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Renewable natural gas plants based on wood can be categorized into two main categories, one being allothermal, which has the energy provided by a source outside of the gasifier. One example is the double-chambered fluidized bed gasifiers consisting of a separate combustion and gasification chambers.
370:
SNG is of particular interest in countries with extensive natural gas distribution networks. Core advantages of SNG include compatibility with existing natural gas infrastructure, higher efficiency that Fisher-Tropsch fuels production and smaller-production scale than other second generation biofuel
342:
In North
America, most RNG development has historically occurred in the municipal solid waste (MSW) sector. The first commercial RNG facility was launched at the Fresh Kills landfill near New York City in 1982. As of 2023, more than 300 RNG facilities are currently operational in North America, with
459:
A major concern is that the potential biogas yield would only represent a small percentage of existing supplies of fossil gas (also called natural gas). This fact has led existing natural gas suppliers to push back against measures to increase the use of electricity as an energy supply - decreasing
306:
A biomass to RNG efficiency of 70% can be achieved during the production process. Costs are minimized by maximizing production scale and by locating an anaerobic digestion plant next to transport links (e.g. a port or river) for the chosen source of biomass. The existing gas storage infrastructure
266:
In the United States, projections of the ultimate supply potential for RNG vary. An analysis conducted in 2011 by the Gas
Technology Institute determined that renewable gas from waste biomass including agricultural waste has the potential to add up to 2.5 quadrillion Btu annually, being enough to
362:
project. The plant had the capacity to produce 20 megawatts-worth of bioSNG from about 30 MW-worth of biomass, aiming at a conversion efficiency of 65%. From
December 2014 the bioSNG plant was fully operational and supplied gas to the Swedish natural gas grid, reaching the quality demands with a
366:
It can be noted that the plant was a technical success, and performed as intended. However, it was not economically viable, given the prices of natural gas at the time. It is expected the plant is to re-emerge around 2030 when economic conditions may be more favorable, with the possibility of a
2515:
398:, with nearly 90 biomethane injection sites built across the country. Ecotricity announced plans to supply green gas to UK consumers via the national grid. Centrica also announced that it would begin injecting gas, manufactured from sewage, into the gas grid.
363:
methane content of over 95%. The plant was permanently closed due to economic problems in April 2018. Göteborg Energi had invested 175 million euro in the plant and intensive attempts for a year to sell the plant to new investors had failed.
286:
More recently, a study commissioned by the
American Gas Foundation and executed by ICF in 2019 projected that between 1.6-3.78 trillion cubic feet of RNG could be produced annually for pipeline injection in the U.S. by 2030.
619:
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production systems. The Energy
Research Centre of the Netherlands has conducted extensive research on large-scale SNG production from woody biomass, based on the importation of feedstocks from abroad.
307:
would allow the plant to continue to manufacture gas at the full utilization rate even during periods of weak demand, helping minimize manufacturing capital costs per unit of gas produced.
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321:. With the Sabatier reaction, the gas from primary production has to be upgraded with a secondary step in order to produce gas that is suitable for injection into the gas grid.
212:
and other impurities from biogas, and increasing the concentration of methane to a level similar to fossil natural gas, it becomes possible to distribute RNG via existing gas
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found that any UK bioSNG plant built by 2020 would be highly likely to use "clean woody feedstocks" and that there are several regions with good availability of that source.
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452:, since the carbon dioxide contained in the biomass is naturally renewed in each generation of plants, rather than being released from fossil stores and increasing
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Anaerobic digestion of organic material. This can be done in dedicated anaerobic digesters or as a byproduct gas collected from landfills and wastewater treatment.
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opened the first demonstration plant for large scale production of bio-synthetic natural gas (SNG) through gasification of forest residues in
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In Canada, FortisBC, a gas provider in
British Columbia, injects renewably created natural gas into its existing gas distribution system.
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577:"Enhancement of Methane Concentration by Removing Contaminants from Biogas Mixtures Using Combined Method of Absorption and Adsorption"
3628:
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3426:
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620:"SoCalGas and Opus 12 Successfully Demonstrate Technology That Simplifies Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Storable Renewable Energy"
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estimated that renewable natural gas could replace up to 10% of all natural gas used in the United States, and a study by the
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Autothermal systems generate the heat within the gasifier, but require the use of pure oxygen to avoid nitrogen dilution.
