747:
267:
135:
627:
729:, lower cost than fossil fuels, renewability, etc. These energy crops can be used to generate electricity. Wood cellulose and biofuel in conjunction with stationary electricity generation has been shown to be very efficient. From 2008 to 2013, there has been a 109% increase in global biofuel production and this is expected to increase an additional 60% to meet our demands (according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)).
867:
419:
2307:
881:
763:
895:
36:
391:
373:) annually. Small mixed cropping enterprises with animals can use a portion of their acreage to grow and convert energy crops and sustain the entire farm's energy requirements with about one-fifth of the acreage. In Europe and especially Germany, however, this rapid growth has occurred only with substantial government support, as in the German bonus system for
603:. There has been a preoccupation with cellulosic bioethanol in America as the agricultural structure supporting biomethane is absent in many regions, with no credits or bonus system in place. Consequently, a lot of private money and investor hopes are being pinned on marketable and patentable innovations in enzyme hydrolysis and similar processes.
825:(GHGs) emitted will determine if the total GHG life cycle cost of a bioenergy project is positive, neutral, or negative. Specifically, a GHG/carbon-negative life cycle is possible if the total below-ground carbon accumulation more than compensates for the above-ground total life-cycle GHG emissions.
348:
or biogas plants can be directly supplemented with energy crops once they have been ensiled into silage. The fastest-growing sector of German biofarming has been in the area of "Renewable Energy Crops" on nearly 500,000 ha (1,200,000 acres) of land (2006). Energy crops can also be grown to boost
732:
The projected increase in use/need of energy crops prompts the question of whether this resource is sustainable. Increased biofuel production draws on issues relating to changes in land use, impacts on ecosystem (soil and water resources), and adds to competition of land space for use to grow energy
838:
and even negativity is within reach. This means that the yield and related carbon sequestration is so great that it accounts for more than the total of farm operations emissions, fuel conversion emissions, and transport emissions. Successful sequestration is dependent on planting sites, as the best
737:
feedstocks should be fast growing, high yielding, and require very little energy inputs for growth and harvest etc. The use of energy crops for energy production can be beneficial because of its carbon neutrality. It represents a cheaper alternative to fossil fuels while being extremely diverse in
434:
used for oil and energy. Production of oil/biodiesel from rape covers more than 12,000 km in
Germany alone, and has doubled in the past 15 years. Typical yield of oil as pure biodiesel is 100,000 L/km (68,000 US gal/sq mi; 57,000 imp gal/sq mi) or higher,
617:
also refers to the technology of using principally corn (maize seed) to make ethanol directly through fermentation. However, under certain field and process conditions this process can consume as much energy as is the energy value of the ethanol it produces, therefore being non-sustainable. New
738:
the species of plants that can be used for energy production. But issues regarding cost (more expensive than other renewable energy sources), efficiency and space required to maintain production need to be considered and improved upon to allow for the use of biofuels to be commonly adopted.
842:
For the UK, successful sequestration is expected for arable land over most of
England and Wales, with unsuccessful sequestration expected in parts of Scotland, due to already carbon-rich soils (existing woodland). Also, for Scotland, the relatively lower yields in this colder climate make
377:. Similar developments of integrating crop farming and bioenergy production via silage-methane have been almost entirely overlooked in N. America, where political and structural issues and a huge continued push to centralize energy production has overshadowed positive developments.
1674:
Whitaker, Jeanette; Field, John L.; Bernacchi, Carl J.; Cerri, Carlos E. P.; Ceulemans, Reinhart; Davies, Christian A.; DeLucia, Evan H.; Donnison, Iain S.; McCalmont, Jon P.; Paustian, Keith; Rowe, Rebecca L.; Smith, Pete; Thornley, Patricia; McNamara, Niall P. (March 2018).
1234:
Hartwich, Jens; Schmidt, Markus; Bölscher, Jens; Reinhardt-Imjela, Christian; Murach, Dieter; Schulte, Achim (11 July 2016). "Hydrological modelling of changes in the water balance due to the impact of woody biomass production in the North German Plain".
