54:
697:
1475:
Choi, Jongtae (1994), "The
Aramaic of Daniel: Its Date, Place of Composition and Linguistic Comparison with Extra-Biblical Texts," Ph. D. dissertation (Deerfield, IL: Trinity Evangelical Divinity School)
380:
894:
Biblical Hebrew is the main language of the Hebrew Bible. Aramaic accounts for only 269 verses out of a total of over 23,000. Biblical
Aramaic is closely related to Hebrew, as both are in the
2795:
2800:
358:
405:
2001:
725:
521:
427:
886:
takes an agnostic position and states that the
Aramaic of the Book of Daniel is compatible with any period from the 5th to early 2nd century BC.
2176:
1338:
was consequently abandoned, when further research showed conclusively that the
Aramaic dialect used in the Hebrew Bible was not related to the
327:
208:
203:
2790:
2151:
195:
2166:
2161:
879:
456:
1898:
231:
226:
2707:
1969:
1884:
1797:
1722:
1511:
863:. In 1929, Harold Rowley argued that its origin must be later than the 6th century BC and that the language was more similar to the
374:
239:
650:
131:
2561:
2221:
1206:
690:
560:
322:
1994:
1219:
4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26 – quotations of documents from the 5th century BCE on the restoration of the
399:
2746:
526:
2576:
2171:
2156:
1700:
A Hebrew & Chaldee
Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography
1477:
965:
functions as a conjunction and is often used instead of the construct to indicate the genitive/possessive relationship.
906:
Hebrew and
Aramaic have simplified the inflections of the noun, adjective and verb. These are more highly inflected in
809:
of the western half of his empire in 500 BC, and it is that
Imperial Aramaic that forms the basis of Biblical Aramaic.
2740:
2261:
895:
718:
565:
1455:
The
Aramaic of the Old Testament: A Grammatical and Lexical Study of Its Relations with Other Early Aramaic Dialects
1270:'s claim (cited in William F. Albright' JBL 63 (1944), p. 213, n.28) that it is an Aramaic word meaning "dust".
2785:
2226:
2136:
1680:
2130:
2125:
1987:
1772:
645:
53:
27:
19:
This article is about the
Aramaic portions of the Hebrew Bible. For the use of Aramaic in the New Testament, see
856:
with even the oldest stages of
Biblical Hebrew, the main language of the Hebrew Bible, is easily accounted for.
2439:
2407:
1330:(d. 420), Biblical Aramaic was misnamed as "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee). That label remained common in early
1202:
590:
411:
369:
213:
1813:
Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen: Mit einer Kritischen Erörterung der aramäischen Wörter im Neuen Testament
2553:
2454:
2302:
2112:
1857:
1821:
1807:
615:
600:
550:
385:
185:
173:
154:
1210:
711:
674:
666:
610:
580:
417:
390:
118:
2750:
2736:
2283:
2236:
2216:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2018:
947:
794:
786:
605:
595:
494:
2697:
2648:
2480:
820:
770:
545:
531:
446:
353:
280:
2687:
2241:
2231:
1267:
1220:
943:
828:
575:
570:
555:
536:
471:
466:
259:
1407:
Saul Shaked, "Aramaic" Encyclopedia Iranica 2 (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987), p. 251
2622:
2614:
2528:
2474:
2349:
2311:
2277:
2204:
1943:
1845:
1756:
1732:
1708:
1294:
874:, and so is a good representative of typical Imperial Aramaic, including Jongtae Choi's doctoral
871:
679:
661:
620:
436:
255:
149:
139:
2514:
1927:
773:
of the Jews, which began around 600 BC, the language spoken by the Jews started to change from
2717:
2703:
2669:
2535:
1965:
1880:
1793:
1718:
1654:
1507:
1458:
1370:
1339:
1327:
928:
911:
853:
849:
806:
790:
512:
451:
218:
2677:
2634:
2629:
2618:
2597:
2586:
2542:
2359:
2324:
2287:
2143:
2073:
2010:
1837:
1768:
1748:
1666:
1365:
1360:
1188:
1174:
907:
839:
802:
798:
782:
422:
363:
341:
270:
190:
144:
20:
1909:
1171:
31:47 – translation of a Hebrew placename, Jegar-Sahadutha (Strong's #H3026)
2693:
2683:
2673:
2460:
2378:
2339:
2098:
2093:
2078:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2027:
1955:
1894:
1355:
1331:
1263:
1255:
1233:
1168:
883:
816:
812:
774:
1694:
2766:
2497:
2487:
2448:
2383:
2088:
2083:
1286:
1198:
860:
832:
746:
585:
461:
275:
66:
37:
2779:
2728:
2644:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2467:
2397:
2370:
2272:
2267:
2057:
1760:
844:
109:
104:
1276:
2521:
1216:
754:
750:
701:
317:
312:
301:
123:
78:
1959:
1872:
1861:
1811:
1787:
1776:
1712:
1698:
1684:
859:
Biblical Aramaic's relative chronology has been debated mostly in the context of
2713:
2507:
2389:
1273:
824:
870:
Others have argued that the language most closely resembles the 5th-century BC
797:
in 539 BC, Aramaic became the main language of public life and administration.
