Media bias - Knowledge (XXG)

1374:, there are six factors that contribute to media bias against minority religions: first, the knowledge and familiarity of journalists with the subject matter; second, the degree of cultural accommodation of the targeted religious group; third, limited economic resources available to journalists; fourth, time constraints; fifth, sources of information used by journalists; and finally, the front-end/back-end disproportionality of reporting. According to Yale Law professor Stephen Carter, "it has long been the American habit to be more suspicious of – and more repressive toward – religions that stand outside the mainline Protestant-Roman Catholic-Jewish troika that dominates America's spiritual life." As for front-end/back-end disproportionality, Wright says: "news stories on unpopular or marginal religions frequently are predicated on unsubstantiated allegations or government actions based on faulty or weak evidence occurring at the front-end of an event. As the charges weighed in against material evidence, these cases often disintegrate. Yet rarely is there equal space and attention in the mass media given to the resolution or outcome of the incident. If the accused are innocent, often the public is not made aware." 1474:", an adversarial format in which representatives of opposing views comment on an issue. This approach theoretically allows diverse views to appear in the media. However, the person organizing the report still has the responsibility to choose reporters or journalists that represent a diverse or balanced set of opinions, to ask them non-prejudicial questions, and to edit or arbitrate their comments fairly. When done carelessly, a point/counterpoint can be as unfair as a simple biased report, by suggesting that the "losing" side lost on its merits. Besides these challenges, exposing news consumers to differing viewpoints seems to be beneficial for a balanced understanding and more critical assessment of current events and latent topics. Using this format can also lead to accusations that the reporter has created a misleading appearance that viewpoints have equal validity (sometimes called " 1301:

whereas liberal accounts are exposed to moderate content, shifting those users' experiences toward the political center. The study determined: "Both in terms of information to which they are exposed and content they produce, drifters initialized with Right-leaning sources stay on the conservative side of the political spectrum. Those initialized with Left-leaning sources, on the other hand, tend to drift toward the political center: they are exposed to more conservative content and even start spreading it." These findings held true for both hashtags and links. The study also found that conservative accounts are exposed to substantially more low-credibility content than other accounts.

80: 1353:. Scholar Sarah Hughes, in a study published in 2016, argued that the panic "both reflected and shaped a cultural climate dominated by the overlapping worldviews of politically active conservatives" whose ideology "was incorporated into the panic and reinforced through" tabloid media, sensationalist television and magazine reporting, and local news. Although the panic dissipated in the 1990s after it was discredited by journalists and the courts, Hughes argues that the panic has had an enduring influence in American culture and politics even decades later. 1421:

trusted that news organizations would deal fairly with all sides when dealing with political and social issues dropped from 34% in 1985 to 16% in 2011. By 2011 almost two-thirds of respondents considered news organizations to be “politically biased in their reporting”, up from 45% in 1985. Similar decreases in trust have been reported by Gallup, with an all-time low around the 2016 American presidential election. In 2022, half of Americans responded that they believed that news organizations would deliberately attempt to mislead them.

36: 4357:, "This leads us to the two most likely sources of the public's increasing antipathy toward the media: tabloid coverage and elite opinion leadership.", p. 126, "... Democratic elite criticism and Republican elite criticism (of the media) can reduce media confidence across a broad spectrum of the public.", p. 127, "... the evidence also indicates that little of the decline (in media trust) can be explained by direct reaction to news bias." p. 125, Princeton University Press, 2012, 4163:...much popular media criticism has posited that journalists' personal attitudes produce a liberal tilt in their coverage. Most scholarly studies have failed to support this conclusion, however, and the increasing public perception of liberal media bias has been linked to audience biases and strategic efforts by conservative elites. However, recent studies have rekindled this debate, while attributing biased coverage to economic incentives rather than journalists' mindsets. 7138: 7150: 630: 1275:(2018), argues that on social media networks, the most emotionally charged and polarizing topics usually predominate, and that "If you wanted to build a machine that would distribute propaganda to millions of people, distract them from important issues, energize hatred and bigotry, erode social trust, undermine journalism, foster doubts about science, and engage in massive surveillance all at once, you would make something a lot like Facebook." 906:

framing bias, epistemological bias, bias by semantic properties, and connotation bias), text-level context bias (featuring statement bias, phrasing bias, and spin bias), reporting-level context bias (highlighting selection bias, coverage bias, and proximity bias), cognitive biases (such as selective exposure and partisan bias), and related concepts like

1224:. Social media has a place in disseminating news in modern society, where viewers are exposed to other people's comments while reading news articles. In their 2020 study, Gearhart and her team showed that viewers' perceptions of bias increased and perceptions of credibility decreased after seeing comments with which they held different opinions. 1425:

unrelated to whether that medium is actually biased or not. The only other factor with as strong an influence on belief that media is biased, he found, was extensive coverage of celebrities. A majority of people see such media as biased, while at the same time preferring media with extensive coverage of celebrities.

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found that Republicans' frequent argument that social media companies like Facebook and Twitter have an "anti-conservative" bias is false and lacks any reliable evidence supporting it; the report found that right-wing voices are in fact dominant on social media and that the claim that these platforms

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Dong, Ren, and Nickerson investigated Chinese stock-related news and weibos in 20132014 from Sina Weibo and Sina Finance (4.27 million pieces of news and 43.17 million weibos) and found that news that aligns with Weibo users' beliefs are more likely to attract readers. Also, the information in biased

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In demand-driven bias, preferences and attitudes of readers can be monitored on social media, and mass media write news that caters to readers based on them. Mass media skew news driven by viewership and profits, leading to the media bias. And readers are also easily attracted to lurid news, although

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In the 2017 Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, S. Robert Lichter described how in academic circles, media bias is more of a hypothesis to explain various patterns in news coverage than any fully-elaborated theory, and that a variety of potentially overlapping types of bias have been proposed

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Neely, for one, believes Lincoln probably understood what had happened: The state's Republicans had used their newfound war powers not just to shut down newspapers and arrest those they considered disloyal but to intimidate and disenfranchise the Democrats, many of whom supported slavery and some of

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examined political bias on social media by assessing the degree to which Twitter users were exposed to content on the left and right – specifically, exposure on the home timeline (the "news feed"). The study found that conservative Twitter accounts are exposed to content on the right,

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Yu-Ru and Wen-Ting's research looks into how liberals and conservatives conduct themselves on Twitter after three mass shooting events. Although they would both show negative emotions towards the incidents they differed in the narratives they were pushing. Both sides would often contrast in what the

767:). Other focuses beyond political bias include international differences in reporting, as well as bias in reporting of particular issues such as economic class or environmental interests. Academic findings around bias can also differ significantly from public discourse and understanding of the term. 1216:

suggest that the political economy of social media platforms has led to a commodification of information on social media. Messages are prioritized and rewarded based on their virality and shareability rather than their truth, promoting radical, shocking click-bait content. Social media influences

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Demand-driven models evaluate to what extent media bias stems from companies providing consumers what they want. Stromberg posits that because wealthier viewers result in more advertising revenue, the media as a result ends up targeted to whiter and more conservative consumers while wealthier urban

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Jonathan M. Ladd (2012), who has conducted intensive studies of media trust and media bias, concluded that the primary cause of belief in media bias is telling people that particular media are biased. People who are told that a medium is biased tend to believe that it is biased, and this belief is

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Perceptions of media bias may also be related to the rise of social media. The rise of social media has undermined the economic model of traditional media. The number of people who rely upon social media has increased and the number who rely on print news has decreased. Studies of social media and