777:
is absorbed by the plants. While regular forest stands have carbon rotation times spanning many decades, short rotation forestry (SRF) stands have a rotation time of 8–20 years, and short rotation coppicing (SRC) stands 2–4 years. Perennial grasses like
1116:
Smith, Rebecca A.; Cass, Cynthia L.; Mazaheri, Mona; Sekhon, Rajandeep S.; Heckwolf, Marlies; Kaeppler, Heidi; de Leon, Natalia; Mansfield, Shawn D.; Kaeppler, Shawn M.; Sedbrook, John C.; Karlen, Steven D.; Ralph, John (2 May 2017).
672:
to produce 1 tonne of switchgrass, compared with 1.99 to 2.66 GJ to produce 1 tonne of corn. Given that switchgrass contains approximately 18.8 GJ/ODT of biomass, the energy output-to-input ratio for the crop can be up to 20:1.
794:
below ground, in roots and soil. Typically, perennial crops sequester more carbon than annual crops because the root buildup is allowed to continue undisturbed over many years. Also, perennial crops avoid the yearly
307:
are grown and harvested in short cycles of three to five years. These trees grow best in wet soil conditions. An influence on local water conditions can not be excluded. Establishment close to vulnerable
618:
developments in converting grain stillage (referred to as distillers grain stillage or DGS) into biogas looks promising as a means to improve the poor energy ratio of this type of bioethanol process.
1610:
695:
of biomass may benefit the power plant if energy crops/biomass is the material the converted fossil fuel power plant will be using. Also, when using energy crops as the fuel, and if implementing
1306:"Computing the biomass potentials for maize and two alternative energy crops, triticale and cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.), with the crop model BioSTAR in the region of Hannover (Germany)"
1278:
1811:
1083:
1482:
Samson, R.; et al. (2008). "Developing Energy Crops for
Thermal Applications: Optimizing Fuel Quality, Energy Security and GHG Mitigation". In Pimentel, David (ed.).
139:
243:. However, some additional advantages such as reduced associated costs (i.e. costs during the manufacturing process) and less water use can only be accomplished by using
725:. Therefore, understanding the sustainability of this renewable resource is very important. There are many benefits associated with the use of biofuels such as reduced
2184:
1614:
746:
410:
extracted from it has made copra an important agricultural commodity for many coconut-producing countries. It also yields coconut cake which is mainly used as
1636:
2189:
691:. A frequently used and cost-efficient method is to convert a plant to run on a different fuel (such as energy crops/biomass). In some instances,
1732:
Milner, Suzanne; Holland, Robert A.; Lovett, Andrew; Sunnenberg, Gilla; Hastings, Astley; Smith, Pete; Wang, Shifeng; Taylor, Gail (March 2016).
1514:
266:
855:
can also be carbon-rich, and it has been found that the most successful carbon sequestration in the UK takes place below improved grasslands.
134:
1801:
1499:
1400:
349:
gas yields where feedstocks have a low energy content, such as manures and spoiled grain. It is estimated that the energy yield presently of
1432:
2257:
1282:
1844:
1415:
1191:
Hartwich, Jens; Bölscher, Jens; Schulte, Achim (24 September 2014). "Impact of short-rotation coppice on water and land resources".
1093:
119:
1806:
57:
626:
146:
of this sort can be used in conventional power stations or specialised electricity generation units, reducing the amount of
100:
2346:
1941:
961:
934:
72:
53:
2204:
1530:
987:
Mola-Yudego, Blas; Aronsson, Pär (September 2008). "Yield models for commercial willow biomass plantations in Sweden".
