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biometric characteristics lack the distinctiveness and permanence to recognize an individual uniquely and reliably, and can be easily faked, they provide some evidence about the users identity that could be beneficial. In other words, despite the fact they are unable to individualize a subject, they are effective in distinguishing between people. Combinations of personal attributes like gender, race, eye color, height and other visible identification marks can be used to improve the performance of traditional biometric systems. Most soft biometrics can be easily collected and are actually collected during enrollment. Two main ethical issues are raised by soft biometrics. First, some of soft biometric traits are strongly cultural based; e.g., skin colors for determining ethnicity risk to support racist approaches, biometric sex recognition at the best recognizes gender from tertiary sexual characters, being unable to determine genetic and chromosomal sexes; soft biometrics for aging recognition are often deeply influenced by ageist stereotypes, etc. Second, soft biometrics have strong potential for categorizing and profiling people, so risking of supporting processes of stigmatization and exclusion.
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adaptive biometrics have received a significant attention from the research community. This research direction is expected to gain momentum because of their key promulgated advantages. First, with an adaptive biometric system, one no longer needs to collect a large number of biometric samples during the enrollment process. Second, it is no longer necessary to enroll again or retrain the system from scratch in order to cope with the changing environment. This convenience can significantly reduce the cost of maintaining a biometric system. Despite these advantages, there are several open issues involved with these systems. For mis-classification error (false acceptance) by the biometric system, cause adaptation using impostor sample. However, continuous research efforts are directed to resolve the open issues associated to the field of adaptive biometrics. More information about adaptive biometric systems can be found in the critical review by
Rattani
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humanitarianism can create conflict due to varying interests of the groups involved in the particular situation. Disputes over the use of biometrics between aid programs and party officials stalls the distribution of resources to people that need help the most. In July 2019, the United
Nations World Food Program and Houthi Rebels were involved in a large dispute over the use of biometrics to ensure resources are provided to the hundreds of thousands of civilians in Yemen whose lives are threatened. The refusal to cooperate with the interests of the United Nations World Food Program resulted in the suspension of food aid to the Yemen population. The use of biometrics may provide aid programs with valuable information, however its potential solutions may not be best suited for chaotic times of crisis. Conflicts that are caused by deep-rooted political problems, in which the implementation of biometrics may not provide a long-term solution.
719:"Cancelable biometrics refers to the intentional and systematically repeatable distortion of biometric features in order to protect sensitive user-specific data. If a cancelable feature is compromised, the distortion characteristics are changed, and the same biometrics is mapped to a new template, which is used subsequently. Cancelable biometrics is one of the major categories for biometric template protection purpose besides biometric cryptosystem." In biometric cryptosystem, "the error-correcting coding techniques are employed to handle intraclass variations." This ensures a high level of security but has limitations such as specific input format of only small intraclass variations.
254:. During enrollment, biometric information from an individual is captured and stored. In subsequent uses, biometric information is detected and compared with the information stored at the time of enrollment. Note that it is crucial that storage and retrieval of such systems themselves be secure if the biometric system is to be robust. The first block (sensor) is the interface between the real world and the system; it has to acquire all the necessary data. Most of the times it is an image acquisition system, but it can change according to the characteristics desired. The second block performs all the necessary pre-processing: it has to remove
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200:(or authentication) mode the system performs a one-to-one comparison of a captured biometric with a specific template stored in a biometric database in order to verify the individual is the person they claim to be. Three steps are involved in the verification of a person. In the first step, reference models for all the users are generated and stored in the model database. In the second step, some samples are matched with reference models to generate the genuine and impostor scores and calculate the threshold. The third step is the testing step. This process may use a
274:). The matching program will analyze the template with the input. This will then be output for a specified use or purpose (e.g. entrance in a restricted area), though it is a fear that the use of biometric data may face mission creep. Selection of biometrics in any practical application depending upon the characteristic measurements and user requirements. In selecting a particular biometric, factors to consider include, performance, social acceptability, ease of circumvention and/or spoofing, robustness, population coverage, size of equipment needed and
266:. A template is a synthesis of the relevant characteristics extracted from the source. Elements of the biometric measurement that are not used in the comparison algorithm are discarded in the template to reduce the file size and to protect the identity of the enrollee. However, depending on the scope of the biometric system, original biometric image sources may be retained, such as the PIV-cards used in the Federal Information Processing Standard Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors (FIPS 201).
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337:(FMR, also called FAR = False Accept Rate): the probability that the system incorrectly matches the input pattern to a non-matching template in the database. It measures the percent of invalid inputs that are incorrectly accepted. In case of similarity scale, if the person is an imposter in reality, but the matching score is higher than the threshold, then he is treated as genuine. This increases the FMR, which thus also depends upon the threshold value.
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408:'s theory of fingerprints and physiognomy. According to Lebovic, Galton's work "led to the application of mathematical models to fingerprints, phrenology, and facial characteristics", as part of "absolute identification" and "a key to both inclusion and exclusion" of populations. Accordingly, "the biometric system is the absolute political weapon of our era" and a form of "soft control". The theoretician
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we are improving the way we collaborate within the U.S. Government to identify and weed out terrorists and other dangerous people, we have the same obligation to work with our partners abroad to prevent terrorists from making any move undetected. Biometrics provide a new way to bring terrorists' true identities to light, stripping them of their greatest advantage—remaining unknown.
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certified personal identities, there is no certainty of right, no civil liberty. One can claim his rights, including the right to refuse to be identified, only if he is an identifiable subject, if he has a public identity. In such a sense, biometrics could play a pivotal role in supporting and promoting respect for human dignity and fundamental rights.
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If the electronic biometric identifier is stolen, it is nearly impossible to change a biometric feature. This renders the person's biometric feature questionable for future use in authentication, such as the case with the hacking of security-clearance-related background information from the Office of
Personnel Management (OPM) in the United States.
