19:
152:
without compulsory helmet laws. Various factors may be responsible. One response has been to improve the availability of helmets to users of bicycle-sharing schemes, while
Brisbane City Council has suggested trialling helmet-free zones. In 2015, the Australian Senate included the helmet issue as part of an Inquiry (Personal choice and community impacts) and received many submissions (mainly opposed to the laws) and heard from various witnesses giving evidence both for and against the helmet laws.
160:
Studies of helmet use by injured cyclists were published from the late 1980s, some in
Australia, both before and after helmet legislation. These have concluded both for and against the encouragement of bicycle helmet wearing and/or bicycle helmet legislation – the debate continues, without consensus.
93:
specifies that "the rider of a bicycle must wear an approved bicycle helmet securely fitted and fastened on the rider’s head, unless the rider is exempt from wearing a bicycle helmet under another law of this jurisdiction." The rules also require helmet use by certain bicycle passengers. As of June
68:
A 1986 report on child cyclist injuries from
Redcliffe Hospital, Brisbane, detailed 93% of cases were not life-threatening and from 18 admissions, they included nine with minor head injury for overnight observation. In 1987 a report based on Brisbane hospitals detailed a majority of children aged
60:
In 1985, the House of
Representatives Standing Committee on Transport Safety recommended that cooperation of states and territories should be sought to "review the benefits of bicycle helmet wearing ... and unless there are persuasive arguments to the contrary introduce compulsory wearing of
151:
Academics within and outside
Australia continue to express professional opinions both supportive and in opposition of the laws. One opposition to the legislation is centred on shared bicycles in Brisbane and Melbourne. Shared bicycles are used about one tenth as much as is typical within areas
80:
By 1989, just before the government decided to introduce compulsory wearing of bicycle helmets, an officially-commissioned survey showed that public support for it was 92% for children and 83% for all riders. Opposition was fragmented and ineffective; no major cycling groups opposed the law in
843:
The results of a comparative study of the injury profiles of
Victorian motorcyclist and bicyclist casualties were used by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in initiating a state-wide campaign to promote the wearing of approved safety helmets by Victorian bicyclists and to obtain the
816:
McDermott, F. T. (1992). "World
Progress In Surgery. Helmet efficacy in the prevention of bicyclist head injuries: Royal Australasian college of surgeons initiatives in the introduction of compulsory safety helmet wearing in Victoria, Australia".
29:
was the first country to make wearing bicycle helmets mandatory. The majority of early statistical data regarding the effectiveness of bicycle helmets originated from
Australia. Their efficacy is still a matter of debate.
229:
McDermott, F. T. (1992). "Helmet efficacy in the prevention of bicyclist head injuries: Royal australasian college of surgeons initiatives in the introduction of compulsory safety helmet wearing in
Victoria, Australia".
76:
which included a recommendation for mandatory wearing of helmets. The terms of reference for the inquiry related to child pedestrians and child cyclists and to report on 'the use of safety helmets by child cyclists'.
462:
617:
1027:
648:
57:
Modern varieties of bicycle helmet first became commercially available from 1975. Industry helmet standards were developed from the 1970s and are still under development.
894:
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McDermott, F. T.; Lane, J. C.; Brazenor, G. A.; Debney, A. E. (1993). "The effectiveness of bicyclist helmets: a study of 1710 casualties".
34:
655:
506:
109:. In July 1991, New South Wales extended the law to child cyclists. In the same month, laws covering all cyclists were adopted in
671:
18:
751:
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O'Rourke NA, Costello F, Yelland JDN, Stuart GG, Head injuries to children riding bicycles, Vol146 June15, Med J Aust. 1987
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126:
991:
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691:
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654:. Office of the Director General, Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland Government. Archived from
1032:
420:
The
Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee – a History of Inquiries and Outcomes (MUARC Report No. 237)
755:
62:
117:, where the law was not enforced until 1 January 1993. In January 1992 helmet laws were introduced in the
73:
576:
Bicycle helmet legislation and enforcement in Queensland 1991–1993: Effects on helmet wearing and crashes
90:
132:
In the NT since March 1994 there is an exemption for adults cycling along footpaths or on cycle paths.
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Evaluation of the NSW introduction of compulsory bicycle helmet legislation. Research Note 17/94
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Four of the six states (Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia), and the
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five to seven years were in favour of wearing helmets, whereas older children were opposed.
199:
Curnow, W. J. (2008). "Bicycle Helmets: A Scientific Evaluation". In De Smet, Anton (ed.).
768:
379:
Armson, CJ; Pollard, CW (3 February 1986). "Child cyclist injuries; a prospective study".
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102:
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Robinson, D. L. (January 2007). "Bicycle helmet legislation: Can we reach a consensus?".
578:. Road User Behaviour Section, Road Transport and Safety Division, Queensland Transport.
