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implies, however, that when he sought to order lenses of this type the London opticians were already familiar with them. Other members of
Franklin's circle of British friends may have worn them even earlier, from the 1760s, but it is at best uncertain (and arguably improbable?) that split bifocal lenses had a famous gentleman inventor. Since many inventions are developed independently by more than one person, it is possible that the invention of bifocals may have been such a case.
38:
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effects and no image jump between distance and close viewing. This was first introduced in mass production by the Univis Lens Co. of Dayton, OH. in 1926. In 1935, Courmettes went on to patent the Tilted
Bifocal Lens, in 1936, a method of grinding two prescriptions simultaneously on that Tilted Bifocal Lens, and in 1951, the Cataract Bifocal Lens.
168:
at the end of the 19th century and patented by John Louis Borsch Jr. (1873–1929) in 1908. In 1915, Henri (Henry) A. Courmettes (1884-1969), a French immigrant to the US, patented the “Flat Top” (or “D Segment”) reading portion of the bifocal. The advantages were wide reading area, less prismatic
124:
Unless further evidence emerges all we can say for certain is that
Franklin was one of the first people to wear split bifocals and this act of wearing them caused his name to be associated with the type from an early date. This no doubt contributed greatly to their popularisation. The evidence
163:
Original bifocals were designed with the most convex lenses (for close viewing) in the lower half of the frame and the least convex lenses on the upper. Up until the beginning of the 20th century two separate lenses were cut in half and combined in the rim of the frame. The mounting of two
246:
Bifocals can cause headaches and even dizziness for some wearers. Adaptation to the small field of view offered by the reading segment of bifocals can take some time, as the user learns to move either the head or the reading material rather than the eyes.
260:
Research continues in an attempt to eliminate the limited field of vision in current bifocals. New materials and technologies may provide a method which can selectively adjust the optical power of a lens. Researchers have constructed such a lens using a
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are generally placed directly in front of users and can lead to muscle fatigue due to the unusual straight and constant movement of the head. This trouble is mitigated by the use of monofocal lenses for computer use.
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and two distinct focal planes that are substantially separated (in the manner of bifocals) to switch their vision from up-close to distance, for easy and efficient capture of their prey, mostly
1373:
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half-lenses into a single frame led to a number of early complications and rendered such spectacles quite fragile. A method for fusing the sections of the lenses together was developed by
106:
at court, the only way he could understand them. Historians have produced some evidence to suggest that others may have come before him in the invention; however, a correspondence between
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Today most bifocals are created by molding a reading segment into a primary lens and are available with the reading segments in a variety of shapes and sizes.
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is generally credited with the invention of bifocals. He decided to saw his lenses in half so he could read the lips of speakers of
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155:'s 1946 work in "blended lenses", O'Conner's "Ultex" lens in 1910, and Isaac Schnaitmann's single-piece bifocal lens in 1837.
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Letocha, Charles E. (November 1990). "The invention and early manufacture of bifocals".
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Observations
Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
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27:
Eyeglass lens with two distinct optical powers invented by
Benjamin Franklin
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Bifocals with separate lenses. In this case, the
Swedish ethnologist
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created the first seamless or "invisible" bifocal, a precursor to
44:
36:
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1612:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the
Declaration of Independence
1461:
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be
Reduced to a Small One
700:
Franklin's letters to
Whatley concerning double spectacles.
1375:
A Dissertation on
Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
1503:
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
578:"Method and means for surfacing solid bifocal lenses"
458:, p 1109, by William J. Benjamin; published 2006 by
41:
A bifocal lens with areas of differing magnification
1930:
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474:, p 1108 by William J. Benjamin; published 2006 by
1626:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
1413:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
75:. Bifocals are commonly prescribed to people with
443:, p. 123, by Peter Eisenstadt, published 2005 by
1482:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
1037:
720:
536:"Bifocal lens and method for making the same"
8:
1715:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
265:layer applied between two glass substrates.
1432:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1468:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
1234:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
1044:
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727:
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705:
409:"Hall of Fame Honors 12 Industry Veterans"
1562:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
1333:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
675:
665:
490:"The multifaceted career of Louis Borsch"
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
1181:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
140:in 1824 and credited Benjamin Franklin.
1074:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
316:
1511:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
1395:Early American publishers and printers
607:"Bug With Bifocals Baffles Biologists"
1064:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
7:
605:Dawn Fuller, Dawn (24 August 2010).
