2146:. While QTL mapping is limited due resolution, GWAS does not have enough power when rare variants of small effect that are also influenced by environment. So, the concept of Genomic Selection (GS) arises in order to use all molecular markers in the selection and allow the prediction of the performance of candidates in this selection. The proposal is to genotype and phenotype a training population, develop a model that can obtain the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of individuals belonging to a genotype and but not phenotype population, called testing population. This kind of study could also include a validation population, thinking in the concept of
648:. However, pest and disease injuries in plats are obtained by observation, considering score scales for levels of damage. Especially, in genetic studies, modern methods for data collection in field and laboratory should be considered, as high-throughput platforms for phenotyping and genotyping. These tools allow bigger experiments, while turn possible evaluate many plots in lower time than a human-based only method for data collection. Finally, all data collected of interest must be stored in an organized data frame for further analysis.
6600:
1852:(GSEA) considers the perturbation of whole (functionally related) gene sets rather than of single genes. These gene sets might be known biochemical pathways or otherwise functionally related genes. The advantage of this approach is that it is more robust: It is more likely that a single gene is found to be falsely perturbed than it is that a whole pathway is falsely perturbed. Furthermore, one can integrate the accumulated knowledge about biochemical pathways (like the
935:
1820:(for proteomics) generate enormous amounts of data, allowing many tests to be performed simultaneously. Careful analysis with biostatistical methods is required to separate the signal from the noise. For example, a microarray could be used to measure many thousands of genes simultaneously, determining which of them have different expression in diseased cells compared to normal cells. However, only a fraction of genes will be differentially expressed.
1438:
8271:
6586:
2203:, demands comparison of conditions. The goal is to identify genes which have a significant change in abundance between different conditions. Then, experiments are designed appropriately, with replicates for each condition/treatment, randomization and blocking, when necessary. In RNA-Seq, the quantification of expression uses the information of mapped reads that are summarized in some genetic unit, as
1731:
8295:
6624:
8283:
6612:
4276:
1987:
1698:
practice, then the null may be frequently rejected even if the main hypothesis is true. Such rejections are said to be due to model mis-specification. Verifying whether the outcome of a statistical test does not change when the technical assumptions are slightly altered (so-called robustness checks) is the main way of combating mis-specification.
2493:
and a biostatistics program is twofold: (i) statistics departments will often host theoretical/methodological research which are less common in biostatistics programs and (ii) statistics departments have lines of research that may include biomedical applications but also other areas such as industry (
2114:
However, QTL mapping resolution is impaired by the amount of recombination assayed, a problem for species in which it is difficult to obtain large offspring. Furthermore, allele diversity is restricted to individuals originated from contrasting parents, which limit studies of allele diversity when we
1839:
do not work well for high dimensional data (i.e. when the number of observations n is smaller than the number of features or predictors p: n < p). As a matter of fact, one can get quite high R-values despite very low predictive power of the statistical model. These classical statistical techniques
1489:
about an unknown population, by estimation and/or hypothesis testing. In other words, it is desirable to obtain parameters to describe the population of interest, but since the data is limited, it is necessary to make use of a representative sample in order to estimate them. With that, it is possible
2492:
as well as bioinformatics. In larger universities around the world, where both a statistics and a biostatistics department exist, the degree of integration between the two departments may range from the bare minimum to very close collaboration. In general, the difference between a statistics program
1830:
levels), the information of one predictor might be contained in another one. It could be that only 5% of the predictors are responsible for 90% of the variability of the response. In such a case, one could apply the biostatistical technique of dimension reduction (for example via principal component
1697:
The main hypothesis being tested (e.g., no association between treatments and outcomes) is often accompanied by other technical assumptions (e.g., about the form of the probability distribution of the outcomes) that are also part of the null hypothesis. When the technical assumptions are violated in
2351:
language maintained by CRAN. In addition to its functions to read data tables, take descriptive statistics, develop and evaluate models, its repository contains packages developed by researchers around the world. This allows the development of functions written to deal with the statistical analysis
1895:
genetic and molecular database â TAIR. Phytozome, in turn, stores the assemblies and annotation files of dozen of plant genomes, also containing visualization and analysis tools. Moreover, there is an interconnection between some databases in the information exchange/sharing and a major initiative
1022:
is a mathematical diagram that uses
Cartesian coordinates to display values of a dataset. A scatter plot shows the data as a set of points, each one presenting the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and another variable on the vertical axis. They are also called
1580:
A confidence interval is a range of values that can contain the true real parameter value in given a certain level of confidence. The first step is to estimate the best-unbiased estimate of the population parameter. The upper value of the interval is obtained by the sum of this estimate with the
3700:
Crossa, JosĂ©; PĂ©rez-RodrĂguez, Paulino; Cuevas, Jaime; Montesinos-LĂłpez, Osval; JarquĂn, Diego; De Los Campos, Gustavo; Burgueño, Juan; GonzĂĄlez-Camacho, Juan M; PĂ©rez-Elizalde, Sergio; Beyene, Yoseph; Dreisigacker, Susanne; Singh, Ravi; Zhang, Xuecai; Gowda, Manje; Roorkiwal, Manish; Rutkoski,
2377:
PLA 3.0: Is a biostatistical analysis software for regulated environments (e.g. drug testing) which supports
Quantitative Response Assays (Parallel-Line, Parallel-Logistics, Slope-Ratio) and Dichotomous Assays (Quantal Response, Binary Assays). It also supports weighting methods for combination
1889:). In addition to databases that contain specific molecular information, there are others that are ample in the sense that they store information about an organism or group of organisms. As an example of a database directed towards just one organism, but that contains much data about it, is the
1844:
linear regression) were developed for low dimensional data (i.e. where the number of observations n is much larger than the number of predictors p: n >> p). In cases of high dimensionality, one should always consider an independent validation test set and the corresponding residual sum of
74:
started the genetics studies investigating genetics segregation patterns in families of peas and used statistics to explain the collected data. In the early 1900s, after the rediscovery of Mendel's
Mendelian inheritance work, there were gaps in understanding between genetics and evolutionary
1680:
defines an acceptable global significance level, denoted by α* and each test is individually compared with a value of α = α*/m. This ensures that the familywise error rate in all m tests, is less than or equal to α*. When m is large, the
Bonferroni correction may be overly conservative. An
238:, saying "Well, I am like a guy who is prospecting for gold along the banks of the Sacramento River in 1849. With a little intelligence, I can reach down and pick up big nuggets of gold. And as long as I can do that, I'm not going to let any people in my department waste scarce resources in
1868:
enables storage and management of biological data with the possibility of ensuring access for users around the world. They are useful for researchers depositing data, retrieve information and files (raw or processed) originated from other experiments or indexing scientific articles, as
1689:(the so-called discoveries) that are false (incorrect rejections). This procedure ensures that, for independent tests, the false discovery rate is at most q*. Thus, the FDR is less conservative than the Bonferroni correction and have more power, at the cost of more false positives.
1783:
Recent developments have made a large impact on biostatistics. Two important changes have been the ability to collect data on a high-throughput scale, and the ability to perform much more complex analysis using computational techniques. This comes from the development in areas as
294:
The research question will define the objective of a study. The research will be headed by the question, so it needs to be concise, at the same time it is focused on interesting and novel topics that may improve science and knowledge and that field. To define the way to ask the
1973:. Random forest techniques generate a panel of decision trees. Decision trees have the advantage that you can draw them and interpret them (even with a basic understanding of mathematics and statistics). Random Forests have thus been used for clinical decision support systems.
1945:
Collaborative work among molecular biologists, bioinformaticians, statisticians and computer scientists is important to perform an experiment correctly, going from planning, passing through data generation and analysis, and ending with biological interpretation of the results.
2071:, which consists in a more personalized medicine. For this, is made an integration of data from different sources, including conventional patient data, clinico-pathological parameters, molecular and genetic data as well as data generated by additional new-omics technologies.
2396:, including tools and methods for visualization, clustering, regression, association rule, and classification. There are tools for cross-validation, bootstrapping and a module of algorithm comparison. Weka also can be run in other programming languages as Perl or R.
2326:
CycDesigN: A computer package developed by VSNi that helps the researchers create experimental designs and analyze data coming from a design present in one of three classes handled by CycDesigN. These classes are resolvable, non-resolvable, partially replicated and
1293:
2307:
There are a lot of tools that can be used to do statistical analysis in biological data. Most of them are useful in other areas of knowledge, covering a large number of applications (alphabetical). Here are brief descriptions of some of them:
107:. Later, biometricians could not reproduce Galton conclusions in different experiments, and Mendel's ideas prevailed. By the 1930s, models built on statistical reasoning had helped to resolve these differences and to produce the neo-Darwinian
8081:
327:) and is usually based on a permanent knowledge about the topic or an obvious occurrence of the phenomena, sustained by a deep literature review. We can say it is the standard expected answer for the data under the situation in
976:
is a graph that shows categorical data as bars presenting heights (vertical bar) or widths (horizontal bar) proportional to represent values. Bar charts provide an image that could also be represented in a tabular format.
2095:. In other words, it is desirable to discover the genetic basis of a measurable trait, a quantitative trait, that is under polygenic control. A genome region that is responsible for a continuous trait is called a
69:
studies, since its beginning, used statistical concepts to understand observed experimental results. Some genetics scientists even contributed with statistical advances with the development of methods and tools.
87:, who followed Mendel's conclusions, that genetic inheritance were exclusively from the parents, half from each of them. This led to a vigorous debate between the biometricians, who supported Galton's ideas, as
3178:
Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the False
Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 57, 289â300
2471:
In the United States, where several universities have dedicated biostatistics departments, many other top-tier universities integrate biostatistics faculty into statistics or other departments, such as
79:
tried to expand Mendel's discoveries with human data and proposed a different model with fractions of the heredity coming from each ancestral composing an infinite series. He called this the theory of "
3741:
1129:
964:
represent the variation of a value over another metric, such as time. In general, values are represented in the vertical axis, while the time variation is represented in the horizontal axis.
222:
Despite the fundamental importance and frequent necessity of statistical reasoning, there may nonetheless have been a tendency among biologists to distrust or deprecate results which are not
1413:
is a method for graphically depicting groups of numerical data. The maximum and minimum values are represented by the lines, and the interquartile range (IQR) represent 25â75% of the data.