454:, using pattern-recognition techniques, based on images of human vascular patterns. The advantage of this newer technology is that it is more fraud resistant compared to conventional biometrics like fingerprints. However, such technology is generally more cumbersome and still has issues such as lower accuracy and poor reproducibility over time.
307:. Feature level fusion is believed to be more effective than the other levels of fusion because the feature set contains richer information about the input biometric data than the matching score or the output decision of a classifier. Therefore, fusion at the feature level is expected to provide better recognition results.
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to disguise, the true and total extent of national capabilities in areas related directly to the conduct of security-related activities. This also potentially applies to
Biometrics. It goes on to say that this is a classic feature of intelligence and military operations. In short, the goal is to preserve the security of '
130:, and knowledge-based identification systems, such as a password or personal identification number. Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns.
1199:.§ The project was also met with mistrust regarding the safety of the social protection infrastructures. To tackle the fear amongst the people, India's supreme court put a new ruling into action that stated that privacy from then on was seen as a fundamental right. On 24 August 2017 this new law was established.
1211:, was introduced by the National Registration Department of Malaysia on 5 September 2001 with Malaysia becoming the first country in the world to use an identification card that incorporates both photo identification and fingerprint biometric data on a built-in computer chip embedded in a piece of plastic.
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One advantage of passwords over biometrics is that they can be re-issued. If a token or a password is lost or stolen, it can be cancelled and replaced by a newer version. This is not naturally available in biometrics. If someone's face is compromised from a database, they cannot cancel or reissue it.
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Certain members of the civilian community are worried about how biometric data is used but full disclosure may not be forthcoming. In particular, the
Unclassified Report of the United States' Defense Science Board Task Force on Defense Biometrics states that it is wise to protect, and sometimes even
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To ensure we can shut down terrorist networks before they ever get to the United States, we must also take the lead in driving international biometric standards. By developing compatible systems, we will be able to securely share terrorist information internationally to bolster our defenses. Just as
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Other scholars have emphasized, however, that the globalized world is confronted with a huge mass of people with weak or absent civil identities. Most developing countries have weak and unreliable documents and the poorer people in these countries do not have even those unreliable documents. Without
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refused to enter the United States in protest at the United States
Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator (US-VISIT) program's requirement for visitors to be fingerprinted and photographed. Agamben argued that gathering of biometric data is a form of bio-political tattooing, akin to the tattooing of
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It is possible that data obtained during biometric enrollment may be used in ways for which the enrolled individual has not consented. For example, most biometric features could disclose physiological and/or pathological medical conditions (e.g., some fingerprint patterns are related to chromosomal
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as the turning point for the cultural language of our present: "in the language of cultural studies, the aftermath of 9/11 was a moment of articulation, where objects or events that have no necessary connection come together and a new discourse formation is established: automated facial recognition
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as females." Consequently, Browne argues that the conception of an objective biometric technology is difficult if such systems are subjectively designed, and are vulnerable to cause errors as described in the study above. The stark expansion of biometric technologies in both the public and private
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A basic premise in the above proposal is that the person that has uniquely authenticated themselves using biometrics with the computer is in fact also the agent performing potentially malicious actions from that computer. However, if control of the computer has been subverted, for example in which
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or crossover error rate (EER or CER): the rate at which both acceptance and rejection errors are equal. The value of the EER can be easily obtained from the ROC curve. The EER is a quick way to compare the accuracy of devices with different ROC curves. In general, the device with the lowest EER is
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of biometrics by the private sector adds to this danger of loss of human value. Indeed, corporations value the biometric characteristics more than the individuals value them. Browne goes on to suggest that modern society should incorporate a "biometric consciousness" that "entails informed public
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Adaptive biometric systems aim to auto-update the templates or model to the intra-class variation of the operational data. The two-fold advantages of these systems are solving the problem of limited training data and tracking the temporal variations of the input data through adaptation. Recently,
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can be worsened by worn-out or cut fingerprints. While unimodal biometric systems are limited by the integrity of their identifier, it is unlikely that several unimodal systems will suffer from identical limitations. Multimodal biometric systems can obtain sets of information from the same marker
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Biometrics are employed by many aid programs in times of crisis in order to prevent fraud and ensure that resources are properly available to those in need. Humanitarian efforts are motivated by promoting the welfare of individuals in need, however the use of biometrics as a form of surveillance
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or relative operating characteristic (ROC): The ROC plot is a visual characterization of the trade-off between the FMR and the FNMR. In general, the matching algorithm performs a decision based on a threshold that determines how close to a template the input needs to be for it to be considered a
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consist in submitting fake biometric traits to biometric systems, and are a major threat that can curtail their security. Multi-modal biometric systems are commonly believed to be intrinsically more robust to spoof attacks, but recent studies have shown that they can be evaded by spoofing even a
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Besides the main purpose of the card as a validation tool and proof of citizenship other than the birth certificate, MyKad also serves as a valid driver's license, an ATM card, an electronic purse, and a public key, among other applications, as part of the
Malaysian Government Multipurpose Card
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Traits are physical, behavioral or adhered human characteristics that have been derived from the way human beings normally distinguish their peers (e.g. height, gender, hair color). They are used to complement the identity information provided by the primary biometric identifiers. Although soft
143:(1999) identified seven such factors to be used when assessing the suitability of any trait for use in biometric authentication. Biometric authentication is based upon biometric recognition which is an advanced method of recognising biological and behavioural characteristics of an Individual.
