861: 1073:. Municipal government was handled in two parts. The ministry of police reported to the Prussian government and took control of crime, markets, and fire fighting. The civil government had a mayor appointed by the city council. It comprised 144 members elected in 48 wards by universal manhood suffrage. It handled the water supply and sanitation, streets, hospitals and charitable operations and schools. 4635: 850:, now the largest teaching hospital in Europe. The city was now mainly a garrison and an armoury, for the crown heavily subsidised arms manufacturers in the capital, laying the foundations for the mechanics, engineers, technicians, and entrepreneurs who were to turn Berlin into an industrial powerhouse. The old defensive walls and moats were now useless, so they were torn down. A new customs wall (the 4809: 4922: 1984:". The Soviet goal was to gain control of the whole of Berlin. The American and British air forces engaged in a massive logistical effort to supply the western sectors of the city through the Berlin Airlift, known by West Berliners as "die Luftbrücke" (the Air Bridge). The blockade lasted almost a year, ending when the Soviets once again allowed ground access to West Berlin on 11 May 1949. 4909: 4896: 4822: 374: 1211: 4744: 2212: 4683: 571: 1069:("Kaiser"). Bismarck became Chancellor and made Berlin the center of European power politics. The imperial government and the military establishment expanded dramatically, bringing together the landed junker nobility, the rich bankers and industrialists, and the most talented scientists and scholars. In 1884 came the parliament building, the 1496:(The People's Hall), 250 m high, with an enormous copper dome. It would be large enough to hold 170,000 people. From the People's Hall, a southbound avenue was planned, the Avenue of Victory, 23 m wide and 5.6 kilometers (3.5 mi) long. At the other end there would have been the new railway station, and next to it 2111: 2113: 2238:

in East Berlin and outside their jurisdiction: many people took the opportunity to throw loud parties in this space, with the West Berlin authorities powerless to intervene. In 1968 and after, West Berlin became one of the centers of the student revolt; in particular, the Kreuzberg borough was the center of many riots.

854:) was built further out, punctuated by 14 ornate gates. Inside the gates were parade grounds for Friedrich Wilhelm's soldiers: the Karree at the Brandenburg gate (now Pariserplatz), the Oktagon at the Potsdam gate (now Leipzigerplatz), the Wilhelmplatz on Wilhelmstrasse (abolished in the 1980s) and several others. 2114: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2118: 2436:

Today, Berlin has become a global city for international affairs, young business founders, creative industries, higher education services, corporate research, popular media and diverse cultural tourism. Population-wise, Berlin became one of the most rapidly growing urban centers in Europe after 2010,

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announced at a press conference that border restrictions would be lifted between East and West Berlin. Although the conditions of the press release had been intended to be only temporary, Schabowski gave the impression that all restrictions would be lifted immediately, leading to large crowds forming

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as its capital when the country was formed out of the Soviet occupation zone in October 1949; however, this was rejected by Western allies, who continued to regard Berlin as an occupied city that was not legally part of any German state. In practice, the government of East Germany treated East Berlin

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Berlin, with its large numbers of industrial workers by 1871 became the headquarters for most of the national labor organizations, and the favorite meeting place for labor intellectuals. Inside the city, the unions had a turbulent history. The conservative aftermath of the Revolution of 1848 drained

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The year 1237 was later taken as the year of founding as the first recorded mention of Cölln is from that year. The first mention of Berlin dates to 1244 The two settlements formally merged into the town of Berlin-Cölln in 1432. Albert the Bear also bequeathed to Berlin the emblem of the bear, which

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which is still common in modern Slavic languages. The meaning of the root is somewhat obscure, lacking clear cognates in other languages, but usually interpreted as "bog, swamp", due to similar and obviously Slavic toponyms in Eastern Germany. As early sources mention the name with a definite article

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The Wall afforded unique opportunities for social gatherings. The physical wall was set some distance behind the actual sector border, up to several meters behind in some places. The West Berlin police were not legally allowed to enter the space between the border and the wall, as it was technically

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and begin a program of economic concessions to the workers. The plan failed when the demonstrations assumed a mass character. The strike against poor wages and working conditions overnight became a workers' revolution for democratic rights. On 17 June, the Soviets used their tanks to restore order.

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cut off supplies of essential raw materials and foodstuffs, while the conscription of so many farmers (and horses) reduced the food supply. Likewise, the drafting of miners reduced the main energy source, coal. The textile factories produced Army uniforms, and warm clothing for civilians ran short.

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the next day, 17 June. The general strike and protest marches turned into rioting and spread throughout East Germany. The East German police failed to quell the unrest. It was forcibly suppressed by Soviet troops, who encountered stiff resistance from angry crowds across East Germany, and responded

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joining in. One professor testified to a "great single feeling of moral elevation of soaring of religious sentiment, in short, the ascent of a whole people to the heights." At the same time, there was a level of anxiety; most commentators predicted the short victorious war – but that hope was

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By 1900 about 85% of the people were classified as Protestants, 10% as Roman Catholics and 5% as Jews. Berlin's middle and upper classes were generally devout Protestants. The working classes increasingly became secularized. When workers moved to Berlin the Protestants among them largely abandoned

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Prussian mercantilist policies supported manufacturing enterprises and Berlin had numerous small workshops. Lacking waterpower, Berlin entrepreneurs were early pioneers in the use of steam engines after 1815. Textiles, clothing, farm equipment, railway gear, chemicals and machinery were especially

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Morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink but using the slogan of "sharing scarcity" the Berlin bureaucracy ran an efficient rationing system nevertheless. The food supply increasingly focused on potatoes and bread as it was harder and harder to buy meat. Rationing was installed, and

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Loshitzky depicts the role of the Berlin Wall as a symbol of the Cold War, détente, and the collapse of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. She divides the history of the Wall into six major stages: the erection of the Wall (1961); the period of the "geography of fear" from the Cold War; the

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By 1931, the Great Depression had severely damaged the city's economy. Politics were in chaos, as militias controlled by the Nazis and the Communists fought for control of the streets. President Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor in January 1933, and the Nazis quickly moved to take complete

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In terms of high culture, museums were being built and enlarged, and Berlin was on the verge of becoming a major musical city. Berlin dominated the German theater scene, with the government-supported Opernhaus and Schauspielhaus, as well as numerous private playhouses included the Lessing and the

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was established in 1871. Bismarck had fought and succeeded in leaving out Austria, Prussia's long standing competitor, and Prussia became the largest and by far most influential state in the new German Empire, and in turn Germany became the most powerful nation in Europe. Wilhelm I became emperor

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The western sectors of Berlin were now completely separated from the surrounding territory of East Berlin and East Germany. It was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other only through strictly controlled checkpoints. For most Easterners, travel to West Berlin or West Germany was no

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The primitive conditions were intolerable for a world national capital, and the Imperial government brought in its scientists, engineers and urban planners to not only solve the deficiencies but to forge the world's model city. A British expert in 1906 concluded that Berlin represented "the most

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Berlin's central position after 1850 in the fast-growing German railway network facilitated the supply of raw materials and distribution of manufactures. As the administrative role of the Prussian state grew, so did the highly efficient, well-trained civil service. The bureaucracy and military

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and the rest of East Germany, as a response to massive numbers of East German citizens fleeing into West Berlin as a way to escape. The wall was built overnight with no warning. This separated families for as long as the wall was up. The East German government called the Wall the "anti-fascist

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with a leadership that rotated monthly, the Soviets withdrew from the council as east–west relations deteriorated and began governing their sector independently. The council continued to govern West Berlin, with the same rotating leadership policy, though now involving only France, the United