785:
2476:. Thus, departments carrying the name "biostatistics" may exist under quite different structures. For instance, relatively new biostatistics departments have been founded with a focus on
1873:. Another possibility is search for the desired term (a gene, a protein, a disease, an organism, and so on) and check all results related to this search. There are databases dedicated to
1504:
Hypothesis testing is essential to make inferences about populations aiming to answer research questions, as settled in "Research planning" section. Authors defined four steps to be set:
3299:
Subramanian, A.; Tamayo, P.; Mootha, V. K.; Mukherjee, S.; Ebert, B. L.; Gillette, M. A.; Paulovich, A.; Pomeroy, S. L.; Golub, T. R.; Lander, E. S.; Mesirov, J. P. (30 September 2005).
1425:
Although correlations between two different kinds of data could be inferred by graphs, such as scatter plot, it is necessary validate this though numerical information. For this reason,
184:, reestablished natural selection as the premier mechanism of evolution by explaining it in terms of the mathematical consequences of Mendelian genetics. He also developed the theory of
1897:
1159:
2468:
level. They are most often found in schools of public health, affiliated with schools of medicine, forestry, or agriculture, or as a focus of application in departments of statistics.
266:
and the research plan will reduce errors while taking a decision in understanding a phenomenon. The research plan might include the research question, the hypothesis to be tested, the
839:
637:, collection can be done with structured questionnaires or by observation, considering presence or intensity of disease, using score criterion to categorize levels of occurrence. For
2315:: Another software developed by VSNi that can be used also in R environment as a package. It is developed to estimate variance components under a general linear mixed model using
2223:
are used to perform the tests for statistical significance and as the number of genes is high, multiple tests correction have to be considered. Some examples of other analysis on
347:. It assumes some degree of association between the treatment and the outcome. Although, the hypothesis is sustained by question research and its expected and unexpected answers.
114:
Solving these differences also allowed to define the concept of population genetics and brought together genetics and evolution. The three leading figures in the establishment of
2785:
Szczech, Lynda Anne; Coladonato, Joseph A.; Owen, William F. (4 October 2002). "Key
Concepts in Biostatistics: Using Statistics to Answer the Question "Is There a Difference?"".
2150:, in which the real phenotype results measured in this population are compared with the phenotype results based on the prediction, what used to check the accuracy of the model.
1581:
multiplication between the standard error of the mean and the confidence level. The calculation of lower value is similar, but instead of a sum, a subtraction must be applied.
350:
As an example, consider groups of similar animals (mice, for example) under two different diet systems. The research question would be: what is the best diet? In this case, H
1903:
Nowadays, increase in size and complexity of molecular datasets leads to use of powerful statistical methods provided by computer science algorithms which are developed by
8076:
2215:
one, but it underestimate the sample error, leading to false positives. Currently, biological variation is considered by methods that estimate a dispersion parameter of a
8066:
2352:
of data that comes from specific applications. In the case of
Bioinformatics, for example, there are packages located in the main repository (CRAN) and in others, as
2708:
Nizamuddin, Sarah L.; Nizamuddin, Junaid; Mueller, Ariel; Ramakrishna, Harish; Shahul, Sajid S. (October 2017). "Developing a
Hypothesis and Statistical Planning".
5721:
2111:
based on linkage have to be built. Some of the best-known QTL mapping algorithms are
Interval Mapping, Composite Interval Mapping, and Multiple Interval Mapping.
1151:
1954:
On the other hand, the advent of modern computer technology and relatively cheap computing resources have enabled computer-intensive biostatistical methods like
6662:
6226:
3702:
980:
In the bar chart example, we have the birth rate in Brazil for the
December months from 2010 to 2016. The sharp fall in December 2016 reflects the outbreak of
429:, in a specific area at a given time. In biostatistics, this concept is extended to a variety of collections possible of study. Although, in biostatistics, a
1676:
increase and some strategy are used to control this occurrence. This is commonly achieved by using a more stringent threshold to reject null hypotheses. The
1006:(or frequency distribution) is a graphical representation of a dataset tabulated and divided into uniform or non-uniform classes. It was first introduced by
6376:
6000:
2211:
results can be approximated by a normal distribution, RNA-Seq counts data are better explained by other distributions. The first used distribution was the
8116:
4641:
4300:
1907:
area. Therefore, data mining and machine learning allow detection of patterns in data with a complex structure, as biological ones, by using methods of
695:
table, which consists of data arranged in rows and columns, where the frequency is the number of occurrences or repetitions of data. Frequency can be:
7128:
134:
5774:
2828:
Sandelowski, Margarete (2000). "Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling, Data Collection, and Analysis Techniques in Mixed-Method Studies".
130:
6213:
8149:
8121:
7161:
8126:
7442:
125:
worked alongside statistician Betty Allan developing several basic statistical methods in support of his work studying the crop experiments at
8184:
8091:
7123:
3888:
3848:
2943:
2337:: A programming interface for high-level data processing, data mining and data visualization. Include tools for gene expression and genomics.
137:(1930), as well as Allan's scientific papers. Fisher went on to give many contributions to genetics and statistics. Some of them include the
2319:(REML). Models with fixed effects and random effects and nested or crossed ones are allowed. Gives the possibility to investigate different
8174:
6927:
4636:
4336:
2584:
993:
468:
is defined as to randomly get a representative part of the entire population, to make posterior inferences about the population. So, the
8131:
7695:
7283:
5240:
4388:
2196:
2103:
and measuring traits in populations, but their mapping needs the obtaining of a population from an experimental crossing, like an F2 or
1670:
1614:
1607:
6628:
630:
Data collection methods must be considered in research planning, because it highly influences the sample size and experimental design.
315:
Once the aim of the study is defined, the possible answers to the research question can be proposed, transforming this question into a
7199:
3050:
3017:
2366:: A data analysis software widely used, going through universities, services and industry. Developed by a company with the same name (
1797:
8189:
7715:
7298:
6655:
6023:
5915:
4005:
1770:
278:
perspectives and costs involved. It is essential to carry the study based on the three basic principles of experimental statistics:
706:
2123:, that is the non-random association between traits and molecular markers. It was leveraged by the development of high-throughput
1629:
denoted by α is the type I error rate and should be chosen before performing the test. The type II error rate is denoted by ÎČ and
6201:
6075:
2882:
397:
can be more than one hypothesis. It can assume not only differences across observed parameters, but their degree of differences (
8299:
157:. He is credited for the sentence "Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability".
7832:
7460:
7437:
6259:
5920:
5665:
5036:
4626:
1448:
108:
5250:
797:
8106:
8056:
7868:
7765:
7526:
7427:
7340:
6310:
5522:
5329:
5218:
5176:
2216:
1874:
1752:
1748:
1498:
4415:
3091:"Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health & Essentials of Biostatistics Workbook: Statistical Computing Using Excel"
2686:
2851:
7939:
7710:
6553:
5512:
3943:
Piepho, Hans-Peter; Williams, Emlyn R; Michel, Volker (2015). "Beyond Latin Squares: A Brief Tour of Row-Column Designs".
2399:
2316:
2147:
2116:
19:"Biometry" redirects here. For the automated recognition of people based on intrinsic physical or behavioural traits, see
5562:
4292:
7804:
7531:
6648:
6104:
6053:
6038:
6028:
5897:
5769:
5736:
5517:
5347:
1885:) and the description of gene function classifying it by cellular component, molecular function and biological process (
1849:
1836:
528:
489:
92:
6173:
5474:
1060:
7951:
7844:
7755:
7568:
7556:
7465:
7154:
6448:
6249:
5228:
4897:
4361:
4309:
2510:
2385:
2064:. As one example, there is the assessment of severity state of a patient with a prognosis of an outcome of a disease.
1826:
often occurs in high-throughput biostatistical settings. Due to high intercorrelation between the predictors (such as
607:
6333:
6300:
8021:
7946:
7851:
7387:
6305:
6048:
5807:
5713:
5693:
5601:
5312:
5130:
4613:
4485:
1970:
1955:
1853:
1657:, but, the α is a predefined threshold for calling significant results. If p is less than α, the null hypothesis (H
1288:{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}{x_{i}}\right)={\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}+\cdots +x_{n}}{n}}}
8006:
5479:
5245:
5103:
1741:
8143:
8138:
7705:
7412:
7370:
7334:
7241:
6065:
5833:
5554:
5408:
5337:
5257:
5115:
5096:
4804:
4525:
2347:
environment and programming language dedicated to statistical computing and graphics. It is an implementation of
2143:
2104:
1935:
1920:
6178:
8287:
7981:
7680:
7392:
7288:
6548:
6315:
5863:
5828:
5792:
5577:
5019:
4928:
4887:
4799:
4490:
4329:
4280:
2348:
2340:
2220:
2096:
2045:
1654:
393:
is defined by the researcher, according to his/her interests in answering the main question. Besides that, the
283:
5585:
5569:
4078:
1959:
4297:
8326:
8252:
8179:
8011:
6457:
6070:
6010:
5947:
5307:
5169:
5159:
5009:
4923:
2381:
1569:
just means that there is not enough evidence to support its rejection, but not that this hypothesis is true.
1426:
572:
532:
473:
27:
7750:
6218:
6155:
3301:"Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles"
8321:
8275:
8247:
8026:
7236:
7147:
6737:
6495:
6425:
5910:
5797:
4794:
4691:
4598:
4477:
4376:
2837:
2564:
2244:
2120:
1939:
1673:
1520:
680:
662:
394:
371:
340:
259:
171:
6616:
5494:
8232:
8016:
7551:
7452:
7345:
7194:
6822:
6797:
6777:
6520:
6462:
6405:
6231:
6124:
6033:
5759:
5643:
5502:
5384:
5376:
5191:
5087:
5065:
5024:
4989:
4956:
4902:
4877:
4832:
4771:
4731:
4533:
4356:
2481:
1912:
1677:
1645:
is the probability of obtaining results as extreme as or more extreme than those observed, assuming the
1548:
1480:
603:
552:
512:
465:
461:
457:
7595:
6599:
5489:
2961:"X. Contributions to the mathematical theory of evolution.âII. Skew variation in homogeneous material"
1653:) is true. It is also called the calculated probability. It is common to confuse the p-value with the
8207:
7991:
7856:
7822:
7770:
7590:
7536:
7492:
7382:
7320:
7209:
7204:
7042:
6852:
6802:
6443:
6018:
5967:
5943:
5905:
5823:
5802:
5754:
5633:
5611:
5580:
5366:
5317:
5235:
5208:
5164:
5120:
4882:
4658:
4538:
3952:
3717:
3312:
3143:
2972:
2642:
2212:
2084:
2053:
1891:
1682:
1574:
1451:
is a measure of association between two variables, X and Y. This coefficient, usually represented by
508:
493:
304:
197:
193:
2909:
2842:
52:, the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results.