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is the largest biometric database in the world. It is a biometrics-based digital identity assigned for a person's lifetime, verifiable online instantly in the public domain, at any time, from anywhere, in a paperless way. It is designed to enable government agencies to deliver a retail public
739:, take the advantage of the advancement of the well-established biometric research for their recognition front-end to conduct recognition. Although this increases the restrictions on the protection system, it makes the cancellable templates more accessible for available biometric technologies
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Multimodal biometric systems can fuse these unimodal systems sequentially, simultaneously, a combination thereof, or in series, which refer to sequential, parallel, hierarchical and serial integration modes, respectively. Fusion of the biometrics information can occur at different stages of a
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During the enrollment phase, the template is simply stored somewhere (on a card or within a database or both). During the matching phase, the obtained template is passed to a matcher that compares it with other existing templates, estimating the distance between them using any algorithm (e.g.
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Essentially, cancelable biometrics perform a distortion of the biometric image or features before matching. The variability in the distortion parameters provides the cancelable nature of the scheme. Some of the proposed techniques operate using their own recognition engines, such as Teoh
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Second, in identification mode the system performs a one-to-many comparison against a biometric database in an attempt to establish the identity of an unknown individual. The system will succeed in identifying the individual if the comparison of the biometric sample to a template in the
3106:"Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy Kathleen Kraninger, Screening Coordination, and Director Robert A. Mocny, US-VISIT, National Protection and Programs Directorate, before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, 'Biometric Identification'"
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Furthermore, the evolving biometric market trends underscore the importance of technological integration, showcasing a shift towards combining multiple biometric modalities for enhanced security and identity verification, aligning with the advancements in multimodal biometric systems.
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According to an article written in 2009 by S. Magnuson in the
National Defense Magazine entitled "Defense Department Under Pressure to Share Biometric Data" the United States has bilateral agreements with other nations aimed at sharing biometric data. To quote that article:
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diseases, iris patterns could reveal sex, hand vein patterns could reveal vascular diseases, most behavioral biometrics could reveal neurological diseases, etc.). Moreover, second generation biometrics, notably behavioral and electro-physiologic biometrics (e.g., based on
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debate around these technologies and their application, and accountability by the state and the private sector, where the ownership of and access to one's own body data and other intellectual property that is generated from one's body data must be understood as a right."
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Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological characteristics which are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to
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M. Savvides, B. V. K. V. Kumar, and P. K. Khosla, "'Corefaces' – Robust Shift-Invariant PCA based
Correlation Filter for Illumination Tolerant Face Recognition", presented at IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'04),
551:, which is life in the human context, with meanings and purposes. Agamben envisages the reduction to bare bodies for the whole humanity. For him, a new bio-political relationship between citizens and the state is turning citizens into pure biological life (
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As per the recent ISO/IEC 30107 standard, presentation attacks are defined as "presentation to the biometric capture subsystem with the goal of interfering with the operation of the biometric system". These attacks can be either impersonation or
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An operator signature is a biometric mode where the manner in which a person using a device or complex system is recorded as a verification template. One potential use for this type of biometric signature is to distinguish among remote users of
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as of 7 November 2013. It aims to cover the entire population of 1.2 billion in a few years. However, it is being challenged by critics over privacy concerns and possible transformation of the state into a surveillance state, or into a
343:(FNMR, also called FRR = False Reject Rate): the probability that the system fails to detect a match between the input pattern and a matching template in the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs that are incorrectly rejected.
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Proper biometric use is very application dependent. Certain biometrics will be better than others based on the required levels of convenience and security. No single biometric will meet all the requirements of every possible application.
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Miller said the United States has bilateral agreements to share biometric data with about 25 countries. Every time a foreign leader has visited
Washington during the last few years, the State Department has made sure they sign such an
262:, etc. In the third block, necessary features are extracted. This step is an important step as the correct features need to be extracted in an optimal way. A vector of numbers or an image with particular properties is used to create a
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On the portability side of biometric products, more and more vendors are embracing significantly miniaturized biometric authentication systems (BAS) thereby driving elaborate cost savings, especially for large-scale deployments.
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of the person "where the system establishes whether the person is who she (implicitly or explicitly) denies to be". The latter function can only be achieved through biometrics since other methods of personal recognition, such as
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Many different aspects of human physiology, chemistry or behavior can be used for biometric authentication. The selection of a particular biometric for use in a specific application involves a weighting of several factors. Jain
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Measurability (collectability) relates to the ease of acquisition or measurement of the trait. In addition, acquired data should be in a form that permits subsequent processing and extraction of the relevant feature
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showed that during the past two decades biometric systems have penetrated the civilian market, and blurred the lines between governmental forms of control and private corporate control. Kelly A. Gates identified
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recognition system. In case of feature level fusion, the data itself or the features extracted from multiple biometrics are fused. Matching-score level fusion consolidates the scores generated by multiple
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M. A. Dabbah, W. L. Woo, and S. S. Dlay, "Secure Authentication for Face Recognition", presented at Computational Intelligence in Image and Signal Processing, 2007. CIISP 2007. IEEE Symposium on, 2007.
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Multimodal biometric systems use multiple sensors or biometrics to overcome the limitations of unimodal biometric systems. For instance iris recognition systems can be compromised by aging irises and
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657:, the damage to the owner could be irreversible, and potentially cost more than the secured property. For example, in 2005, Malaysian car thieves cut off a man's finger when attempting to steal his
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match. If the threshold is reduced, there will be fewer false non-matches but more false accepts. Conversely, a higher threshold will reduce the FMR but increase the FNMR. A common variation is the
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started a collection of fingerprints of criminals in Argentina. Josh Ellenbogen and Nitzan Lebovic argued that Biometrics originated in the identification systems of criminal activity developed by
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deterrence. The selection of a biometric is based on user requirements and considers sensor and device availability, computational time and reliability, cost, sensor size, and power consumption.
3194:. Unclassified Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. p. 84. Archived from
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494:, promoted the development of a future capability to require biometric authentication to access certain public networks in his keynote speech at the 2009 Biometric Consortium Conference.