2287:
2277:
1661:
1119:"Suppression of CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE increases the level of monolignol ferulates incorporated into maize lignins"
244:
79:
46:
2262:
2140:
924:
2236:
2209:
726:
239:, plants can be manipulated to create higher yields. Relatively high yields can also be realized with existing
86:
1837:
1734:"Potential impacts on ecosystem services of land use transitions to second-generation bioenergy crops in GB"
951:
886:
688:
289:
2194:
1662:
Soil Carbon under
Switchgrass Stands and Cultivated Cropland (Interpretive Summary and Technical Abstract)
946:
766:
296:
2331:
285:
68:
1379:
1970:
1745:
1688:
1244:
1200:
1035:
996:
929:
830:
791:
779:
721:
In recent years, biofuels have become more attractive to many countries as possible replacements for
640:
366:
272:
236:
216:
210:
2292:
1491:
914:
716:
345:
1451:"Cumulative Energy and Global Warming Impact from the Production of Biomass for Biobased Products"
2310:
2111:
1936:
1924:
1830:
1592:
1551:
de
Siqueira Ferreira, Savio; Nishiyama, Milton; Paterson, Andrew; Souza, Glaucia (27 June 2013).
1260:
1216:
956:
919:
872:
783:
592:
1817:
2336:
2231:
2123:
1797:
1771:
1714:
1584:
1495:
1396:
1345:
1327:
1150:
1089:
1061:
835:
655:
224:). Herbaceous crops, while physically smaller than trees, store roughly twice the amount of CO
1553:"Biofuel and energy crops: high-yield Saccharinae take center stage in the post-genomics era"
1427:
2341:
2163:
2074:
1914:
1793:
1761:
1753:
1704:
1696:
1574:
1564:
1483:
1462:
1388:
1335:
1317:
1252:
1208:
1173:
1140:
1130:
1051:
1043:
1004:
815:
662:
631:
600:
470:
374:
358:
256:
197:
799:
procedures (plowing, digging) associated with growing annual crops. Tilling helps the soil
2272:
2134:
2084:
1996:
1436:
818:
crops than under cultivated cropland, especially at depths below 30 cm (12 in).
704:
700:
418:
333:
1484:
1429:
Industrial
Biotechnology Is Revolutionizing the Production of Ethanol Transportation Fuel
93:
1749:
1692:
1248:
1204:
1039:
1000:
1766:
1733:
1709:
1676:
1579:
1552:
1340:
1305:
1145:
1118:
1056:
1023:
822:
221:
151:
687:
Several methods exist to reduce pollution and reduce or eliminate carbon emissions of
288:, either alone or co-fired with other fuels. Alternatively it may be used for heat or
2325:
2282:
1948:
1264:
1220:
900:
804:
800:
669:
436:
354:
232:
1677:"Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use"
1596:
2224:
2094:
1931:
1889:
1869:
1008:
940:
722:
692:
533:
17:
1794:
Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State
1364:
762:
1212:
2219:
2214:
2199:
2007:
1958:
1919:
1904:
1879:
1304:
Bauböck, Roland; Karpenstein-Machan, Marianne; Kappas, Martin (10 August 2014).
880:
596:
430:
from energy crops has grown steadily in the last decade, principally focused on
407:
370:
325:
281:
193:
178:
147:
35:
1467:
1450:
2158:
2128:
2064:
1909:
1874:
1392:
1322:
1256:
1135:
1047:
1022:
Agostini, Francesco; Gregory, Andrew S.; Richter, Goetz M. (15 January 2015).
909:
862:
614:
608:
439:
are used that are nutrient-balanced and prevent the spread of disease such as
182:
170:
1569:
1515:
Torrefaction of biomass sometimes needed when using biomass in converted FFPS
1331:
2252:
2168:
2069:
1894:
1853:
894:
852:
734:
666:
553:
543:
522:
427:
395:
390:
350:
166:
1775:
1718:
1588:
1349:
1177:
1170:
Assessment of the regional suitability of short rotation coppice in
Germany
1154:
1065:
839:
soils for sequestration are those that are currently deficient in carbon.
2152:
2117:
2042:
2032:
1975:
512:
502:
440:
431:
240:
1486:
Biofuels, Solar and Wind as
Renewable Energy Systems: Benefits and Risks
1024:"Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out?"
443:. Biodiesel yield of soybeans is significantly lower than that of rape.