2640:
1752:
640:
290:
88:
1398:
Moshe Beer, "Judaism (Babylonian)" Anchor Bible Dictionary 3 (1996), p. 1080.
898:
language family. Some obvious similarities and differences are listed below:
852:
from the second half of the 8th century BC to the end of the 4th century BC,
761:– Aramaic paraphrases, explanations and expansions of the Hebrew scriptures.
2566:
2415:
2364:
2344:
1671:
1462:
1686:
A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament
2420:
2257:
1789:
A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
1504:
Basics of Biblical Aramaic: Complete Grammar, Lexicon, and Annotated Text
1335:
1192:
915:
295:
1947:
1931:
2492:
2425:
2354:
2320:
1655:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)"
1343:
1314:
1306:
1283:, in his commentary on the verse, states that the phrase is in Aramaic.
778:
742:
507:
307:
93:
1849:
1825:
1778:
Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
1313: ("purity") and translate the phrase as "embrace purity." See
936:
932:
875:
864:
758:
502:
285:
1736:
1714:
Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text
1297:) to be the Aramaic word for "son" and renders the phrase נשקו-בר (
1979:
1841:
26:"Chaldaic language (misnomer)" redirects here. For other uses, see
2329:
1302:
1280:
1241:
962:
83:
45:
1305:. Jewish sources and some Christian sources (including Jerome's
1244:(I:88b), the word is Aramaic, as the usual Hebrew word would be
1983:
867:
than to the Imperial Aramaic documents available at his time.
1334:, and persisted up to the nineteenth century. The "Chaldean"
819:
and a language of theological learning, and the Jews of the
1530:(Berrien Springs: Andrews University Press, 1972), pp. 5-7.
935:-ā (א) in Aramaic (an emphatic or determined state), but a
823:
that started in 516 BC would have spoken a western form of
1873:"Vir Quadrilinguis? Syriac in Jerome and Jerome in Syriac"
1575:
1293:) is interpreted by some Christian sources (including the
1964:(7th expanded ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
1526:
The following information is taken from: Alger F. Johns,
1279:("כַּתַּר־ לִ֣י זְ֭עֵיר וַאֲחַוֶּ֑ךָּ") –
1936:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
1908:. London: Tyndale Press. pp. 31–79. Archived from
831:
from the 3rd century BC and the eventual emergence of
1506:(2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. pp. x.
1201:
2:4b–7:28 – five stories about
1191:
10:11 – a single sentence denouncing
2727:
2662:
2607:
2552:
2438:
2406:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2250:
2185:
2111:
2066:
2035:
2026:
2017:
1262:, usually translated as "stock" or "fourth part").
1879:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 209–223.
1877:Jerome of Stridon: His Life, Writings and Legacy
1932:"Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache"
1326:For many centuries, from at least the time of
1995:
719:
8:
1906:Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel
1863:Die Aramaismen im Alten Testament untersucht
1737:"Why did Jerome Translate Tobit and Judith?"
16:Variety of Aramaic used in the Hebrew Bible
2796:Languages attested from the 5th century BC
2316:
2307:
2032:
2023:
2002:
1988:
1980:
1317:for further discussion of the controversy.