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more than 70% of supplies drawn from the MSW and landfill sectors, according to the U.S. trade group RNG Coalition.
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468:(C4Bes) which then went on to lobby for the gas sector and against the momentum in favor of electrification. The
1192:
Divert Inc. Announces $ 1B Infrastructure Deal with
Enbridge Inc. to Tackle Food Waste and Combat Climate Change
576:
294:, whereby the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide fraction of biogas are converted to methane using electrolyzed
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to scale its existing network of food waste anaerobic digesters to cover all major markets of North
America.
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infrastructure. RNG can be used in existing appliances, including vehicles with natural gas burning engines (
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1181:'New Bio Natural Gas May Assist In Adding Solar and Wind to Utility Renewable Power Generation, Study Finds'
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could be turned into enough biogas to potentially meet up to 12% of
America's national electricity demand.
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1331:"Renewable carbon neutral methane to be produced in south-west Queensland" ARENA accessed 6 December 2020
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2010:
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Production of
Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from Biomass- From Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
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1245:"The false promise of "renewable natural gas" - It's no substitute for shifting to clean electricity"
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The most common way of collecting biogas with which to produce biomethane is through the process of
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476:) and so C4Bes curtailed its lobbying activities, although it continued to promote demand for gas.
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1031:Åhman, Max (2010). "Biomethane in the transport sector—An appraisal of the forgotten option".
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and a new electrochemical process pioneered in the United States currently undergoing trials.
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448:. The key difference from fossil natural gas is that it is often considered partly or fully
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through donation, says it will use a $ 1 billion investment from Canadian pipeline operator
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Development of the MILENA gasification technology for the production of Bio-SNG
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1007:"Biogasflow in Gothenburg provides the taxpayer with an environmental standard"
790:
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1985:
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775:"Economic perspectives of Power-to-Gas technologies in bio-methane production"
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1273:"California's next frontier in fighting climate change: your kitchen stove"
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and renewable gas energy. Renewable natural gas can also be converted into
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1301:"US gas utility funds 'front' consumer group to fight natural gas bans"
699:"Fact Sheet | Biogas: Converting Waste to Energy | White Papers | EESI"
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Renewable natural gas can be produced and distributed via the existing
205:
1215:
298:, the renewable gas potential of raw biogas is approximately doubled.
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2060:
2015:
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955:"Investerade nästan två miljarder i Gobigas – nu läggs projektet ner"
525:
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1203:
Enbridge commits $ 1 billion to company turning food waste to energy
251:, making it an attractive means of supplying existing premises with
673:"SoCalGas's Minter on Renewable Natural Gas as a Foundational Fuel"
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1918:
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1584:
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1527:
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2704:
724:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Renewable Natural Gas Production"
1609:
1579:
1346:
SGC Rapport 187 Substitute natural gas from biomass gasification
1157:'Food waste to provide green gas for carbon-conscious consumers'
1130:
2708:
1887:
1388:
1340:
American Gas Foundation Study: The Potential for Renewable Gas
879:"300 RNG facilities operating in North America – RNG Coalition"
773:
Marija, Saric; Dijkstra, Jan Wilco; Haije, Wim G. (July 2017).
444:. Any unburned gas that escapes contains methane, a long lived
1589:
209:
79:
31:
1356:
http://www.eee-info.net/cms/netautor/napro4/wrapper/media.php
841:'Sustainable Gas Enters the European Gas Distribution System'
1384:
1119:'BioSNG could be economically attractive for renewable heat'
464:(SoCalGas) to covertly support the creation of a nonprofit:
310:
Renewable gas can be produced through three main processes:
904:"Renewable Natural Gas Infographics: View at RNG Coalition"
1335:
National Grid U.S. – Vision for a Sustainable Gas Network
1107:'Potential for BioSNG Production in the UK, NNFCC 10-008'
267:
meet the natural gas needs of 50% of American homes. The
1137:. The Anaerobic Digestion & Bioresources Association
805:'Biomethane / Natural Gas Interconnection Opportunities'
472:
exposed the hand of SoCalGas in the formation of C4Bes (
3594:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
428:
as ordinary natural gas fuel, such as carbon monoxide,
1169:'Human waste turned into renewable gas to power homes'
980:"Professor: "The Gobigas Project A Technical Success""
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110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Methane enriched biogas that can easily be upgraded
2573:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1216:"Biogas – Frequently Asked Questions (Biogas FAQ)"
953:Nyheter, S. V. T.; Youcefi, Fouad (3 April 2018).
