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These are normally postfix operators, as in the examples above, but for capitalized words, accents come between the * and the letter. The documentation does not otherwise define a required or canonical order for accents. In some data sources, breathing is normally seen before a tonal accent, and one
1034:
implementation defines a canonical order of breathing, accent, iota subscript. In some implementations, the ordering of the accents can determine the arrangement of the combining characters after conversion to
Unicode. Many implementations do not implement macronization.
677:
for Greek sigma is sufficient; it is interpreted as a final sigma at the end of words or when followed by punctuation, and as a medial sigma in other positions. In cases where this auto-disambiguation is not correct, the specific codes
829:
The character ' is used both for encoding an apostrophe and for adding a metrical breve to a vowel. The intention is disambiguated because the apostrophe is used in Greek only for elision, which normally occurs after a consonant.
670:) uses lower-case ASCII letters instead. In both cases, the unadorned ASCII letter represents a lower-case Greek letter, and an asterisk must be added to indicate an upper-case Greek letter.
110:. Most of these projects have since converted their data to Unicode. For example, Perseus originally encoded all its Ancient Greek texts using Beta code, but now releases them as Unicode.
68:, but to represent faithfully a wide variety of source texts – including formatting as well as rare or idiosyncratic characters. For most applications, it has been obsoleted by Unicode.
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Instead of upper-case Latin letters, lower-case Latin letters may also be used (e.g. a for α and *a for Α).
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The TLG Beta Code Manual uses upper-case ASCII letters to represent Greek letters. A variant (used by the
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106:. Beta Code can be easily converted to a variety of systems for display, most notably
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is not supported/output by many applications such as
Morpheus and uni2beta.
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Beta-Code-to-Unicode converter and Beta-Code-to-Polytonic-Greek type tool
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A Beta to
Unicode reference guide has been developed by the TLG project (
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collection of
Documentary Papyri, and the Greek Epigraphy Project at
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texts (and other ancient languages). Its aim was to be not merely a
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characters, the characters, accents, and formatting found in
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and was also used by a number of other projects such as the
124:Standard Greek alphabet with Beta Code equivalents
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1052:http://www.tlg.uci.edu/encoding/quickbeta.pdf
79:in 1981. It became the standard for encoding
8:
52:was a method of representing, using only
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709:
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839:Polytonic Greek accents and diacritics
38:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1168:Computer-related introductions in 1979
1143:Sophokeys Polytonic Greek for Mac OS X
1089:https://github.com/perseusdl/morpheus
1065:"Perseus Help and Information Center"
7:
16:For the software release stage, see
673:In general, one encoding character
14:
75:in the late 1970s and adopted by
697:for the medial sigma. However,
1087:Crane, Morpheus stem library,
1:
1119:Paul Hardy, beta2uni utility
92:Packard Humanities Institute
71:Beta Code was developed by
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15:
689:Some representations use
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77:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
1138:The TLG Beta Code Manual
693:for the final sigma and
834:Accents and diacritics
26:This article contains
1163:Romanization of Greek
1133:TLG Beta Code Summary
1069:www.perseus.tufts.edu
104:Ohio State University
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58:ancient Greek
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42:Greek letters
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19:
18:Beta software
1115:
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1072:. Retrieved
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944:Grave accent
906:Acute accent
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711:Punctuation
698:
694:
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683:
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70:
62:romanization
49:
48:
25:
970:PROI+E/NAI
716:Punctuation
706:Punctuation
1157:Categories
1074:2022-12-26
1038:References
1027:MA/XAIRA'
989:TW=|
791:Apostrophe
764:Ano Stigme
141:Beta Code
138:Lower case
129:Upper case
28:Greek text
963:Diaeresis
856:Coded as
847:Beta Code
844:Diacritic
719:Beta Code
517:S, S2, J
132:Beta Code
81:polytonic
50:Beta Code
1013: ̆
1005:μαχαίρᾱς
994: ̄
975: ͅ
967:προϊέναι
956: ̈
918: ͂
894:O(, OI(
880: ̔
861: ̓
853:Examples
114:Encoding
1024:μάχαιρᾰ
937: ̀
899: ́
817:Numeral
568:Upsilon
528:Lunate
494:Medial
438:Omicron
248:Digamma
229:Epsilon
108:Unicode
100:Cornell
64:of the
1106:GitHub
1001:Macron
978:|
951:PRO\S
913:PRO/S
821:Keraia
734:Period
508:Final
503:S, S1
362:Lambda
94:, the
90:, the
1020:Breve
997:&
932:TW=N
891:ὁ, οἱ
760:Colon
747:Comma
722:Name
658:Notes
644:Omega
530:Sigma
510:Sigma
496:Sigma
343:Kappa
305:Theta
210:Delta
191:Gamma
153:Alpha
84:Greek
54:ASCII
948:πρὸς
910:πρός
875:E)N
850:Name
804:Dash
682:and
324:Iota
267:Zeta
172:Beta
102:and
96:Duke
929:τῶν
625:Psi
606:Chi
587:Phi
549:Tau
537:S3
525:*S3
476:Rho
286:Eta
1159::
1103:.
1067:.
986:τῷ
872:ἐν
823:)
766:)
684:S2
680:S1
651:W
640:*W
632:Y
621:*Y
613:X
602:*X
594:F
583:*F
575:U
564:*U
556:T
545:*T
491:*S
483:R
472:*R
464:P
457:Pi
453:*P
445:O
434:*O
426:C
419:Xi
415:*C
407:N
400:Nu
396:*N
388:M
381:Mu
377:*M
369:L
358:*L
350:K
339:*K
331:I
320:*I
312:Q
301:*Q
293:H
282:*H
274:Z
263:*Z
255:V
244:*V
236:E
225:*E
217:D
206:*D
198:G
187:*G
179:B
168:*B
160:A
149:*A
1109:.
1077:.
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1016:'
959:+
940:\
921:=
902:/
883:(
864:)
819:(
813:#
810:ʹ
800:_
797:—
787:'
784:’
774:;
771:;
762:(
756::
753:·
743:,
740:,
730:.
727:.
699:J
695:S
691:J
675:S
648:ω
637:Ω
629:ψ
618:Ψ
610:χ
599:Χ
591:φ
580:Φ
572:υ
561:Υ
553:τ
542:Τ
534:ϲ
522:Ϲ
514:ς
500:σ
488:Σ
480:ρ
469:Ρ
461:π
450:Π
442:ο
431:Ο
423:ξ
412:Ξ
404:ν
393:Ν
385:μ
374:Μ
366:λ
355:Λ
347:κ
336:Κ
328:ι
317:Ι
309:θ
298:Θ
290:η
279:Η
271:ζ
260:Ζ
252:ϝ
241:Ϝ
233:ε
222:Ε
214:δ
203:Δ
195:γ
184:Γ
176:β
165:Β
157:α
146:Α
44:.
30:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.