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In Raymond and Taylor's test of weather forecast bias, they investigated weather reports of the New York Times during the games of the baseball team the Giants from 1890 to 1899. Their findings suggest that the New York Times produce biased weather forecast results depending on the region in which

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Much of the literature criticizes such biases for favoring the existing power structure, hindering civic participation or democratic outcomes, and failing to provide audiences with the information they need to make rational decisions about public affairs. Television has been the leading target of

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Media bias is also reflected in search systems in social media. Kulshrestha and her team found through research in 2018 that the top-ranked results returned by these search engines can influence users' perceptions when they conduct searches for events or people, which is particularly reflected in

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has often been misinterpreted in the media as another word for atheism, stating that: "Secularism must be the most misunderstood and mangled ism in the American political lexicon. Commentators on the right and the left routinely equate it with Stalinism, Nazism and Socialism, among other dreaded

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An ongoing and unpublished research project named "The Media Bias Taxonomy" is attempting to assess the various definitions and meanings of media bias. While still ongoing, it attempts to summarize the domain as the distinct subcategories linguistic bias (encompassing linguistic intergroup bias,

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Perceptions of media bias and trust in the media have changed significantly from 1985-2011 in the US. Pew studies reported that the percentage of Americans who trusted that news media “get their facts straight” dropped from 55% in 1985, to 25% in 2011. Similarly, the percentage of Americans who

1462:(on which country an article reports). As a result, each cell contains articles that have been published in one country and that report on another country. Particularly in international news topics, such an approach helps to reveal differences in media coverage between the involved countries. 1442:

Polis (or Pol.is) is a social media website that allows people to share their opinions and ideas while elevating ideas that have more consensus. By September 2020, it had helped to form the core of dozens of pieces of legislation passed in Taiwan. Proponents had sought out a way to inform the

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While most accusations of bias tend to revolve around ideological disagreements, other forms of bias are cast as structural in nature. There is little agreement on how they operate or originate but some involve economics, government policies, norms, and the individual creating the news. Some

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Experiments have shown that media bias affects behavior and more specifically influences the readership's political ideology. A study found higher politicization rates with increased exposure to the Fox News channel, while a 2009 study found a weakly-linked decrease in support for the Bush

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by national governments. Although a process of media deregulation has placed the majority of the western broadcast media in private hands, there still exists a strong government presence, or even monopoly, in the broadcast media of many countries across the globe. At the same time, the

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David Baron suggests a game-theoretic model of mass media behaviour in which, given that the pool of journalists systematically leans towards the left or the right, mass media outlets maximise their profits by providing content that is biased in the same direction as their employees.

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counterpart, are governed by the 1991 Broadcasting Act, which states programming should be "varied and comprehensive, providing balance of information...provide a reasonable opportunity for the public to be exposed to the expression of differing views on matters of public concern."

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Sendhil Mullainathan and Andrei Shleifer of Harvard University constructed a behavioural model in 2005, which is built around the assumption that readers and viewers hold beliefs that they would like to see confirmed by news providers, which they argue the market then provides.

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literature on mass media bias, both on the theoretical and the empirical side. On the theoretical side the focus is on understanding to what extent the political positioning of mass media outlets is mainly driven by demand or supply factors. This literature was surveyed by

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using a long-running massive-scale randomized experiment, found that the political right enjoys higher algorithmic amplification than the political left in six out of seven countries studied. In the US, algorithmic amplification favored right-leaning news sources.

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poll in 2019 showed that 28% of US adults "often" find their news through social media, and 55% of US adults get their news from social media either "often" or "sometimes". Additionally, more people are reported as going to social media for their news as the

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reported that 64% of Americans believed that social media had a toxic effect on U.S. society and culture in July 2020. Only 10% of Americans believed that it had a positive effect on society. Some of the main concerns with social media lie with the spread of

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The Virginia report of 1799 to 1800, touching the Alien and sedition laws; together with the Virginia resolutions of, the debate and proceedings thereon in the House of delegates of Virginia, and several other documents illustrative of the report and

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Academic studies tend not to confirm a popular media narrative of liberal journalists producing a left-leaning media bias in the U.S., though some studies suggest economic incentives may have that effect. Instead, the studies reviewed by

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examples, according to Cline (2009) include commercial bias, temporal bias, visual bias, bad news bias, narrative bias, status quo bias, fairness bias, expediency bias, class bias and glory bias (or the tendency to glorify the reporter).

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effects, hate speech, sentiment analysis, and group biases (encompassing gender bias, racial bias, and religion bias). The authors emphasize the complex nature of detecting and mitigating bias across different media content and contexts.

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isms. In the United States, of late, another false equation has emerged. That would be the groundless association of secularism with atheism. The religious right has profitably promulgated this misconception at least since the 1970s."

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the Giants play. When they played at home in Manhattan, reports of sunny days predicting increased. From this study, Raymond and Taylor found that bias pattern in New York Times weather forecasts was consistent with demand-driven bias.

855:(or bad news bias), a tendency to show negative events and portray politics as less of a debate on policy and more of a zero-sum struggle for power. Excessive criticism or negativity can lead to cynicism and disengagement from politics. 2527:

Spinde, Timo; Hinterreiter, Smilla; Haak, Fabian; Ruas, Terry; Giese, Helge; Meuschke, Norman; Gipp, Bela (January 1, 2023). "The Media Bias Taxonomy: A Systematic Literature Review on the Forms and Automated Detection of Media Bias".

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Tanya Pamplone warns that since much of international journalism takes place in English, there can be instances where stories and journalists from countries where English is not taught have difficulty entering the global conversation.

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to analyze the bias of text. For example, person-oriented framing analysis attempts to identify frames, i.e., "perspectives", in news coverage on a topic by determining how each person mentioned in the topic's coverage is portrayed.

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Critics of media bias tend to point out how a particular bias benefits existing power structures, undermines democratic outcomes and fails to inform people with the information they need to make decisions around public policy.

728:. Politics and media bias may interact with each other; the media has the ability to influence politicians, and politicians may have the power to influence the media. This can change the distribution of power in society. 1433:

NPR's ombudsman wrote a 2011 article about how to note the political leanings of think tanks or other groups that the average listener might not know much about before citing a study or statistic from an organization.

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Language may also introduce a more subtle form of bias. The selection of metaphors and analogies, or the inclusion of personal information in one situation but not another can introduce bias, such as a gender bias.

1084:, which is funded by businesses, accuses the media of being biased in favor of science and against business interests, and of credulously reporting science that shows that greenhouse gasses cause global warming. 980:, which prohibited newspapers from publishing "false, scandalous, or malicious writing" against the government, including any public opposition to any law or presidential act. This act was in effect until 1801. 3276:

Gundersen, Torbjørn; Alinejad, Donya; Branch, T.Y.; Duffy, Bobby; Hewlett, Kirstie; Holst, Cathrine; Owens, Susan; Panizza, Folco; Tellmann, Silje Maria; van Dijck, José; Baghramian, Maria (October 17, 2022).

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An example of supply-driven bias is Zinman and Zitzewitz's study of snowfall reporting. Ski attractions tend to be biased in snowfall reporting, and they have higher snowfall than official forecasts report.

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Demand-side incentives are often not related to distortion. Competition can still affect the welfare and treatment of consumers, but it is not very effective in changing bias compared to the supply side.

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Speculative content, when stories focus not on what has occurred, but primarily on what might occur, using words like "could", "might", or "what if", without labeling the article as analysis or opinion.

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government with the opinions of citizens between elections while also providing an online outlet for citizens that was less divisive and more informative than social media and other large websites.

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Episodic framing of television, for example, can lead people to ascribe blame to individuals instead of society, in contrast to thematic framing that leads people to look more at societal causes.