2059:
2053:
2002:
1884:
1861:
1757:
1700:
796:
696:
682:
636:
604:
564:
403:
309:
304:
205:
786:
grass have a rotation time of 4–12 months. In addition to absorbing CO
2105:
2037:
1953:
1899:
966:
574:
491:
481:
435:
making biodiesel crops economically attractive, provided sustainable
411:
399:
341:
337:
329:
300:
186:
847:
negativity harder to achieve. Soils already rich in carbon includes
2079:
2022:
2012:
1965:
761:
745:
625:
460:
417:
389:
321:
265:
201:
174:
2047:
2017:
848:
648:
162:
143:
1826:
2027:
228:(in the form of carbon) below ground compared to woody crops.
29:
189:. The fuels are burned to generate electrical power or heat.
142:
energy crops scheme plantation in the United
Kingdom. Energy
1822:
814:
Soil organic carbon has been observed to be greater below
733:
crops, food, or feed crops. Plants best suited for future
665:) is another energy crop. It requires from 0.97 to 1.34
169:
production (not for food). The crops are processed into
707:
of a coal-fired power plant can also reduce emissions.
402:, for making copra, the dried meat, or kernel, of the
353:
crops converted via silage to methane is about 2
27:
Crops grown solely for energy production by combustion
1381:
Recent
Advances in Plant Biotechnology | SpringerLink
1531:"The Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy"
821:
The amount of carbon sequestrated and the amount of
699:
production, the thermal power plant can even become
2245:
2177:
2093:
1984:
1860:
1664:. USDA Agricultural Research Service, April 1, 2005
1082:Ara Kirakosyan; Peter B. Kaufman (15 August 2009).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
299:(SRC) agriculture, fast growing tree species like
140:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
591:Two leading non-food crops for the production of
2185:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
1615:Federal Statistical System of the United States
790:in its above-ground tissue, biomass crops also
703:rather than just carbon neutral. Improving the
1838:
8:
1426:Biotechnology Industry Organization (2007).
1077:
1075:
1792:GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016),
1378:Kirakosyan, Ara; Kaufman, Peter B. (2009).
1845:
1831:
1823:
1529:Renewable Resources Co (9 December 2016).
445:
422:Pure biodiesel (B-100), made from soybeans
2190:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
1765:
1708:
1613:. U.S. Energy Information Administration
1578:
1568:
1466:
1339:
1321:
1144:
1134:
1055:
677:Energy crop use in thermal power stations
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
192:The plants are generally categorized as
133:
979:
1085:Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology
1818:Center for Sustainable Energy Farming
1546:
1544:
1524:
1522:
7:
2258:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
622:Energy crop use in various countries
58:adding citations to reliable sources
336:, and many others can be made into
1537:. RenewableResourcesCoalition.org.
807:the available carbon, producing CO
683:Biomass § Thermal_conversions
639:production, soil conservation and
447:Typical oil extractable by weight
25:
276:) is an experimental energy crop.
161:are low-cost and low-maintenance
2306:
2305:
893:
879:
865:
34:
45:needs additional citations for
1279:"Environmental Use of BioMass"
1009:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.002
930:Eichhornia crassipes#Bioenergy
1:
1535:Renewable Resources Coalition
1490:. Berlin: Springer. pp.
1455:Journal of Industrial Ecology
1416:Handbook for energy producers
1310:Environmental Sciences Europe
1237:Environmental Earth Sciences
1213:10.1080/02508060.2014.959870
962:Table of biofuel crop yields
935:European Biomass Association
284:, is used for combustion in
208:, herbaceous plants include
2288:Issues relating to biofuels
2278:Energy return on investment
165:grown solely for renewable
2363:
1468:10.1162/108819803323059442
1123:Biotechnology for Biofuels
714:
680:
658:is a popular energy crop.
607:are also energy crops for
254:
245:genetically modified crops
2301:
2263:Energy content of biofuel
1637:"Short rotation forestry"
1393:10.1007/978-1-4419-0194-1
1323:10.1186/s12302-014-0019-0
1257:10.1007/s12665-016-5870-4
1136:10.1186/s13068-017-0793-1
1088:. Springer. p. 169.