212:adding citations to reliable sources
32:Fundamental matrix (computer vision)
1572:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
1286:Academy and College of Philadelphia
617:from the original on 25 August 2010
2018:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
1418:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
1117:Committee of Secret Correspondence
333:. London: BBC Books. p. 271.
79:who also require a correction for
25:
2003:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
1653:University of Pennsylvania statue
640:G. Li; et al. (April 2006).
488:Ravin, James G. (November 2009).
2031:
2030:
1983:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
1740:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
1313:Continental Currency dollar coin
1214:Franklin's electrostatic machine
1186:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
1069:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
282:has, in its principal eyes, two
273:The aquatic larval stage of the
184:
2067:Inventions by Benjamin Franklin
1978:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
1953:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
1408:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
1359:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
1276:Library Company of Philadelphia
550:"Prescribing Multifocal Lenses"
506:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.264
1271:American Philosophical Society
1166:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
1161:Staten Island Peace Conference
441:Encyclopedia of New York State
1:
1369:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
1298:Philadelphia Contributionship
391:"The 'Inventor' of Bifocals?"
389:The College of Optometrists.
1973:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
1963:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
1606:The Apotheosis of Washington
1531:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
1489:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
1382:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
1323:United States Postal Service
1149:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
472:Borish's Clinical Refraction
456:Borish's Clinical Refraction
368:10.1016/0039-6257(90)90092-A
269:Bifocals in the animal world
117:Gazette of the United States
30:For the bifocal tensor, see
1958:William Franklin (grandson)
1678:Jefferson Memorial pediment
1599:Royal Society of Arts medal
1474:A Letter to a Royal Academy
1134:Declaration of Independence
2093:
2013:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
2008:Peter Folger (grandfather)
1703:Washington–Franklin stamps
1668:Stanford University statue
1291:University of Pennsylvania
646:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
29:
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1968:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
1837:(2002 documentary series)
1821:(1997 documentary series)
1720:Benjamin Franklin College
1567:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
1112:Hutchinson letters affair
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494:Archives of Ophthalmology
445:Syracuse University Press
1993:James Franklin (brother)
1988:Josiah Franklin (father)
1658:Portland, Oregon, statue
1526:Franklin as a journalist
1495:An Address to the Public
1388:The Pennsylvania Gazette
1144:Franco-American alliance
1095:(1754 political cartoon)
143:In 1955, Irving Rips of
2077:18th-century inventions
1896:The New-England Courant
1693:One-hundred-dollar bill
1594:Benjamin Franklin Medal
1557:Benjamin Franklin House
1401:Poor Richard's Almanack
1308:Early American currency
1259:111th Infantry Regiment
1127:"...to be self-evident"
667:10.1073/pnas.0600850103
592:"Cataract bifocal lens"
356:Survey of Ophthalmology
279:Thermonectus marmoratus
1948:Francis Franklin (son)
1943:William Franklin (son)
1890:American Enlightenment
1829:(2002 animated series)
1698:Franklin silver dollar
1673:Washington D.C. statue
1648:Columbus, Ohio, statue
1633:Revolutionary War Door
1519:Bagatelles and Satires
1513:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
1453:Pennsylvania Chronicle
1338:Master, Les Neuf SĹ“urs
61:
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1780:Ben Franklin in Paris
1683:Refunding Certificate
1281:Pennsylvania Hospital
1176:Treaty of Paris, 1783
430:Butterworth–Heinemann
48:
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1885:Age of Enlightenment
1811:A More Perfect Union
1688:Franklin half dollar
1663:San Francisco statue
1439:Birch letters (1755)
1100:Albany Plan of Union
613:. ScienceDaily LLC.
208:improve this section
2072:American inventions
1998:Jane Mecom (sister)
1938:Deborah Read (wife)
1910:American Revolution
1903:The American Museum
1782:(1964 musical play)
1753:Ben Franklin effect
658:2006PNAS..103.6100L
415:. 12 November 2008.
1861:(2022 documentary)
1763:In popular culture
1577:Franklin Institute
1303:Union Fire Company
1191:Postmaster General
1171:Libertas Americana
1154:Treaty of Alliance
149:progressive lenses
136:, coined the term
132:, the inventor of
130:John Isaac Hawkins
71:with two distinct
62:
43:
2057:Corrective lenses
2044:
2043:
1869:(2024 miniseries)
1859:Benjamin Franklin
1853:(2015 miniseries)
1845:(2008 miniseries)
1835:Benjamin Franklin
1802:Benjamin Franklin
1735:State of Franklin
1445:The Way to Wealth
1122:Committee of Five
1053:Benjamin Franklin
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652:(16): 6100–6104.