8217:
8212:
7986:
7785:
7775:
7610:
7219:
6957:
6827:
6590:
6515:
6438:
6119:
5883:
5876:
5838:
5746:
5726:
5698:
5431:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5274:
5092:
5053:
4943:
4933:
4842:
4621:
4577:
4495:
4420:
4322:
2574:
2453:
2267:
2080:
1924:
1908:
1865:
1832:
668:
619:
611:
599:
544:
469:
296:
267:
255:
154:
126:
115:
6165:
7839:
7422:
7271:
7118:
7072:
7052:
7037:
6862:
6857:
6671:
6604:
6415:
6269:
6114:
5990:
5887:
5871:
5848:
5625:
5359:
5342:
5302:
5213:
5108:
5070:
5041:
5001:
4961:
4907:
4824:
4510:
4505:
3598:
3398:
3281:
3263:
2863:
2810:
2139:
1928:
1817:
1626:
1530:
580:
227:
3573:
Zeng, Zhao-Bang (2005). "QTL mapping and the genetic basis of adaptation: Recent developments".
934:
480:
is determined by several things, since the scope of the research to the resources available. In
212:
2606:"Allan, Frances Elizabeth (Betty) - Person - Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation"
2356:. It is also possible to use packages under development that are shared in hosting-services as
1490:
to test previously defined hypotheses and apply the conclusions to the entire population. The
8001:
7996:
7924:
7873:
7647:
7627:
7615:
7575:
7546:
7514:
7432:
7325:
7293:
7189:
7057:
6937:
6792:
6510:
6480:
6472:
6292:
6283:
6208:
6139:
5995:
5980:
5955:
5843:
5784:
5650:
5638:
5264:
5181:
5125:
5048:
4892:
4814:
4593:
4467:
4001:
3884:
3844:
3791:
3733:
3649:
3590:
3555:
3390:
3340:
3236:
3161:
3112:
3056:
3046:
3023:
3013:
2990:
2939:
2883:"Absolute, relative, cumulative frequency and statistical tables â Probability and Statistics"
2855:
2802:
2767:
2725:
2660:
2334:
2320:
2271:
2261:
2250:
1823:
1630:
1328:
1322:
638:
584:
536:
481:
300:
104:
100:
615:
8166:
7919:
7878:
7690:
7665:
7477:
7407:
7251:
6782:
6535:
6490:
6254:
6241:
6134:
6109:
6043:
5975:
5853:
5461:
5354:
5287:
5200:
5147:
4966:
4837:
4631:
4430:
4397:
4254:
4156:
4112:
3960:
3781:
3771:
3725:
3680:
3639:
3629:
3582:
3545:
3537:
3380:
3330:
3320:
3273:
3226:
3151:
3102:
2980:
2847:
2794:
2759:
2717:
2650:
2579:
2389:
2291:
2286:
2100:
2068:
1916:
1904:
1793:
676:
634:
595:
223:
177:
160:
1533:, or in other words, the acceptable error rate (α). It is easier to think that we define a
1429:
are required. They provide a numerical value that reflects the strength of an association.
8227:
7929:
7732:
7725:
7660:
7600:
7482:
7472:
7402:
7375:
7360:
7315:
7305:
7256:
7067:
7032:
6452:
6196:
6058:
5985:
5660:
5534:
5507:
5484:
5453:
5080:
5075:
5029:
4759:
4410:
4304:
2494:
2328:
2255:
2166:
2131:
1827:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1686:
1646:
1618:
1558:
1512:
1353:
1054:
548:
516:
320:
271:
185:
84:
3254:
Efron, Bradley (February 2008). "Microarrays, Empirical Bayes and the Two-Groups Model".
1134:
3956:
3721:
3316:
3147:
2976:
2646:
1848:
Often, it is useful to pool information from multiple predictors together. For example,
1437:
65:
Biostatistical modeling forms an important part of numerous modern biological theories.
7914:
7700:
7637:
7622:
7605:
7563:
7365:
7246:
6922:
6732:
6401:
6396:
4859:
4789:
4435:
3786:
3759:
3644:
3617:
3550:
3525:
3335:
3300:
2559:
2489:
2477:
2363:
2180:
2158:
2135:
2124:
2061:
1966:
1813:
1809:
1789:
1785:
1538:
1491:
645:
442:
88:
80:
76:
8315:
8222:
8101:
7909:
7883:
7760:
7720:
7685:
7675:
7397:
7355:
7330:
7278:
7266:
7261:
7170:
7002:
6897:
6787:
6762:
6558:
6525:
6349:
6160:
6129:
5593:
5547:
5152:
4854:
4681:
4445:
4440:
3402:
3107:
3090:
2798:
2488:, will have more traditional lines of research involving epidemiological studies and
2485:
2443:
2367:
2277:
2037:
1886:
1841:
1599:
644:
In agriculture and biology studies, yield data and its components can be obtained by
568:
279:
275:
251:
239:
150:
146:
122:
71:
4711:
3685:
3668:
3189:
2867:
2814:
2680:"Academic Economics: Strengths and Faults After Considering Interdisciplinary Needs"
2115:
have a panel of individuals representing a natural population. For this reason, the
8242:
7670:
7519:
7509:
7487:
7417:
7310:
7224:
7047:
7027:
6992:
6987:
6977:
6972:
6952:
6932:
6842:
6812:
6772:
6752:
6742:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6500:
6433:
6410:
6325:
5655:
4951:
4849:
4784:
4726:
4648:
4603:
4246:
4228:
4148:
4104:
3602:
3285:
2569:
2473:
2465:
2448:
2371:
2353:
2296:
2142:
aiming for breeding, mainly the molecular ones, collaborated to the development of
2041:
2012:
1595:
1019:
1007:
954:: number of glycines in the proteome of eight different organisms (A-H); Figure D:
231:
164:
96:
3729:
2679:
2067:
With new technologies and genetics knowledge, biostatistics are now also used for
1441:
Scatter diagram that demonstrates the Pearson correlation for different values of
675:
representation, such as line charts, bar charts, histograms, scatter plot. Also,
8237:
7934:
7632:
7541:
7504:
7097:
7092:
7062:
7017:
6962:
6902:
6887:
6882:
6847:
6807:
6697:
6687:
6682:
6543:
6505:
6188:
6089:
5951:
5764:
5731:
5223:
5140:
5135:
4779:
4736:
4716:
4696:
4686:
4455:
4258:
4160:
4116:
2763:
2393:
2344:
2200:
1860:
Bioinformatics advances in databases, data mining, and biological interpretation
1730:
992:
540:
485:
477:
449:
3434:
2750:
Overholser, Brian R; Sowinski, Kevin M (2017). "Biostatistics Primer: Part I".
2721:
1845:
squares (RSS) and R of the validation test set, not those of the training set.
1669:
In multiple tests of the same hypothesis, the probability of the occurrence of
7863:
7585:
7082:
7077:
7022:
7007:
6947:
6912:
6907:
6877:
6837:
6817:
6747:
6727:
5389:
4869:
4569:
4500:
4450:
4425:
4345:
3776:
3586:
3156:
3131:
2228:
2208:
2153:
As a summary, some points about the application of quantitative genetics are:
1547:: This is when the experiment is really implemented following the appropriate
981:
961:
683:
can be very useful to describe an overview of the data. Follow some examples:
576:
571:). These main arrangements can be found in the literature under the names of "
524:
453:
433:
is not only the individuals, but the total of one specific component of their
430:
422:
418:
410:
390:
355:
328:
316:
263:
205:
118:
and this synthesis all relied on statistics and developed its use in biology.
49:
41:
20:
3925:
3879:
Matthias Dehmer; Frank Emmert-Streib; Armin Graber; Armindo Salvador (2011).
3116:
2994:
1594:
When testing a hypothesis, there are two types of statistic errors possible:
602:
are usually smaller than in other biological studies, and in most cases, the
7961:
7780:
7350:
7231:
6997:
6982:
6967:
6917:
6892:
5542:
5394:
5014:
4809:
4721:
4706:
4701:
4666:
3325:
3060:
3027:
2498:
2281:
2162:
2092:
2049:
2001:
1486:
1003:
973:
692:
588:
564:
4022:
3795:
3737:
3653:
3634:
3594:
3559:
3394:
3344:
3240:
3165:
2985:
2960:
2859:
2806:
2771:
2729:
2664:
2605:
1541:
is compared with it. So, α also has to be predefined before the experiment.
641:, collection is done by measuring numerical information using instruments.
4275:
3964:
3470:
2604:
Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology.
2378:
calculations and the automatic data aggregation of independent assay data.
2331:. It includes less used designs the Latinized ones, as t-Latinized design.
1561:
is rejected or not rejected, based on the evidence that the comparison of
1551:, data is collected and the more suitable statistical tests are evaluated.
792:: obtained by the division of the absolute frequency by the total number;
7827:
7580:
7214:
7184:
7087:
7012:
6942:
6872:
6867:
6692:
5058:
4676:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4515:
4192:
4046:
3541:
2936:
Introduction to Biostatistics. A Guide to Design, Analysis, and Discovery
2427:
2224:
2108:
2088:
2057:
1997:
1410:
579:", "augmented blocks", and many others. All of the designs might include
434:
374:
would be that the diets have different effects over animals metabolism (H
201:
66:
4210:
3703:"Genomic Selection in Plant Breeding: Methods, Models, and Perspectives"
3231:
3214:
99:, and Mendelians, who supported Bateson's (and Mendel's) ideas, such as
7499:
7102:
6832:
6702:
6563:
6264:
4064:
3667:
Zhu, Chengsong; Gore, Michael; Buckler, Edward S; Yu, Jianming (2008).
2240:
2192:
1755: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1642:
1562:
1414:
556:
520:
426:
414:
235:
142:
45:
6640:
3618:"The advantages and limitations of trait analysis with GWAS: A review"
3385:
3368:
3277:
303:
might be necessary. So the research can be useful to add value to the
258:
we might have. To answer this question with a high certainty, we need
7794:
6767:
6485:
5466:
5440:
5420:
4671:
4462:
2438:
2432:
2357:
2312:
2176:
1870:
1368:
1310:
1304:
947:
844:
560:
438:
409:
Usually, a study aims to understand an effect of a phenomenon over a
4287:
4174:
2655:
2630:
2060:
contents, it's important to consider the design and analysis of the
539:. Treatments can be arranged in many ways inside the experiment. In
2172:
In biomedical research, this work can assist in finding candidates
354:
would be that there is no difference between the two diets in mice
7956:
4130:
3881:
Applied Statistics for Network Biology: Methods in Systems Biology
3453:"International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration - INSDC"
3268:
2852:
10.1002/1098-240X(200006)23:3<246::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-H
2484:, whereas older departments, typically affiliated with schools of
2422:
2416:
2411:
1878:
1436:
933:
672:
515:. There are three basic experimental designs to randomly allocate
138:
701:: represents the number of times that a determined value appear;
445:, for animals, or the total leaf area, for a plant, for example.