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allow users to be steeped within their own ideology. Because social media is tailored to your interests and your selected friends, it is an easy outlet for political echo chambers. Another

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In academic circles, media bias is referenced more often as a hypothesis to explain patterns of news coverage than as a component of any fully elaborated theory of political communication.

3742: 3064: 864:, bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary, giving the impression that rare events, such as airplane crashes, are more common than common events, such as automobile crashes. " 1217:

people in part because of psychological tendencies to accept incoming information, to take feelings as evidence of truth, and to not check assertions against facts and memories.

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Demographic bias, where factors such as gender, race, and social and economic status influence reporting and can be a factor in different coverage of various demographic groups.

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occur when an issue is presented as having equally-compelling reasons on both sides, despite disproportionate amounts of evidence favoring one (also known as undue weight).

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van Dalen, A. (June 10, 2011). "Structural Bias in Cross-National Perspective: How Political Systems and Journalism Cultures Influence Government Dominance in the News".

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Demand from media consumer for a particular type of bias is known as demand-driven bias. Consumers tend to favor a biased media based on their preferences, an example of

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Decision-making bias, means that the motivation, frame of mind, or beliefs of the journalists will have an impact on their writing. It is generally pejorative.

3560: 846:). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. 5273: 665: 6978: 1988:

Eberl, J.-M.; Boomgaarden, H. G.; Wagner, M. (November 19, 2015). "One Bias Fits All? Three Types of Media Bias and Their Effects on Party Preferences".

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root cause was along with who is deemed the victims, heroes, and villain/s. There was also a decrease in any conversation that was considered proactive.

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Competition leads to decreased bias and hinders the impact of persuasive incentives. And it tends to make the results more responsive to consumer demand.

1149:) cite supply-driven bias including around the use of official sources, funding from advertising, efforts to discredit independent media ("flak"), and " 1002:

Antisemitic politicians who favored the United States entering World War II on the Nazi side asserted that the international media were controlled by

693:, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. 3926:

Kulshrestha, Juhi; Eslami, Motahhare; Messias, Johnnatan; Zafar, Muhammad Bilal; Ghosh, Saptarshi; Gummadi, Krishna P.; Karahalios, Karrie (2019).

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include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent

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Statement bias (also known as tonality bias or presentation bias), when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues.

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Hofstetter, C. Richard; Buss, Terry F. (September 1, 1978). "Bias in television news coverage of political events: A methodological analysis".

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Supply-side incentives are able to control and affect consumers. Strong persuasive incentives can even be more powerful than profit motivation.

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and episode of national hysteria that emerged in the U.S. in the 1980s (and thereafter to Canada, Britain, and Australia), was reinforced by

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and the spread of hate and extremism. Social scientist experts explain the growth of misinformation and hate as a result of the increase in

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exists around one of the viewpoints, or when one of the representatives habitually makes claims that are easily shown to be inaccurate.

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Haselmayer, Martin; Meyer, Thomas M.; Wagner, Markus (2019). "Fighting for attention: Media coverage of negative campaign messages".

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Content bias, differential treatment of the parties in political conflicts, where biased news presents only one side of the conflict.

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bias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain.

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van der Pas, Daphne J. (November 10, 2022). "Do European media ignore female politicians? A comparative analysis of MP visibility".

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in private hands, and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals, has also led to accusations of media bias.

962: 733: 658: 945:. This coincided with the rise of journalism as a powerful social force. Even today, though, the most conscientiously objective 7175: 5293: 5103: 4478:. The 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. Virtual Event, Ireland. pp. 3007–3014. 4060: 1529: 920: 690: 104: 3115: 2330:

Brandenburg, Heinz (July 1, 2006). "Party Strategy and Media Bias: A Quantitative Analysis of the 2005 UK Election Campaign".

842:(also known as selectivity or selection bias), when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see 3996:

Burke, Cindy; Mazzarella, Sharon R (2008). "A Slightly New Shade of Lipstick": Gendered Mediation in Internet News Stories".

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There are many examples of accusations of bias being used as a political tool, sometimes resulting in government censorship.

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Competition can improve consumer treatment, but it may affect the total surplus due to the ideological payoff of the owners.

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media were accused of bias in favor of mixing of the races, and many television programs with racially mixed casts, such as

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has restricted politicians to online campaigns and social media live streams. GCF Global encourages online users to avoid

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show bias in how they report and cover news. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening of

7128: 6794: 4757: 4310: 7083: 6983: 6633: 5839: 4262:"Does the Media Matter? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effect of Newspapers on Voting Behavior and Political Opinions" 1519: 1514: 869: 275: 154: 4630: 836:, implying that an event is a new event, and thus deriving notability, without addressing past events of the same kind. 6934: 6594: 6574: 6454: 5875: 5492: 4880: 4085:

Wright, Stuart A. (December 1997). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths?".

1663: 1007: 839: 651: 79: 3431:"Hostile media bias on social media: Testing the effect of user comments on perceptions of news bias and credibility" 3215: 849:

Mainstream bias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone.

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Sucháček, Jan; Sed’a, Petr; Friedrich, Václav; Wachowiak-Smolíková, Renata; Wachowiak, Mark P. (November 8, 2016).

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Ventriloquism, when experts or witnesses are quoted in a way that intentionally voices the author's own opinion.

7115: 7093: 6973: 6896: 5577: 5401: 5375: 5370: 5283: 5165: 4930: 4910: 4806: 4330:"Trust in media is so low that half of Americans now believe that news organizations deliberately mislead them" 4261: 3480:"64% of Americans say social media have a mostly negative effect on the way things are going in the U.S. today" 3278: 2761: 1471: 1260:

by interacting with different people and perspectives along with avoiding the temptation of confirmation bias.

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Reputation, consumers will make choices based on their prior beliefs and the reputation of the media companies.

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In the 19th century, journalists began to recognize the concept of unbiased reporting as an integral part of

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Psychological utility, "consumers get direct utility from news whose bias matches their own prior beliefs."

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Book Review: Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy by Siva Vaidhyanathan

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Global Warming and Other Eco-myths: How the Environmental Movement Uses False Science to Scare Us to Death

1825: 1555: 1037: 1027:, newspapers supporting liberal social reform were accused by conservative newspapers of communist bias. 341: 266: 144: 3849:

Huszár, Ferenc; Ktena, Sofia Ira; O’Brien, Conor; Belli, Luca; Schlaikjer, Andrew; Hardt, Moritz (2022).

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suggests how people overestimate the risk from dangers that are disproportionately discussed in media.

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Eberl, Jakob-Moritz; Wagner, Markus; Boomgaarden, Hajo G. (2018). "Party Advertising in Newspapers".

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When an organization prefers consumers to take particular actions, this would be supply-driven bias.

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Are Social Media Companies Biased Against Conservatives? There's No Solid Evidence, Report Concludes

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D'Alessio, D; Allen, M (December 1, 2000). "Media bias in presidential elections: a meta-analysis".