500:(11): 1534–1537.
478:Health Publishing
462:Health Publishing
340:978-0-563-20900-3
330:The Ascent of Man
305:Binocular rivalry
249:Computer monitors
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100:Benjamin Franklin
16:(Redirected from
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1618:Treaty of Paris
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1364:Founders Online
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413:Vision Monday
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362:(3): 226–35.
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193:This section
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19:
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1818:
1810:
1804:(miniseries)
1801:
1787:
1779:
1774:(1953 short)
1771:
1746:
1708:other stamps
1624:
1616:
1605:
1604:Depicted in
1547:Bibliography
1518:
1510:
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1494:
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1473:
1460:
1452:
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1387:
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1218:
1207:other events
1139:Model Treaty
1092:
943:Night-vision
933:Fatal Vision
923:Dark adaptor
890:Solar viewer
759:
748:/ spectacles
649:
645:
619:. Retrieved
611:ScienceDaily
610:
600:
586:
572:
558:
544:
530:
497:
493:
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467:
451:
436:
421:
412:
403:
395:the original
384:
359:
355:
349:
329:
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277:
272:
259:
245:
230:
221:
206:Please help
194:
171:
162:
159:Construction
142:
137:
128:
115:
98:
64:
63:
18:Bifocal lens
1813:(1989 film)
1521:(pub. 1845)
1403:(1732–1758)
1390:(1729–1790)
1254:Associators
1205:Inventions,
958:Upside down
795:Horn-rimmed
89:astigmatism
54: [
2051:Categories
1843:John Adams
1772:Ben and Me
1318:Fugio cent
1266:Junto club
1011:VR headset
872:Sunglasses
311:References
112:John Fenno
77:presbyopia
69:eyeglasses
1795:1972 film
1343:Gravesite
979:Blindfold
918:Ballistic
852:Trifocals
822:Pince-nez
805:Lorgnette
735:Types of
621:25 August
514:1538-3601
327:(1990) .
195:does not
87:, and/or
85:hyperopia
2036:Category
1915:patriots
1905:magazine
1867:Franklin
1819:Liberty!
1747:Franklin
1352:Writings
1219:Bifocals
1001:Eyepatch
900:Wayfarer
885:Mirrored
842:Shooting
837:Scissors
800:Lensless
765:Browline
760:Bifocals
686:16597675
615:Archived
522:19901225
476:Elsevier
460:Elsevier
294:See also
290:larvae.
288:mosquito
176:Problems
138:bifocals
65:Bifocals
2062:Glasses
1878:Related
996:Contact
989:Blinker
984:Blinder
963:Welding
953:Swedish
938:Foggles
928:Doggles
910:Goggles
895:Shutter
880:Aviator
857:Windsor
832:Rimless
827:Pinhole
817:Monocle
790:Groucho
780:Chicken
775:Cat eye
770:Bug-eye
746:glasses
737:eyewear
677:1458838
654:Bibcode
634:Sources
376:2274850
284:retinas
216:removed
201:sources
95:History
1931:Family
1806:(1972)
1582:awards
1540:Legacy
1505:(1789)
1497:(1789)
1484:(1784)
1476:(1781)
1463:(1773)
1455:(1767)
1447:(1758)
1434:(1751)
1426:(1751)
1377:(1725)
684:
674:
520:
512:
374:
337:
256:Future
104:French
81:myopia
1587:medal
972:Other
862:X-ray
847:Smart
810:Opera
755:Belay
744:(Eye)
58:]
1788:1776
948:Snow
682:PMID
623:2010
518:PMID
510:ISSN
372:PMID
335:ISBN
199:any
197:cite
110:and
67:are
672:PMC
662:doi
650:103
502:doi
498:127
364:doi
210:by
2053::
785:GI
680:.
670:.
660:.
648:.
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609:.
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508:.
496:.
492:.
411:.
370:.
360:35
358:.
91:.
83:,
56:sv
1797:)
1045:e
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728:e
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714:v
688:.
664::
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538:.
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504::
378:.
366::
343:.
237:)
231:(
226:)
222:(
218:.
204:.
60:.
34:.
20:)
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