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German women were not employed in the Army, but large numbers took paid employment in industry and factories, and even larger numbers engaged in volunteer services. Housewives were taught how to cook without milk, eggs or fat; agencies helped widows find work. Banks, insurance companies and

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from November. It was halted at the end of March 1944, after 16 mass bombing raids on the capital, due to unacceptable losses of aircraft and crew. By that point about half a million had been made homeless but morale and production was unaffected. About a quarter of the city's population was

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As Prussia grew, so too did Berlin, and the kings made it the centerpiece of culture and the arts, as well as the Army. Under King Friedrich Wilhelm I (reigned 1713–40), Berlin's growth was encouraged by his determination to build a great military power. More men were needed, so he promoted

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on the eastern side of the border. Overwhelmed by the unexpected pressure, at 11:30 PM, border guards eventually allowed crowds from East Berlin to cross the frontier at the Bornholmer Strasse crossing. People of East and West Berlin climbed up and danced on the wall at the

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Initially Berlin was at the extreme range of British bombers and attacks had to be made in clear skies during summer, increasing the risk to the attackers. Better bombers came into service in 1942 but most of the British bombing effort that year was spent in support of the

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In 1999 federal ministries and government offices moved back from Bonn to Berlin, but most employees in the ministries still work in Bonn. Also in 1999, about 20 government authorities moved from Bonn to Berlin, as planned in the compensation agreement of 1994, the

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1530: The Tiergarten park began when Elector Joachim I donated the property for use as a royal game preserve; it was opened to the public in the mid-17th century; it ceased being a hunting park in 1740 when the job of redesigning it in the English landscape style

2106:) and around 200 were seriously injured. The sandy soil under the Wall was both a blessing and a curse for those who attempted to tunnel their way to West Berlin and freedom. Although it was easy to dig through quickly, it was also more prone to collapse. 1832: 4225: 1675:

Destruction of buildings and infrastructure was nearly total in parts of the inner city business and residential sectors. The outlying sections suffered relatively little damage. This averages to one fifth of all buildings, and 50% in the inner city.

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The Soviets used the period from May 1945 to July 1945 to dismantle industry, transport and other facilities in West Berlin, including removing railway tracks, as reparations for German war damage in the Soviet Union. This practice continued in

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which had been a central traffic and commerce hub in the 1920s but heavily impacted by the wall during partition became one of Europe's biggest building sites and is now once again one of Berlin's most representative addresses. The museums on

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immigration of Protestants from across Germany as well as France and Switzerland. He introduced universal primary education so that his soldiers could read and write. In 1720 he built the city's first major hospital and medical school, the

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in honor of the uprising, and 17 June was proclaimed a national holiday in West Germany. The 50th anniversary of 17 June 1953 in 2003 was marked by reflection on the role of memory in creating a national identity for a unified Germany.

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In response to Allied efforts to fuse the American, French, and British sectors of western Germany into a federal state, and to a currency reform undertaken by Western powers without Soviet approval, the Soviets blocked ground access to

2490: 1406:. The Jews were persecuted from the beginning of the Nazi regime. In March, all Jewish doctors had to leave the Charité hospital. In the first week of April, Nazi officials ordered the German population not to buy from Jewish shops. 947:(1840–1861) managed to suppress the revolution. One of his reactions was to raise the income condition to partake in the elections, with the result that only 5% of the citizens could vote. This system would stay in place until 1918. 360:

During World War II, bombing, artillery, and ferocious street-by-street fighting destroyed large parts of Berlin. Berlin was subsequently divided among the four major Allied powers and for over four decades it encapsulated the

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in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned. Around 1939, there were still 75,000 Jews living in Berlin. The majority of German Jews in Berlin were taken to the Grunewald railway station in early 1943 and shipped in

1894: 1175:" was the enthusiastic support of many of the educated middle- and upper-class elements of the population for the war when it first broke out in 1914. In the Reichstag, the vote for war credits was unanimous, with all the 1500:. Halfway down the avenue there would have been a huge arch 117 m high, commemorating those fallen during the world wars. With the completion of these projects (planned for 1950), Berlin was to be renamed "Germania." 1413:

were held in Berlin and used as a showcase for Nazi Germany (though the Games had been given to Germany before 1933). In order to not alienate the foreign visitors, the "forbidden for Jews" signs were temporarily removed.

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The oldest human traces, mainly arrowheads, in the area of later Berlin are dating to the 9th millennium BC. During Neolithic times a large number of villages existed in the area. During the Bronze Age it belonged to the

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in the early hours of August 13, US troops stood ready with ammunition and watched the wall being built, stone by stone. The US military with West Berlin police kept Berliners 300 meters away from the border. President

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in scenes of celebration broadcast worldwide. The checkpoints never closed again, and was soon on its way to demolition, with countless Berliners and tourists wielding hammers and chisels to secure souvenir chunks.

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and the Soviet occupation zone after 1945. Conditions were harsh, and hundreds of thousands of refugees from the east kept pouring in. Residents depended heavily on the black market for food and other necessities.

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became a major world city, known for its leadership roles in science, the humanities, music, museums, higher education, government, diplomacy and military affairs. It also had a role in manufacturing and finance.

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control of the entire nation. On February 27, 1933, a left-wing radical was alleged to have set afire the Reichstag building (a fire which was later believed to have been set by the Nazis themselves); the

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made Berlin one of the major cultural centers of Europe. Brecht spent productive years in Weimar-era Berlin (1930–1933) working with his ‘collective’ on the Lehrstücke. Nightlife bloomed in 1920s Berlin.

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evacuated. Raids on major German cities grew in scope and raids of over 1,000 4-engined bombers were not uncommon by 1944. (On March 18, 1945 alone, for example, 1,250 American bombers attacked the city).

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their position that four-power oversight applied to Berlin as a whole. The agreement guaranteed access across East Germany to West Berlin and ended the potential for harassment or closure of the routes.

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expanded even faster when Berlin became the capital of unified Germany in 1871. the population grew rapidly, from 172,000 in 1800, to 826,000 in 1870. In 1861, outlying industrial suburbs such as

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Around 1933, some 160,000 Jews were living in Berlin: one third of all German Jews, 4% of the Berlin population. A third of them were poor immigrants from Eastern Europe, who lived mainly in the

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and counter-espionage took place in Berlin, against a backdrop of potential superpower confrontation in which both sides had nuclear weapons set for a range that could hit Germany. In 1971, the

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in Berlin was dismissed by presidential decree. The republic was nearing its breakdown, under attack by extreme forces from the right and the left. On January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed

3568:"Aftermath of the Terror Attack on Breitscheid Platz Christmas Market: Germany's Security Architecture and Parliamentary Inquiries | George C. Marshall European Center For Security Studies" 1270:), tried to bring down the government. The Berlin garrison chose his side, and the government buildings were occupied (the government had already left Berlin). A general strike stopped the 2382:

to Berlin. The decision was reached after 10 hours of debate. In the voting Berlin won by a narrow margin: 338 for, 320 against. Berlin once more became the capital of a unified Germany.

1549: 467:. For the time around 500 BC the presence of Germanic tribes can be evidenced for the first time in form of a number of villages in the higher situated areas of today's Berlin. After the 554: 2411:

made Berlin Europe's capital of Arab culture. However, Berlin has the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey, resulting from immigration from Turkey in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.

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1944: USAAF bombing switched to forcing encounters with the German air force so that it could be defeated by the bombers' fighter escorts. Attacks on Berlin ensured a response from the

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The war postponed all construction, as the city instead built giant concrete towers as bases for anti-aircraft guns. Today only a few structures remain from the Nazi era, such as the

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The number of Arabic speakers in Berlin could be higher than 150,000. There are at least 40,000 Berliners with Syrian citizenship, third only behind Turkish and Polish citizens. The

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complete application of science, order and method of public life," adding "it is a marvel of civic administration, the most modern and most perfectly organized city that there is."