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1187:) of a person. The data is transmitted in encrypted form over the internet for authentication, aiming to free it from the limitations of physical presence of a person at a given place.
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535:). By turning the human subject into a collection of biometric parameters, biometrics would dehumanize the person, infringe bodily integrity, and, ultimately, offend human dignity.
3388:"Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program", Alan Gelb and Julia Clark, The Center for Global Development, October 2012,
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Jews during the Holocaust. According to Agamben, biometrics turn the human persona into a bare body. Agamben refers to the two words used by Ancient Greeks for indicating "life",
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When thieves cannot get access to secure properties, there is a chance that the thieves will stalk and assault the property owner to gain access. If the item is secured with a
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Cancelable biometrics is a way in which to incorporate protection and the replacement features into biometrics to create a more secure system. It was first proposed by Ratha
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Acceptability relates to how well individuals in the relevant population accept the technology such that they are willing to have their biometric trait captured and assessed.
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Several methods for generating new exclusive biometrics have been proposed. The first fingerprint-based cancelable biometric system was designed and developed by Tulyakov
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1477:"Passwords are incredibly insecure, so websites and apps are quietly tracking your mouse movements and smartphone swipes without you knowing to make sure it's really you"
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Passwords are incredibly insecure, so websites and apps are quietly tracking your mouse movements and Android swipes without you knowing to make sure it's really you
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controlled by a hacker, then knowledge of the identity of the user at the terminal does not materially improve network security or aid law enforcement activities.
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based on information derived from the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Subcommittee on Biometrics. Published by Fulcrum Biometrics, LLC, July 2013
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Mordini E, Ashton H (2012), "The Transparent Body – Medical Information, Physical Privacy and Respect for Body Integrity'". In Mordini E, Tzovaras D (eds),
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pertaining to different modalities. Finally, in case of decision level fusion the final results of multiple classifiers are combined via techniques such as
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A. B. J. Teoh, A. Goh, and D. C. L. Ngo, "Random Multispace Quantization as an Analytic Mechanism for BioHashing of Biometric and Random Identity Inputs",
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Mordini E, Ashton H,(2012), "The Transparent Body – Medical Information, Physical Privacy and Respect for Body Integrity", in Mordini E, Tzovaras D (eds),
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356:, which is obtained using normal deviation scales on both axes. This more linear graph illuminates the differences for higher performances (rarer errors).
514:: zebra stripes, blood vessel patterns in rodent ears, muzzle prints, bat wing patterns, primate facial recognition and koala spots have all been tried.
91:, odor/scent, voice, shape of ears and gait. Behavioral characteristics are related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to
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Among low to middle income countries, roughly 1.2 billion people have already received identification through a biometric identification program.
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Covert identification: The subject is identified without seeking identification or authentication, i.e. a subject's face is identified in a crowd.
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291:(i.e., multiple images of an iris, or scans of the same finger) or information from different biometrics (requiring fingerprint scans and, using
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means the trait should be sufficiently different for individuals in the relevant population such that they can be distinguished from one another.
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369:(FTE or FER): the rate at which attempts to create a template from an input is unsuccessful. This is most commonly caused by low-quality inputs.
3295:"If the EMB uses technology to collect voter registration data, is biometric data captured and used during registration? | International IDEA"
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Palaniappan, Ramaswamy (2006). "Electroencephalogram Signals from Imagined Activities: A Novel Biometric Identifier for a Small Population".
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Sahoo, Soyuj Kumar; Choubisa, Tarun; Prasanna, SR Mahadeva (1 January 2012). "Multimodal Biometric Person Authentication : A Review".
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Oezcan, V. (2003). "Germany Weighs Biometric Registration Options for Visa Applicants", Humboldt University Berlin. Retrieved 2006-06-11.
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Unintended application scope: The authentication process correctly identifies the subject when the subject did not wish to be identified.
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attacks. Impersonation attacks try to gain access by pretending to be someone else. Obfuscation attacks may, for example, try to evade
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In testimony before the US House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security on "biometric identification" in 2009,
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Ratha, N. K., J. H. Connell, and R. M. Bolle. (2001). "Enhancing security and privacy in biometrics based authentication systems".
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Mordini E, Rebera A (2011) "No Identification Without Representation: Constraints on the Use of Biometric Identification Systems".
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Feng, Y. C.; Yuen, P. C.; Jain, A. K. (1 March 2010). "A Hybrid Approach for Generating Secure and Discriminating Face Template".
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A. Rattani, "Adaptive Biometric System based on Template Update Procedures", PhD thesis, University of Cagliari, Italy, 2010
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Biometrics have been considered also instrumental to the development of state authority (to put it in Foucauldian terms, of
375:(FTC): Within automatic systems, the probability that the system fails to detect a biometric input when presented correctly.
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and Robert A Mocny commented on international cooperation and collaboration with respect to biometric data, as follows:
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1446:"Analysis and improvement of a multi-factor biometric authentication scheme: Analysis and improvement of a MFBA scheme"
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is a common use of the verification mode, "where the aim is to prevent multiple people from using the same identity".
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Yang, Wencheng; Wang, Song; Sahri, Nor Masri; Karie, Nickson M.; Ahmed, Mohiuddin; Valli, Craig (14 September 2021).
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A glossary of biometrics terms, offering detailed definitions to supplement existing resources. Published May 2023.
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they are able to encode and use in matching. The following are used as performance metrics for biometric systems:
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that found that the gender classification system being researched "is inclined to classify Africans as males and
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as a form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under
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3613:"Germany to phase-in biometric passports from November 2005". (2005). E-Government News. Retrieved 2006-06-11.
3478:"Explaining Trust in Large Biometric Infrastructures: A Critical Realist Case Study of India's Aadhaar Project"
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2062:. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari. Cagliari, Italy, 6 March 2012.