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forces may also cause bias. Examples include bias introduced by the ownership of media, including a

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Structural bias, when an actor or issue receives more or less favorable coverage as a result of

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Like newspapers, the broadcast media (radio and television) have been used as a mechanism for

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Proceedings of the Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018)

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Another approach, matrix-based news aggregation, spans a matrix over two dimensions, such as

6968: 6864: 6854: 6626: 6543: 6434: 6403: 6356: 6299: 6264: 6236: 6211: 6155: 6089: 6049: 5935: 5920: 5796: 5467: 5320: 5180: 5120: 5045: 5030: 4890: 4843: 4752: 4747: 4732: 4604: 4568: 4524: 4479: 4276: 4195: 4191: 4140: 4136: 4094: 4042: 4007: 3942: 3898: 3880: 3813: 3797: 3651: 3517: 3442: 3385: 3298: 3290: 3188: 3146: 3089: 3065:"The Herman-Chomsky Propaganda Model: A Critical Approach to Analysing Mass Media Behaviour" 3045: 3001: 2946: 2898: 2826: 2822: 2501: 2466: 2429: 2421: 2384: 2380: 2339: 2310: 2266: 2199: 2155: 2147: 2083: 2037: 1997: 1957: 1945: 1885: 1841: 1837: 1784: 1735: 1634: 1616: 1447: 1371: 1138: 895: 760: 550: 507: 502: 431: 401: 351: 306: 205: 4037:

Hughes, Sarah (2017). "American Monsters: Tabloid Media and the Satanic Panic, 1970–2000."

6886: 6713: 6444: 6309: 6279: 6231: 6008: 5727: 5674: 5649: 5639: 5624: 5557: 5547: 5443: 5431: 5288: 5278: 5055: 5035: 4950: 4853: 4828: 4823: 4796: 4774: 4686: 3294: 2556: 2315: 2298: 1560: 1494: 1011: 988: 852: 611: 406: 326: 180: 170: 801:

Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media.

3928:"Search bias quantifcation: investigating political bias in social media and web search" 3876: 3793: 3390: 3373: 1612: 1203:

markets may be more liberal and produce an opposite effect in newspapers in particular.

804:

Coverage bias when media choose to report only negative news about one party or ideology

49:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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A multidimensional dataset based on crowdsourcing for analyzing and detecting news bias

3903: 3850: 3818: 3767: 3173: 2950: 2434: 2409: 2041: 1639: 1596: 1150: 1067: 996: 861: 752: 606: 386: 139: 4502:

Hamborg, Felix; Heinser, Kim; Zhukova, Anastasia; Donnay, Karsten; Gipp, Bela (2021).

3722:

False Accusation: The Unfounded Claim that Social Media Companies Censor Conservatives

3134: 2373:

Lichter, S. Robert (September 2, 2014). Kenski, Kate; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (eds.).

1006:, and that reports of German mistreatment of Jews were biased and without foundation. 956:

from their earliest days, a tendency made more pronounced by the initial ownership of

7164: 7016: 6963: 6891: 6737: 6548: 6340: 6319: 5915: 5891: 5811: 5482: 5268: 5248: 5211: 5185: 5170: 5150: 5130: 5093: 5005: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4833: 4737: 4019: 3835: 3673: 3545: 3464: 3415: 3320: 3200: 3093: 3013: 2620:

Virginia. General Assembly. House Of Delegates; James Madison; J. W Randolph (1850),

2513: 2478: 2359: 2211: 2169: 2103: 1961: 1897: 1788: 1755: 1475: 1346: 1338: 1051: 973: 822: 764: 756: 686: 601: 491: 462: 411: 346: 4616: 4296: 3954: 2920: 2118:"Media Bias Monitor: Quantifying Biases of Social Media News Outlets at Large-Scale" 2117: 1969: 1804: 7110: 7098: 6799: 6579: 6449: 6439: 6221: 6130: 6120: 5986: 5960: 5689: 5644: 5542: 5537: 5228: 4990: 4975: 4011: 3766:

Chen, Wen; Pacheco, Diogo; Yang, Kai-Cheng; Menczer, Filippo (September 22, 2021).

3521: 2968: 2236:. American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 2009: 1771: 1490: 1350: 1142: 1071: 789:

Anti-science bias, when stories promote superstition or other non-scientific ideas.

596: 477: 467: 3049: 2688:

The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North

2425: 2151: 1889: 4528: 3640:"The dynamics of Twitter users' gun narratives across major mass shooting events" 2902: 1621: 816:

Distortion bias, when the fact or reality is distorted or fabricated in the news.

6874: 6804: 6638: 6516: 6314: 6135: 6072: 6044: 5965: 5754: 5679: 5629: 5599: 5592: 5552: 5145: 4915: 4905: 4895: 4791: 4504:"Newsalyze: Effective Communication of Person-Targeting Biases in News Articles" 4474:

Färber, Michael; Burkard, Victoria; Jatowt, Adam; Lim, Sora (October 10, 2020).

1342: 1102: 1076: 1055: 925: 882: 858:

Partisan bias, a tendency to report to serve particular political party leaning.

783: 555: 124: 3801: 3656: 3639: 3506:"A Problem of Amplification: Folklore and Fake News in the Age of Social Media" 3343:"Detecting Clickbait: Here's How to Do It / Comment détecter les pièges à clic" 2410:"Partisan Bias in Message Selection: Media Gatekeeping of Party Press Releases" 2087: 755:, which is studied at schools of journalism, university departments (including 7088: 7078: 6836: 6621: 6599: 6500: 6226: 6077: 5950: 5930: 5711: 5654: 5417: 5258: 5233: 4608: 4573: 4046: 3946: 2893:

Prat, Andrea; Strömberg, David (2013). "The Political Economy of Mass Media".

2343: 2270: 1363: 1058:

accused newspapers of anti-American bias, and in a famous speech delivered in

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of Columbia University and David Stromberg of Stockholm University in 2013.

1097: 1059: 886: 792: 701: 581: 530: 457: 3912: 3827: 3407: 2859: 2443: 1648: 17: 6465: 3232: 2937:

Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M.; Stone, Daniel F. (January 1, 2015).

1739: 7103: 6730: 6648: 6289: 5310: 5195: 2408:

Haselmayer, Martin; Wagner, Markus; Meyer, Thomas M. (February 6, 2017).

1062:

in 1970, called anti-war protesters "the nattering nabobs of negativism."

745: 540: 4288: 3005: 7063: 6869: 6703: 6398: 6304: 6259: 5806: 5614: 4408:"How Taiwan's 'civic hackers' helped find a new way to run the country" 4280: 4106: 3970:"Watch Your Language: How English is Skewing the Global News Narrative" 3303: 3158: 1511: – Term used to explain attention distribution across social media 1273:

Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy

591: 98: 3342: 1538: – influence of the United States media on an international level 3565: 3447: 3430: 2621: 1597:"From Regional to National Clouds: TV Coverage in the Czech Republic" 885:

and media routines, not as the result of ideological decisions (e.g.

616: 4442:"Taiwan is making democracy work again. It's time we paid attention" 4098: 3429:

Gearhart, Sherice; Moe, Alexander; Zhang, Bingbing (March 5, 2020).

2203: 1153:" ideology, resulting in news in favor of U.S. corporate interests. 4519: 3867: 3784: 3192: 2941:. In Anderson, Simon P.; Waldfogel, Joel; Strömberg, David (eds.). 2534: 1400:

administration when given a free subscription to the right-leaning

1168:

There are three major factors that make this choice for consumers:

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Newton, K. (1989). "Media bias". In Goodin, R.; Reeve, A. (eds.).

1479: 1387:

generally found the media to be a conservative force in politics.

934:, published in 1644, was one of the first publications advocating 4237:

Information and Public Choice: From Media Markets to Policymaking

4219:

such criticism, but it frequently extends to other media as well.

3588:"Online Echo Chambers are Deepening America's Ideological Divide" 2072:""Tell all the truth, but tell it slant": Documenting media bias" 786:

bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers.

5860: 4709: 3116:"Be Careful What You Read: Evidence of demand-driven media bias" 1028: 586: 286: 89: 6469: 5864: 5390: 4682: 2379:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 403, 410–412. 1470:

A technique used to avoid bias is the "point/counterpoint" or "

4590:"Bias-aware news analysis using matrix-based news aggregation" 2858:

Cline, Andrew (2009). "53: Bias". In Eadie, William F. (ed.).