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jockeyed for power in the Kremlin, putting forth the goal of German reunification. His plan was to set up a workers' demonstration that would allow the Kremlin to remove hardliner

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to set aside the constitution. Tens of thousands of political opponents fled into exile or were imprisoned. All civic organizations, except the churches, came under Nazi control.

4323:. Ch. Links Verlag; 2nd Ed. 2007, 978-3861533634 (Original title: Stadtführer zu den Spuren der Vergangenheit. Also available in French: Guide touristique sur les traces du passé) 751:

to Brandenburg. More than 15,000 Huguenots came, of whom 6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1687 they comprise 20% of the population, and many were bankers, industrialists and investors.

542:. By the year 1400 Berlin and Cölln had 8,000 inhabitants. A great town center fire in 1380 damaged most written records of those early years, as did the great devastation of the 1612:

medium bombers (from around 40 to 80 each night). British bombers dropped 46,000 tons of bombs; the Americans dropped 23,000 tons. By May 1945, 1.7 million people (40%) had fled.

2443: 922:. Economically the city was in good shape. The population grew from 200,000 to 400,000 in the first half of the 19th century, making Berlin the fourth-largest city in Europe. 2351:. By then the Wall had been almost completely demolished, with only small sections remaining. Various impacts of partition on Berlin were removed in subsequent months – the 1835: 1112:

In the meantime, Berlin had become an industrial city with 800,000 inhabitants. Improvements to the infrastructure were needed; in 1896 the construction of the subway (

971: 4605: 2422:. As of November 2022, estimated 85,000 Ukrainian refugees were registered in Berlin, making Berlin the most popular destination of Ukrainian refugees in Germany. 1134:) were filled with tenement blocks. The surroundings saw extensive development of industrial areas East of Berlin and wealthy residential areas in the South-West. 4664: 1866:

Berlin's unique situation as a city half-controlled by Western forces in the middle of the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany made it a natural focal point in the

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longer possible. During the Wall's existence there were around 5,000 successful escapes into West Berlin; 136 people were officially killed trying to cross (see

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The device of using replacement materials, such as paper and cardboard for cloth and leather proved unsatisfactory. Soap was in short supply, as was hot water.

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On 1 January 1710, the cities of Berlin, Cölln, Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt, and Friedrichstadt were united as the "Royal Capital and Residence of Berlin".

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was opened. Berlin was the second biggest inland harbor in the country. All this infrastructure was needed to transport and feed the over 4 million Berliners.

954:(1861–1888) became the new king. In the beginning of his reign there was hope for liberalization. He appointed liberal ministers and built the city hall, Das 639:

were accused of stealing and desecrating hosts. 38 of them were burned to death; others were banished, losing their possessions, only to be returned by later

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on 27 October 1961. West Berlin was now a de facto part of West Germany, but with a unique legal status, while East Berlin remained part of East Germany.

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In 1922 the railway system that connected Berlin to its neighboring cities and villages was electrified and transformed into the S-Bahn, and a year later

4775: 2455: 4657: 4590: 4017:(Berghahn Books; 2010), 211 pages. Essays by historians, art historians, literary scholars, and others on perceptions and representations of the city. 694: 2191:

was signed. While the Soviet Union applied the oversight of the four powers only to West Berlin, the Western Allies emphasized in a 1975 note to the

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due to its physical and economic isolation from the outside, the West German government subsidized any businesses that did operate in West Berlin.

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confrontation between West and East. With the reunification of Germany in 1990, Berlin was restored as the capital and as a major world city.

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This failure delayed German unification and contributed to the fall of Beria. It started when 60 construction workers building the showpiece

409:("der Berlin"), it appears to have referred originally to a specific piece of land. Similar to other Slavic-derived German toponyms ending in 4268: 4247: 4193: 4040: 3567: 3168: 3014: 2853: 2781: 2757: 2732: 2694: 1824: 1781: 1762: 1735: 1684:

By war's end up to a third of Berlin had been destroyed by concerted Allied air raids, Soviet artillery, and street fighting. The so-called

4425: 2505: 1367: 622: 582: 1184: 709:. Over the following decades, Berlin expanded greatly in area and population with the founding of the new suburbs of Friedrichswerder and 4649: 3603: 873:, 1786–97. He had no use for the Enlightenment, but did develop innovative techniques of censorship and repression of political enemies. 4610: 4600: 4481: 3756: 454:, the first Margrave of Brandenburg. A relationship between Albert and the coat-of-arms (showing a bear) has not been reliably proven. 2612:

which opened in the 1960s has undergone renovations which began in 2016 . The renovation was expected to last until September 2022.

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was re-opened as a refugee center. Berlin is among the cities in Germany that have received the biggest amount of refugees after the

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River, primarily because the Soviets made their capture of the city a high national priority in terms of prestige and revenge. The

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from the Province of Brandenburg into the city; Berlin's population doubled overnight from about 2 to nearly 4 million inhabitants.

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as an integral part of the nation. Although half the size and population of West Berlin, it included most of the historic center.

4386: 2216: 2004: 1442: 2312: 486:, reached the region. Today their traces can mainly be found at plateaus or next to waters. Their main settlements were today's 4736: 4710: 3988:

Berlin Under the New Empire: Its Institutions, Inhabitants, Industry, Monuments, Museums, Social Life, Manners, and Amusements

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1448: The inhabitants of Berlin rebelled in the "Berlin Indignation" against the construction of a new royal palace by Elector

305: 2188: 2173:"– "I am a Berliner". This was meant to demonstrate America's lasting solidarity with the city as a Western island in Soviet 3719: 1589:

strategic bombing force began operations against Berlin. The RAF focused their strategic bombing efforts on Berlin in their

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resumed along its full length in 2002. Still, many S-Bahn lines shut down during partition are not yet rebuilt as of 2020.

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in Brandenburg and secularized church possessions. He used the money to pay for his projects, like building an avenue, the

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Nazi rule destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which numbered 160,000 before the Nazis came to power. After the pogrom of

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https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/wende/Guenter-Schabowski-Der-Zettel-und-der-Mauerfall,schabowskiszettel100.html

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refers to the competition of Allied generals during the final months of World War II to enter Berlin first. U.S. General

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on that site. The traffic infrastructure of Berlin became another post unification priority, leading to the shutdown of

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in East Berlin went on strike on 16 June 1953, to demand a reduction in recent work-quota increases. They called for a

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of 2001 led to the Berlin's worst financial crisis since the second world war and strained state finances and caused

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also in the west (until 1984) and consequently boycotted and neglected in the west was refurbished and traffic on the

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Pre-1920 municipal limits of the City of Berlin (dark red) within the extended city area of Greater Berlin (light red)

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had devastating consequences for Berlin. A third of the houses were damaged, and the city lost half of its population.

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free city status. Its main economical activity changed from trade to the production of luxurious goods for the court.

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in 1157. At the end of the 12th century German merchants founded the first settlements in today's city center, called

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situation remained unclear until reunification made it a moot point. In the 1990s there was an attempt to merge the

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1451: Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free

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Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda building photographed in Berlin in 1937 using newly invented

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Richter, Hedwig. "Transnational Reform and Democracy: Election Reforms in New York City and Berlin Around 19001."

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period of détente; the short period of glasnost and perestroika; the fall of the Wall (1989); and after the Wall.

760:

was built in a bow of the river Spree, north-west of the Spreeinsel (Spree Island), where the Palace was situated.