575:Al Mamun, Muhammad Rashed; Torii, Shuichi (2017).
263:(CNG) for direct use as fuel in transport sector.
47:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
1380:Production of Biogas from organic waste Bioenergy
197:which has been upgraded to a quality similar to
1747:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
3618:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
227:. Multiple ways of methanizing carbon dioxide/
51:Please help improve this article, possibly by
2720:
1899:
1400:
829:'Heat from Biomass via Synthetic Natural Gas'
646:"Natural Gas Can Come From Renewable Sources"
584:International Journal of Chemical Engineering
394:is growing as a means of producing renewable
208:concentration of 90% or greater. By removing
8:
273:National Association of Clean Water Agencies
1351:SGC Rapport on gasification and methanation
3689:
2727:
2713:
2705:
1906:
1892:
1884:
1407:
1393:
1385:
877:International, Bioenergy (3 August 2023).
827:Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
466:Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions
3629:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
1752:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
595:
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
3657:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
269:Environmental and Energy Study Institute
2603:High-level radioactive waste management
908:The Coalition For Renewable Natural Gas
567:
460:demand for gas. This reality prompted
3227:Corporate environmental responsibility
1375:National Grid/UK Sustainable Gas Group
1214:Dr. Ann C. Wilkie (16 December 2019).
803:Cornerstone environmental group, LLC
279:found that the quantity of biosolids
7:
3600:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
2618:Sewage regulation and administration
1820:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
1223:– Soil and Water Sciences Department
108:adding citations to reliable sources
55:the article and/or by introducing a
231:and hydrogen also exist, including
3242:Environmental full-cost accounting
1243:David Roberts (20 February 2020).
749:"Renewable Sources of Natural Gas"
328:of organic (normally dry) material
25:
3176:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
817:'The Bio Natural Gas Opportunity'
3688:
3677:
3676:
3646:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
2668:
2667:
2656:
2598:Extended producer responsibility
2084:
1868:
1867:
500:
486:
84:
36:
3232:Corporate social responsibility
3161:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3100:Community-supported agriculture
2785:Human impact on the environment
2156:Mechanical biological treatment
1059:"BioSNG: Synthetic Natural Gas"
462:Southern California Gas Company
95:needs additional citations for
59:, or discuss this issue on the
3472:Socially responsible marketing
1079:Van der Meijden, C.M. (2010).
1:
3663:Sustainable Development Goals
3467:Socially responsible business
933:www.gobigas.goteborgenergi.se
853:"The story of RNG in America"
839:Danish Gas Technology Centre
1299:Susie Cagle (26 July 2019).
1131:"AD map – biomethane plants"
1005:LUNDIN, KIM (4 April 2018).
626:(Press release). PR Newswire
277:Water Environment Federation
3492:Sustainability organization
3277:Standards and certification
2868:Social return on investment
2608:History of waste management
1850:Issues relating to biofuels
1840:Energy return on investment
1271:Sammy Roth (4 April 2019).