1003: 29: 5386: 3120:

Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems

2234:

Is anyone responsible? how television frames political issues

931:

Areopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing

2640:"Revoking Civil Liberties: Lincoln's Constitutional Dilemma" 1191:

reports also influences the decision-making of the readers.

4639:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

3372:

Brashier, Nadia M.; Marsh, Elizabeth J. (January 4, 2020).

1563: – Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse 4511:

2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL)

1066:

Not all accusations of bias are political. Science writer

4678: 3561:"More Americans Are Getting Their News From Social Media" 3279:"A New Dark Age? Truth, Trust, and Environmental Science" 2713:

I Am a Man!: Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement

779:

Various proposed hypotheses of media bias have included:

4661:"We can probably measure media bias. But do we want to?" 2183:

Shor, Eran; van de Rijt, Arnout; Fotouhi, Babak (2019).

4377:"What to Think about Think Tanks? : NPR Ombudsman" 1576:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Gerber, Alan S.; Karlan, Dean; Bergan, Daniel (2009).

2597:

Journalistic Ethics: Moral Responsibility in the Media

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Hamborg, Felix; Meuschke, Norman; Gipp, Bela (2018).

1172:

Delegation, which takes a filtering approach to bias.

4552:

Hamborg, Felix; Donnay, Karsten; Gipp, Bela (2019).

3114:

Dong, H.; Ren, J.; Nickerson, J. V. (January 2018).

2939:"Chapter 14 – Media Bias in the Marketplace: Theory" 2864:. 21st century reference series. Los Angeles: Sage. 1540:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1287:

have an anti-conservative lean "is itself a form of

7009: 6915: 6830: 6674: 6562: 6422: 6366: 6328: 6250: 6199: 6164: 6108: 6065: 6058: 6022: 5974: 5898: 5820: 5720: 5530: 5424: 5339: 5204: 5079: 4716: 4311:"Americans' Trust In Media Remains Near Record Low" 4231:DellaVigna, Stefano; Kaplan, Ethan (June 6, 2008). 4178:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 4123:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 3768:"Neutral bots probe political bias on social media" 3347:

Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science

2809:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 1824:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 3851:"Algorithmic amplification of politics on Twitter" 3614:"Digital Media Literacy: What is an Echo Chamber?" 2770:. March 27, 2008. Discusses quote around 1:24:00. 1946:"Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power" 1772:"Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power" 1770: 1074:bias. He claimed that television programs such as 1023:In the US during the labor union movement and the 712:, biases the media in some countries, for example 3036:Baron, David P. (2006). "Persistent Media Bias". 1552: – Measures to avoid offense or disadvantage 3133:Mullainathan, Sendhil; Shleifer, Andrei (2005). 2945:. Vol. 1. North-Holland. pp. 623–645. 2861:21st century communication: a reference handbook 2332:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 2185:"A Large-Scale Test of Gender Bias in the Media" 2070:Raymond, Collin; Taylor, Sarah (April 1, 2021). 1220:Media bias in social media is also reflected in 921:Media bias in the United States § History 4497: 4495: 4355:Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters 3935:Information Retrieval Journal (2019) 22:188–227 3855:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2076:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 4184:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 4129:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 3638:Lin, Yu-Ru; Chung, Wen-Ting (August 3, 2020). 2815:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 1830:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 1662:Mackey, Thomas P.; Jacobson, Trudi E. (2019). 1010:was accused of Jewish bias, and films such as 6481: 5876: 5402: 4694: 4186:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 4131:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 3644:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 3172:Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2006). 2817:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 2715:. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Press. 2690:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 1832:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 1362:, columnist Jacques Berlinerblau argued that 1050:During the war between the United States and 659: 8: 4269:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3259:"How to combat fake news and disinformation" 2161:11245.1/f63f3114-d170-40c3-aeae-c6e14259999c 1665:Metilerate Learning for the Post-Truth World 1458:(in which articles have been published) and 6979:Political polarization in the United States 2494:The International Journal of Press/Politics 2292: 2290: 2288: 6488: 6474: 6466: 6062: 5883: 5869: 5861: 5409: 5395: 5387: 5357:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making 4701: 4687: 4679: 4597:International Journal on Digital Libraries 4561:International Journal on Digital Libraries 3726:Stern Center for Business and Human Rights 3341:Brogly, Chris; Rubin, Victoria L. (2018). 3283:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 2738:Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories 1284:Stern Center for Business and Human Rights 999:cause, and ordered many newspapers closed. 666: 652: 67: 7032:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal 4572: 4518: 4483: 4033: 4031: 4029: 3902: 3884: 3866: 3817: 3783: 3655: 3446: 3389: 3302: 3083: 2649:whom were sympathetic to the Confederacy. 2599:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2533: 2433: 2314: 2159: 1638: 1620: 1532: – Media favoring certain ideologies 751:Assessing possible bias is one aspect of 3435:Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 3063:Mullen, Andrew; Klaehn, Jeffery (2010). 1724:"Election Monitoring Vs. Disinformation" 1446:Attempts have also been made to utilize 1187:they may be biased and not true enough. 7133: 3975:Global Investigative Journalism Network 3968:Pampalone, Tanya (September 27, 2019). 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 2665:. New York: Columbia University Press. 1587: 1525:Mass media impact on spatial perception 1080:promote superstition. In contrast, the 1070:has accused the entertainment media of 568: 520: 449: 258: 162: 70: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4059:Jacques Berlinerblau (July 28, 2012). 3257:West, Darrell M. (December 18, 2017). 2895:Advances in Economics and Econometrics 2552: 2541: 1316:political bias and polarizing topics. 1047:, were not aired on Southern stations. 708:influence, including overt and covert 7074:Psychological effects of Internet use 4375:Shepard, Alicia C. (April 12, 2011). 4196:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 4141:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 3295:10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-015909 2932: 2930: 2827:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 2763:William Safire Oral History Interview 2385:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 2316:10.1146/annurev-polisci-040811-115123 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2023: 2021: 2019: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1842:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 1693:. London: Routledge. pp. 130–55. 1278:In a 2021 report, researchers at the 7: 4233:"The Political Impact of Media Bias" 1909: 1907: 1816: 1814: 1243:Fueled by confirmation bias, online 1116:Implications of supply-driven bias: 7049:Digital media use and mental health 4406:Miller, Carl (September 27, 2020). 4328:Bauder, David (February 15, 2023). 3720:Paul M. Barrett & Grant Simms, 3478:Auxier, Brooke (October 15, 2020). 3391:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807 2638:Ewers, Justin (February 10, 2009). 1769:Entman, Robert M. (March 1, 2007). 1088:Structural (Non-ideological) biases 4440:Miller, Carl (November 26, 2019). 3214:Strömberg, David (November 1999). 2951:10.1016/b978-0-444-63685-0.00014-0 2785:. New York, NY: Prima Lifestyles. 2572:Areopagitica And Other Prose Works 2303:Annual Review of Political Science 2042:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02866.x 949:cannot avoid accusations of bias. 872:" are examples of this phenomenon. 25: 7054:Effects of violence in mass media 6758:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 4659:Wilner, Tamar (January 9, 2018). 3559:Suciu, Peter (October 11, 2019). 1914:Gardner, Martin (July 15, 1997). 7148: 7136: 7027:2021 Facebook company files leak 6753:Mobile phones and driving safety 6379:Concentration of media ownership 3999:Women's Studies in Communication 3510:The Journal of American Folklore 3094:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00275.x 2686:Richardson, Heather Cox (2001). 1962:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x 1789:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x 1709:Committee to Protect Journalists 1082:Competitive Enterprise Institute 963:concentration of media ownership 734:concentration of media ownership 628: 78: 34: 6999:2020 U.S. presidential election 6994:2016 U.S. presidential election 3217:The Politics of Public Spending 1574: – Principle in journalism 1530:Media bias in the United States 976:, in 1798, Congress passed the 4012:10.1080/07491409.2008.10162548 3538:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329 3522:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329 2297:Groeling, Tim (May 10, 2013). 1234:deliberately false information 1020:were offered as alleged proof. 736:, the subjective selection of 1: 6570:Betteridge's law of headlines 3223:(PhD). Princeton University. 3050:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.10.006 2426:10.1080/10584609.2016.1265619 2152:10.1080/01402382.2021.1988387 1890:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1234356 617:Pundit / commentator 7084:Social aspects of television 6984:Social media use in politics 6634:Missing white woman syndrome 4529:10.1109/JCDL52503.2021.00025 4087:Review of Religious Research 3181:Journal of Political Economy 2903:10.1017/CBO9781139060028.004 1705:"10 Most Censored Countries" 1622:10.1371/journal.pone.0165527 1520:Journalistic interventionism 1515:Freedom of speech by country 870:missing white woman syndrome 776:that remain widely debated. 155:Index of journalism articles 6595:Least objectionable program 5223:Déformation professionnelle 4239:. World Bank Publications. 4235:. In Islam, Roumeen (ed.). 4061:"Secularism Is Not Atheism" 4039:Journal of American Studies 3688:Anti-Social Media: A Review 3378:Annual Review of Psychology 3174:"Media Bias and Reputation" 3038:Journal of Public Economics 2943:Handbook of Media Economics 1478:"). This may happen when a 691:the standards of journalism 7222: 6930:Algorithmic radicalization 5217:Basking in reflected glory 4665:Columbia Journalism Review 4513:. IEEE. pp. 130–139. 3802:10.1038/s41467-021-25738-6 3657:10.1057/s41599-020-00533-8 2736:Nichols, Nichelle (1995). 2644:US News & World Report 2627:, Richmond: J. W. Randolph 2088:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.09.021 1944:Entman, Robert M. (2007). 1227:Within the United States, 991:accused newspapers in the 918: 27:Bias within the mass media 7044:Cultural impact of TikTok 6507: 5365: 5347:Cognitive bias mitigation 4609:10.1007/s00799-018-0239-9 4574:10.1007/s00799-018-0261-y 4047:10.1017/S0021875816001298 3947:10.1007/s10791-018-9341-2 2661:Pizzitola, Louis (2002). 2344:10.1080/13689880600716027 2271:10.1080/08838157809363907 1466:Giving time to both sides 696:Practical limitations to 640:Category: Journalism 43:This article needs to be 7116:Violence and video games 7094:Social impact of YouTube 6974:Knowledge gap hypothesis 6897:Social-desirability bias 6795:Information–action ratio 6455:Society of the Spectacle 5578:Content-control software 4931:Illusion of transparency 4631:"Broadcasting Act, 1991" 3151:10.1257/0002828054825619 3139:American Economic Review 2989:Baron, David P. (2004). 2595:Jacquette, Dale (2007). 2506:10.1177/1940161211411087 2471:10.1177/1354068817724174 2232:Iyengar, Shanto (1994). 2030:Journal of Communication 2002:10.1177/0093650215614364 1950:Journal of Communication 1777:Journal of Communication 1722:Merloe, Patrick (2015). 1096:There is also a growing 995:of bias in favor of the 7196:Criticism of journalism 7181:Influence of mass media 7069:Mass shooting contagion 6522:Evolutionary psychology 6336:Influence of mass media 6141:Narcotizing dysfunction 5833:Chinese issues overseas 4485:10.1145/3340531.3412876 4188:Oxford University Press 4180:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 4133:Oxford University Press 4125:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 3886:10.1073/pnas.2025334119 2991:"Persistent Media Bias" 2819:Oxford University Press 2811:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 2781:Bailey, Ronald (2002). 