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Unintended functional scope: The authentication goes further than authentication, such as finding a tumor.
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954:'s ICTs in Elections Database, some of the countries using (2017) Biometric Voter Registration (BVR) are
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Arnau-González, Pablo; Katsigiannis, Stamos; Arevalillo-Herráez, Miguel; Ramzan, Naeem (February 2021).
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1917:"Discriminant Correlation Analysis: Real-Time Feature Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometric Recognition"
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1658:"Biometrics comes of age: despite accuracy and security concerns, biometrics are gaining in popularity"
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Circumvention relates to the ease with which a trait might be imitated using an artifact or substitute.
3391:"Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program"
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Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon; Lunerti, Chiara; Sanchez-Reillo, Raul; Guest, Richard Michael (22 March 2018).
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Many countries, including the United States, are planning to share biometric data with other nations.
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Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Stan Z., eds. (2014). "Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing".
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Permanence relates to the manner in which a trait varies over time. More specifically, a trait with
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French National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (2007), Opinion N° 98,
2074:"Collision Avoidance on National and Global Scales: Understanding and Using Big Biometric Entropy"
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Dunstone, T. and Yager, N., 2008. Biometric system and data analysis. 1st ed. New York: Springer.
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238:(so that the user does not have to provide any information about the template to be used) or for
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are body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics and features. Biometric
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from the sensor, to enhance the input (e.g. removing background noise), to use some kind of
255:
84:
56:
3785:
3226:
3219:
3138:
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2696:
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2521:
2389:. Biometric Consortium Conference. Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida. Archived from
2143:
2105:
2059:
1843:
1260:
1196:
1190:
About 550 million residents have been enrolled and assigned 480 million Aadhaar
1115:
747:
670:
609:
584:
539:
304:
189:
3008:
Proc. Int'l Workshop Pattern Recognition for Crime Prevention, Security, and Surveillance
2468:
The Biometric State: The Promise and Peril of Digital Government in the New South Africa
1713:
1578:
1394:
160:
permanence will be reasonably invariant over time with respect to the specific matching
3760:
3589:
1782:
1605:
1562:
1445:
1421:
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929:
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formulates a similar critique as Agamben, citing a recent study relating to biometrics
405:
275:
197:
119:
92:
52:
3641:
3510:
2774:
2265:
2004 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications, 2004. SPCOM '04
3805:
3790:
3740:
3735:
3264:
3233:
entitled "Biometric voter registration launches in Tanzania" accessed 21 January 2016
2563:
2333:
1325:
1265:
933:
754:
recognition practices that are proposed in favour of identity cheaters and stealers.
397:
391:
100:
80:
39:
2989:
2867:
2670:
2593:
2485:
Guilty Bodies, Productive Bodies, Destructive Bodies: Crossing the Biometric Borders
2290:
2073:
1940:
1754:
234:
falls within a previously set threshold. Identification mode can be used either for
3770:
3294:
3195:
2263:
Palaniappan, R.; Krishnan, S.M. (2004). "Identifying individuals using ECG beats".
2209:
Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance
1547:
1305:
1111:
979:
909:
905:
567:
468:
314:
196:
The block diagram illustrates the two basic modes of a biometric system. First, in
171:
Performance relates to the accuracy, speed, and robustness of technology used (see
88:
60:
3614:
3065:
2575:
1977:
1403:
1505:
1172:
1103:
1011:
885:
881:
678:
326:
The discriminating powers of all biometric technologies depend on the amount of
68:
2305:
2272:
2157:
Reasoned and Unreasoned Images: The Photography of Bertillon, Galton, and Marey
2084:
1916:
1531:
2973:
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2779:
2317:
1932:
1354:
1315:
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1007:
963:
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In the context of biometric systems, presentation attacks may also be called "
528:
201:
150:
2981:
2859:
2325:
1821:
1596:
1539:
1412:
147:
Universality means that every person using a system should possess the trait.
3536:"Malaysia's national 'MyKad' ID card succeeding through service to citizens"
2564:"Face Gender Classification on Consumer Images in a Multiethnic Environment"
1745:
1176:
1168:
1139:
1123:
1087:
1031:
937:
821:
579:
244:
161:
1614:
1430:
3622:
Ulrich Hottelet: Hidden champion – Biometrics between boom and big brother
2613:"Biometric Boom: How the private sector Commodifies Human characteristics"
563:
2901:
Enhancing security and privacy in biometrics-based authentication systems
2413:
1151:
1127:
995:
987:
983:
913:
897:
877:
829:
532:
231:
127:
17:
3477:
3417:"Aadhaar FIR: "Are We Living in Banana Republic?" Asks Shatrughan Sinha"
2239:
3494:
2570:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5558. pp. 169–178.
2352:"Researchers hack Teleoperated Surgical Robot to Reveal Security Flaws"
2234:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4224. pp. 604–611.
1808:
Grother, Patrick; Salamon, Wayne; Chandramouli, Ramaswamy (July 2013).
1163:
1135:
1107:
1091:
1079:
1071:
1051:
1047:
999:
971:
955:
921:
889:
865:
853:
692:
Several methods have been proposed to counteract presentation attacks.
601:
123:
1915:
Haghighat, Mohammad; Abdel-Mottaleb, Mohamed; Alhalabi, Wadee (2016).
1587:
381:: the maximum number of sets of data that can be stored in the system.
3482:
The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries
1885:"Re: DHS 2019-00001, DHS Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Council"
1461:
1240:
1147:
1131:
1095:
1067:
1055:
1023:
975:
967:
959:
917:
901:
893:
869:
849:
841:
837:
833:
825:
499:
2617:
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal
2181:
Nitzan Lebovic, "Biometrics or the Power of the Radical Center", in
2168:
Nitzan Lebovic, "Biometrics or the Power of the Radical Center", in
2136:
1215:(GMPC) initiative, if the bearer chooses to activate the functions.