1045:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.007
536:Issues relating to biofuels
183:Renewable natural gas (RNG)
3776:
2917:Systemic change resistance
2196:fluorescent lamp recycling
1088:. Petten, Netherlands: ECN
791:10.1016/j.jcou.2017.05.007
779:Journal of CO2 Utilization
454:atmospheric carbon dioxide
3672:
3095:Climate-smart agriculture
2742:
2651:
2082:
1863:
1825:Energy content of biofuel
386:RNG development by region
3237:Environmental accounting
2986:Sustainable architecture
2976:Environmental technology
2578:China's waste import ban
1799:Thermal depolymerization
1772:Industrial biotechnology
753:American Gas Association
541:Landfill gas utilization
426:environmental pollutants
3110:Sustainable agriculture
1939:Agricultural wastewater
1767:Fischer–Tropsch process
1757:Biomass heating systems
1370:SNG Platform in GĂĽssing
883:Bioenergy International
508:Renewable energy portal
424:Biogas creates similar
317:Production through the
281:removed from wastewater
119:"Renewable natural gas"
3653:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
3522:Sustainable management
3507:Urban drainage systems
3247:Environmental planning
3211:Water recycling shower
3201:Tidal stream generator
2996:Sustainable industries
2955:Sustainable population
2940:Demographic transition
2922:Tragedy of the commons
2663:Environment portal
2341:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2231:water recycling shower
677:www.planningreport.com
420:Environmental concerns
333:Commercial development
261:compressed natural gas
3545:Humanistic capitalism
3360:Environmental finance
3001:Sustainable packaging
2031:Municipal solid waste
2011:Industrial wastewater
1221:University of Florida
408:, which also reduces
367:higher carbon price.
257:liquefied natural gas
3512:Urban infrastructure
3206:Water heat recycling
3029:Conservation biology
2873:Steady-state economy
2848:Micro-sustainability
2833:Ecological footprint
2790:Planetary boundaries
2226:water heat recycling
2131:Garden waste dumping
597:10.1155/2017/7906859
358:, Sweden within the
290:In combination with
218:natural gas vehicles
104:improve this article
3613:Earth Summit (1992)
3267:Metrics and indices
3120:Sustainable fishery
3039:Holocene extinction
2858:Product stewardship
2828:Earth Overshoot Day
2593:Eco-industrial park
2181:appliance recycling
2101:Anaerobic digestion
2046:Post-consumer waste
1944:Biodegradable waste
1855:Sustainable biofuel
531:Carbon-neutral fuel
516:Anaerobic digestion
392:anaerobic digestion
225:anaerobic digestion
57:disambiguation page
3072:Sustainable energy
3034:Endangered species
2991:Sustainable design
2905:Consumer behaviour
2638:Waste minimisation
2583:Cleaner production
2248:Reusable packaging
2161:Mechanical sorting
1964:Construction waste
556:Sustainable energy
3748:Biogas technology
3725:
3724:
3651:Earth Summit 2002
3634:Lisbon Principles
3606:Our Common Future
3284:Sustainable yield
3090:Civic agriculture
2843:Green consumption
2780:Global governance
2702:
2701:
2633:Waste legislation
2542:Sanitation worker
2516:London Convention
2452:Bamako Convention
2243:Resource recovery
2211:textile recycling
2206:plastic recycling
2186:battery recycling
2126:Ecological design
2051:Radioactive waste
1881:
1880:
1794:Sabatier reaction
1278:Los Angeles Times
1117:New Energy Focus
815:Kachan & Co.
404:A company called
390:In the UK, using
319:Sabatier reaction
180:
179:
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154:
78:
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16:(Redirected from
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3758:Renewable energy
3692:
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3680:
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3624:Agenda 21 (1992)
3595:
3560:Natural resource
3447:Organic movement
3422:Impact investing
3141:Hydroelectricity
3115:Sustainable diet
3067:Renewable energy
3062:Carbon footprint
3044:Invasive species
2981:Natural building
2932:World population
2893:Marketing myopia
2853:Over-consumption
2823:Circular economy
2818:Anti-consumerism
2775:Environmentalism
2729:
2722:
2715:
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2526:OSPAR Convention
2457:Basel Convention
2268:Waste collection
2258:Sewage treatment
2216:timber recycling
2191:bottle recycling
2171:Reclaimed lumber
2166:Photodegradation
2088:
2006:Industrial waste
1974:Electronic waste
1969:Demolition waste
1949:Biomedical waste
1923:waste management
1908:
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1715:Pongamia pinnata
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1364:ECN SNG Website
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857:www.linkedin.com
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831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
794:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
671:Minter, George.