7888:
7139:
4405:
3506:
2204:
2173:
1882:
1523:. But they must be defined before the experiment implementation.
1048:
497:
219:
also helped to add quantitative discipline to biological study.
211:
In parallel to this overall development, the pioneering work of
7143:
6644:
6374:
5941:
5688:
4987:
4757:
4374:
4318:
3416:
1881:), the knowledge on genes characterization and their pathways (
196:, and statistically inclined geneticists helped bring together
3978:
2405:
1980:
1724:
1511:: as stated earlier, we have to work with the definition of a
1494:
is a measure of variability that is crucial to do inferences.
44:
that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in
4314:
4193:"Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology"
3826:
Microarray Gene Expression Data Analysis: A Beginner's Guide
3758:
Oshlack, Alicia; Robinson, Mark D; Young, Matthew D (2010).
8082:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
1942:
models are examples of common machine learning algorithms.
1831:
analysis). Classical statistical techniques like linear or
1709:
will select or model that more approximate true model. The
1685:. The FDR controls the expected proportion of the rejected
1681:
alternative to the Bonferroni correction is to control the
16:
Application of statistical techniques to biological systems
3907:
2540:
Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology
2464:
Almost all educational programmes in biostatistics are at
2231:
experiments. Often concerning diseases or disease stages.
2179:
that can cause or influence predisposition to diseases in
1900:(INSDC) which relates data from DDBJ, EMBL-EBI, and NCBI.
606:
effect can be controlled or measured. It is common to use
3488:
204:
into a consistent, coherent whole that could begin to be
3452:
1898:
International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration
1565:
and α brings. It is pointed that the failure to reject H
843:
In the next example, we have the number of genes in ten
3811:
Statistical Analysis of Gene Expression Microarray Data
3760:"From RNA-seq reads to differential expression results"
3669:"Status and Prospects of Association Mapping in Plants"
2107:/lines (RILs). To scan for QTLs regions in a genome, a
2008:
1459:
for the sample, assumes values between â1 and 1, where
1331:
is the value of a set of data that appears most often.
3998:
Biostatistics explored through R software: An overview
3866:
Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics: An Introduction
3809:
Helen Causton; John Quackenbush; Alvis Brazma (2003).
633:
Data collection varies according to type of data. For
3489:"The European Bioinformatics Institute < EMBL-EBI"
3132:"Statisticians issue warning over misuse of P values"
1162:
1137:
1131:) divided by the number of items of this collection (
1063:
950:
for the December months from 2010 to 2016; Figure C:
800:
709:
6227:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
2910:"DATASUS: TabNet Win32 3.0: Nascidos vivos â Brasil"
2157:
This has been used in agriculture to improve crops (
1610:
is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis
1537:
that determines the statistical significance when a
1467:= â1 represents a perfect negative correlation, and
8200:
8159:
8046:
8035:
7972:
7897:
7813:
7741:
7646:
7451:
7177:
7111:
6534:
6471:
6424:
6387:
6342:
6324:
6291:
6282:
6240:
6187:
6148:
6097:
6088:
6009:
5966:
5896:
5862:
5816:
5783:
5745:
5712:
5624:
5533:
5452:
5407:
5375:
5328:
5273:
5199:
5190:
5000:
4942:
4916:
4868:
4823:
4770:
4657:
4612:
4586:
4568:
4524:
4476:
4396:
4387:
4091:
3095:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
3012:(3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson, Brooks/Cole.
1717:are examples of asymptotically efficient criteria.
547:is the root of a good study and the arrangement of
2914:DATASUS: Tecnologia da Informação a Serviço do SUS
2191:Studies for differential expression of genes from
2099:(QTL). The study of QTLs become feasible by using
2056:and health care policy & management. In these
1969:have gained popularity as a method for performing
1287:
1145:
1123:
942:. The birth rate in Brazil (2010â2016); Figure B:
833:
779:
2710:Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
1124:{\displaystyle {x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3}+\cdots +x_{n}}}
4293:The Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive
2258:for gene network inference or pathways analysis.
2119:was proposed in order to identify QTLs based on
5775:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
3507:"National Center for Biotechnology Information"
3305:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2402:image analysis, deep-learning, machine-learning
1463:= 1 represents a perfect positive correlation,
4027:PLA 3.0 â Software for Biostatistical Analysis
583:, determined by the researcher, to provide an
7155:
6656:
4330:
4175:"Communications in Biometry and Crop Science"
3839:Frank Emmert-Streib; Matthias Dehmer (2010).
780:{\displaystyle N=f_{1}+f_{2}+f_{3}+...+f_{n}}
8:
4065:"The International Journal of Biostatistics"
262:results. The correct definition of the main
2934:Forthofer, Ronald N.; Lee, Eun Sul (1995).
2537:Communications in Biometry and Crop Science
1358:( 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 11 ) / 9
8117:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8043:
7162:
7148:
7140:
6663:
6649:
6641:
6384:
6371:
6288:
6094:
5963:
5938:
5709:
5685:
5413:
5196:
4997:
4984:
4767:
4754:
4393:
4384:
4371:
4337:
4323:
4315:
3864:Warren J. Ewens; Gregory R. Grant (2004).
3841:Medical Biostatistics for Complex Diseases
2501:and biological areas other than medicine.
1923:, among others. To indicate some of them,
610:, where results are usually compared with
170:and methods of computing them and defined
48:. It encompasses the design of biological
8077:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
8067:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
7129:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
4298:Guide to Biostatistics (MedPageToday.com)
4211:"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"
3785:
3775:
3684:
3643:
3633:
3549:
3384:
3334:
3324:
3267:
3230:
3155:
3106:
2984:
2841:
2654:
2522:Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
1771:Learn how and when to remove this message
1313:is the value in the middle of a dataset.
1273:
1254:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1197:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1138:
1136:
1114:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1064:
1062:
820:
814:
805:
799:
771:
746:
733:
720:
708:
135:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
1950:Use of computationally intensive methods
1333:
991:
856:
834:{\displaystyle n_{i}={\frac {f_{i}}{N}}}
131:Statistical Methods for Research Workers
83:". His ideas were strongly disagreed by
8122:Health departments in the United States
3902:
3900:
3513:. U. S. National Library of Medicine â.
3213:Hayden, Erika Check (8 February 2012).
2596:
2543:Statistical Methods in Medical Research
1693:Mis-specification and robustness checks
8127:Council on Education for Public Health
6301:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
3616:Korte, Arthur; Farlow, Ashley (2013).
2519:International Journal of Biostatistics
1519:), that is going to be tested, and an
1335:Comparison among mean, median and mode
1057:is the sum of a collection of values (
551:within the study is essential because
8185:Professional degrees of public health
8092:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
7124:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3979:"The Comprehensive R Archive Network"
3530:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2207:that are part of a gene sequence. As
608:randomized controlled clinical trials
7:
8282:
8175:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
6611:
6311:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
3701:Jessica; Varshney, Rajeev K (2017).
3524:Apweiler, Rolf; et al. (2018).
2904:
2902:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2585:Mathematical and theoretical biology
1934:are examples of cluster algorithms;
1753:adding citations to reliable sources
1715:Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)
1711:Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC)
1527:Significance level and decision rule
8294:
7443:Workers' right to access the toilet
7284:Human right to water and sanitation
6623:
5906:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
4288:The International Biometric Society
4079:"PubMed Journals will be shut down"
3215:"Biostatistics: Revealing analysis"
3045:. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Pub.
1545:Experiment and statistical analysis
6001:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
4627:Pearson product-moment correlation
2629:Gunter, Chris (10 December 2008).
1798:Machine learning in bioinformatics
511:sustain those basic principles of
192:These and other biostatisticians,
14:
7716:Commercial determinants of health
4047:"Biostatistics - Oxford Academic"
1808:New biomedical technologies like
1617:is the failure to reject a false
1529:: A decision rule depends on the
226:apparent. One anecdote describes
8293:
8281:
8270:
8269:
7299:National public health institute
6622:
6610:
6598:
6585:
6584:
4274:
4021:Stegmann, Dr Ralf (2019-07-01).
3747:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3108:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00372.x
2830:Research in Nursing & Health
2799:10.1046/j.1525-139X.2002.00085.x
2692:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2678:Charles T. Munger (2003-10-03).
1985:
1729:
1337:Values = { 2,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,11 }
667:Data can be represented through
652:Analysis and data interpretation
7696:Open-source healthcare software
7438:Sociology of health and illness
6260:Least-squares spectral analysis
3926:"CycDesigN - VSN International"
3686:10.3835/plantgenome2008.02.0089
2525:Biostatistics and Public Health
1740:needs additional citations for
1449:Pearson correlation coefficient
1433:Pearson correlation coefficient
496:is a key in determining sample
448:It is not possible to take the
335:assumes no association between
8057:Caribbean Public Health Agency
7869:Sexually transmitted infection
7766:Statistical hypothesis testing
7527:Occupational safety and health
7428:Sexual and reproductive health
7341:Occupational safety and health
5241:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
4131:"Biometrika - Oxford Academic"
4000:. Vinaitheerthan Renganathan.
3373:Journal of Cellular Physiology
2752:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
2511:List of biostatistics journals
2264:and pharmaceutical development
2227:data comes from microarray or
2217:negative binomial distribution
2087:in order to link variation in
2000:format but may read better as
1471:= 0 is no linear correlation.
1169:
460:process is very important for
129:, published in Fisher's books
26:For the academic journal, see
1:
7711:Social determinants of health
6554:Geographic information system
5770:Simultaneous equations models
3730:10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.011
3074:Gujarati, Damodar N. (2006).
2400:Python (programming language)
2317:restricted maximum likelihood
2117:genome-wide association study
1631:statistical power of the test
1455:(rho) for the population and
984:in the birth rate in Brazil.
852:Genes = {2,3,3,4,5,3,3,3,3,4}
319:. The main propose is called
109:modern evolutionary synthesis
7771:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
7532:Human factors and ergonomics
5737:Coefficient of determination
5348:Uniformly most powerful test
3041:Jarrell, Stephen B. (1994).
2965:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A
2959:Pearson, Karl (1895-01-01).