3608:"Fingerprints Pay For School Lunch". (2001). Retrieved 2008-03-02.
1522:
2549:. Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen. Stanford: Stanford University Press
1349:
Systems can be designed to use a template stored on media like an
1143:
1083:
1043:
1035:
1027:
873:
857:
845:
214:
188:
547:, which is the life common to animals and humans, just life; and
510:
Rather than tags or tattoos, biometric techniques may be used to
3372:"Aadhaar scheme does not violate fundamental rights, says UIDAI"
3350:"Aadhaar data kept, processed only on own secure servers: UIDAI"
2690:"The Role of Identification in the Post-2015 Development Agenda"
2656:
Mordini, E; Massari, S. (2008), "Body, Biometrics and Identity"
2232:
Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2006
2052:"Security of Multimodal Biometric Systems against Spoof Attacks"
1506:"Authentication of Smartphone Users Using Behavioral Biometrics"
1099:
1059:
1039:
1019:
991:
861:
471:
surgery systems that utilize public networks for communication.
414:
3657:
3561:"MalaysiaCentral.com - MyKad: The Government Multipurpose Card"
1979:
The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything
250:
The first time an individual uses a biometric system is called
3021:
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
2005:"This is the 'biometric war' Michael Saylor was talking about"
1858:"Agency Information Collection Activities: Biometric Identity"
76:
3653:
1810:"Biometric Specifications for Personal Identity Verification"
396:
An early cataloguing of fingerprints dates back to 1885 when
3067:
Second Generation Biometrics: the Ethical and Social Context
2736:
Second Generation Biometrics: the Ethical and Social Context
2723:
Second Generation Biometrics: the Ethical and Social Context
2536:, 5(2), 201–202. Reproduced from Le Monde (10 January 2004).
2441:"The High-Tech, Humane Ways Biologists Can Identify Animals"
208:) to indicate which template should be used for comparison.
3596:
Biometrics Institute - Explanatory Dictionary of Biometrics
3154:"Defense department under pressure to share biometric data"
2027:"What is Biometrics? Definition, Data Types, Trends (2024)"
3325:"Biometric Voter Registration and Voter Identification —"
3246:
Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution
2752:(4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. p. 220.
1633:
Biometrics: Personal Identification in Networked Society
2952:
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
1921:
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
1563:"Biometrics for Internet-of-Things Security: A Review"
762:
Data protection of biometric data in international law
2532:
Agamben, G. (2008). "No to bio-political tattooing".
1379:"Biometrics: Accessibility challenge or opportunity?"
222:
examining facial image 2D and 3D, voice timbre, and
2834:
Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
1631:Jain, A. K.; Bolle, R.; Pankanti, S., eds. (1999).
3108:. US Department of Homeland Security. March 2009.
2883:"Opinion | Stop Surveillance Humanitarianism"
3590:Biometrics Glossary – Glossary of Biometric Terms
3265:"ICTs in Elections Database | International IDEA"
3004:Symmetric Hash Functions for Fingerprint Minutiae
1955:"Questions Raised About Iris Recognition Systems"
1183:(name, age, gender, address, parent/spouse name,
950:and similar electoral purposes. According to the
118:More traditional means of access control include
3511:"Aadhar project in India: 2018 facts and trends"
3091:. In Henk A. M. J. ten Have, Bert Gordijn (eds)
634:There are three categories of privacy concerns:
475:Proposed requirement for certain public networks
2515:"Biometrics, identifying data and human rights"
2345:
2343:
787:
775:
696:Surveillance humanitarianism in times of crisis
559:); and biometrics would herald this new world.
2899:N. K. Ratha, J. H. Connell, and R. M. Bolle, "
2644:Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness
2557:
2555:
2502:Biometrics: Bodies, Technologies, Biopolitics.
2196:Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life
583:sector magnifies this concern. The increasing
564:Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness
3669:
3002:S. Tulyakov, F. Farooq, and V. Govindaraju, "
2699:– World Bank Working Paper No. 98294 08/2015;
2306:"BED: A new dataset for EEG-based biometrics"
8:
3447:"Giving Aadhaar the finger - Times of India"
1982:. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. p. 99.
1767:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1504:Alzubaidi, Abdulaziz; Kalita, Jugal (2016).
442:In recent times, biometrics based on brain (
115:to describe the latter class of biometrics.
2748:Pfleeger, Charles; Pfleeger, Shari (2007).
2534:Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies
1510:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
1444:Cao, Liling; Ge, Wancheng (10 March 2015).
946:There are also numerous countries applying
3676:
3662:
3654:
1726:
1724:
1722:
797:Likelihood of full governmental disclosure
538:In a well-known case, Italian philosopher
3603:A Survey of Biometric Recognition Methods
3493:
2963:
2934:
2547:Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life
1820:
1744:
1604:
1586:
1521:
1420:
1402:
1202:
55:(or realistic authentication) is used in
735:, whereas other methods, such as Dabbah
111:. Some researchers have coined the term
27:Metrics related to human characteristics
1683:
1681:
1679:
1626:
1624:
1369:
1342:
450:) signals have emerged. An example is
3397:from the original on 17 September 2018
3134:
3123:
2919:"Cancelable biometrics – Scholarpedia"
2120:"Characteristics of Biometric Systems"
2101:
2090:
1910:
1908:
1839:
1828:
1760:
1692:. In Jain, AK; Flynn; Ross, A (eds.).
555:) depriving them from their humanity (
438:Recent advances in emerging biometrics
3457:from the original on 13 February 2018
3378:from the original on 25 October 2013.
3360:from the original on 7 December 2017.