668:
662:
661:
659:
657:
650:www.socalgas.com
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
616:
610:
609:
599:
581:
572:
551:Renewable energy
510:
505:
504:
496:
491:
490:
438:hydrogen sulfide
347:BioSNG from wood
237:Sabatier process
185:, also known as
175:
168:
164:
161:
155:
153:
112:
88:
80:
73:
70:
64:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3668:
3593:
3585:
3584:Agreements and
3579:
3516:
3320:Climate finance
3288:
3215:
3171:Reclaimed water
3124:
3076:
3048:
3005:
2959:
2945:Family planning
2926:
2799:
2756:
2738:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2674:Category: Waste
2655:
2647:
2628:Waste hierarchy
2561:
2552:Waste collector
2530:
2521:Oslo Convention
2440:
2292:
2288:Waste-to-energy
2283:Waste treatment
2253:Right to repair
2151:Landfill mining
2136:Illegal dumping
2089:
2080:
2041:Packaging waste
2036:Open defecation
1996:Hazardous waste
1925:
1912:
1882:
1877:
1859:
1835:Energy forestry
1803:
1735:
1697:Jatropha curcas
1658:
1651:
1559:Camelina sativa
1549:
1542:
1418:
1413:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1030:
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1025:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
986:. 19 April 2018
978:
977:
973:
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961:
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951:
947:
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910:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
876:
875:
871:
861:
859:
851:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
772:
771:
767:
757:
755:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
728:afdc.energy.gov
722:
721:
717:
707:
705:
697:
696:
692:
682:
680:
670:
669:
665:
655:
653:
652:. Sempre Energy
644:
643:
639:
629:
627:
618:
617:
613:
579:
574:
573:
569:
564:
506:
499:
492:
485:
482:
422:
388:
352:Göteborg Energi
349:
340:
335:
304:
245:
176:
165:
159:
156:
113:
111:
101:
89:
74:
68:
65:
50:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3755:
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3740:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3686:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3659:(Rio+20, 2012)
3654:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3589:
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3567:
3562:
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3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3405:Infrastructure
3402:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Eco-capitalism
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3252:Sustainability
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3220:Accountability
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
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3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
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3077:
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3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
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3007:
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2998:
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2925:
2924:
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2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2878:Sustainability
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Anthropization
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:Sustainability
2734:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
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2652:
2649:
2648:
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2640:
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2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Street sweeper
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
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2496:
2491:
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2476:
2475:
2474:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:United Kingdom
2428:
2423:
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2408:
2403:
2398:
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2388:
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2353:
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2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
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2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
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2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:tire recycling
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:land recycling
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Biodegradation
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:Surface runoff
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Chemical waste
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1686:Chinese tallow
1683:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1533:Water hyacinth
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
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1428:
1426:
1420:
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1397:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1325:External links
1323:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1263:
1235:
1206:
1195:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1122:
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1039:(1): 208–217.
1023:
997:
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920:
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765:
740:
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663:
637:
624:prnewswire.com
611:
566:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
512:
511:
497:
481:
478:
450:carbon neutral
446:greenhouse gas
434:nitrogen oxide
430:sulfur dioxide
421:
418:
387:
384:
348:
345:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
322:
315:
303:
300:
253:renewable heat
244:
243:Growth Outlook
241:
233:biomethanation
191:renewable fuel
178:
177:
92:
90:
83:
76:
75:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:Earth Charter
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
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3609:
3607:
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3533:
3531:
3530:Environmental
3528:
3527:
3525:
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3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
