59:
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or retinal degenerative disorders, the retina typically remains unchanged from birth until death. Due to its unique and unchanging nature, the retina appears to be the most precise and reliable biometric, aside from DNA. The
National Center for State Courts estimate that retinal scanning has an error
142:
caught up, the concept for a retinal scanning device emerged in 1975. In 1976, Robert "Buzz" Hill formed a corporation named EyeDentify, Inc., and made a full-time effort to research and develop such a device. In 1978, specific means for a retinal scanner was patented, followed by a commercial model
612:
151:
Because of the relative obscurity and "high tech" nature of retinal scans, they are frequently used as a device in fiction to suggest that an area has been particularly strongly secured against intrusion. Some notable examples include:
180:(1966), Batman describes to Robin how the tiny vessels in the retina are unique to the individual, and by utilizing the portable retina scan device in the Batmobile, they confirm the identity of the Penguin.
137:
The idea for retinal identification was first conceived by
Carleton Simon and Isadore Goldstein and was published in the New York State Journal of Medicine in 1935. The idea was ahead of its time, but once
275:
by using two devices: one which apparently hooks onto a victim's eyeball, and another which receives signals from the first to holographically reconstruct the retina to fool the scanner.
626:
293:
Retinal scanners are typically used for authentication and identification purposes. Retinal scanning has been utilized by several government agencies including the
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into a person’s eye as they look through the scanner's eyepiece. This beam of light traces a standardized path on the retina. Because retinal
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The error rate for fingerprint identification can be as high as 1 in 500, whereas a retinal scan boasts an error rate of 1 in 10,000,000.
202:
video game series, the scientists of Black Mesa are frequently shown operating retinal scanners to access locked doors or hidden devices.
262:
video game series, retinal scanners are used to identify agents within the Third
Echelon and guards within military/business complexes.
121:
absorb light more readily than the surrounding tissue, the amount of reflection varies during the scan. The pattern of variations is
803:
642:
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294:
249:
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610:, "Apparatus and method for identifying individuals through their retinal vasculature patterns", issued 1977-01-17
258:
773:
491:
Retina and Iris Scans. Encyclopedia of
Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. Copyright © 2004 by The Gale Group, Inc.
298:
305:, and has also been used in prisons. Retinal scanning also has medical application. Communicable illnesses such as
219:
783:
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267:
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90:, each person's retina is unique, making retinal scans an emerging authentication method. The network of
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by John
Brunner (1965), a retinal scanner is used to access a Remote Control Centre at a spaceport.
823:
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2012 International
Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT)
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162:(1982), Admiral Kirk gains access to top secret computer files by use of a retinal scan.
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284:, Simon Phoenix deceives a retinal scanner by taking the eyeball from a prison doctor.
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also affects the eyes. Likewise, indications of chronic health conditions such as
448:
189:
Charles Xavier uses a retinal scanner to unlock
Cerebro. This is bypassed by the
460:
401:
354:
318:
508:
Understanding Public
Perceptions: Trust and Engagement in ICT-mediated Services
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blood vessels. It is not to be confused with other ocular-based technologies:
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issues first appear in the eyes. Retinal scanning is sometimes confused with
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342:
213:
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83:
79:
35:
627:"Why retina scanning works better for James Bond than it ever would for us"
193:
Mystique assuming his form and
William Stryker using an unknown mechanism.
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A retinal scan is performed by casting an unperceived beam of low-energy
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Highly reliable because no two people have the same retinal pattern
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in the retina is not entirely genetically determined and thus even
672:"Iris Recognition vs. Retina Scanning – What are the Differences?"
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75:
67:
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Speedy results: Identity of the subject is verified very quickly
306:
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715:
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Subject being scanned must be very close to the camera optics
361:, which has been employed for a wider scope of applications.
394:
Measurement accuracy can be affected by a disease such as
62:
A close-up view of the controls of a Topcon retinal camera
449:"Retinal scan recognition using wavelet energy entropy"
511:. International Engineering Consortium. p. 153.
101:
Although retinal patterns may be altered in cases of
447:
Vora, Rita A.; Bharadi, V A; Kekre, H B (Oct 2012).
400:
Measurement accuracy can also be affected by severe
271:, characters gain access to a quantity of very rare
406:
Scanning procedure is perceived by some as invasive
253:(2000) utilize or try to deceive retinal scanners.
38:technique that uses unique patterns on a person's
660:"Retinal Scans Do More Than Let You In The Door."