4445: 2462: 781: 625:. This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. 29: 4840: 4585: 4073: 4008: 2401: 1648: 1055: 1030: 601:, and finally as German emperors. When Berlin became the residence of the Hohenzollerns, it had to give up its 4303: 1697: 1635:

remained in supreme command and imagined that rescue armies were on the way; he refused to consider surrender.

3884:"2023 Guide to Berlin Central Bus Station: Flixbus, Location, Access and Hotels – Berlin Tourist Information" 2167:

visited West Berlin and gave a much-acclaimed speech in front of the Schöneberg City Hall in which he said, "

3811: 3315: 2542: 2227: 1991:. Because sometimes the deliveries contained sweets and candy for children, the planes were also nicknamed " 1512: 1482: 1471: 1263: 930: 765: 242: 163: 3865: 3292: 869:. By 1755 the population reached 100,000, including 26,000 soldiers. Stagnation followed under the rule of 4876: 4544: 4476: 4415: 3975: 2398: 2329:

in November 1989 ended the 28-year-long division of Berlin. On the morning of 9 November 1989, SED member

2145: 2040: 1691: 1590: 1562: 1038: 1026: 909: 802: 662: 535: 4240:

The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1950

1850:

immediately occupied all of Berlin. They handed the American, British and French sectors (later known as

3933: 3549: 3307: 2220: 2075:

On August 13, 1961, the Communist East German government started to build a wall, physically separating

1949:

remained under the rule of the Western Allies, but for most practical purposes was treated as a part of

1609: 1139: 901:

1809: The first elections for the Berlin parliament took place, in which only the well-to-do could vote.

895: 670: 616:

At that time Berlin-Cölln had about 8,000 inhabitants. Population figures rose fast, leading to poverty.

610: 594: 223: 108: 38: 4163: 3883: 3278: 2128: 4539: 4379: 2538: 2415: 2394: 2348: 2330: 2283: 2169: 2123: 1620: 1410: 1308: 1070: 1034: 862: 729: 713:. During his government Berlin reached 20,000 inhabitants and became significant among the cities in 706: 687: 543: 539: 236: 229: 4202:

Prowe, Diethelm. "Berlin: Catalyst and Fault Line of German-American Relations in the Cold War" in

4559: 4554: 4534: 4491: 4430: 3953: 2811:

Horst Ulrich et al., Besiedlung des Berliner Raums, in: Berlin Handbuch (Berlin 1992), pp. 127–128.

2597: 2581: 2496: 2368: 1921: 1804: 1746: 1727: 1668: 1100: 1061: 858: 851: 334: 4634: 4927: 4723: 4564: 4527: 4506: 4410: 3900: 3273: 3161:

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I

2689: 2684: 2085: 1912: 1731: 1278: 1014: 926: 598: 527: 433: 338: 286: 266: 142: 88: 2091: 2067:, 1961-11-20. Those trying to cross the so-called death strip on the eastern side could be shot. 562: 3095:

Keith Allen, "Sharing scarcity: Bread rationing and the First World War in Berlin, 1914-1923,"

4914: 4827: 4688: 4549: 4466: 4264: 4243: 4189: 4036: 3961: 3941: 3420: 3327: 3164: 3010: 2849: 2777: 2753: 2728: 2593: 2153: 1898: 1658: 1516: 1497: 1238: 1160: 1147: 1143: 1131: 959: 866: 666: 270: 4258: 3829: 3775: 3414: 3004: 2843: 1226:. Berlin remained the capital but faced a series of threats from the far left and far right. 4749: 4440: 2554: 2335: 2084:

protection wall". The tensions between East and West were exacerbated by a tank standoff at

2035: 2031: 1890: 1847: 1640: 1602: 1540: 1536: 1451: 1423: 1301: 1018: 989: 741: 724: 629: 602: 575: 464: 437: 397: 178: 34: 3738: 3149:

Daniel B. Silver, "REFUGE IN HELL: How Berlin's Jewish Hospital Outlasted the Nazis" (2004)

1378: 4628: 4501: 4486: 4471: 4372: 4347: 3287: 2572: 2558: 2387: 2282:, speaking before Brandenburg Gate on June 12, 1987, demands the Kremlin free Berlin and " 2164: 2160:, the hero of the Airlift to the city. Massive demonstrations took place in West Berlin. 2141: 2136: 2027:

with live ammunition. At least 153 people were killed in the suppression of the uprising.

2014: 1981: 1962: 1796: 1773: 1351: 1316: 1252: 1223: 1123: 919: 886: 806: 793: 507: 451: 378: 217: 118: 3163:. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 1268–1291. 2481: 1653: 2267:

Fireworks over Berlin on January 1, 1987, in recognition of the city's 750th anniversary

1569:

1940: A token British air-raid on Berlin on 25 August 1940; Hitler responds by ordering

861:(Frederick II) began his 46-year reign. He was an enlightened monarch, who patronized 373: 341:. Prussia grew about rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries and formed the basis of the 4638: 4420: 4022:

Staging the New Berlin: Place Marketing and the Politics of Urban Reinvention Post-1989

3282: 2566: 2550: 2299: 2192: 2157: 2059: 2023: 2010: 1992: 1967: 1808: 1750: 1742: 1616: 1403: 1392: 1332: 1328: 1312: 1286: 1248: 1222:, monarchy and aristocracy were overthrown and Germany became a republic, known as the 1172: 1127: 1118:) began and was completed in 1902. The neighborhoods around the city center (including 929:

with Prussian troops from Potsdam and Berlin participating. Berlin becomes part of the

814: 756: 714: 710: 677: 586: 515: 3914: 2965: 1150:. who managed to work around the puritanical censorship imposed by the Berlin police. 4958: 4450: 4352: 4321:

PastFinder Berlin 1933–1945. Traces of German History – A Guidebook (Pastfinder)

4050: 3919: 3332: 3247: 2970: 2605: 2585: 2577: 2477: 2430: 2360: 2356: 2352: 1902: 1777: 1723: 1707: 1605:

but Berlin was still subjected to regular nuisance and diversionary raids by the RAF.

1418: 1259: 1114: 1065: 976: 955: 826: 822: 718: 523: 342: 98: 4111:

After the Berlin Wall: Memory and the making of the new Germany, 1989 to the present

4065:(2013) compares Berlin to 20 major world cities on the eve of World War I; pp 59–77. 2234:

district became especially well known for its high concentration of young radicals.

1229:

In late 1918 politicians inspired by the Communist Revolution in Russia founded the

898:. Berlin was granted self-government and a far reaching military reform was started. 817:

in the west of the city. He made Berlin the capital of the new kingdom of Prussia.

4762: 4295:(June 1962) Vol. 6, p375-384, summarizes the series of crises 1946 to 1961; online. 4028: 2019: 1950: 1908: 1878: 1788: 1487: 1477: 1456: 1324: 1320: 1205: 1085: 191: 187: 168: 151: 130: 3793: 2922:

Piety and Poverty: Working-class Religion in Berlin, London and New York 1870–1914

1661:. Resistance continued, though most of the city was in Soviet hands by that point. 17: 3991: 2584:, the former seat of East Germany's parliament was torn down to make way for the 2148:

decided not to interfere and risk armed conflict. They conveyed their protest to

3296: 2326: 2200: 2080: 2076: 2064: 2054: 1977: 1941: 1935: 1882: 1859: 1851: 1820: 1812: 1754: 1711: 1686: 1438: 1290: 1219: 702: 651: 491: 472: 443:, related to a word meaning "stake, pale, post", cannot be completely excluded. 346: 212: 207: 203: 4307: 3401:

Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour

1210: 597:

ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of

530:. Berlin is mentioned as a town for the first time in 1251 and Cölln in 1261. 4885: 2609: 2426: 2211: 1911:, formed on 23 May 1949 from the American, British, and French zones, had its 1492: 1363: 1347: 847: 511: 3928:. Vol. 03 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 785–791. 3848:"Berlin's New Train Station Opens After Knifeman's Rampage – DW – 05/28/2006" 3639:"Berlin to create 10,000 extra beds for Ukrainian refugees – DW – 11/20/2022" 2979:. Vol. 03 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 785–791. 2881:

Elizabeth Heekin Bartels, "Berlin's Tiergarten: Evolution of an Urban Park,"

2637:

1709: 60,000 (union with Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt)

2302:

speaks on October 23, 1987, in commemoration of the city's 750th anniversary.