726:
712:
346:
32:
1670:
1635:
1623:
1563:
1551:
1266:, in his commentary on this verse, cites
815:was gradually reduced to the status of a
1177:31:2 – the Aramaic word
973:
1611:
1489:
1382:
435:
44:
1599:
1576:Gesenius & Prideaux-Tregelles 1859
1440:
1416:
1236:15:1 – the word במחזה (
1195:occurs in the middle of a Hebrew text.
1587:
1258:23:10 – the word רבע (
757:. It should not be confused with the
7:
2801:Languages extinct in the 3rd century
1539:
1301:) as "kiss the Son," a reference to
1181:is used instead of the usual Hebrew
1528:A Short Grammar of Biblical Aramaic
1457:. London: Oxford University Press.
1428:
1289:2:12 – the word בר (
1240:, "in a vision"). According to the
880:Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
14:
1703:. London: Williams & Norgate.
695:
52:
1309:) follow the Hebrew reading of
691:Outline of Bible-related topics
946:and so did not experience the
400:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
2747:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
1961:A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic
1659:Journal of Universal Language
1453:Rowley, Harold Henry (1929).
745:that is used in the books of
527:Historical-grammatical method
2791:Language of the Hebrew Bible
961:In Aramaic, the preposition
1228:Other suggested occurrences
2817:
2137:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
1773:Prideaux-Tregelles, Samuel
1741:Harvard Theological Review
1502:Van Pelt, Miles V (2011).
1389:and Gen. 31:47, Jer. 10:11
522:Allegorical interpretation
25:
18:
2760:
1753:10.1017/S0017816015000231
1310:
1245:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1011:
999:
991:
861:dating the Book of Daniel
28:Chaldean (disambiguation)
2577:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
1871:King, Daniel H. (2009).
1792:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
1717:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
412:Novum Testamentum Graece
214:Composition of the Torah
2708:Portuguese-based Creole
1899:"The Aramaic of Daniel"
1786:Gzella, Holger (2015).
1672:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1
1653:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004).
835:in the 3rd century BC.
1826:"The Aramaic Language"
1163:Undisputed occurrences
675:Criticism of the Bible
418:Documentary hypothesis
2751:village sign language
2737:Israeli Sign Language
948:Canaanite vowel shift
795:Neo-Babylonian Empire
787:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
783:Aramaic square script
428:NT textual categories
2227:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
1185:, both meaning "son"
827:until their partial
821:Second Temple period
771:Babylonian captivity
375:Internal consistency
281:Samaritan Pentateuch
2587:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani
1895:Kitchen, Kenneth A.
1733:Gallagher, Edmon L.
1709:Gallagher, Edmon L.
1268:Friedrich Delitzsch
1221:Temple in Jerusalem
1158:In the Hebrew Bible
817:liturgical language
209:New Testament canon
204:Old Testament canon
132:Chapters and verses
2615:Jewish Koine Greek
2475:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2222:Judaeo-Palestinian
2067:Reading traditions
1866:. Halle: Niemeyer.
1781:. London: Bagster.
1638:, p. 110-113.
1614:, p. 113-131.
1566:, p. 356-375.
1554:, p. 123-141.
1542:, p. 216-217.
1443:, p. 104-211.
1295:King James Version
944:Canaanite language
890:Aramaic and Hebrew
872:Elephantine papyri
854:linguistic contact
680:Biblical authority
561:Capital punishment
437:Biblical criticism
406:Rahlfs' Septuagint
110:New Testament (NT)
105:Old Testament (OT)
2786:Aramaic languages
2773:
2772:
2767:extinct languages
2704:Judaeo-Papiamento
2658:
2657:
2536:Judaeo-Portuguese
2434:
2433:
2297:
2296:
2107:
2106:
1858:Kautzsch, Emil F.
1822:Kautzsch, Emil F.
1816:. Leipzig: Vogel.
1808:Kautzsch, Emil F.
1769:Gesenius, Wilhelm
1371:Language of Jesus
1340:ancient Chaldeans
1328:Jerome of Stridon
1322:Chaldean misnomer
1155:
1154:
942:Aramaic is not a
939:h- (ה) in Hebrew.
896:Northwest Semitic
850:Ancient Near East
807:official language
791:Achaemenid Empire
736:
735:
551:Conspiracy theory
480:
479:
219:Mosaic authorship
2808:
2684:Judaeo-Malayalam
2598:Judeo-Golpaygani
2543:Judaeo-Aragonese
2461:Judaeo-Livornese
2317:
2308:
2033:
2024:
2011:Jewish languages
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1956:Rosenthal, Franz
1951:
1942:(1–2): 113–131.