2414:Political Communication 2259:Journal of Broadcasting 1834:Oxford University Press 1826:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 1429:Efforts to correct bias 978:Alien and Sedition Acts 577:Journalists (reporters) 7176:Books about media bias 7059:Fascination with death 6922:Political polarization 6850:Availability heuristic 6815:Television consumption 5997:Freedom of information 5807:Suppression of dissent 2376:Theories of Media Bias 2140:West European Politics 1990:Communication Research 1556:Racism in horror films 145:Editorial independence 7022:Criticism of Facebook 6902:Social influence bias 6790:Information pollution 6780:Information explosion 6763:Texting while driving 6719:Low information voter 6617:Pink-slime journalism 6384:Exploitation of women 5573:Conspiracy of silence 5563:Collateral censorship 5488:Speech and expression 5299:Arab–Israeli conflict 5026:Social influence bias 4971:Out-group homogeneity 3772:Nature Communications 3504:Peck, Andrew (2020). 3135:"The Market for News" 2711:Estes, Steve (2005). 2663:Hearst Over Hollywood 2570:Milton, John (2004). 1740:10.1353/jod.2015.0053 1668:. ALA Neal-Schulman. 1550:Political correctness 1297:Nature Communications 1025:civil rights movement 635:Journalism portal 498:Pink-slime journalism 483:Horse race journalism 7039:Criticism of Netflix 6845:Availability cascade 6785:Information overload 6694:Attention management 6689:Attention inequality 6585:Human-interest story 6527:Behavioral modernity 6512:Cognitive psychology 5850:Muhammad controversy 5787:Naturalistic fallacy 5695:computer and network 4941:Mere-exposure effect 4871:Extrinsic incentives 4817:Selective perception 3594:. September 23, 2020 3031:on October 19, 2017. 2897:. pp. 135–187. 2192:Sociological Science 1728:Journal of Democracy 1567:Structural pluralism 1509:Attention inequality 1403:The Washington Times 1222:hostile media effect 936:freedom of the press 473:Freedom of the press 6952:Post-truth politics 6882:Mean world syndrome 6430:Advanced capitalism 6116:Cult of personality 6030:Advanced capitalism 5845:Internet censorship 5166:Social desirability 5061:von Restorff effect 4936:Mean world syndrome 4911:Hostile attribution 4317:. October 18, 2022. 3877:2022PNAS..11925334H 3794:2021NatCo..12.5580C 3749:(February 1, 2021). 3730:New York University 3709:LSE Review of Books 3484:Pew Research Center 3033:Later published as: 3006:10.2139/ssrn.516006 1613:2016PLoSO..1165527S 1460:mentioned countries 1456:publisher countries 1409:The Washington Post 1280:New York University 1229:Pew Research Center 943:journalistic ethics 810:Demand-driven bias. 740:, or the perceived 535:Newspaper of record 6770:Influence-for-hire 6748:Media multitasking 6743:Human multitasking 6661:Tabloid television 6612:Media manipulation 6351:Semiotic democracy 6275:Civil disobedience 6187:Media manipulation 6177:Crowd manipulation 6100:Tabloid journalism 6014:Media transparency 5992:Media independence 5906:24-hour news cycle 5782:Moralistic fallacy 5520:banned video games 5503:banned televisions 5081:Statistical biases 4859:Curse of knowledge 4645:on April 17, 2006. 4353:Jonathan M. Ladd, 4281:10.1257/app.1.2.35 4176:Lichter, S. Robert 4121:Lichter, S. Robert 4041:, 51(3), 691–719. 3711:(October 4, 2018). 2807:Lichter, S. Robert 2551:Unknown parameter 1916:The Night Is Large 1878:Journalism Studies 1822:Lichter, S. Robert 1691:Liberal Neutrality 1545:Media transparency 1269:Siva Vaidhyanathan 1157:Demand-driven bias 1109:Supply-driven bias 1017:The Great Dictator 985:American Civil War 958:broadcast spectrum 892:Supply-driven bias 866:Hierarchy of death 7186:Mass media issues 7124: 7123: 6947:Fake news website 6907:Spiral of silence 6860:Confirmation bias 6684:Attention economy 6666:Yellow journalism 6554:Social psychology 6463: 6462: 6389:Freedom of speech 6207:Theodor W. Adorno 6195: 6194: 6182:Managing the news 6002:Freedom of speech 5982:Media development 5946:News broadcasting 5926:Independent media 5911:Alternative media 5858: 5857: 5840:Freedom of speech 5685:Strategic lawsuit 5635:National intranet 5583:Damnatio memoriae 5384: 5383: 5021:Social comparison 4802:Choice-supportive 4538:978-1-6654-1770-9 4363:978-0-691-14786-4 4246:978-0-8213-7516-7 3238:on April 15, 2010 3103:on June 17, 2012. 3072:Sociology Compass 2960:978-0-444-63691-1 2871:978-1-4129-5030-5 2792:978-0-7615-3660-4 2747:978-1-57297-011-3 2722:978-0-8078-2929-5 2697:978-0-674-00637-9 2606:978-0-13-182539-0 2581:978-1-4179-1211-7 2394:978-0-19-979347-1 2243:978-0-226-38855-7 1925:978-0-312-16949-7 1675:978-0-8389-1776-3 1572:View from nowhere 1536:Media imperialism 1385:S. Robert Lichter 1254:COVID-19 pandemic 1163:confirmation bias 1054:, Vice President 827:false equivalence 676: 675: 561:Alternative media 513:Yellow journalism 150:Journalism school 64: 63: 16:(Redirected from 7213: 7191:Social influence 7153: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7132: 6969:Knowledge divide 6865:Crowd psychology 6855:Bandwagon effect 6627:Public relations 6544:Media psychology 6490: 6483: 6476: 6467: 6435:Culture industry 6404:Social influence 6357:The Lonely Crowd 6300:Political satire 6265:Call-out culture 6242:Jacques Rancière 6237:Marshall McLuhan 6212:Jean Baudrillard 6156:Viral phenomenon 6090:Public relations 6063: 5936:Mainstream media 5921:Electronic media 5885: 5878: 5871: 5862: 5797:Propaganda model 5425:Media regulation 5411: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5181:Systematic error 5136:Omitted-variable 5051:Trait ascription 4891:Frog pond effect 4719:Cognitive biases 4703: 4696: 4689: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4647: 4646: 4641:. Archived from 4627: 4621: 4620: 4594: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4522: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4403: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4035: 4024: 4023: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3941:(1–2): 188–227. 3932: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3888: 3870: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3821: 3787: 3763: 3750: 3739: 3733: 3732:(February 2021). 3718: 3712: 3701: 3695: 3686:Barbara Fister, 3684: 3678: 3677: 3659: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3516:(529): 329–351. 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3450: 3448:10.1002/hbe2.185 3426: 3420: 3419: 3393: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3306: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3237: 3231:. Archived from 3222: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3145:(4): 1031–1053. 3130: 3124: 3123: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3096:. Archived from 3087: 3069: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3032: 3030: 3024:. Archived from 2995: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2437: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2294: 2283: 2282: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2189: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2163: 2146:(7): 1481–1492. 2135: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2067: 2054: 2053: 2025: 2014: 2013: 1996:(8): 1125–1148. 1985: 1974: 1973: 1941: 1930: 1929: 1911: 1902: 1901: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1774: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1624: 1607:(11): e0165527. 1592: 1577: 1541: 1448:machine-learning 1406:or left-leaning 1372:Stuart A. Wright 1304:A 2022 study in 1294:A 2021 study in 887:incumbency bonus 840:Gatekeeping bias 761:cultural studies 698:media neutrality 668: 661: 654: 633: 632: 631: 508:Propaganda model 503:Public relations 82: 68: 59: 56: 50: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7127: 7125: 7120: 7005: 6920: 6911: 6887:Negativity bias 6835: 6826: 6714:Cognitive miser 6670: 6563:Media practices 6558: 6503: 6494: 6464: 6459: 6445:Media franchise 6418: 6362: 6324: 6280:Culture jamming 6246: 6232:Walter Lippmann 6191: 6160: 6104: 6054: 6018: 6009:Media pluralism 5970: 5894: 5889: 5859: 5854: 5816: 5716: 5675:Self-censorship 5650:Prior restraint 5640:Newspaper theft 5625:Internet police 5558:Chilling effect 5548:Broadcast delay 5526: 5420: 5415: 5385: 5380: 5361: 5335: 5200: 5075: 5056:Turkey illusion 4824:Compassion fade 4721: 4712: 4707: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4655: 4653:Further reading 4650: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4405: 4404: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4206: 4190:. p. 405. 4174: 4173: 4169: 4151: 4135:. p. 412. 4119: 4118: 4114: 4099:10.2307/3512176 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4065:Huffington Post 4058: 4057: 4053: 4036: 4027: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3741:Alison Durkee, 3740: 3736: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3694:(June 6, 2018). 3685: 3681: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3374:"Judging Truth" 3371: 3370: 3366: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3085:10.1.1.458.4091 3067: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3035: 3034: 3028: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2961: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2913: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2872: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2837: 2821:. p. 405. 2805: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2550: 2540: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2296: 2295: 2286: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2204:10.15195/v6.a20 2187: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2069: 2068: 2057: 2027: 2026: 2017: 1987: 1986: 1977: 1943: 1942: 1933: 1926: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1852: 1836:. p. 403. 1820: 1819: 1812: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1561:Self-censorship 1539: 1504: 1495:French language 1468: 1440: 1431: 1418: 1393: 1391:Impacts of bias 1380: 1359:Huffington Post 1335: 1322: 1209: 1159: 1111: 1090: 1012:Charlie Chaplin 989:Abraham Lincoln 923: 917: 853:Negativity bias 773: 744:of an intended 672: 629: 627: 407:Photojournalism 276:Interventionism 60: 54: 51: 48: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7219: 7217: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7145: 7143:Current events 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7010:Related topics 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6926: 6924: 6917:Digital divide 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6832:Cognitive bias 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6822:Sticky content 6819: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6810:Binge-watching 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6726:Digital zombie 6723: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6699:Attention span 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6644:Sensationalism 6641: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6590:Junk food news 6587: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6270:Cancel culture 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6252:Counterculture 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6217:Edward Bernays 6214: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6172:Catch and kill 6168: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6151:Sensationalism 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6040:Bipartisanship 6037: 6035:American Dream 6032: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5712:Word filtering 5709: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5620:Heckler's veto 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5340:Bias reduction 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5316:Political bias 5313: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5244:Infrastructure 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Self-selection 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996:Pro-innovation 4993: 4988: 4983: 4981:Overton window 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4849:Dunning–Kruger 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4763:Correspondence 4760: 4758:Actor–observer 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4622: 4603:(2): 129–147. 