1346:

Before the 1929 crash, 450,000 people were unemployed. In the same year, the

936:

1827: Berlin is the capital of the Province of Brandenburg from 1827 to 1843.

475:

followed. A large part of the Germanic tribes left the region around 500 AD.

329:

starts with its foundation in the 14th century. It became the capital of the

4302:(2 vol. 1999, 2007), 30 chapters 1200pp; comprehensive coverage by scholars 4234:(1963), covers US & Britain 1945 to 1962, with emphasis on later period. 4090:

Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass Society in Weimar Berlin

3965: 3268: 2565:

produced the first German state government led by an openly homosexual man,

2546: 2375: 2231: 2184: 2174: 1719: 1715: 1598: 1578: 1570: 1486:. All the projects were to be of gigantic size. Adjacent to the Reichstag, 1431: 1383: 1355: 1304:

was assassinated in Berlin, and half a million people attended his funeral.

1243: 1119: 951: 745: 4137:

Lees, Andrew. "Berlin and Modern Urbanity in German Discourse, 1845–1945,"

4055:

Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin

3945: 1084:

In 1870, the sanitary conditions in Berlin were among the worst in Europe.

1060:

After the quick victory of an alliance of German states over France in the

432:"colony, new planned settlement". The prominent role of merchants from the 570: 2181: 1917: 1867: 1628: 1089: 748: 640: 519: 483: 468: 446:

Contrary to folk etymology, the name is not related to bears (German sg.

362: 4286:

United city, divided memories?: Cold War legacies in contemporary Berlin

3621:"Refugee shelter expanded at ex-airport to prepare for Ukrainian influx" 1608:

March 1945: The RAF begins 36 consecutive nights of bombing by its fast

1307:

The economic situation was bad. Germany owed reparation money after the

3693: 3100: 3031:

German social democracy, 1905–1917: The development of the Great Schism

1945: 1930: 1816: 1758: 1556:

US Air Force photographs the destruction in central Berlin in July 1945

1359: 1294: 810: 773: 737: 487: 479: 421: 252: 4153:

Berlin: A Portrait of Its History, Politics, Architecture, and Society

4102:

Harrison, Hope M. "Berlin and the Cold War Struggle over Germany." in

4097:

Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War

3388:

Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War

436:

in the earliest days of the city makes this likely. A derivation from

4395: 3331:

is a personal account of survival by originally-anonymous journalist

2149: 1800: 1769: 1632: 1271: 1183:

Conditions on the homefront worsened month by month, for the British

993: 821:

1709: Berlin counted 55,000 inhabitants, of whom 5,000 served in the

777: 502:

In the 12th century the region came under German rule as part of the

353: 345:

in 1871. The empire would survive until 1918 when it was defeated in

701:

as Elector of Brandenburg. Later he initiated a policy of promoting

4204:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War 1945–1968,

4186:

The Berlin Secession: Modernism and Its Enemies in Imperial Germany

4123:

Krause, Scott H., Stefanie Eisenhuth, and Konrad H. Jarausch, eds.

4080:

Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic

2541:

which failed in a referendum due to opposition in Brandenburg. The

4206:

ed. Detlef Junker, (German Historical Institute, 2004) pp 165–171.

2311: 2210: 2108: 2090: 2058: 1966: 1830: 1792: 1696: 1586: 1544: 1446: 1377: 1350:

won its first seats in the city parliament. Nazi Propaganda chief

1209: 1099: 1075: 970: 875: 830: 792: 569: 561: 553: 372: 3439:

Jonathan Sperber, "17 June 1953: Revisiting a German Revolution"

2316:

Germans standing on top of the wall, days before it was torn down

1615:

April 1945: Berlin was the main objective for Allied armies. The

1358:(party district leader) of Berlin in 1926. On July 20, 1932, the 4364: 3252:

The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945

2379: 1925: 1624: 494:. No Slavic traces could be found in the city center of Berlin. 4653: 4368: 4358: 3676:"Berlin gets first conservative mayor in more than two decades" 2580:

were renovated and are once again museums of world renown. The

1285:) by incorporating several neighboring towns and villages like 3958:

Northern Germany as far as the Bavarian and Austrian frontiers

3452:

Yosefa Loshitzky, "Constructing and deconstructing the wall,"

801:

In 1701, Elector Frederick III (1688–1701) crowned himself as

636: 526:. It is not clear which settlement is older and when they got 3913: 2964: 1953:; however, the residents did not hold West German passports. 984:

important; electrical machinery became important after 1880.

3812:"Completed Humboldt Forum opens in Berlin – DW – 09/16/2022" 3674:

Marsh, Sarah; Rinke, Andreas; Marsh, Sarah (27 April 2023).

522:, on the island in the Spree now known as the Spreeinsel or 4171:

Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital 1939‒1945

4146:

Berlin in the Cold War: Volume 2: The Berlin Wall 1959‒1961

2750:

Kleine Berlin-Geschichte: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart

2226:

In the 1960s, West Berlin became one of the centers of the

669:, between his hunting castle Grunewald and his palace, the 4361:

A website about Berlin during the Weimar years (1919–1933)

3375:

Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946–1949

2449:

Reconstructed Reichstag becomes seat of Bundestag in 1999.

1971:

Berliners watching a C-54 land at Tempelhof Airport (1948)

4160:

Berlin: Life and Loss in the City That Shaped the Century

4125:

Cold War Berlin: Confrontations, Cultures, and Identities

3912:

Ashworth, Philip Arthur; Phillips, Walter Alison (1911).

2963:

Ashworth, Philip Arthur; Phillips, Walter Alison (1911).

2347:

After the fall of Communism in Europe, on 3 October 1990

2215:

May 1968 student protest at the Architecture Building at

1437:

Thirty kilometers (19 mi) northwest of Berlin, near

1241:. The coup failed and at the end of the month right-wing 2425:

In April 2023, Berlin got its first conservative mayor,

1870:

after 1947. Though the city was initially governed by a

1582:

successfully carries out a series of small bomb attacks.

3043:

Schweinoch, Oliver; Scriba, Arnulf (24 November 2022).

2397:

on several occasions; the most severe incident being a

1791:

sector (402.8 km)), consisting of the boroughs of

1631:

converged on Berlin with several Fronts (Army Groups).

1237:, KPD). In January 1919 it tried to seize power in the 593:, which he ruled until 1440. Subsequent members of the 4300:

Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919

4178:

Macmillan, Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1960

3866:"On 31 October 2020 Berlin Brandenburg Airport opened" 3413:

Christian F. Ostermann; Malcolm Byrne (January 2001).

3236:

Dunkle Welten: Bunker, Tunnel und Gewölbe unter Berlin

1772:

sector (110.8 km), consisting of the boroughs of

1745:

sector (165.5 km), consisting of the boroughs of

1710:

sector (210.8 km), consisting of the boroughs of

1138:

Deutsches theatres. They featured the modern plays of

996:, and several others were incorporated into the city. 697:, known as the "Great Elector", succeeded his father 538:

ever since. Between 1373 and 1415, it was part of the

428:

in German, whose name ultimately stems from the Latin

3694:"Is Berlin an example for Australian capital cities?" 3419:. Central European University Press. pp. 35–45. 1895:

expulsion of the German inhabitants east of this line

2378:, voted to move the (West) German capital back from 1987:

As part of this project, US Army engineers expanded

915:

1812: Jews were allowed to practice all occupations.