1850:Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
1837:linear discriminant analysis
1396:
1389:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
529:completely randomized design
93:Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire
7952:Good manufacturing practice
7756:Randomized controlled trial
6306:Proportional hazards models
6250:Spectral density estimation
6232:Vector autoregression (VAR)
5666:Maximum posterior estimator
4898:Randomized controlled trial
4229:"Pharmaceutical Statistics"
3526:"Whither systems medicine?"
2764:10.1177/0115426507022006629
2460:Scope and training programs
2270:, especially in regards to
1915:, regression, detection of
1804:Use in high-throughput data
1590:Power and statistical error
1509:The hypothesis to be tested
1417:may be plotted as circles.
452:from all the elements of a
8343:
8022:Theory of planned behavior
7947:Good agricultural practice
7852:Public health surveillance
7744:epidemiological statistics
7388:Public health intervention
6066:Multivariate distributions
4486:Average absolute deviation
3908:"Home - VSN International"
2722:10.1053/j.jvca.2017.04.020
2508:
2105:recombinant inbred strains
1971:statistical classification
1854:JAK-STAT signaling pathway
1814:next-generation sequencers
1683:false discovery rate (FDR)
1585:Statistical considerations
1492:standard error of the mean
1478:
1320:
1302:
1046:
956:Example of a scatter plot.
660:
61:Biostatistics and genetics
25:
18:
8265:
8144:World Toilet Organization
8139:World Health Organization
7706:Public health informatics
7413:Right to rest and leisure
7242:Globalization and disease
6678:
6580:
6383:
6370:
6054:Structural equation model
5962:
5937:
5708:
5684:
5416:
5390:Score/Lagrange multiplier
4996:
4983:
4805:Sample size determination
4766:
4753:
4383:
4370:
4352:
3828:. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
3777:10.1186/gb-2010-11-12-220
3587:10.1007/s10709-004-2705-0
3157:10.1038/nature.2016.19503
3010:Seeing through statistics
3008:Utts, Jessica M. (2005).
2546:Pharmaceutical Statistics
2221:Generalized linear models
2144:marker-assisted selection
1721:Developments and big data
691:One type of table is the
575:", "incomplete blocks", "
476:across a population. The
339:. On the other hand, the
81:Law of Ancestral Heredity
8190:Schools of public health
7982:Diffusion of innovations
7681:Health impact assessment
7393:Public health laboratory
7289:Management of depression
6549:Environmental statistics
6071:Elliptical distributions
5864:Generalized linear model
5793:Simple linear regression
5563:HodgesâLehmann estimator
5020:Probability distribution
4929:Stochastic approximation
4491:Coefficient of variation
4247:"Statistics in Medicine"
3089:Watson, Lyndsey (2009).
2138:, the use of markers in
2097:quantitative trait locus
2046:health services research
1707:Model criteria selection
1702:Model selection criteria
1427:correlation coefficients
1421:Correlation coefficients
254:is proposed to answer a
8253:Social hygiene movement
8180:Doctor of Public Health
8012:Social cognitive theory
7814:Infectious and epidemic
7596:Fecalâoral transmission
6209:Cross-correlation (XCF)
5817:Non-standard predictors
5251:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
4924:Adaptive clinical trial
4259:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0258
4251:onlinelibrary.wiley.com
4233:onlinelibrary.wiley.com
4161:10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4036
4153:onlinelibrary.wiley.com
4117:10.1111/(ISSN)1541-0420
4109:onlinelibrary.wiley.com
3710:Trends in Plant Science
3367:Moore, Jason H (2007).
3326:10.1073/pnas.0506580102
2631:"Quantitative Genetics"
2009:converting this section
1940:support vector machines
1921:association rule mining
1856:) using this approach.
1674:(familywise error rate)
997:Example of a histogram.
533:randomized block design
513:experimental statistics
456:. Because of that, the
234:from his department at
194:mathematical biologists
182:The Causes of Evolution
28:Biostatistics (journal)
8248:Germ theory of disease
8027:Transtheoretical model
6738:Biological engineering
6605:Mathematics portal
6426:Engineering statistics
6334:NelsonâAalen estimator
5911:Analysis of covariance
5798:Ordinary least squares
5722:Pearson product-moment
5126:Statistical functional
5037:Empirical distribution
4870:Controlled experiments
4599:Frequency distribution
4377:Descriptive statistics
3996:Renganathan V (2021).
3635:10.1186/1746-4811-9-29
2986:10.1098/rsta.1895.0010
2565:Epidemiological method
2549:Statistics in Medicine
2245:ecological forecasting
2121:linkage disequilibrium
1655:significance level (α)
1521:alternative hypothesis
1475:Inferential statistics
1445:
1289:
1213:
1147:
1125:
999:
958:
847:of the same organism.
835:
781:
663:Descriptive statistics
421:is defined as all the
395:alternative hypothesis
372:alternative hypothesis
341:alternative hypothesis
172:inbreeding coefficient
8132:Public Health Service
8017:Social norms approach
8007:PRECEDEâPROCEED model
7453:Preventive healthcare
7346:Pharmaceutical policy
7195:Chief Medical Officer
6823:Developmental biology
6798:Computational biology
6778:Cellular microbiology
6521:Population statistics
6463:System identification
6197:Autocorrelation (ACF)
6125:Exponential smoothing
6039:Discriminant analysis
6034:Canonical correlation
5898:Partition of variance
5760:Regression validation
5604:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
5503:Likelihood-ratio test
5192:Frequentist inference
5104:Locationâscale family
5025:Sampling distribution
4990:Statistical inference
4957:Cross-sectional study
4944:Observational studies
4903:Randomized experiment
4732:Stem-and-leaf display
4534:Central limit theorem
4310:Biomedical Statistics
4283:at Wikimedia Commons
4149:"Biometrical Journal"
3965:10.2134/agronj15.0144
3439:phytozome.jgi.doe.gov
3130:Baker, Monya (2016).
2482:computational biology
2075:Quantitative genetics
1913:unsupervised learning
1678:Bonferroni correction
1613:The type II error or
1531:level of significance
1481:Statistical inference
1440:
1290:
1193:
1148:
1126:
995:
937:
836:
782:
484:, the trial type, as
472:might catch the most
462:statistical inference
311:Hypothesis definition
286:, and local control.
8208:Sara Josephine Baker
8107:Public Health Agency
7992:Health communication
7857:Disease surveillance
7823:Asymptomatic carrier
7805:Statistical software
7493:Preventive nutrition
7321:Medical anthropology
7210:Environmental health
7043:Reproductive biology
6928:Mathematical biology
6853:Evolutionary biology
6803:Conservation biology
6444:Probabilistic design
6029:Principal components
5872:Exponential families
5824:Nonlinear regression
5803:General linear model
5765:Mixed effects models
5755:Errors and residuals
5732:Confounding variable
5634:Bayesian probability
5612:Van der Waerden test
5602:Ordered alternative
5367:Multiple comparisons
5246:RaoâBlackwellization
5209:Estimating equations
5165:Statistical distance
4883:Factorial experiment
4416:Arithmetic-Geometric
4179:agrobiol.sggw.waw.pl
3824:Terry Speed (2003).
3542:10.1038/emm.2017.290
3511:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3078:. McGraw-Hill Irwin.
2787:Seminars in Dialysis
2505:Specialized journals
2091:with a variation in
2085:statistical genetics
2054:environmental health
1925:self-organizing maps
1892:Arabidopsis thaliana
1866:biological databases
1749:improve this article
1606:The type I error or
1575:Confidence intervals
1160:
1135:
1061:
798:
707:
555:largely affects the
509:Experimental designs
401:higher or shorter).
305:scientific community
198:evolutionary biology
8218:Carl Rogers Darnall
8213:Samuel Jay Crumbine
7987:Health belief model
7840:Notifiable diseases
7776:Regression analysis
7611:Waterborne diseases
7200:Cultural competence
6828:Ecological genetics
6672:Branches of biology
6516:Official statistics
6439:Methods engineering
6120:Seasonal adjustment
5888:Poisson regressions
5808:Bayesian regression
5747:Regression analysis
5727:Partial correlation
5699:Regression analysis
5298:Prediction interval
5293:Likelihood interval
5283:Confidence interval
5275:Interval estimation
5236:Unbiased estimators
5054:Model specification
4934:Up-and-down designs
4622:Partial correlation
4578:Index of dispersion
4496:Interquartile range
3957:2015AgrJ..107.2263P
3883:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3843:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3722:2017TPS....22..961C
3421:www.arabidopsis.org
3317:2005PNAS..10215545S
3311:(43): 15545â15550.
3256:Statistical Science
3232:10.1038/nj7384-263a
3148:2016Natur.531..151B
2977:1895RSPTA.186..343P
2647:2008Natur.456..719G
2575:Group size measures
2534:Biometrical Journal
2454:Amazon Web Services
2321:variance-covariance
2268:Population dynamics
2081:population genetics
1938:implementation and
1864:The development of
1833:logistic regression
1816:(for genomics) and
1557:: Is made when the
1549:experimental design
1485:It is used to make
1338:
1146:{\displaystyle {n}}
952:Example of Box Plot
868:Relative frequency
865:Absolute frequency
858:
677:measures of central
612:observational study
545:experimental design
504:Experimental design
441:, or all the sperm
297:scientific question
268:experimental design
256:scientific question
155:population dynamics
147:Fisher's exact test
127:Rothamsted Research
116:population genetics
7816:disease prevention
7751:Caseâcontrol study
7423:Security of person
7272:Health care reform
7119:History of biology
7053:Structural biology
7038:Relational biology
6863:Generative biology
6858:Freshwater biology
6536:Spatial statistics
6416:Medical statistics
6316:First hitting time
6270:Whittle likelihood
5921:Degrees of freedom
5916:Multivariate ANOVA
5849:Heteroscedasticity
5661:Bayesian estimator
5626:Bayesian inference
5475:KolmogorovâSmirnov
5360:Randomization test
5330:Testing hypotheses
5303:Tolerance interval
5214:Maximum likelihood
5109:Exponential family
5042:Density estimation
5002:Statistical theory
4962:Natural experiment
4908:Scientific control
4825:Survey methodology
4511:Standard deviation
4303:2012-05-22 at the
3983:cran.r-project.org
3813:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3477:. 11 January 2024.
3475:www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp
3417:"TAIR - Home Page"
2938:. Academic Press.
2323:matrix structures.
2011:, if appropriate.
1627:significance level
1499:Hypothesis testing
1446:
1334:
1285:
1143:
1121:
1000:
959:
946:The birth rate in
944:Bar chart example.