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3488:
3485:
3483:
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3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
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3462:Refurbishment
3460:
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3453:
3452:Organizations
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
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3366:
3365:Green economy
3363:
3361:
3358:
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3353:
3351:
3350:Eco-socialism
3348:
3346:
3345:Eco-investing
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Disinvestment
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
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3306:
3303:
3301:
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3177:
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3154:
3152:
3151:Marine energy
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
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3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Cultured meat
3103:
3101:
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3088:
3087:
3085:
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2864:
2863:Simple living
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2694:Organizations
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2690:
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2626:
2624:
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2619:
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2613:Landfill fire
2611:
2609:
2606:
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2463:
2462:EU directives
2460:
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2436:United States
2434:
2432:
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2273:Waste sorting
2271:
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2021:Marine debris
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
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1845:Food vs. fuel
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1487:vegetable oil
1485:
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1167:The Guardian
1164:
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1155:The Guardian
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1103:
1100:
1084:
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1054:
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1038:
1034:
1033:Energy Policy
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494:Energy portal
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163:
160:November 2020
152:
149:
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138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121: –
120:
116:
115:Find sources:
109:
105:
99:
98:
93:This article
91:
87:
82:
81:
72:
62:
58:
54:
48:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3681:
3605:
3370:Construction
3293:Applications
3011:Biodiversity
2770:Anthropocene
2566:Other topics
2557:Waste picker
2484:incineration
2263:Urban mining
2141:Incineration
2121:Durable good
2066:Sharps waste
2026:Mining waste
1713:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1678:
1674:Big bluestem
1666:
1659:energy crops
1614:
1557:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:The Guardian
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1276:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1248:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1219:
1209:
1198:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1113:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1081:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1053:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
983:
974:
962:. Retrieved
958:
948:
936:. Retrieved
932:
923:
911:. Retrieved
907:
898:
886:. Retrieved
882:
872:
860:. Retrieved
856:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
782:
778:
768:
756:. Retrieved
752:
743:
731:. Retrieved
727:
718:
706:. Retrieved
703:www.eesi.org
702:
693:
681:. Retrieved
679:. David Abel
676:
666:
654:. Retrieved
649:
640:
628:. Retrieved
623:
614:
587:
583:
570:
546:Power-to-gas
474:astroturfing
465:
458:
442:particulates
423:
403:
400:
389:
377:
373:
369:
365:
350:
341:
338:Landfill Gas
326:gasification
309:
305:
292:power-to-gas
289:
285:
265:
246:
222:
186:
182:
181:
166:
157:
147:
140:
133:
126:
114:
102:Please help
97:verification
94:
66:
46:
29:
3753:Natural gas
3586:conferences
3457:Procurement
3400:Development
3300:Advertising
3262:Measurement
3196:Tidal power
3191:Small hydro
3156:Micro hydro
3019:Biosecurity
2971:Appropriate
2900:Sustainable
2883:Advertising
2805:Consumption
2795:Development
2588:Downcycling
2535:Occupations
2504:waste water
2401:Switzerland
2391:South Korea
2381:New Zealand
2306:Afghanistan
2278:Waste trade
2238:Repurposing
2076:Toxic waste
2056:Scrap metal
1991:Green waste
1954:Brown waste
1931:Major types
1830:Energy crop
1777:Pellet fuel
1762:Biorefinery
1726:Switchgrass
1570:Coconut oil
1548:Energy from
1482:Cooking oil
1467:Biogasoline
1442:Babassu oil
1312:2 September
1284:2 September
1256:2 September
1228:2 September
1064:27 December
1011:SVT Nyheter
959:SVT Nyheter
938:10 November
470:Sierra Club
378:In the UK,
202:natural gas
3732:Categories
3477:Sanitation
3432:Livelihood
3355:Ecovillage
3340:Eco-cities
3257:Accounting
3166:Pico hydro
3146:Hydropower
2964:Technology
2762:Principles
2643:Zero waste
2445:Agreements
2376:Kazakhstan
2331:Bangladesh
2116:Composting
2001:Heat waste
1986:Food waste
1979:by country
1740:Technology
1721:Salicornia
1704:Miscanthus
1627:Sugar beet
1499:cellulosic
1472:Bioliquids
1452:Biobutanol
1092:21 October
913:31 October
888:31 October
862:31 October
758:31 October
733:9 December
708:9 December
562:References
410:food waste
356:Gothenburg
302:Production
204:and has a
187:biomethane
130:newspapers
18:Biomethane
3738:Bioenergy
3570:Recycling
3565:Planetary
3555:Materials
3550:Landscape
3535:Fisheries
3502:Transport
3427:Landscape
3410:Marketing
3385:Gardening
3325:Community
3272:Reporting
3136:Footprint
3024:Biosphere
2623:Upcycling
2489:landfills
2479:framework
2472:Recycling
2467:batteries
2396:Sri Lanka
2356:Hong Kong
2321:Australia
2298:Countries
2176:Recycling
2094:Processes
1915:Biosolids
1815:Agflation
1708:giganteus
1637:Sunflower
1632:Sugarcane
1550:foodstock
1457:Biodiesel
1416:Bioenergy
929:"GoBiGas"
785:: 81–90.