3249:. The Center for Global Development.
3112:from the original on 18 February 2010
2787:from the original on 20 November 2010
2646:. Duke University Press. p. 116.
1965:from the original on 22 October 2012.
7:
3427:from the original on 3 February 2018
3183:Defense Science Board (March 2007).
2600:from the original on 9 October 2016.
2420:from the original on 12 October 2011
2312:. (Early Access) (15): 12219–12230.
2015:from the original on 7 October 2013.
1664:. Applied Clinical Trials-12-01-2005
1207:The current identity card, known as
1203:Malaysia's MyKad national ID program
3253:from the original on 13 March 2013.
2775:"Malaysia car thieves steal finger"
2472:Journal of Southern African Studies
1883:Taylor, Sandra (25 February 2019).
1450:Security and Communication Networks
1251:European Association for Biometrics
1162:India's national ID program called
1157:
820:Countries using biometrics include
3476:Masiero, Silvia (September 2018).
3220:web article dated 24 February 2015
2072:Daugman, John (24 February 2021).
1710:from the original on 9 March 2011.
1688:Jain, Anil K.; Ross, Arun (2008).
1296:Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge
288:electronic fingerprint recognition
247:, PINs, or keys, are ineffective.
120:token-based identification systems
25:
3746:Handwritten biometric recognition
3563:. 2 November 2010. Archived from
3305:from the original on 29 July 2017
3275:from the original on 22 July 2017
2489:International Political Sociology
2414:"The Internet: Anonymous Forever"
2364:from the original on 4 March 2016
2350:Langston, Jennifer (8 May 2015).
1286:International Identity Federation
1276:Handwritten biometric recognition
948:biometrics for voter registration
649:Danger to owners of secured items
348:Receiver operating characteristic
3640:
3243:Gelb, Alan; Julia Clark (2013).
2773:Kent, Jonathan (31 March 2005).
2383:McConnell, Mike (January 2009).
1712:
1635:. Kluwer Academic Publications.
1357:, rather than a remote database.
172:
3185:"Chapter 17 §Recommendation 45"
3023:, vol. 28, pp. 1892–1901, 2006.
2881:Latonero, Mark (12 July 2019).
2310:IEEE Internet of Things Journal
1892:Department of Homeland Security
1192:national identification numbers
490:, and senior vice president of
482:, a former vice admiral in the
354:Detection error trade-off (DET)
224:verifying handwritten signature
204:, username, or ID number (e.g.
2917:Hui, Lim; Jin, Andrew (2010).
2734:Mordini E, Tzovaras D,(2012),
2562:Gao, Wei; Ai, Haizhou (2009).
2211:(New York, 2011), p. 100.
1783:"How Biometric Data is Stored"
1004:Congo (Democratic Republic of)
31:For the academic journal, see
1:
3645:The dictionary definition of
3601:Delac, K., Grgic, M. (2004).
3374:. Zee News. 22 October 2013.
2907:, vol. 40, pp. 614–634, 2001.
2172:41:4 (Summer, 2015), 841–868.
2003:Bill Flook (3 October 2013).
816:Countries applying biometrics
810:Countries applying biometrics
480:John Michael (Mike) McConnell
3716:Biometric voter registration
3152:Magnuson, S (January 2009).
3093:Handbook of Global Bioethics
2576:10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_18
2185:41:4 (Summer, 2015), p. 853.
1690:"Introduction to Biometrics"
1404:10.1371/journal.pone.0194111
1179:and face photo), along with
107:, behavioral profiling, and
3158:NationalDefenseMagazine.org
2159:(University Park, PA, 2012)
2137:The History of Fingerprints
2009:Washington Business Journal
1696:. Springer. pp. 1–22.
1167:service, securely based on
1158:India's national ID program
512:identify individual animals
282:Multimodal biometric system
3843:
2611:Walker, Elizabeth (2015).
2439:White, Anna (April 2019).
2273:10.1109/SPCOM.2004.1458524
2085:10.36227/techrxiv.14061671
1532:10.1109/comst.2016.2537748
813:
627:), could be also used for
599:
596:Privacy and discrimination
498:the computer is part of a
488:U.S. National Intelligence
426:Adaptive biometric systems
389:
175:section for more details).
29:
3691:
3095:Berlin: Springer, 341–356
3069:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
2974:10.1109/TIFS.2009.2038760
2936:10.4249/scholarpedia.9201
2842:10.1007/978-1-4471-6524-8
2738:. Springer-Verlag: Berlin
2725:. Springer-Verlag: Berlin
2710:Review of Policy Research
2695:20 September 2015 at the
2688:Dahan M., Gelb A. (2015)
2520:23 September 2015 at the
2466:Breckenridge K. (2005). "
2318:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3061727
1933:10.1109/TIFS.2016.2569061
1749:(inactive 29 June 2024).
3074:16 February 2018 at the
2676:6 September 2015 at the
2122:. Cernet. Archived from
1976:Saylor, Michael (2012).
1822:10.6028/nist.sp.800-76-2
743:Proposed soft biometrics
318:single biometric trait.
38:Not to be confused with
3509:Gemalto (1 July 2018).
3225:3 February 2016 at the
2642:Browne, Simone (2015).
1746:10.4103/0256-4602.93139
1662:Applied Clinical Trials
1656:Bleicher, Paul (2005).
1281:Identity Cards Act 2006
1256:Fingerprint recognition
665:Attacks at presentation
486:, a former director of
452:finger vein recognition
373:Failure to capture rate
134:Biometric functionality
3822:Authentication methods
3711:Biometric tokenization
3133:Cite journal requires
2808:"ISO/IEC 30107-1:2016"
2568:Advances in Biometrics
2100:Cite journal requires
1838:Cite journal requires
1694:Handbook of Biometrics
1475:Villas-Boas, Antonio.