908:) was founded. Its first rector was the philosopher 413:, the name is consistently stressed on this suffix. 4936: 4884: 4695: 4573: 4515: 4459: 4403: 3870:

Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung

2658:

1925: 4,036,000 (1920 enlargement of the territory)

2095:

Soviet tanks face U.S. tanks at Checkpoint Charlie.

1029:). Notable representatives of the movement include 4134:(2000) 736pp; scholarly general history since 1870 1163:tried to undermine or destroy the union movement. 478:In the 7th century Slavic tribes, the later known 4279:The Last Division: A History of Berlin, 1945–1989 4222:The Journal Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era 4063:1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War 3604:"How Berlin Became the World's Second Turkish..." 3586:"Berlin: Inside Europe's capital of Arab culture" 2600:in 2006, and finally the long delayed opening of 1667:Hundreds of thousands of women were subjected to 1519:was demolished by Soviet occupation authorities. 727:with six rows of trees was laid down between the 683:Around 1600: Berlin-Cölln had 12,000 inhabitants. 450:), even though the city was allegedly founded by 650:1539: The electors and Berlin officially became 613:was built on the embankment of the river Spree. 3960:(15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, 3720:"Scandal spreads through German banking system" 3532:"From Bonn to Berlin: Seventy Years of the FRG" 3517:NDR Fernsehen,'Schabowskis Zettel' (in German) 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 2937:, William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1990, p. 174. 3940:(5th ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1873, 3661:Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community 3238:, Dietmar Arnold, Frieder Salm, page 120, 2007 2909:Charlottenburg Palace: Royal Prussia in Berlin 2499:wins the German Excellence Initiative in 2012. 2199:As many businesses did not want to operate in 2135:When the first stone blocks were laid down at 2063:East German construction workers building the 1980:on 26 June 1948, in what became known as the " 1934:West German capital in West German Basic Law ( 1480:made plans for the new Berlin—a world city or 939:1848: As in other European cities, 1848 was a 744:in 1685, Frederick William invited the French 416:The name of the city's other historic kernel, 4665: 4380: 3071:Imperial Germany and the World War, 1914–1918 2255:Logo commemorating Berlin's 750th anniversary 1928:, although Berlin was symbolically named the 1897:, Berlin lost its traditional hinterlands of 306: 8: 3550:"When Did Germany's Capital Move to Berlin?" 3185:"Lager für Sinti und Roma in Berlin-Marzahn" 3113:Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914–1918 3312:Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich 2752:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Jaron. p. 14. 2437:much of which has been due to immigration. 2363:which had been operated by the east German 1476:In the late 1930s Hitler and his architect 558:Map of Berlin and Cölln (1652, East on top) 4672: 4658: 4650: 4387: 4373: 4365: 2625:1400: 8,000 inhabitants (Berlin and Kölln) 2163:Almost two years later, on June 26, 1963, 1462:for Allied POWs of various nationalities. 313: 299: 44: 4298:Winter, Jay, and Jean-Louis Robert, eds. 4013:Broadbent, Philip, and Sabine Hake, eds. 3794:"Potsdamer Platz – Panorama Point Berlin" 3757:"Berlin coalition falls over £22bn debts" 3300:Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich 2958: 2956: 2219:, in protest against the adoption of the 4035:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2776:. Berlin: De Gruyter. 2012. p. 60. 2727:. Berlin: De Gruyter. 2012. p. 60. 2549:measures under then senator of finances 2374:In June 1991 the German Parliament, the 2308:Federal Republic of Germany (1990–today) 1664:May 2, 1945: Berlin finally capitulated. 813:: he ordered the building of the castle 717:for the first time. He also developed a 28: 4211:Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin 4188:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 3360:Philip Broadbent and Sabine Hake, eds. 3006:Historical Dictionary of German Theater 2716: 2604:in 2020 accompanied by the shutdown of 2439: 2245: 2152:, and Kennedy sent his vice president, 278: 251: 186: 150: 117: 107: 97: 87: 77: 58: 47: 4104:The Routledge Handbook of the Cold War 4007:(2022), cultural and literary history 3982:(3rd ed.), London: Grant Richards 3901:Timeline of Berlin § Bibliography 918:1814: The French were defeated in the 740:were given a home in Berlin. With the 680:killed about 6,000 people in the city. 550:Margraviate of Brandenburg (1400–1700) 4291:Windsor, Philip. "The Berlin Crises" 3739:"Bankrupt Berlin turns off fountains" 2799:Berliner Stadtentwicklung von A bis Z 2695:List of Commandants of Berlin Sectors 2349:Germany and Berlin were both reunited 1736:commandants of Berlin American Sector 904:1810: The Berlin University (now the 7: 4005:The Undercurrents: A Story of Berlin 2521:While the status of west Berlin was 1763:commandants of Berlin British Sector 1623:halted Anglo-American troops on the 1247:forces killed the Communist leaders 1092:system was built in the late 1870s: 1088:recalled conditions before a modern 1080:Berlin in 1905. Click 3x to enlarge. 566:Berlin around 1688 (Drawing of 1835) 4213:(1998), 1168 pp scholarly history; 4113:(Cambridge University Press, 2019). 4024:(Abingdon: Routledge, 2011) 368 pp. 3047:[The "August Experience"]. 2561:over the banking scandal the snap 1825:commandants of Berlin Soviet Sector 1782:commandants of Berlin French Sector 3774:Connolly, Kate (20 October 2001). 3657:"Survey of Ukrainian War Refugees" 3009:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 63–4. 1430:, where most were murdered in the 1235:Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands 797:Large coat of arms of Berlin, 1839 25: 4789:History of North Rhine-Westphalia 4776:History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4341:Vintage Berlin: The Reunited City 4106:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 56–73. 3310:; Peter Antill and Peter Dennis, 2588:, a reconstruction of the former 2131:by John F. Kennedy, June 26, 1963 2103:List of deaths at the Berlin Wall 1872:Four Power Allied Control Council 1680:West and East Germany (1945–1990) 1643:itself has been well chronicled. 1529:Bombing of Berlin in World War II 1507:(National Ministry of Aviation), 736:1671: Fifty Jewish families from 174:Bombing of Berlin in World War II 4920: 4907: 4894: 4875: 4859: 4846: 4833: 4820: 4807: 4794: 4781: 4768: 4755: 4742: 4729: 4716: 4703: 4681: 4633: 4624: 4623: 3974:Nathaniel Newnham Davis (1911), 3304:Berlin 1945: The Final Reckoning 2504: 2489: 2470: 2454: 2442: 2420:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2291: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2030:The continuation of the street " 2009:With Stalin dead, the KGB chief 2005:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1875:Kingdom, and the United States. 