940:Line graph example
857:
831:
777:
343:is the denial of H
228:Thomas Hunt Morgan
217:On Growth and Form
8309:
8308:
8261:
8260:
8171:Higher education
8002:Positive deviance
7997:Health psychology
7973:Health behavioral
7900:safety management
7874:Social distancing
7648:Population health
7628:Smoking cessation
7576:Pharmacovigilance
7547:Injury prevention
7515:Infection control
7433:Social psychology
7383:Prisoners' rights
7326:Medical sociology
7294:Public health law
7190:Biological hazard
7137:
7136:
7058:Synthetic biology
6938:Molecular biology
6793:Cognitive biology
6638:
6637:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6511:National accounts
6481:Actuarial science
6473:Social statistics
6366:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6293:Survival function
6278:
6277:
6140:Granger causality
5981:Contingency table
5956:Survival analysis
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5785:Linear regression
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5651:Credible interval
5620:
5619:
5403:
5402:
5219:Method of moments
5088:Parametric family
5049:Statistical model
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4893:Random assignment
4815:Statistical power
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4594:Contingency table
4564:
4563:
4431:Generalized/power
4279:Media related to
4197:www.degruyter.com
3890:978-3-527-32750-8
3850:978-3-527-32585-6
3386:10.1002/jcp.21218
3278:10.1214/07-STS236
3225:(7384): 263â265.
3190:"Null hypothesis"
2945:978-0-12-262270-0
2329:crossover designs
2272:fisheries science
2262:Clinical research
2251:sequence analysis
2101:molecular markers
2030:
2029:
1965:In recent times,
1824:Multicollinearity
1818:mass spectrometry
1781:
1780:
1773:
1403:
1402:
1323:Mode (statistics)
1283:
1186:
1172:
927:
926:
829:
657:Descriptive tools
639:quantitative data
537:factorial designs
482:clinical research
301:literature review
290:Research question
246:Research planning
232:Friden calculator
151:Fisher's equation
105:Wilhelm Johannsen
101:Charles Davenport
40:) is a branch of
8334:
8297:
8296:
8285:
8284:
8273:
8272:
8167:Health education
8044:
7898:Food hygiene and
7879:Tropical disease
7691:Infant mortality
7666:Community health
7542:Controlled Drugs
7478:Health promotion
7408:Right to housing
7252:Health economics
7164:
7157:
7150:
7141:
6783:Chemical biology
6665:
6658:
6651:
6642:
6626:
6625:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6602:
6588:
6587:
6491:Crime statistics
6385:
6372:
6289:
6255:Fourier analysis
6242:Frequency domain
6222:
6169:
6135:Structural break
6095:
6044:Cluster analysis
5991:Log-linear model
5964:
5939:
5880:
5854:Homoscedasticity
5710:
5686:
5605:
5597:
5589:
5588:(KruskalâWallis)
5573:
5558:
5513:Cross validation
5498:
5480:AndersonâDarling
5427:
5414:
5385:Likelihood-ratio
5377:Parametric tests
5355:Permutation test
5338:1- & 2-tails
5229:Minimum distance
5201:Point estimation
5197:
5148:Optimal decision
5099:
4998:
4985:
4967:Quasi-experiment
4917:Adaptive designs
4768:
4755:
4632:Rank correlation
4394:
4385:
4372:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4316:
4278:
4263:
4262:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4101:
4095:
4092:https://ebph.it/
4089:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3945:Agronomy Journal
3940:
3934:
3933:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3707:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3673:The Plant Genome
3664:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3369:"Bioinformatics"
3364:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3271:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3194:www.statlect.com
3186:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3043:Basic statistics
3038:
3032:
3031:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2887:www.sangakoo.com
2881:Maths, Sangaku.
2878:
2872:
2871:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2716:(5): 1878â1882.
2705:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2580:Health indicator
2497:), business and
2419:numerical python
2390:machine learning
2374:for programming.
2292:Pharmacokinetics
2287:Pharmacodynamics
2148:cross-validation
2069:Systems medicine
2025:
2022:
2016:
2007:You can help by
1989:
1988:
1981:
1905:machine learning
1794:Machine learning
1776:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1733:
1725:
1671:falses positives
1665:Multiple testing
1339:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1207:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1074:
1073:
859:
853:
840:
838:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
815:
810:
809:
786:
784:
783:
778:
776:
775:
751:
750:
738:
737:
725:
724:
687:Frequency tables
635:qualitative data
614:designs such as
596:clinical studies
585:error estimation
299:, an exhaustive
250:Any research in
178:J. B. S. Haldane
161:Sewall G. Wright
8342:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8257:
8228:Margaret Sanger
8196:
8155:
8039:
8037:
8031:
7974:
7968:
7940:Safety scandals
7899:
7893:
7815:
7809:
7743:
7737:
7733:Social medicine
7726:Race and health
7661:Child mortality
7642:
7601:Open defecation
7483:Human nutrition
7473:Family planning
7461:Behavior change
7447:
7403:Right to health
7316:Maternal health
7306:Health politics
7257:Health literacy
7173:
7168:
7138:
7133:
7107:
7068:Systems biology
7033:Quantum biology
6674:
6669:
6639:
6634:
6597:
6568:
6530:
6467:
6453:quality control
6420:
6402:Clinical trials
6379:
6354:
6338:
6326:Hazard function
6320:
6274:
6236:
6220:
6183:
6179:BreuschâGodfrey
6167:
6144:
6084:
6059:Factor analysis
6005:
5986:Graphical model
5958:
5925:
5892:
5878:
5858:
5812:
5779:
5741:
5704:
5703:
5672:
5616:
5603:
5595:
5587:
5571:
5556:
5535:Rank statistics
5529:
5508:Model selection
5496:
5454:Goodness of fit
5448:
5425:
5399:
5371:
5324:
5269:
5258:Median unbiased
5186:
5097:
5030:Order statistic
4992:
4971:
4938:
4912:
4864:
4819:
4762:
4760:Data collection
4741:
4653:
4608:
4582:
4560:
4520:
4472:
4389:Continuous data
4379:
4366:
4348:
4343:
4305:Wayback Machine
4272:
4267:
4266:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4081:. 15 June 2018.
4077:
4076:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3716:(11): 961â975.
3705:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3366:
3365:
3352:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2843:10.1.1.472.7825
2827:
2826:
2822:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2656:10.1038/456719a
2628:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2556:
2513:
2507:
2495:quality control
2490:clinical trials
2462:
2305:
2256:Systems biology
2237:
2189:
2187:Expression data
2167:Animal breeding
2077:
2062:clinical trials
2035:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1952:
1936:neural networks
1862:
1828:gene expression
1806:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1734:
1723:
1704:
1695:
1687:null hypotheses
1667:
1661:) is rejected.
1660:
1652:
1647:null hypothesis
1639:
1619:null hypothesis
1592:
1587:
1568:
1559:null hypothesis
1518:
1513:null hypothesis
1483:
1477:
1435:
1423:
1408:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1307:
1301:
1269:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1215:
1192:
1188:
1158:
1157:
1133:
1132:
1110:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:arithmetic mean
1051:
1045:
1037:scatter diagram
1016:
990:
970:
932:
851:
816:
801:
796:
795:
767:
742:
729:
716:
705:
704:
689:
665:
659:
654:
646:metric measures
628:
626:Data collection
506:
437:, as the whole
407:
385:
381:
377:
369:
365:
361:
353:
346:
338:
334:
331:. In general, H
326:
321:null hypothesis
313:
292:
272:data collection
248:
213:D'Arcy Thompson
186:primordial soup
85:William Bateson
63:
58:
36:(also known as
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8340:
8338:
8330:
8329:
8327:Bioinformatics
8324:
8314:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8291:
8279:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8079:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8050:
8048:
8041:
8036:Organizations,
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7978:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7949:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7903:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7825:
7819:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7792:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7745:
7742:Biological and
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7708:
7703:
7701:Multimorbidity
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7652:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7638:Vector control
7635:
7630:
7625:
7623:School hygiene
7620:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7606:Sanitary sewer
7603:
7598:
7593:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7564:Patient safety
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7457:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7247:Harm reduction
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6923:Marine biology
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6733:Bioinformatics
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6645:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6620:
6608:
6594:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6399:
6397:Bioinformatics
6393:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6202:partial (PACF)
6193:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6149:Specific tests
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6051:
6049:Classification
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5996:McNemar's test
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5960:
5959:
5942:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5834:Semiparametric
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5630:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5599:
5591:
5575:
5572:(MannâWhitney)
5567:
5566:
5565:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5505:
5500:
5497:(ShapiroâWilk)
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5438:
5429:
5417:
5411:
5409:Specific tests
5405:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5205:
5203:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4860:Standard error
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4790:Optimal design
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4587:Summary tables
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:Contraharmonic
4418:
4413:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4295:
4290:
4271:
4270:External links
4268:
4265:
4264:
4238:
4220:
4202:
4184:
4166:
4140:
4122:
4096:
4084:
4070:
4056:
4038:
4013:
4006:
3988:
3970:
3935:
3930:www.vsni.co.uk
3917:
3912:www.vsni.co.uk
3896:
3889:
3871:
3856:
3849:
3831:
3816:
3801:
3764:Genome Biology
3750:
3692:
3659:
3608:
3581:(1â2): 25â37.
3565:
3516:
3498:
3480:
3462:
3444:
3426:
3408:
3350:
3291:
3246:
3205:
3181:
3171:
3122:
3101:(2): 196â197.
3081:
3066:
3052:978-0697215956
3051:
3033:
3019:978-0534394028
3018:
3000:
2951:
2944:
2919:
2898:
2873:
2836:(3): 246â255.
2820:
2793:(5): 347â351.