1048:10.1007/s12155-014-9571-0
925:Coal pollution mitigation
635:switchgrass, valuable in
2237:Thermal depolymerization
2210:Industrial biotechnology
1814:at Biomass Energy Centre
1570:10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-210
754:/ carbon negativity for
727:greenhouse gas emissions
689:fossil fuel power plants
340:and then converted into
2205:Fischer–Tropsch process
2195:Biomass heating systems
1796:, World Sci. Pub. Co.,
1168:Hartwich, Jens (2017).
952:Short rotation forestry
887:Renewable energy portal
773:During plant growth, CO
426:European production of
290:combined heat and power
200:. Woody plants include
1449:Dale B, Kim S (2004).
1178:10.17169/refubium-9817
947:Short rotation coppice
831:Miscanthus Ă— giganteus
770:
767:Miscanthus x giganteus
759:
756:Miscanthus x giganteus
711:Sustainability aspects
647:In Sweden, willow and
644:
423:
415:
394:Coconuts sun-dried in
297:short rotation coppice
286:thermal power stations
277:
211:Miscanthus x giganteus
155:
1807:Energy Crops for Fuel
989:Biomass and Bioenergy
769:energy crop, Germany.
765:
749:
715:Further information:
629:
593:cellulosic bioethanol
421:
393:
316:Gas biomass (methane)
280:Solid biomass, often
269:
255:Further information:
137:
1285:on 26 September 2021
641:carbon sequestration
320:Whole crops such as
273:Miscanthus giganteus
237:genetic modification
217:Pennisetum purpureum
173:, liquid or gaseous
54:improve this article
2347:Anaerobic digestion
2293:Sustainable biofuel
1750:2016GCBBi...8..317M
1693:2018GCBBi..10..150W
1611:"Biomass explained"
1249:2016EES....75.1071H
1205:2014WatIn..39..813H
1193:Water International
1040:2015BioER...8.1057A
1001:2008BmBe...32..829M
915:Anaerobic digestion
851:and mature forest.
758:production pathways
717:Sustainable biofuel
448:
346:Anaerobic digesters
312:should be avoided.
235:procedures such as
18:Biomass power plant
1758:10.1111/gcbb.12263
1701:10.1111/gcbb.12488
1435:2006-02-12 at the
1028:BioEnergy Research
957:Sustainable energy
920:Cellulosic ethanol
873:Agriculture portal
771:
760:
645:
446:
424:
416:
334:white sweet clover
292:(CHP) production.
278:
156:
2319:
2318:
2232:Sabatier reaction
1802:978-981-4704-00-7
1617:. 25 October 2019
1501:978-1-4020-8653-3
1402:978-1-4419-0193-4
1365:"Bio Mass Energy"
836:carbon neutrality
828:For example, for
742:Carbon neutrality
705:energy efficiency
656:reed canary grass
584:
583:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2354:
2309:
2308:
2153:Pongamia pinnata
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1572:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1446:
1440:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1325:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:. Archived from
1275:
1269:
1268:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1034:(3): 1057–1080.
1019:
1013:
1012:
984:
903:
898:
897:
889:
884:
883:
875:
870:
869:
868:
823:greenhouse gases
792:sequester carbon
663:panicum virgatum
651:are often used.
632:Panicum virgatum
601:giant miscanthus
449:
375:renewable energy
364:
270:Elephant grass (
257:Biomass (energy)
233:biotechnological
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2297:
2273:Energy forestry
2241:
2173:
2135:Jatropha curcas
2096:
2089:
1997:Camelina sativa
1987:
1980:
1856:
1851:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1641:Forest Research
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1461:(3–4): 147–62.
1448:
1447:
1443:
1437:Wayback Machine
1425:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1021:
1020:
1016:
986:
985:
981:
976:
971:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
866:
864:
861:
846:
810:
803:populations to
789:
776:
753:
744:
719:
713:
701:carbon negative
685:
679:
624:
589:
388:
383:
362:
318:
264:
259:
253:
227:
220:(both known as
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:Chinese tallow
2121:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:Water hyacinth
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1788:
1787:External links
1785:
1782:
1781:
1744:(2): 317–333.
1724:
1687:(3): 150–164.
1666:
1654:
1628:
1602:
1557:Genome Biology
1540:
1518:
1507:
1500:
1474:
1441:
1419:
1408:
1401:
1370:
1355:
1296:
1270:
1226:
1199:(6): 813–825.