1443:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1393:fire gave Hitler the opportunity 772:Around 1700: Many refugees from 69: 4802:History of Rhineland-Palatinate 4166:, popular history 1919 to 1989. 4015:Berlin: Divided City, 1945–1989 3776:"Bankrupt Berlin goes to polls" 3362:Berlin: Divided City, 1945–1989 2404:that killed 13 and injured 55. 1533:Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign) 1509:Tempelhof International Airport 169:Deportation of Jews from Berlin 4970:Holocaust locations in Germany 3416:Uprising in East Germany, 1953 3159:Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). 2801:. Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt. 2596:in 2008, the opening of a new 2189:Four-Power Agreement on Berlin 1701:The occupied sectors of Berlin 1576:1943: Polish resistance group 1300:In 1922: The foreign minister 809:. He was mostly interested in 789:Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871) 1: 4854:History of Schleswig-Holstein 4308:vol 2 excerpt and text search 3980:The Gourmet's Guide to Europe 3482:(2008), pp. 147‒156, 223‒226. 3209:Roger Moorhouse, "Germania," 3099:(Winter 1998) 32#2 pp 371-93 3049:Deutsches Historisches Museum 2217:Technische Universität Berlin 2034:" on the western side of the 882:Entry of Napoleon into Berlin 382: 4711:History of Baden-Württemberg 4359:http://www.weimarberlin.com/ 4099:(U Press of Kentucky, 2012). 4070:Hitler's Berlin: Abused City 3737:Hooper, John (28 May 2001). 3125:Chickering, Imperial Germany 2433:, in more than two decades. 2393:Berlin has been targeted by 2280:U.S. President Ronald Reagan 1889:By the establishment of the 1262:, founder of the right-wing 136:Assassination of Talat Pasha 4328:PastFinder Berlin 1945–1989 4217:; emphasis on 20th century. 3724:Australian Financial Review 3213:(March 2012), 62#3 pp 20-25 2989:Cited in David Clay Large, 2700:List of films set in Berlin 1565:against German submarines. 1426:to death camps such as the 1200:Weimar Republic (1918–1933) 400:origin, formed from a root 253:Federal Republic of Germany 4986: 4944:Historic states of Germany 3898: 3097:Journal of Social History, 2705:List of people from Berlin 2608:. The Central bus station 2602:Berlin Brandenburg airport 2563:2001 Berlin state election 2052: 2002: 1960: 1846:The Soviet victors of the 1526: 1505:Reichsluftfahrtministerium 1469: 1281:created "Greater Berlin" ( 1268:Deutsche Vaterlands-Partei 1231:Communist Party of Germany 1203: 1053: 591:Margraviate of Brandenburg 504:Margraviate of Brandenburg 498:Emerging city (1100–1400) 331:Margraviate of Brandenburg 79:Margraviate of Brandenburg 4873: 4619: 4242:(87 ed.). Springer. 2883:Journal of Garden History 2797:Schwenk, Herbert (1997). 2553:. After the breakdown of 2463:2006 FIFA World Cup Final 2414:In 2022, Berlin's former 1490:planned to construct the 1045:German Empire (1871–1918) 420:, is likely derived from 4841:History of Saxony-Anhalt 4288:(Lexington Books, 2010). 4139:Journal of Urban History 4116:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix. 2935:Modern Faith and Thought 2848:. C.H.Beck. p. 98. 1842:Footage of Berlin (1961) 1649:Hitler committed suicide 1374:Nazi Germany (1933–1945) 1277:On October 1, 1920: The 1056:Wilhelmine Ring (Berlin) 1031:Friedrich Schleiermacher 609:1443 to 1451: The first 471:left around 200 AD, the 4763:History of Lower Saxony 4260:Berlin: A Short History 4215:excerpt and text search 4084:excerpt and text search 4074:excerpt and text search 3925:Encyclopædia Britannica 3834:www.europeremembers.com 3521:. Retrieved 12 May 2022 3443:(2004) 22#4 pp 619-643. 3045:"Das "August-Erlebnis"" 3003:William Grange (2006). 2976:Encyclopædia Britannica 2845:Berlin: A Short History 2774:Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch 2725:Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch 2620:Population since 1400: 2228:German student movement 1692:London Protocol of 1944 1669:rape by Soviet soldiers 1483:Welthauptstadt Germania 1472:Welthauptstadt Germania 1449:and Romani people (see 1264:German Fatherland Party 931:Province of Brandenburg 404:, enlarged by a suffix 243:Fall of the Berlin Wall 164:Welthauptstadt Germania 4737:History of Brandenburg 4330:. 2011, 978-9889978839 4257:Stöver, Bernd (2013). 4238:Steinberg, S. (2016). 4224:15.2 (2016): 149-175. 4141:(1991) 17#2 pp 153–78. 4095:Harrington, Daniel F. 3990:(2 vol. London, 1879) 3572:www.marshallcenter.org 3456:(1997) 26#3 pp 275-296 3386:Daniel F. Harrington, 3364:(Berghahn Books; 2010) 2748:Cobbers, Arnt (2008). 2543:Berlin banking scandal 2517:Land Changes of Berlin 2399:vehicle-ramming attack 2359:were reopened and the 2317: 2223: 2146:United States Congress 2132: 2096: 2068: 1972: 1843: 1702: 1563:Battle of the Atlantic 1557: 1387: 1215: 1105: 1081: 1039:Alexander von Humboldt 1027:Heidelberg Romanticism 980: 910:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 890: 798: 769:was built and settled. 663:Protestant Reformation 623:Frederick II Irontooth 578: 567: 559: 389: 333:in 1417, and later of 42: 4232:The defense of Berlin 4184:Paret, Peter (1989). 3906:Published before 1945 2907:Rudolf G. Scharmann, 2842:Bernd Stöver (2013). 2616:Historical population 2529:of west Germany, the 2315: 2221:German Emergency Acts 2214: 2121: 2094: 2062: 1970: 1841: 1700: 1610:de Havilland Mosquito 1555: 1381: 1368:Chancellor of Germany 1213: 1140:Ernst von Wildenbruch 1103: 1079: 974: 958:. The appointment of 950:1861: German Emperor 879: 852:Zoll- und Akzisemauer 796: 671:Berliner Stadtschloss 611:Berliner Stadtschloss 573: 565: 557: 376: 224:Berlin Crisis of 1961 109:Free State of Prussia 39:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 32: 4867:History of Thuringia 4497:Films shot in Berlin 4230:Smith, Jean Edward. 3998:Published Since 1945 3798:Panoramapunkt Berlin 3508:(2008), pp. 209‒210. 2539:State of Brandenburg 2284:Tear down this wall! 2170:Ich bin ein Berliner 2124:Ich bin ein Berliner 1999:The June 17 Uprising 1957:Blockade and airlift 1621:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1460:prisoner-of-war camp 1411:1936 Summer Olympics 1309:Treaty of Versailles 1035:Wilhelm von Humboldt 945:Frederick William IV 894:1806: French troops 871:Frederick William II 763:1688 and after: The 754:1674 and after: The 733:park and the Palace. 723:1647: The boulevard 707:religious toleration 540:Bohemian Crown Lands 534:has appeared on its 237:Tear down this wall! 230:Ich bin ein Berliner 4815:History of Saarland 4492:Films set in Berlin 4209:Richie, Alexandra. 4151:MacDonogh, Giles . 4130:Large, David Clay. 4127:(Bloomsbury, 2021). 4068:Friedrich, Thomas. 3949:; famous guidebook 3830:"Tempelhof Airport" 3265:Faust's Metropolis, 3224:Faust's Metropolis, 2598:Berlin Hauptbahnhof 2582:Palast der Republik 2497:Humboldt University 2465:was held in Berlin. 2409:2015 refugee crisis 2369:Berlin ring railway 2365:Deutsche Reichsbahn 2041:Straße des 17. Juni 1185:blockade of Germany 906:Humboldt University 896:marched into Berlin 859:Frederick the Great 595:Hohenzollern family 335:Brandenburg-Prussia 287:Timeline of Berlin 4928:History of Hamburg 4724:History of Bavaria 4346:2010-11-22 at the 4180:(Routledge, 2007). 4169:Moorhouse, Roger. 4109:Harrison, Hope M. 4061:Emerson, Charles. 