794:
782:
752:not strict biometrical
621:electroencephalography
367:Failure to enroll rate
295:, a spoken passcode).
226:
193:
3776:Signature recognition
3721:Eye vein verification
3706:Biometrics in schools
3192:On Defense Biometrics
2750:Security in Computing
2198:(Philadelphia, 2001).
2142:12 March 2013 at the
1733:IETE Technical Review
1311:Signature recognition
1246:Biometrics in schools
705:Cancelable biometrics
659:Mercedes-Benz S-Class
600:Further information:
390:Further information:
218:
192:
122:, such as a driver's
2500:Pugliese J. (2010),
2483:Epstein C. (2007), "
2357:Scientific Computing
2267:. pp. 569–572.
2058:2 April 2015 at the
1815:: NIST SP 800–76–2.
926:United Arab Emirates
444:electroencephalogram
341:False non-match rate
240:negative recognition
236:positive recognition
210:Positive recognition
33:Biometrics (journal)
3781:Speaker recognition
3696:Biometric passports
3453:. 28 January 2018.
3053:IBM Systems Journal
2905:IBM Systems Journal
2504:New York: Routledge
2393:on 18 February 2010
2240:10.1007/11875581_73
2126:on 17 October 2008.
1579:2021Senso..21.6163Y
1395:2018PLoSO..1394111B
1321:Speaker recognition
1271:Government database
1185:mobile phone number
804:sources and methods
617:electrocardiography
518:Issues and concerns
492:Booz Allen Hamilton
462:Operator signatures
404:(1853–1914) and by
3766:Private biometrics
3756:Keystroke dynamics
3567:on 2 November 2010
3495:10.1002/isd2.12053
3451:The Times of India
3356:. 30 August 2017.
3354:The Economic Times
2887:The New York Times
2671:Birth Registration
2623:on 20 January 2017
2545:Agamben G.(1998),
1789:. 10 December 2018
1301:Private biometrics
1291:Keystroke dynamics
1016:Dominican Republic
952:International IDEA
771:Kathleen Kraninger
750:are understood as
484:United States Navy
402:Alphonse Bertillon
363:the most accurate.
227:
194:
3799:
3798:
3731:Forensic podiatry
3231:planet biometrics
3087:Mordini E (2013)
3010:, pp. 30–38, 2005
2851:978-1-4471-6523-1
2759:978-0-13-239077-4
2585:978-3-642-01792-6
2412:Schneier, Bruce.
2249:978-3-540-45485-4
2155:Josh Ellenbogen,
2031:Aratek Biometrics
1703:978-0-387-71040-2
1642:978-0-7923-8345-1
1588:10.3390/s21186163
629:emotion detection
506:Animal biometrics
448:electrocardiogram
420:homeland security
379:Template capacity
293:voice recognition
16:(Redirected from
3834:
3751:Iris recognition
3726:Face recognition
3701:Biometric points
3678:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3644:
3577:
3576:
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3572:
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3208:
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3189:
3180:
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3173:
3171:
3169:
3164:on 12 March 2010
3160:. Archived from
3149:
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3142:
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3131:
3129:
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3119:
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3096:
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2792:
2783:. Kuala Lumpur.
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2680:
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2628:
2619:. Archived from
2608:
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2218:
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2207:Kelly A. Gates,
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2183:Critical Inquiry
2179:
2173:
2170:Critical Inquiry
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
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2128:
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2016:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1961:. 12 July 2012.
1951:
1945:
1944:
1927:(9): 1984–1996.
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1862:Federal Register
1854:
1848:
1847:
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1716:
1711:
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1590:
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1551:
1525:
1516:(3): 1998–2026.
1501:
1495:
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1487:
1481:Business Insider
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:10.1002/sec.1010
1441:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1406:
1374:
1358:
1347:
1181:demographic data
687:face recognition
671:spoofing attacks
655:biometric device
625:electromyography
606:right to privacy
360:Equal error rate
335:False match rate
272:Hamming distance
220:Biometric Island
85:iris recognition
73:face recognition
57:computer science
43:
36:
21:
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3786:Soft biometrics
3687:
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3628:, January 2007.
3586:
3584:Further reading
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3227:Wayback Machine
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3201:on 13 June 2011
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1389:(3): e0194111.
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1261:Fuzzy extractor
1221:
1205:
1197:Banana republic
1160:
1116:Solomon Islands
818:
812:
799:
764:
748:Soft biometrics
745:
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667:
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610:medical privacy
598:
585:commodification
540:Giorgio Agamben
525:
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305:majority voting
284:
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37:
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28:
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5:
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3827:Identification
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3803:
3797:
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3778:
3773:
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3761:Mouse tracking
3758:
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3733:
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3708:
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3680:
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3651:at Wiktionary
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3329:aceproject.org
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2958:(1): 103–117.
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2360:. New Jersey.
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1456:(4): 617–625.
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1331:Voice analysis
1328:
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930:United Kingdom
814:Main article:
811:
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683:face detection
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387:
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276:identity theft
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113:behaviometrics
93:mouse movement
79:, palm print,
71:, palm veins,
53:authentication
26:
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3791:Vein matching
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3741:Hand geometry
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3736:Gait analysis
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731:and Savvides
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573:
572:Simone Browne
569:
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541:
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523:Human dignity
522:
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446:) and heart (
445:
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422:technology."
421:
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398:Juan Vucetich
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392:Biostatistics
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260:normalization
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97:typing rhythm
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81:hand geometry
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50:
46:
41:
34:
19:
3817:Surveillance
3771:Retinal scan
3684:
3647:
3639:
3626:German Times
3569:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3540:SecureIDNews
3539:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3514:
3504:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3420:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3384:
3366:
3353:
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3299:www.idea.int
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882:Netherlands
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