1183:
1160:
1108:
1094:
1071:
1014:
995:(9): 829–837.
978:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
905:
904:
890:
876:
860:
857:
844:
808:
787:
774:
751:
743:
740:
712:
709:
678:
675:
623:
620:
588:
585:
582:
581:
578:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
550:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
488:
487:
484:
478:
477:
474:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
437:crop rotations
414:for livestock.
387:
384:
382:
381:Liquid biomass
379:
317:
314:
263:
260:
252:
249:
225:
222:elephant grass
152:carbon dioxide
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Food vs. fuel
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:vegetable oil
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:GCB Bioenergy
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:GCB Bioenergy
1678:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1643:. 29 May 2018
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1097:
1095:9781441901934
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
980:
973:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
902:
901:Energy portal
896:
891:
888:
882:
877:
874:
863:
858:
856:
854:
850:
840:
837:
833:
832:
826:
824:
819:
817:
812:
806:
802:
798:
793:
785:
781:
768:
764:
757:
748:
741:
739:
736:
730:
728:
724:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
676:
674:
671:
670:fossil energy
668:
664:
661:Switchgrass (
659:
657:
652:
650:
642:
638:
634:
633:
628:
621:
619:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
579:
576:
573:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
450:
444:
442:
438:
433:
429:
420:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
385:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
275:
274:
268:
262:Solid biomass
261:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
223:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"Energy crop"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2332:Energy crops
2267:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2116:
2112:Big bluestem
2104:
2097:energy crops
2052:
1995:
1985:
1812:Energy crops
1741:
1737:
1727:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1605:
1560:
1556:
1534:
1510:
1485:
1477:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1411:
1380:
1373:
1358:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1273:
1243:(14): 1071.
1240:
1236:
1229:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1169:
1163:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1084:
1031:
1027:
1017:
992:
988:
982:
941:Myriophyllum
939:
841:
829:
827:
820:
813:
772:
755:
731:
723:fossil fuels
720:
693:torrefaction
686:
660:
654:In Finland,
653:
646:
630:
613:
590:
534:mustard seed
425:
319:
294:
279:
271:
230:
215:
209:
191:
159:Energy crops
158:
157:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2268:Energy crop
2215:Pellet fuel
2200:Biorefinery
2164:Switchgrass
2008:Coconut oil
1986:Energy from
1920:Cooking oil
1905:Biogasoline
1880:Babassu oil
1101:14 February
816:switchgrass
597:switchgrass
455:Oil %
408:Coconut oil
326:Sudan grass
148:fossil fuel
2326:Categories
2178:Technology
2159:Salicornia
2142:Miscanthus
2065:Sugar beet
1937:cellulosic
1910:Bioliquids
1890:Biobutanol
1647:19 October
1621:31 October
1563:(6): 210.
1289:22 January
1172:(Thesis).
1129:(1): 109.
974:References
910:Algal fuel
780:miscanthus
681:See also:
615:Bioethanol
609:biobutanol
587:Bioethanol
371:sq mi
282:pelletized
198:herbaceous
183:bioethanol
177:, such as
154:emissions.
110:April 2012
80:newspapers
2253:Agflation
2146:giganteus
2075:Sunflower
2070:Sugarcane
1988:foodstock
1895:Biodiesel
1854:Bioenergy
1332:2190-4715
1316:(1): 19.
1265:132087972
1221:154461322
853:Grassland
805:decompose
735:bioenergy
643:in soils.
544:sunflower
492:groundnut
428:biodiesel
396:Kozhikode
386:Biodiesel
351:bioenergy
241:cultivars
167:bioenergy
150:-derived
2337:Biofuels
2311:Category
2246:Concepts
2129:Duckweed
2118:Camelina
2095:Non-food
2043:Rapeseed
2033:Palm oil
1976:Wood gas
1949:Methanol
1942:mixtures
1862:Biofuels
1776:27547244
1719:29497458
1597:17208119
1589:23805917
1439:pp. 3-4.