4580: 4567:(4): 391–415. 4544: 4537: 4491: 4466: 4432: 4393: 4367: 4346: 4320: 4302: 4252: 4245: 4223: 4204: 4167: 4149: 4112: 4093:(2): 101–115. 4077: 4051: 4025: 3988: 3960: 3918: 3841: 3751: 3734: 3713: 3696: 3692:InsideHigherEd 3679: 3630: 3605: 3579: 3551: 3496: 3470: 3441:(2): 140–148. 3421: 3384:(1): 499–515. 3364: 3353:(3): 154–175. 3333: 3268: 3249: 3206: 3193:10.1086/499414 3187:(2): 280–316. 3164: 3125: 3106: 3078:(4): 215–229. 3055: 2981: 2959: 2926: 2911: 2885: 2870: 2850: 2835: 2798: 2791: 2773: 2753: 2746: 2728: 2721: 2703: 2696: 2678: 2671: 2653: 2630: 2612: 2605: 2587: 2580: 2562: 2519: 2484: 2465:(3): 412–423. 2459:Party Politics 2449: 2420:(3): 367–384. 2400: 2393: 2365: 2338:(2): 157–178. 2322: 2309:(1): 129–151. 2284: 2265:(4): 517–530. 2249: 2242: 2224: 2175: 2130: 2109: 2055: 2036:(4): 133–156. 2015: 1975: 1956:(1): 163–173. 1931: 1924: 1903: 1884:(6): 782–802. 1868: 1850: 1810: 1783:(1): 163–173. 1761: 1714: 1711:. May 2, 2006. 1696: 1681: 1674: 1654: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1467: 1464: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1417: 1416:Trust in media 1414: 1392: 1389: 1379: 1376: 1334: 1331: 1321: 1318: 1289:disinformation 1271:, in his book 1267:Media scholar 1214:disinformation 1208: 1205: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1158: 1155: 1151:anti-communist 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1110: 1107: 1089: 1086: 1068:Martin Gardner 1064: 1063: 1048: 1021: 1000: 981: 916: 913: 903: 902: 899: 893: 890: 883:newsworthiness 879: 876: 873: 862:Sensationalism 859: 856: 850: 847: 837: 830: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 790: 787: 772: 769: 753:media literacy 687:news producers 674: 673: 671: 670: 663: 656: 648: 645: 644: 643: 642: 637: 622: 621: 620: 619: 614: 609: 607:News presenter 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 571: 570: 566: 565: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 525: 524: 518: 517: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 452: 451: 447: 446: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 387:New Journalism 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Human-interest 354: 349: 344: 339: 337:Digital/Online 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 269: 261: 260: 256: 255: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 165: 164: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 147: 142: 140:Sensationalism 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 109:code of ethics 102: 92: 84: 83: 75: 74: 62: 61: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7218: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7134: 7130: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:Computer rage 7015: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6989:United States 6987: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6964:Filter bubble 6962: 6958: 6957:United States 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892:Peer pressure 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738:Doomscrolling 6736: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 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6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6050:Pensée unique 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916:Digital media 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892:Media culture 5886: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5812:Systemic bias 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Student media 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5461:circumvention 5459: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5294:United States 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269:False balance 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5141:Participation 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5109:Psychological 5107: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4876:Fading affect 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4670:September 27, 4666: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4386:September 18, 4382: 4378: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4205:9780199984350 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4150:9780199984350 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3703:Rose Deller, 3700: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3619: 3618:GCFGlobal.org 3615: 3609: 3606: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3044:(1–2): 1–36. 3043: 3039: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912:9781139060028 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2836:9780199984350 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2672:0-231-11646-2 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2574:. Kessinger. 2573: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2545: 2536: 2531: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1918:. Macmillan. 1917: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1851:9780199984350 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476:false balance 1473: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1370:According to 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1347:tabloid media 1344: 1340: 1339:Satanic panic 1332: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1258:echo chambers 1255: 1250: 1246: 1245:echo chambers 1241: 1239: 1238:echo chambers 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:North Vietnam 1049: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 998: 994: 993:border states 990: 986: 982: 979: 975: 974:United States 971: 970: 969: 966: 964: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 932: 927: 922: 914: 912: 909: 900: 897: 896:Tuchman's Law 894: 891: 888: 884: 880: 877: 874: 871: 867: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 841: 838: 835: 831: 828: 824: 823:False balance 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 781: 780: 777: 770: 768: 766: 765:peace studies 762: 758: 757:media studies 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 669: 664: 662: 657: 655: 650: 649: 647: 646: 641: 638: 636: 626: 625: 624: 623: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 602:Meteorologist 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 573: 572: 567: 562: 559: 557: 556:News agencies 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 536: 532: 529: 528: 527: 526: 523: 519: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 493: 492:False balance 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 463:Fourth Estate 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 453: 450:Social impact 448: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 412:Press release 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 372:Investigative 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 347:Fact-checking 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 312:Collaborative 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 277: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 257: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 186:Entertainment 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 95:Writing style 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 85: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 66: 58: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 7111:Technophobia 7099:Technophilia 6942:Echo chamber 6800:Rage farming 6606: 6580:Infotainment 6450:Post-Fordism 6440:Mass society 6409:Transparency 6393: 6355: 6222:Noam Chomsky 6200:Philosophers 6146:Recuperation 6131:Media circus 6121:Dumbing down 5987:Media policy 5961:Social media 5776: 5707:Whitewashing 5690:Surveillance 5670:Sanitization 5645:Pixelization 5543:Book burning 5449:banned films 5437:books banned 5263: 5254:In education 5221: 5205:Other biases 5191:Verification 5176:Survivorship 5126:Non-response 5099:Healthy user 5041:Substitution 5016:Self-serving 4812:Confirmation 4780:Availability 4728:Acquiescence 4668:. Retrieved 4664: 4643:the original 4634: 4625: 4600: 4596: 4583: 4564: 4560: 4547: 4510: 4475: 4469: 4459:February 27, 4457:. Retrieved 4445: 4435: 4425:February 27, 4423:. Retrieved 4412:The Guardian 4411: 4384:. Retrieved 4380: 4370: 4354: 4349: 4337:. Retrieved 4333: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4275:(2): 35–52. 4272: 4268: 4255: 4236: 4226: 4217: 4183: 4170: 4162: 4128: 4115: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4068:. Retrieved 4064: 4054: 4038: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3981:February 22, 3979:. Retrieved 3973: 3963: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3775: 3771: 3746: 3737: 3716: 3708: 3699: 3691: 3682: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3621:. Retrieved 3617: 3608: 3596:. Retrieved 3591: 3582: 3570:. Retrieved 3564: 3554: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3487:. Retrieved 3483: 3473: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3324:. Retrieved 3286: 3282: 3271: 3262: 3252: 3240:. 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Berkley. 2624:resolutions 2198:: 526–550. 2082:: 670–691. 1472:round table 1343:moral panic 1103:Andrea Prat 1077:The X-Files 1056:Spiro Agnew 983:During the 947:journalists 926:John Milton 784:Advertising 742:preferences 718:North Korea 683:journalists 597:Copy editor 427:Underground 342:Explanatory 267:Adversarial 236:Video games 191:Environment 130:Attribution 125:News values 120:Objectivity 18:Biased news 7206:Publishing 7201:Censorship 7171:Media bias 7165:Categories 7155:Journalism 7089:Social bot 7079:Sealioning 6837:Conformity 6622:Propaganda 6607:Media bias 6600:Soft media 6394:Media bias 6295:Occupation 6227:Guy Debord 6109:Techniques 6078:Propaganda 5975:Principles 5951:News media 5931:Mass media 5828:Censorship 5821:By country 5777:Media bias 5655:Propaganda 5418:Censorship 5284:South Asia 5259:Liking gap 5071:In animals 5036:Status quo 4951:Negativity 4854:Egocentric 4829:Congruence 4807:Commitment 4797:Blind spot 4785:Mean world 4775:Automation 4635:crtc.gc.ca 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