1928:Nöldeke, Theodor
1923:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1903:
1890:
1867:
1853:
1817:
1803:
1782:
1764:
1728:
1704:
1690:
1689:. London: Asher.
1681:Davies, Benjamin
1676:
1674:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1626:, p. 17-21.
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1493:
1492:, p. 31–79.
1487:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1366:Israelian Hebrew
1361:Biblical studies
1312:
1247:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
974:
929:definite article
908:classical Arabic
842:had served as a
840:Imperial Aramaic
803:Imperial Aramaic
799:Darius the Great
739:Biblical Aramaic
728:
721:
714:
702:Bible portal
700:
699:
698:
423:Synoptic problem
347:
342:Biblical studies
271:Dead Sea scrolls
232:Petrine epistles
227:Pauline epistles
56:
33:
21:Aramaic of Jesus
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2756:
2723:
2694:Judaeo-Georgian
2654:
2603:
2548:
2515:Judeo-Provençal
2430:
2402:
2293:
2246:
2237:Judaeo-Tunisian
2217:Judaeo-Moroccan
2210:Judaeo-Baghdadi
2200:Judaeo-Egyptian
2195:Judaeo-Algerian
2181:
2172:Lishanid Noshan
2103:
2062:
2013:
2008:
1978:
1972:
1954:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1870:
1856:
1836:(1–2): 98–115.
1820:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1767:
1731:
1725:
1707:
1693:
1679:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:, p. 1–20.
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1356:Aramaic studies
1352:
1332:Aramaic studies
1324:
1264:Joseph H. Hertz
1230:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1039:
1026:
1013:
1000:
992:
972:
924:
904:
892:
884:Kenneth Kitchen
848:throughout the
813:Biblical Hebrew
767:
741:is the form of
732:
696:
694:
693:
685:
684:
671:
657:
635:
627:
626:
625:
541:
517:
490:
482:
481:
476:
395:
379:
368:
344:
334:
333:
332:
265:
264:
245:
244:
240:Johannine works
236:
200:
180:
179:
176:and development
163:
162:
161:
128:
114:
100:
73:
72:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2733:
2731:
2729:Sign languages
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:Judaeo-Marathi
2638:
2626:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2554:Judaeo-Iranian
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2488:Judaeo-Spanish
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2468:Judaeo-Mantuan
2464:
2455:Judaeo-Italian
2452:
2449:Judaeo-Catalan
2444:
2442:
2440:Judaeo-Romance
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2408:Jewish English
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:Judeo-Alsatian
2376:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2113:Judaeo-Aramaic
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1952:
1924:
1891:
1885:
1868:
1854:
1842:10.1086/368803
1818:
1804:
1798:
1783:
1765:
1747:(3): 356–375.
1729:
1723:
1705:
1691:
1677:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:Kautzsch 1884b
1628:
1624:Kautzsch 1884a
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1564:Gallagher 2015
1556:
1552:Gallagher 2012
1544:
1532:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1482:
1468:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1419:, p. 206.
1409:
1400:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1344:their language
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1284:
1271:
1253:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1196:
1186:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1113:
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1104:
1096:
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1083:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1005:
997:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
977:Proto-Semitic
971:
968:
967:
966:
959:
940:
923:
920:
903:
900:
891:
888:
833:Middle Aramaic
766:
763:
734:
733:
731:
730:
723:
716:
708:
705:
704:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
670:
669:
664:
658:
656:
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653:
643:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
516:
515:
510:
505:
499:
498:
497:
491:
489:Interpretation
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
477:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
433:
432:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
408:
403:
394:
393:
388:
383:
377:
372:
366:
361:
356:
350:
345:
340:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
325:
323:English Bibles
320:
315:
310:
305:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Masoretic Text
273:
267:
266:
263:
262:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
235:
234:
229:
223:
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216:
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206:
199:
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193:
188:
182:
181:
178:
177:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
136:
135:
134:
127:
126:
121:
115:
113:
112:
107:
101:
99:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
75:
74:
71:
70:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2813:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:Judeo-Kashani
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Judeo-Shirazi
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Judeo-Persian
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:Judaeo-French
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2398:Scots-Yiddish
2396:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2371:Klezmer-loshn
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Indo-European
2300:
2289:
2285:
2284:Judaeo-Berber
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2242:Judaeo-Yemeni
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Judaeo-Syrian
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2187:Judaeo-Arabic
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
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2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1973:
1971:9783447050210
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1915:on 2020-10-31
1911:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1886:9780754664079
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
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1859:
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1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
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1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:9789004285101
1795:
1791:
1790:
1784:
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1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
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1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:9789004228023
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:Fürst, Julius
1692:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
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1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1513:9780310493914
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:xvii, 288 pp.