1433:Archived
1350:27752417
1155:28469705
1066:26855689
859:See also
849:peatland
750:GHG / CO
513:rapeseed
503:jatropha
441:clubroot
432:rapeseed
365:10
231:Through
2342:Biomass
2060:Soybean
2054:Sorghum
2003:Cassava
1932:Ethanol
1915:Biomass
1885:Bagasse
1870:Alcohol
1767:4974899
1746:Bibcode
1710:5815384
1689:Bibcode
1580:3707038
1341:5044939
1245:Bibcode
1201:Bibcode
1146:5414125
1057:4732603
1036:Bibcode
997:Bibcode
801:microbe
797:tillage
697:biochar
637:biofuel
605:Grasses
565:soybean
404:coconut
310:wetland
179:pellets
94:scholar
2106:Arundo
2038:Potato
1954:Stover
1900:Biogas
1800:
1774:
1764:
1717:
1707:
1595:
1587:
1577:
1498:
1494:–423.
1399:
1363:Umer.
1348:
1338:
1330:
1263:
1219:
1153:
1143:
1092:
1064:
1054:
967:Vegoil
784:napier
575:cotton
525:kernel
494:kernel
482:sesame
471:castor
400:Kerala
342:biogas
338:silage
330:millet
305:poplar
301:willow
206:poplar
202:willow
187:biogas
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2225:stove
2080:Wheat
2023:Maize
2013:Grape
1966:Straw
1875:Algae
1593:S2CID
1385:(PDF)
1261:S2CID
1217:S2CID
556:fruit
461:copra
452:Crop
322:maize
251:Types
194:woody
175:fuels
171:solid
163:crops
144:crops
101:JSTOR
87:books
2220:mill
2169:Wood
2048:Rice
2018:Hemp
1959:corn
1798:ISBN
1772:PMID
1715:PMID
1649:2020
1623:2020
1585:PMID
1496:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1346:PMID
1328:ISSN
1291:2016
1151:PMID
1103:2013
1090:ISBN
1062:PMID
649:hemp
599:and
595:are
577:seed
554:palm
523:palm
473:seed
412:feed
361:(1.8
303:and
214:and
204:and
73:news
2085:Yam
2028:Oat
1762:PMC
1754:doi
1705:PMC
1697:doi
1575:PMC
1565:doi
1492:395
1463:doi
1389:doi
1336:PMC
1318:doi
1253:doi
1209:doi
1174:doi
1141:PMC
1131:doi
1052:PMC
1044:doi
1005:doi
811:.
782:or
580:13
569:14
559:20
548:32
538:35
528:36
517:37
507:40
497:42
486:50
476:50
465:62
367:BTU
355:GWh
295:In
196:or
185:or
56:by
2328::
2144:Ă—
1770:.
1760:.
1752:.
1740:.
1736:.
1713:.
1703:.
1695:.
1685:10
1683:.
1679:.
1639:.
1591:.
1583:.
1573:.
1561:14
1559:.
1555:.
1543:^
1533:.
1521:^
1457:.
1453:.
1395:.
1387:.
1344:.
1334:.
1326:.
1314:26
1312:.
1308:.
1259:.
1251:.
1241:75
1239:.
1215:.
1207:.
1197:39
1195:.
1149:.
1139:.
1127:10
1125:.
1121:.
1074:^
1060:.
1050:.
1042:.
1030:.
1026:.
1003:.
993:32
991:.
843:CO
834:,
667:GJ
611:.
406:.
398:,
359:km
344:.
332:,
328:,
324:,
247:.
181:,
138:A
1846:e
1839:t
1832:v
1778:.
1756::
1748::
1742:8
1721:.
1699::
1691::
1651:.
1625:.
1599:.
1567::
1504:.
1471:.
1465::
1459:7
1405:.
1391::
1367:.
1352:.
1320::
1293:.
1267:.
1255::
1247::
1223:.
1211::
1203::
1180:.
1176::
1157:.
1133::
1105:.
1068:.
1046::
1038::
1032:8
1011:.
1007::
999::
845:2
809:2
788:2
775:2
752:2
369:/
363:Ă—
357:/
226:2
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