78:that is located in the posterior portion of the
378:Extremely low (almost 0%) false negative rates
727:
574:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 123–141,
8:
734:
720:
712:
554:"Eye Prints," TIME Magazine, Dec. 16, 1935
82:. Because of the complex structure of the
16:Biometric method for identity verification
542:Retinography: How Retinal Scanning Works.
19:For diagnostic retinal examination, see
439:
501:Cofta, Piotr; Furnell, Steven (2008).
46:, commonly called an "iris scan", and
698:"Iris recognition vs retina scanning"
674:, M2SYS Blog on Biometric Technology.
7:
649:Wcu.Edu. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
14:
804:Handwritten biometric recognition
375:Low occurrence of false positives
98:do not share a similar pattern.
159:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
183:In the comic book film series
1:
165:In the science fiction novel
774:Biometric voter registration
640:Iris/Retinal Identification.
566:Hill, Robert “Buzz” (1999),
110:rate of one in ten million.
86:that supply the retina with
461:10.1109/iccict.2012.6398120
886:
556:. Retrieved on 2008-04-10.
18:
749:
50:that uses scleral veins.
687:Retrieved on 2009-06-11.
662:Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
544:Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
347:congestive heart failure
205:Characters in the films
645:April 26, 2007, at the
580:10.1007/0-306-47044-6_6
568:"Retina Identification"
503:"Use of Biometric Data"
250:Charlie's Angels (film)
769:Biometric tokenization
455:. IEEE. pp. 1–6.
63:
834:Signature recognition
779:Eye vein verification
764:Biometrics in schools
281:Demolition Man (film)
208:Never Say Never Again
61:
48:eye vein verification
702:www.bytechplanet.com
658:O staff, Courtney.
839:Speaker recognition
754:Biometric passports
412:High equipment cost
327:hereditary diseases
220:Mission: Impossible
824:Private biometrics
814:Keystroke dynamics
339:sickle cell anemia
147:In popular culture
64:
21:Fundus photography
857:
856:
789:Forensic podiatry
683:Roberts, Chris.
589:978-0-387-28539-9
470:978-1-4577-2078-9
341:affect the eyes.
278:In the 1993 film
265:In the 2012 film
70:retina is a thin
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809:Iris recognition
784:Face recognition
759:Biometric points
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428:Iris recognition
359:iris recognition
125:and stored in a
44:iris recognition
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844:Soft biometrics
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647:Wayback Machine
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351:atherosclerosis
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238:Minority Report
168:The Long Result
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96:identical twins
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115:infrared light
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25:Ophthalmoscopy
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13:
10:
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2:
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849:Vein matching
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799:Hand geometry
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794:Gait analysis
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423:Vein matching
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389:Disadvantages
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365:Pros and cons
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259:Splinter Cell
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191:shape-shifter
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174:In the movie
173:
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160:
156:In the movie
155:
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153:
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130:
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119:blood vessels
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92:blood vessels
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829:Retinal scan
828:
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685:"Biometrics"
679:
667:
654:
635:
621:
603:
593:, retrieved
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524:29 September
522:. Retrieved
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323:Lyme disease
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268:The Avengers
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76:neural cells
65:
54:Introduction
32:retinal scan
31:
29:
402:astigmatism
355:cholesterol
325:as well as
319:chicken pox
247:(2003) and
241:(2002) and
84:capillaries
74:made up of
870:Biometrics
743:Biometrics
595:2020-11-14
572:Biometrics
434:References
370:Advantages
232:Entrapment
140:technology
396:cataracts
343:Pregnancy
226:Barb Wire
214:GoldenEye
199:Half-Life
143:in 1981.
123:digitized
36:biometric
864:Category
643:Archived
479:17203983
417:See also
335:lymphoma
331:leukemia
311:syphilis
244:Paycheck
235:(1999),
229:(1996),
223:(1996),
217:(1995),
211:(1983),
127:database
107:glaucoma
103:diabetes
315:malaria
273:iridium
256:In the
196:In the
133:History
614:
586:
515:
477:
467:
353:, and
337:, and
301:, and
177:Batman
72:tissue
40:retina
475:S2CID
329:like
186:X-Men
88:blood
68:human
34:is a
584:ISBN
526:2014
513:ISBN
465:ISBN
321:and
307:AIDS
303:NASA
289:Uses
66:The
23:and
576:doi
457:doi
299:CIA
295:FBI
80:eye
866::
700:.
582:,
570:,
528:.
505:.
473:.
463:.
451:.
349:,
333:,
317:,
313:,
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30:A
735:e
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704:.
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578::
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459::
27:.
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