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1372:
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1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
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1329:
1321:
1316:
1308:
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1300:
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1257:
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1227:
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1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
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1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
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1139:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1097:
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1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1007:
998:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
976:
975:
970:Sound changes
969:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
921:
919:
917:
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901:
899:
897:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
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868:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
846:
845:lingua franca
841:
836:
834:
830:
829:Hellenization
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:replaced the
784:
780:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
707:
706:
703:
692:
689:
688:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:Infallibility
665:
663:
660:
659:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
631:
630:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
566:Homosexuality
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
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519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
492:
486:
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473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
442:
441:
438:
434:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:
409:
407:
404:
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401:
397:
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389:
387:
384:
382:
378:
376:
373:
371:
367:
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360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
338:
337:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
261:
257:
254:
253:
249:
248:
241:
238:
237:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
22:
2762:
2714:Judaeo-Malay
2628:
2596:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2522:Judeo-Gascon
2520:
2513:
2506:
2481:Judaeo-Roman
2473:
2466:
2459:
2447:
2388:
2369:
2328:
2271:
2262:Ethiosemitic
2205:Judaeo-Iraqi
2167:Lishán Didán
2162:Lishana Deni
2142:
2135:
2120:
1960:
1939:
1935:
1917:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1905:
1876:
1862:
1833:
1829:
1812:
1788:
1777:
1744:
1740:
1713:
1699:
1685:
1662:
1658:
1631:
1619:
1612:Nöldeke 1871
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1503:
1497:
1490:Kitchen 1965
1485:
1471:
1454:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1325:
1298:
1290:
1259:
1249:
1237:
1182:
1178:
955:
951:
905:
902:Similarities
893:
876:dissertation
869:
858:
843:
837:
811:
793:annexed the
789:. After the
768:
755:Hebrew Bible
738:
737:
634:Perspectives
495:Hermeneutics
410:
398:
318:Luther Bible
313:Gothic Bible
302:Vetus Latina
300:
256:Translations
196:Hebrew canon
124:Antilegomena
119:Deuterocanon
2741:German Sign
2508:Judeo-Latin
2390:Lachoudisch
2019:Afroasiatic
1600:Davies 1872
1441:Gzella 2015
1417:Gzella 2015
1299:nashəqū-bar
1211:apocalyptic
922:Differences
825:Old Aramaic
769:During the
532:Inspiration
370:Historicity
328:by language
260:manuscripts
2780:Categories
2698:Kartvelian
2649:Indo-Aryan
2641:Judeo-Urdu
1919:2008-11-02
1588:Fürst 1867
1377:References
1207:colleagues
912:Babylonian
805:to be the
537:Literalism
447:Historical
354:Archeology
291:Septuagint
186:Authorship
174:Authorship
2765:indicate
2688:Dravidian
2567:Judeo-Tat
2416:Yeshivish
2365:Udmurtish
2360:Ukrainish
2345:Galitzish
2074:Ashkenazi
1958:(2006) .
1824:(1884b).
1810:(1884a).
1761:164400348
1540:King 2009
1248: (
1238:ba-maħaze
1209:, and an
1145:,
801:declared
662:Inerrancy
472:Canonical
467:Redaction
359:Artifacts
140:Apocrypha
69:and books
2670:Krymchak
2623:Hellenic
2421:Yinglish
2325:dialects
2312:Germanic
2278:Cushitic
2177:Betanure
2144:Galilean
2131:Talmudic
2121:Biblical
2099:Tiberian
2094:Yemenite
2079:Sephardi
2053:Medieval
2048:Mishnaic
2043:Biblical
1948:43366019
1930:(1871).
1897:(1965).
1860:(1902).