3986:Vizetelly, Henry. 3872:. 30 October 2020. 3627:. 9 November 2022. 3493:Faust's Metropolis 3469:(2008), pp. 51‒57. 3302:(1968); Karl Bahm 3274:The Fall of Berlin 3254:(2014) pp 301, 304 3138:Faust's Metropolis 3084:Faust's Metropolis 3069:Roger Chickening, 3029:Carl E. Schorske, 2933:Helmut Thielicke, 2896:Faust's Metropolis 2894:Alexandra Richie, 2870:Faust's Metropolis 2690:History of Germany 2685:Timeline of Berlin 2537:with the adjacent 2318: 2224: 2133: 2129:Rathaus Schöneberg 2097: 2086:Checkpoint Charlie 2069: 1973: 1913:seat of government 1844: 1703: 1603:invasion of France 1591:"Battle of Berlin" 1558: 1388: 1279:Greater Berlin Act 1274:being successful. 1216: 1106: 1082: 1023:Berlin Romanticism 1015:German Romanticism 1009:Berlin Romanticism 981: 962:ended these hopes. 941:revolutionary year 927:Battle of Waterloo 891: 799: 686:1618 to 1648: The 579: 568: 560: 528:German town rights 390: 339:Kingdom of Prussia 267:History of Germany 143:Greater Berlin Act 89:Kingdom of Prussia 43: 18:Berlin Romanticism 4965:History of Berlin 4952: 4951: 4915:History of Bremen 4902:History of Berlin 4828:History of Saxony 4689:States of Germany 4647: 4646: 4611:Parks and gardens 4601:Places of worship 4270:978-3-406-65633-0 4249:978-0-230-27079-4 4195:978-0-674-06774-5 4158:McKay, Sinclair. 4078:Gehler, Michael. 4051:Davis, Belinda J. 4042:978-0-521-85824-3 4033:Kennedy in Berlin 3506:Kennedy in Berlin 3480:Kennedy in Berlin 3467:Kennedy in Berlin 3351:Steinberg p. 1063 3328:A Woman in Berlin 3170:978-0-253-35328-3 3016:978-0-8108-6489-4 2855:978-3-406-65633-0 2783:978-3-11-018908-7 2759:978-3-89773-142-4 2734:978-3-11-018908-7 2594:Tempelhof Airport 2331:Günter Schabowski 2298:Communist leader 2242:750th anniversary 2154:Lyndon B. Johnson 2119: 1989:Tempelhof Airport 1899:Farther Pomerania 1893:and the complete 1839: 1659:Reich Chancellery 1553: 1517:Reich Chancellery 1498:Tempelhof Airport 1362:government under 1341:Tempelhof airport 1239:Spartacist revolt 1161:Otto von Bismarck 1148:Gerhart Hauptmann 1144:Hermann Sudermann 975:Train factory of 960:Otto von Bismarck 867:Moses Mendelssohn 695:Frederick William 688:Thirty Years' War 544:Thirty Years' War 327:history of Berlin 323: 322: 271:History of Europe 16:(Redirected from 4977: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4879: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4750:History of Hesse 4747: 4746: 4745: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4651: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4366: 4284:Verheyen, Dirk. 4274: 4253: 4199: 4058: 4046: 4029:Daum, Andreas W. 4020:Colomb, Claire. 3983: 3968: 3948: 3938:Northern Germany 3929: 3917: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3726:. 23 April 2001. 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3700:. 6 October 2016 3690: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3495:(1998) pp 777-80 3489: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3336: 3324: 3318: 3261: 3255: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2968: 2960: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2925: 2918: 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Kennedy 2137:Potsdamer Platz 2109: 2057: 2051: 2015:Walter Ulbricht 2007: 2001: 1982:Berlin Blockade 1965: 1963:Berlin Blockade 1959: 1831: 1797:Prenzlauer Berg 1682: 1657:underneath the 1545: 1543: 1525: 1474: 1468: 1400:Scheunenviertel 1376: 1352:Joseph Goebbels 1317:Albert Einstein 1253:Karl Liebknecht 1224:Weimar Republic 1208: 1202: 1169: 1167:First World War 1156: 1124:Prenzlauer Berg 1058: 1052: 1047: 1011: 1002: 969: 967:Economic growth 920:Sixth Coalition 887:Charles Meynier 843: 807:King in Prussia 791: 661:introduced the 552: 508:Albert the Bear 500: 460: 452:Albert the Bear 385: 379:Albert the Bear 371: 319: 256: 255: 218:Berlin Blockade 194: 154: 121: 119:Weimar Republic 111: 101: 91: 81: 61: 54: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4957: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4917: 4904: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4856: 4843: 4830: 4817: 4804: 4791: 4778: 4765: 4752: 4739: 4726: 4713: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4639:Germany portal 4631: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4404:Administration 4401: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4336: 4335:External links 4333: 4332: 4331: 4326:Maik Kopleck: 4324: 4319:Maik Kopleck: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4235: 4228: 4218: 4207: 4200: 4194: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4156: 4149: 4144:Long, Andrew. 4142: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4118:Hitlers Berlin 4114: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4088:Hake, Sabine. 4086: 4076: 4072:(2012) 4066: 4059: 4047: 4041: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4003:Bell, Kristy. 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3930: 3920:Chisholm, Hugh 3915:"Berlin" 3907: 3904: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3875: 3857: 3839: 3821: 3803: 3785: 3766: 3763:. 7 June 2001. 3748: 3729: 3711: 3685: 3666: 3648: 3630: 3612: 3595: 3577: 3559: 3541: 3523: 3510: 3497: 3484: 3471: 3458: 3445: 3441:German History 3432: 3425: 3405: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3353: 3337: 3319: 3283:Cornelius Ryan 3256: 3240: 3228: 3215: 3202: 3176: 3169: 3151: 3142: 3129: 3117: 3104: 3088: 3075: 3062: 3035: 3022: 3015: 2995: 2982: 2971:Chisholm, Hugh 2966:"Berlin" 2952: 2939: 2926: 2913: 2900: 2887: 2874: 2861: 2854: 2834: 2813: 2804: 2789: 2782: 2765: 2758: 2740: 2733: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2567:Klaus Wowereit 2551:Thilo Sarrazin 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2486: 2476: 2469: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2441: 2353:ghost stations 2344: 2341: 2322: 2319: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2300:Erich Honecker 2297: 2290: 2288: 2278: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2208: 2205: 2193:United Nations 2158:Lucius D. Clay 2053:Main article: 2050: 2047: 2024:general strike 2011:Lavrenti Beria 2003:Main article: 2000: 1997: 1961:Main article: 1958: 1955: 1829: 1828: 1809:Friedrichshain 1785: 1766: 1751:Charlottenburg 1739: 1694:, as follows: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1637: 1636: 1617:Race to Berlin 1613: 1606: 1595: 1583: 1574: 1524: 1521: 1513:Olympiastadion 1470:Main article: 1467: 1464: 1404:Alexanderplatz 1375: 1372: 1333:Kurt Tucholsky 1329:Bertolt Brecht 1313:Walter Gropius 1287:Charlottenburg 1258:In March 1920 1249:Rosa Luxemburg 1218:At the end of 1204:Main article: 1201: 1198: 1173:spirit of 1914 1168: 1165: 1155: 1152: 1128:Friedrichshain 1104:Berlin in 1912 1098: 1097: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1010: 1007: 1001: 998: 968: 965: 964: 963: 948: 937: 934: 923: 916: 913: 902: 899: 865:thinkers like 842: 839: 835: 834: 815:Charlottenburg 790: 787: 786: 785: 770: 766:Friedrichstadt 761: 757:Dorotheenstadt 752: 734: 721: 719:standing army. 715:Central Europe 711:Dorotheenstadt 699:George 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