2777:
2735:
2695:
2670:
2621:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Bioinformatics
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2506:
2503:
2478:bioinformatics
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:linear algebra
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2379:
2375:
2361:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2233:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2181:human genetics
2170:
2159:Plant breeding
2136:plant breeding
2125:SNP genotyping
2076:
2073:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1967:random forests
1951:
1948:
1861:
1858:
1805:
1802:
1790:Bioinformatics
1788:technologies,
1779:
1778:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1638:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1615:false negative
1611:
1608:false positive
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1552:
1542:
1539:test statistic
1535:critical value
1524:
1516:
1502:
1501:
1479:Main article:
1476:
1473:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:, 3, 4, 4, 11
1371:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1303:Main article:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1141:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
1015:
1012:
989:
986:
969:
966:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
892:
891:
888:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
855:
854:
828:
823:
819:
813:
808:
804:
774:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
715:
712:
688:
685:
661:Main article:
658:
655:
653:
650:
627:
624:
569:microorganisms
543:, the correct
505:
502:
406:
403:
383:
379:
375:
367:
363:
359:
351:
344:
336:
332:
324:
312:
309:
291:
288:
247:
244:
206:quantitatively
190:
189:
175:
158:
89:Raphael Weldon
77:Francis Galton
62:
59:
57:
54:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8339:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8322:Biostatistics
8320:
8319:
8317:
8302:
8301:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8223:Joseph Lister
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8151:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8102:Health Canada
8100:
8099:
8097:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8047:Organizations
8045:
8042:
8034:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7971:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7884:Vaccine trial
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7797:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7761:Relative risk
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7740:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7721:Health equity
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7686:Health system
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7676:Global health
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7656:Biostatistics
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7398:Right to food
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7331:Mental health
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7279:Housing First
7277:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7267:Health system
7265:
7264:
7263:
7262:Health policy
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7171:Public health
7165:
7160:
7158:
7153:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7003:Phylogenetics
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:Human biology
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6788:Chronobiology
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6763:Biotechnology
6761:
6759:
6758:Biostatistics
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6661:
6659:
6654:
6652:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6631:
6630:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6559:Geostatistics
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6526:Psychometrics
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6389:Biostatistics
6386:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6351:
6350:Log-rank test
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6221:(BoxâJenkins)
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:DurbinâWatson
6172:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6156:DickeyâFuller
6154:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6130:Cointegration
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:Decomposition
6103:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Cohen's kappa
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Nonparametric
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:Nonparametric
5576:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5548:Sample median
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5153:loss function
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Questionnaire
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Control chart
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:Biostatistics
4277:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4215:SAGE Journals
4212:
4206:
4203:
4199:. 1 May 2002.
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4007:9789354936586
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:Plant Methods
3619:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3493:www.ebi.ac.uk
3490:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3457:www.insdc.org
3454:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:(7593): 151.
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:(6): 629â35.
2757:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:(7223): 719.
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2611:
2610:www.eoas.info
2607:
2600:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:Biostatistics
2515:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2486:public health
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Apache Hadoop
2442:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:software for
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:SAS Institute
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:Phylogenetics
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:Other studies
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:data, as for
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:The study of
2074:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:Public health
2033:Public health
2032:
2024:
2015:is available.
2014:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:This section
1992:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:bootstrapping
1949:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:Gene Ontology
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1842:least squares
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1775:
1772:
1764:
1761:December 2016
1754:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1738:This section
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:Type II error
1597:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1392:3, 3, 3, 3, 3
1385:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1139:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:scatter chart
1026:
1025:scatter graph
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
978:
975:
967:
965:
963:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
929:
922:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
862:Genes number
861:
860:
850:
849:
848:
846:
841:
826:
821:
817:
811:
806:
802:
793:
791:
787:
772:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
710:
702:
700:
696:
694:
686:
684:
682:
679:tendency and
678:
674:
670:
664:
656:
651:
649:
647:
642:
640:
636:
631:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
581:control plots
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
373:
357:
348:
342:
330:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
289:
287:
285:
281:
280:randomization
277:
276:data analysis
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:life sciences
245:
243:
241:
240:placer mining
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:qualitatively
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Ronald Fisher
121:
120:
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
72:Gregor Mendel
68:
60:
55:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:Biostatistics
29:
22:
8298:
8286:
8274:
8243:Radium Girls
8238:Typhoid Mary
7925:Microbiology
7795:
7787:
7671:Epidemiology
7655:
7569:Organization
7520:Oral hygiene
7510:Hand washing
7488:Healthy diet
7418:Right to sit
7311:Labor rights
7048:Sociobiology
7028:Protistology
6993:Photobiology
6988:Pharmacology
6978:Parasitology
6973:Paleontology
6953:Neuroscience
6933:Microbiology
6843:Epidemiology
6813:Cytogenetics
6773:Cell biology
6757:
6753:Biosemiotics
6743:Biomechanics
6723:Biogeography
6718:Biochemistry
6713:Bacteriology
6708:Astrobiology
6627:
6615:
6596:
6589:
6501:Econometrics
6451: /
6434:Chemometrics
6411:Epidemiology
6404: /
6388:
6377:Applications
6219:ARIMA model
6166:Q-statistic
6115:Stationarity
6011:Multivariate
5954: /
5950: /
5948:Multivariate
5946: /
5886: /
5882: /
5656:Bayes factor
5555:Signed rank
5467:
5441:
5433:
5421:
5116:Completeness
4952:Cohort study
4850:Opinion poll
4785:Missing data
4772:Study design
4727:Scatter plot
4649:Scatter plot
4642:Spearman's Ï
4604:Grouped data
4273:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4152:
4143:
4135:OUP Academic
4134:
4125:
4108:
4105:"Biometrics"
4099:
4094:Epidemiology
4087:
4073:
4059:
4051:OUP Academic
4050:
4041:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:
4016:
3997:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3880:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3840:
3834:
3825:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3713:
3709:
3695:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3379:(2): 365â9.
3376:
3372:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3197:. Retrieved
3193:
3184:
3174:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3076:Econometrics
3075:
3069:
3042:
3036:
3009:
3003:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2935:
2913:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:
2876:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2755:
2751:
2713:
2709:
2673:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2613:. Retrieved
2609:
2599:
2570:Epidemiology
2474:epidemiology
2470:
2466:postgraduate
2463:
2449:Apache Spark
2372:SAS language
2354:Bioconductor
2306:
2297:Neuroimaging
2190:
2152:
2129:
2113:
2078:
2066:
2042:epidemiology
2040:, including
2036:
2018:
2013:Editing help
1995:
1977:Applications
1964:
1953:
1944:
1929:
1902:
1890:
1863:
1847:
1822:
1807:
1782:
1767:
1758:
1747:Please help
1742:verification
1739:
1705:
1696:
1668:
1640:
1624:
1596:Type I error
1593:
1579:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1508:
1503:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1424:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1373:2, 3, 3, 3,
1361:
1326:
1308:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:scatter plot
1017:
1014:Scatter plot
1008:Karl Pearson
1001:
996:
979:
971:
960:
955:
951:
943:
939:
842:
794:
789:
788:
703:
698:
697:
690:
666:
643:
632:
629:
616:caseâcontrol
593:
507:
447:
408:
398:
388:
349:
314:
293:
249:
230:banning the
221:
216:
210:
191:
181:
165:
113:
97:Karl Pearson
64:
37:
33:
32:
8300:WikiProject
8040:and history
7920:Engineering
7633:Vaccination
7505:Food safety
7098:Xenobiology
7093:Virophysics
7063:Systematics
7018:Primatology
6963:Ornithology
6903:Ichthyology
6888:Herpetology
6883:Gerontology
6848:Epigenetics
6808:Cryobiology
6698:Agrostology
6688:Aerobiology
6683:Abiogenesis
6629:WikiProject
6544:Cartography
6506:Jurimetrics
6458:Reliability
6189:Time domain
6168:(LjungâBox)
6090:Time-series
5968:Categorical
5952:Time-series
5944:Categorical
5879:(Bernoulli)
5714:Correlation
5694:Correlation
5490:JarqueâBera
5462:Chi-squared
5224:M-estimator
5177:Asymptotics
5121:Sufficiency
4888:Interaction
4800:Replication
4780:Effect size
4737:Violin plot
4717:Radar chart
4697:Forest plot
4687:Correlogram
4637:Kendall's Ï
3951:(6): 2263.
3868:. Springer.
3770:(12): 220.
3536:(3): e453.
3435:"Phytozome"
3262:(1): 1â22.
2971:: 343â414.
2394:data mining
2370:), it uses
2345:open source
2249:Biological
2201:microarrays
1960:re-sampling
1810:microarrays
1394:, 4, 4, 11
1033:scattergram
962:Line graphs
681:variability
604:environment
553:environment
541:agriculture
527:. They are
494:superiority
490:equivalence
486:inferiority
478:sample size
474:variability
425:of a given
423:individuals
284:replication
168:-statistics
133:(1925) and
75:Darwinism.
50:experiments
8316:Categories
8053:Caribbean
7930:Processing
7864:Quarantine
7786:Student's
7586:Sanitation
7220:History of
7083:Toxicology
7078:Teratology
7023:Proteomics
7008:Physiology
6948:Neontology
6913:Lipidology
6908:Immunology
6878:Geobiology
6838:Embryology
6818:Dendrology
6748:Biophysics
6728:Biogeology
6496:Demography
6214:ARMA model
6019:Regression
5596:(Friedman)
5557:(Wilcoxon)
5495:Normality
5485:Lilliefors
5432:Student's
5308:Resampling
5182:Robustness
5170:divergence
5160:Efficiency
5098:(monotone)
5093:Likelihood
5010:Population
4843:Stratified
4795:Population
4614:Dependence
4570:Count data
4501:Percentile
4478:Dispersion
4411:Arithmetic
4346:Statistics
4032:2019-07-02
3199:2018-05-08
2892:2018-04-10
2615:2022-10-26
2591:References
2531:Biometrika
2528:Biometrics
2509:See also:
2229:proteomics
2209:microarray
2021:March 2016
1909:supervised
1786:sequencing
1633:is 1 â ÎČ.
1487:inferences
988:Histograms
982:Zika virus
938:Figure A:
930:Line graph
577:split plot
549:treatments
525:experiment
517:treatments
454:population
431:population
419:population
411:population
391:hypothesis
370:) and the
356:metabolism
337:treatments
317:hypothesis
264:hypothesis
163:developed
145:concepts,
42:statistics
21:Biometrics
8233:John Snow
8160:Education
8150:Full list
8038:education
7962:ISO 22000
7915:Chemistry
7828:Epidemics
7781:ROC curve
7591:Emergency
7371:Radiation
7351:Pollution
7335:Ministers
7232:Euthenics
6998:Phycology
6983:Pathology
6968:Osteology
6958:Nutrition
6918:Mammalogy
6893:Histology
5877:Logistic
5644:posterior
5570:Rank sum
5318:Jackknife
5313:Bootstrap
5131:Bootstrap
5066:Parameter
5015:Statistic
4810:Statistic
4722:Run chart
4707:Pie chart
4702:Histogram
4692:Fan chart
4667:Bar chart
4549:L-moments
4436:Geometric
4023:"PLA 3.0"
3403:221831488
3269:0808.0572
3117:1326-0200
2995:0264-3820
2838:CiteSeerX
2499:economics
2408:databases
2282:evolution
2163:livestock
2140:selection
2093:phenotype
2050:nutrition
1962:methods.
1555:Inference
1264:⋯
1195:∑
1170:¯
1105:⋯
1004:histogram
974:bar chart
968:Bar chart
693:frequency
673:graphical
589:inference
565:livestock
435:organisms
274:methods,
208:modeled.