1830:Hebraica
1775:(1859).
1735:(2015).
1711:(2012).
1697:(1867).
1683:(1872).
1665:: 1–20.
1478:33125990
1463:67575204
1429:Bae 2004
1350:See also
1336:misnomer
1250:ba-mar’e
1205:and his
1193:idolatry
1189:Jeremiah
1175:Proverbs
1151:
1124:
1111:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1030:
1017:
1004:
983:Aramaic
937:prefixed
933:suffixed
916:Ugaritic
611:Violence
596:Serpents
586:Prophecy
581:Muhammad
296:Peshitta
286:Targumim
38:a series
36:Part of
2763:Italics
2718:Malayic
2630:Knaanic
2619:Yevanic
2562:Bukhori
2498:Tetuani
2493:Haketia
2426:Heblish
2379:Western
2355:Poylish
2350:Litvish
2340:Eastern
2321:Yiddish
2157:Hulaulá
2152:Barzani
2089:Italian
2084:Mizrahi
1646:Sources
1315:Psalm 2
1307:Vulgate
1256:Numbers
1234:Genesis
1213:vision.
1169:Genesis
1137:
1103:
1043:
996:
980:Hebrew
865:targums
779:Aramaic
765:History
759:Targums
753:in the
743:Aramaic
651:Quranic
646:Islamic
641:Gnostic
616:Warfare
606:Slavery
546:Alcohol
508:Midrash
452:Textual
308:Vulgate
94:Ketuvim
89:Nevi'im
2678:Turkic
2674:Karaim
2663:Others
2635:Slavic
2608:Others
2330:argots
2288:Berber
2251:Others
2126:Targum
2058:Modern
2028:Hebrew
1968:
1946:
1883:
1850:527111
1848:
1796:
1759:
1721:
1510:
1461:
1203:Daniel
1199:Daniel
950:from *
781:, and
775:Hebrew
747:Daniel
576:Incest
556:Ethics
513:Pardes
503:Pesher
457:Source
386:Places
381:People
364:Dating
191:Dating
145:Jewish
79:Tanakh
67:Canons
40:on the
2273:Qwara
2268:Kayla
2258:Geʽez
1944:JSTOR
1913:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1846:JSTOR
1757:S2CID
1303:Jesus
1287:Psalm
1281:Rashi
1277:36:2a
1260:rôḇa‘
1246:במראה
1242:Zohar
963:dalet
931:is a
621:Women
571:Humor
391:Names
84:Torah
46:Bible
2036:Eras
1966:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1459:OCLC
1342:and
1217:Ezra
988:ð, δ
927:The
914:and
751:Ezra
749:and
591:Rape
462:Form
258:and
1838:doi
1749:doi
1745:108
1667:doi
1291:bar
1274:Job
1183:ben
1179:bar
954:to
878:at
838:As
777:to
601:Sex
2782::
2643:,
2617:,
1940:25
1938:.
1934:.
1904:.
1875:.
1844:.
1832:.
1828:.
1771:;
1755:.
1743:.
1739:.
1661:.
1657:.
1346:.
1311:בר
1252:).
1129:ṣ́
1095:θ̣
1074:שׁ
1061:שׂ
1040:שׁ
918:.
910:,
882:.
155:NT
150:OT
2753:)
2749:(
2743:)
2739:(
2720:)
2716:(
2710:)
2706:(
2700:)
2696:(
2690:)
2686:(
2680:)
2676:(
2672:/
2651:)
2647:(
2637:)
2633:(
2625:)
2621:(
2333:)
2327:/
2323:(
2290:)
2286:(
2280:)
2276:(
2270:/
2264:)
2260:(
2003:e
1996:t
1989:v
1974:.
1950:.
1922:.
1889:.
1852:.
1840::
1834:1
1802:.
1763:.
1751::
1727:.
1675:.
1669::
1663:5
1602:.
1590:.
1578:.
1516:.
1465:.
1223:.
1148:ע
1142:ק
1134:צ
1121:צ
1116:ṣ
1108:ט
1100:צ
1087:ס
1082:s
1069:š
1056:ś
1048:ת
1035:θ
1027:ת
1022:t
1014:ז
1009:z
1001:ד
993:ז
958:.
956:ō
952:ā
727:e
720:t
713:v
30:.
23:.
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