606:1687-806X
259:(LNG) or
69:June 2020
61:talk page
53:splitting
3743:Biofuels
3683:Category
3482:Sourcing
3417:Greening
3310:Business
3186:Security
3181:Scarcity
2684:Journals
2499:vehicles
2421:Thailand
2411:Tanzania
2146:Landfill
2106:Balefill
1873:Category
1808:Concepts
1691:Duckweed
1680:Camelina
1657:Non-food
1605:Rapeseed
1595:Palm oil
1538:Wood gas
1511:Methanol
1504:mixtures
1424:Biofuels
964:25 April
480:See also
414:Enbridge
324:Thermal
296:hydrogen
275:and the
249:gas grid
229:monoxide
214:pipeline
3716:Degrees
3709:Studies
3702:Science
3497:Tourism
3390:Geopark
3380:Finance
3375:Fashion
2950:Control
2838:Ethical
2747:Outline
2351:Georgia
2326:Belgium
2316:Armenia
2311:Albania
1622:Soybean
1616:Sorghum
1565:Cassava
1494:Ethanol
1477:Biomass
1447:Bagasse
1432:Alcohol
1141:12 June
590:: 1–9.
521:Biofuel
360:GoBiGas
206:methane
189:, is a
144:scholar
3665:(2015)
3642:(2000)
3636:(1997)
3620:(1992)
3608:(1987)
3540:Forest
3442:Market
3437:Living
3054:Energy
2910:Market
2672:
2426:Turkey
2416:Taiwan
2386:Russia
2366:Israel
2336:Brazil
2061:Sewage
2016:Litter
1921:, and
1668:Arundo
1600:Potato
1516:Stover
1462:Biogas
604:
526:Biogas
406:Divert
396:biogas
235:, the
199:fossil
195:biogas
146:
139:
132:
125:
117:
3695:Lists
3575:Waste
3487:Space
3395:Green
3129:Water
2888:Brand
2752:Index
2689:Lists
2679:Index
2406:Syria
2371:Japan
2361:India
2346:Egypt
1919:waste
1787:stove
1642:Wheat
1585:Maize
1575:Grape
1528:Straw
1437:Algae
1086:(PDF)
1016:2 May
990:2 May
984:di.se
683:3 May
656:3 May
630:3 May
580:(PDF)
380:NNFCC
151:JSTOR
137:books
3315:City
3082:Food
2509:WEEE
2494:RoHS
1782:mill
1731:Wood
1610:Rice
1580:Hemp
1521:corn
1314:2022
1286:2022
1258:2022
1230:2022
1143:2018
1135:ADBA
1094:2012
1066:2012
1018:2018
992:2018
966:2018
940:2017
915:2023
890:2023
864:2023
760:2023
735:2021
710:2021
685:2018
658:2018
632:2018
602:ISSN
588:2017
440:and
193:and
123:news
3305:Art
1647:Yam
1590:Oat
1250:Vox
1041:doi
787:doi
592:doi
220:).
210:CO2
106:by
3734::
1917:,
1706:Ă—
1303:.
1275:.
1247:.
1218:.
1133:.
1037:38
1035:.
1009:.
982:.
957:.
931:.
906:.
881:.
855:.
783:20
781:.
777:.
751:.
726:.
701:.
675:.
648:.
622:.
600:.
586:.
582:.
456:.
436:,
432:,
2728:e
2721:t
2714:v
1907:e
1900:t
1893:v
1408:e
1401:t
1394:v
1358:?
1316:.
1288:.
1260:.
1232:.
1145:.
1096:.
1068:.
1047:.
1043::
1020:.
994:.
968:.
942:.
917:.
892:.
866:.
793:.
789::
762:.
737:.
712:.
687:.
660:.
634:.
608:.
594::
173:)
167:(
162:)
158:(
148:·
141:·
134:·
127:·
100:.
71:)
67:(
63:.
49:.
20:)
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