180:'s book,
8276:Category
7975:sciences
7910:Additive
7581:Safe sex
7552:Medicine
7466:Theories
7237:Genomics
7215:Eugenics
7205:Deviance
7185:Auxology
7112:See also
7088:Virology
7073:Taxonomy
7013:Pomology
6943:Mycology
6873:Genomics
6868:Genetics
6693:Agronomy
6591:Category
6284:Survival
6161:Johansen
5884:Binomial
5839:Isotonic
5426:(normal)
5071:location
4878:Blocking
4833:Sampling
4712:QâQ plot
4677:Box plot
4659:Graphics
4554:Skewness
4544:Kurtosis
4516:Variance
4446:Heronian
4441:Harmonic
4301:Archived
3796:21176179
3742:Archived
3738:28965742
3679:: 5â20.
3654:23876160
3595:15881678
3575:Genetica
3560:29497170
3395:17654500
3345:16199517
3241:22329008
3166:26961635
3061:30301196
3028:56568530
2868:10733556
2860:10871540
2815:30875225
2807:12358639
2772:18042950
2730:28778775
2687:Archived
2665:19079046
2554:See also
2428:SageMath
2225:genomics
2109:gene map
2089:genotype
2058:medicine
1917:clusters
1896:was the
1713:and The
1563:p-values
1415:Outliers
1411:Box plot
1406:Box plot
1345:Example
790:Relative
699:Absolute
573:lattices
466:Sampling
458:sampling
450:measures
405:Sampling
260:accurate
202:genetics
67:Genetics
38:biometry
8288:Commons
8201:History
8098:Canada
8073:Europe
7557:Nursing
7537:Hygiene
7500:Hygiene
7225:Liberal
7178:General
7103:Zoology
6833:Ecology
6703:Anatomy
6617:Commons
6564:Kriging
6449:Process
6406:studies
6265:Wavelet
6098:General
5265:Plug-in
5059:L space
4838:Cluster
4539:Moments
4357:Outline
3953:Bibcode
3787:3046478
3718:Bibcode
3645:3750305
3603:1094152
3551:5898894
3336:1239896
3313:Bibcode
3286:8417479
3179:(1995).
3144:Bibcode
2973:Bibcode
2643:Bibcode
2241:Ecology
2213:Poisson
2197:RT-qPCR
2193:RNA-Seq
2177:alleles
1643:p-value
1637:p-value
1348:Result
845:operons
600:samples
587:during
523:of the
519:in all
427:species
415:biology
236:Caltech
143:p-value
56:History
46:biology
8088:India
8063:China
7935:Safety
7616:Worker
6768:Botany
6486:Census
6076:Normal
6024:Manova
5844:Robust
5594:2-way
5586:1-way
5424:-test
5095:
4672:Biplot
4463:Median
4456:Lehmer
4398:Center
4004:
3887:
3847:
3794:
3784:
3736:
3652:
3642:
3628:: 29.
3601:
3593:
3558:
3548:
3401:
3393:
3343:
3333:
3284:
3239:
3219:Nature
3164:
3136:Nature
3115:
3059:
3049:
3026:
3016:
2993:
2942:
2866:
2858:
2840:
2813:
2805:
2770:
2728:
2663:
2635:Nature
2439:MATLAB
2433:LAPACK
2358:GitHub
2335:Orange
2313:ASReml
2161:) and
2132:animal
1996:is in
1932:-means
1871:PubMed
1840:(esp.
1369:Median
1311:median
1305:Median
1299:Median
948:Brazil
669:tables
620:cohort
598:, the
561:plants
535:, and
492:, and
470:sample
439:genome
8113:U.S.
7957:HACCP
7906:Food
7798:-test
7790:-test
7376:Light
7361:Water
6110:Trend
5639:prior
5581:anova
5470:-test
5444:-test
5436:-test
5343:Power
5288:Pivot
5081:shape
5076:scale
4526:Shape
4506:Range
4451:Heinz
4426:Cubic
4362:Index
3745:(PDF)
3706:(PDF)
3599:S2CID
3471:"Top"
3399:S2CID
3282:S2CID
3264:arXiv
2864:S2CID
2811:S2CID
2690:(PDF)
2683:(PDF)
2423:SciPy
2417:NumPy
2412:NoSQL
2343:: An
2303:Tools
2205:exons
2002:prose
1879:dbSNP
1387:Mode
1342:Type
1035:, or
557:plots
521:plots
443:cells
413:. In
139:ANOVA
7889:WASH
7845:List
7833:List
7366:Soil
6343:Test
5543:Sign
5395:Wald
4468:Mode
4406:Mean
4002:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3845:ISBN
3792:PMID
3734:PMID
3650:PMID
3591:PMID
3556:PMID
3391:PMID
3341:PMID
3237:PMID
3162:PMID
3113:ISSN
3057:OCLC
3047:ISBN
3024:OCLC
3014:ISBN
2991:ISSN
2940:ISBN
2856:PMID
2803:PMID
2768:PMID
2726:PMID
2661:PMID
2480:and
2392:and
2386:Java
2384:: A
2382:Weka
2280:and
2199:and
2174:gene
2134:and
2083:and
1998:list
1958:and
1927:and
1919:and
1911:and
1883:KEGG
1875:SNPs
1835:and
1792:and
1641:The
1625:The
1598:and
1354:Mean
1329:mode
1327:The
1317:Mode
1309:The
1053:The
1049:Mean
1043:Mean
1002:The
923:0.1
912:0.2
901:0.6
890:0.1
498:size
417:, a
399:i.e.
389:The
329:test
200:and
153:for
149:and
103:and
95:and
7356:Air
5523:BIC
5518:AIC
4255:doi
4157:doi
4113:doi
3961:doi
3949:107
3782:PMC
3772:doi
3726:doi
3681:doi
3640:PMC
3630:doi
3583:doi
3579:123
3546:PMC
3538:doi
3381:doi
3377:213
3331:PMC
3321:doi
3309:102
3274:doi
3227:doi
3223:482
3152:doi
3140:531
3103:doi
2981:doi
2969:186
2848:doi
2795:doi
2760:doi
2718:doi
2651:doi
2639:456
2406:SQL
2364:SAS
2130:In
1800:).
1751:by
1602:.
1390:2,
1153:).
671:or
618:or
594:In
386:).
382:â ÎŒ
378:: Ό
366:= Ό
362:: Ό
242:."
215:in
8318::
4253:.
4249:.
4231:.
4213:.
4195:.
4177:.
4155:.
4151:.
4133:.
4111:.
4107:.
4049:.
4025:.
3981:.
3959:.
3947:.
3928:.
3910:.
3899:^
3790:.
3780:.
3768:11
3766:.
3762:.
3740:.
3732:.
3724:.
3714:22
3712:.
3708:.
3675:.
3671:.
3648:.
3638:.
3624:.
3620:.
3597:.
3589:.
3577:.
3554:.
3544:.
3534:50
3532:.
3528:.
3509:.
3491:.
3473:.
3455:.
3437:.
3419:.
3397:.
3389:.
3375:.
3371:.
3353:^
3339:.
3329:.
3319:.
3307:.
3303:.
3280:.
3272:.
3260:23
3258:.
3235:.
3221:.
3217:.
3192:.
3160:.
3150:.
3138:.
3134:.
3111:.
3099:33
3097:.
3093:.
3055:.
3022:.
2989:.
2979:.
2967:.
2963:.
2922:^
2912:.
2901:^
2885:.
2862:.
2854:.
2846:.
2834:23
2832:.
2809:.
2801:.
2791:15
2789:.
2766:.
2756:22
2754:.
2738:^
2724:.
2714:31
2712:.
2698:^
2685:.
2659:.
2649:.
2637:.
2633:.
2608:.
2243:,
2219:.
2169:).
2127:.
2052:,
2048:,
2044:,
1812:,
1649:(H
1515:(H
1443:Ï.
1039:.
1031:,
1027:,
1018:A
1010:.
972:A
920:1
917:5
909:2
906:4
898:6
895:3
887:1
884:2
879:0
876:0
873:1
622:.
591:.
567:,
563:,
531:,
500:.
488:,
464:.
358:(H
323:(H
307:.
282:,
270:,
141:,
111:.
91:,
8152:)
8148:(
7796:Z
7788:t
7337:)
7333:(
7163:e
7156:t
7149:v
6664:e
6657:t
6650:v
5468:G
5442:F
5434:t
5422:Z
5141:V
5136:U
4338:e
4331:t
4324:v
4261:.
4257::
4235:.
4217:.
4181:.
4163:.
4159::
4137:.
4119:.
4115::
4067:.
4053:.
4035:.
4010:.
3985:.
3967:.
3963::
3955::
3932:.
3914:.
3893:.
3853:.
3798:.
3774::
3728::
3720::
3689:.
3683::
3677:1
3656:.
3632::
3626:9
3605:.
3585::
3562:.
3540::
3495:.
3459:.
3441:.
3423:.
3405:.
3383::
3347:.
3323::
3315::
3288:.
3276::
3266::
3243:.
3229::
3202:.
3168:.
3154::
3146::
3119:.
3105::
3063:.
3030:.
2997:.
2983::
2975::
2948:.
2916:.
2895:.
2870:.
2850::
2817:.
2797::
2774:.
2762::
2732:.
2720::
2667:.
2653::
2645::
2618:.
2360:.
2349:S
2341:R
2274:.
2165:(
2023:)
2019:(
2005:.
1930:k
1877:(
1796:(
1774:)
1768:(
1763:)
1759:(
1745:.
1659:0
1651:0
1621:.
1567:0
1517:0
1469:Ï
1465:Ï
1461:Ï
1457:r
1453:Ï
1398:3
1381:3
1375:3
1362:4
1281:n
1275:n
1271:x
1267:+
1261:+
1256:2
1252:x
1248:+
1243:1
1239:x
1232:=
1228:)
1221:i
1217:x
1210:n
1205:1
1202:=
1199:i
1190:(
1184:n
1181:1
1176:=
1167:x
1140:n
1116:n
1112:x
1108:+
1102:+
1097:3
1093:x
1089:+
1084:2
1080:x
1076:+
1071:1
1067:x
827:N
822:i
818:f
812:=
807:i
803:n
773:n
769:f
765:+
762:.
759:.
756:.
753:+
748:3
744:f
740:+
735:2
731:f
727:+
722:1
718:f
714:=
711:N
559:(
384:2
380:1
376:1
368:2
364:1
360:0
352:0
345:O
333:O
325:0
188:.
174:.
166:F
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.