394:
739:
603:
525:
139:, have exemptions for people who can not wear helmets for religious reasons, primarily
42:
1041:
968:
787:
552:
Trade Practices (Consumer Product Safety Standard) (Bicycle Helmets) Regulations 2001
588:
72:
In 1987 the Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee tabled a report in the
22:
Cyclists wearing helmets on a street in Melbourne, during a climate protest event
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26:
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2013, the legally-required standard for a bicycle helmet is AS/NZS 2063.
830:
675:
243:
38:
426:. Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC). pp. 31–38.
856:
Haworth, Narelle; Schramm, Amy; King, Mark; Steinhardt, Dale (2010).
723:
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in July 1990, followed in January 1991 by laws for adult cyclists in
283:
844:
necessary legislation whereby such wearing would become compulsory
140:
649:"Letter to Brisbane Central Business District Bicycle User Group"
45:
while riding after a campaign by various groups including the
618:"Bike helmet laws will change to allow religious exemptions"
736:
Trial helmet-free cycling zones, says Brisbane City Council
357:
865:. Brisbane: Center for Accident Research and Bike Safety.
704:
Why does bikeshare work in New York but not in Australia?
61:
helmets by cyclists on roads and other public places". A
360:. Cyclists' Rights Action Group (CRAG). 26 December 2010
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Bicycle helmets and injury prevention: A formal review
307:"New bike helmet standards send retailers into a spin"
993:
Bicycle Crashes in the Australian Capital Territories
514:. National Road Transport Commission. February 2012.
688:
Fixing Australian bike share goes beyond helmet laws
893:Attewell, R.; Glase, K.; McFadden, M. (June 2000).
286:. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute. 26 February 2009
720:Is the law on helmets why bikeshare is failing?
202:Transportation Accident Analysis and Prevention
97:Mandatory helmet laws were first introduced in
1023:Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation – Australia
589:Northern Territory Government – Bicycle safety
8:
600:Sikh community now exempted from helmet laws
85:Introduction of the laws: legal requirements
999:. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety.
754:, Senate Standing Committees on Economics,
358:"Brief History of Helmet Law in Australia"
334:. Product Safety Australia. Archived from
555:. Australian Government. 15 December 2009
470:. NSW Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA).
417:Clark, B.; Haworth, N; Lenne, M. (2005).
208:. Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers.
17:
769:"Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws"
191:
37:introduced various laws mandating that
899:. Australian Transport Safety Bureau.
332:"Mandatory standard — Bicycle helmets"
47:Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
752:Personal choice and community impacts
672:Helmet law hurting shared bike scheme
616:Calligeros, Marissa (23 April 2013).
7:
448:AGB McNair Survey Community Attitude
461:Williams, Meredyth-Ann (May 1995).
395:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb112244.x
305:Moore, Matthew (19 November 2010).
268:. Bell Bike Helmets. Archived from
1028:VicRoads: Wearing a bicycle helmet
922:Accident Analysis & Prevention
859:Monograph 5 – Bike Helmet Research
776:Accident Analysis & Prevention
33:Between 1990 and 1992, Australian
14:
969:10.1097/00005373-199306000-00015
647:Stewart, David (23 March 2011).
147:Ongoing debate: after the laws
65:committee was set up in 1985.
1:
767:Robinson, D. L. (July 1996).
574:King, M.; Fraine, G. (1993).
788:10.1016/0001-4575(96)00016-4
382:Medical Journal of Australia
266:"Bell bike helmets timeline"
127:Australian Capital Territory
53:History: lead-up to the laws
1079:
284:"Bicycle Helmet Standards"
181:Bicycle helmets by country
934:10.1016/j.aap.2006.06.007
819:World Journal of Surgery
232:World Journal of Surgery
125:and in July 1992 in the
756:Parliament of Australia
105:and all age-groups in
74:Parliament of Victoria
35:states and territories
23:
508:Australian Road Rules
311:Sydney Morning Herald
91:Australian Road Rules
21:
1048:Cycling in Australia
1033:NSW Cycling Research
738:, Katherine Feeney,
678:, 29 November 2010.
176:Cycling in Australia
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726:, 12 February 2012.
694:, 25 November 2012.
690:, Elliott Fishman,
338:on 20 February 2011
171:Bicycle helmet laws
831:10.1007/BF02104435
622:The Brisbane Times
244:10.1007/BF02104435
119:Northern Territory
63:federal parliament
24:
1006:978-0-642-51019-8
957:Journal of Trauma
906:978-0-642-25514-3
872:978-0-9751596-8-2
742:, 10 August 2013.
606:, January 23 2020
521:978-0-7240-8874-4
477:978-0-7305-3844-8
433:978-0-7326-2307-4
215:978-1-60456-288-0
123:Western Australia
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165:See also
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99:Victoria
81:public.
49:(RACS).
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