1451:, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED, HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEAM limits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs. MAS Certified Green is a registered trademark to delineate low VOC-emitting products in the marketplace. The MAS Certified Green Program ensures that any potentially hazardous chemicals released from manufactured products have been thoroughly tested and meet rigorous standards established by independent toxicologists to address recognized long-term health concerns. These IAQ standards have been adopted by and incorporated into the following programs:
1498:
criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. O&M staff should aim to establish best practices in energy efficiency, resource conservation, ecologically sensitive products and other sustainable practices. Education of building operators and occupants is key to effective implementation of sustainable strategies in O&M services.
1185:
795:
the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green building also refers to saving resources to the maximum extent, including energy saving, land saving, water saving, material saving, etc., during the whole life cycle of the building, protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, comfortable and efficient use of space, and being in harmony with nature. Buildings that live in harmony; green building technology focuses on low consumption, high efficiency, economy, environmental protection, integration and optimization.â
83:
961:
1316:
their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site.
859:(BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged, or networked to support decision-making regarding a building or other built asset. Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses, and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, railways, bridges, ports, and tunnels.
1014:
4901:
2073:
1634:", the U.S. Green Building Council gives another specific example of how commercial energy retrofits increase worker health and thus productivity, "People in the U.S. spend about 90% of their time indoors. EPA studies indicate indoor levels of pollutants may be up to ten times higher than outdoor levels. LEED-certified buildings are designed to have healthier, cleaner indoor environmental quality, which means health benefits for occupants."
122:
2087:
1852:
performance of buildings. It identifies and describes issues to be taken into account when using methods for the assessment of environmental performance for new or existing building properties in the design, construction, operation, refurbishment and deconstruction stages. It is not an assessment system in itself but is intended be used in conjunction with, and following the principles set out in, the ISO 14000 series of standards.
984:, even if the most energy-efficient, environmentally sound methods are used in design and construction. Bioclimatic design principles are able to reduce energy expenditure and by extension, carbon emissions. Bioclimatic design is a method of building design that takes local climate into account to create comfortable conditions within the structure. This could be as simple as constructing a different shape for the
713:
727:
1002:
1297:
demand response measures might lower household electricity bills by 7% to 12% in advanced economies and nearly 20% in developing ones, with smart device installations nearly doubling by 2030. The US could see a 116 GW reduction in peak demand, 80 million tonnes less CO2 per year by 2030, and save between USD 100 billion and USD 200 billion over twenty years with grid-interactive buildings. In
2059:
1117:(LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental, social and economic concerns by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Impacts taken into account include (among others)
1712:
their own. They will also reuse waste, implements sustainable transportation, and produce their own food. Green villages have been identified as a way to decentralize sustainable climate practices, which may prove key in areas with high rural or scattered village populations, such as India, where 74% of the population lives in over 600,000 different villages.
1093:, materials efficiency, indoor environmental quality enhancement, operations and maintenance optimization and waste and toxics reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.
33:
1212:
1469:
surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.
1729:), is the fourth in a series of such reports. The IPCC was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation.
1621:, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times as much over the entire life of the building. In regards to the financial benefits of green building, "Over 20 years, the financial payback typically exceeds the additional cost of
1786:
reporting that is broadly relevant to all organizations regardless of size, sector, or location. The
Guidelines contain principles and guidance as well as standard disclosures â including indicators â to outline a disclosure framework that organizations can voluntarily, flexibly, and incrementally, adopt.
1777:
The
Project Sustainability Management Guidelines are structured with Themes and Sub-Themes under the three main sustainability headings of Social, Environmental and Economic. For each individual Sub-Theme a core project indicator is defined along with guidance as to the relevance of that issue in the
1143:
Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings (ISO 14040 provides a recognized LCA methodology), it is not yet a consistent requirement of green building rating systems and codes, despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts
1773:
The
International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Project Sustainability Management Guidelines were created in order to assist project engineers and other stakeholders in setting sustainable development goals for their projects that are recognized and accepted by as being in the interests
1646:
As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of organizations have developed standards, codes and rating systems for use by government regulators, building professionals and consumers. In some cases, codes are written so local governments can adopt them as
1497:
No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green
1331:
is the tallest building in
Philadelphia. It is also one of the tallest buildings in the USA that is LEED Certified. Their environmental engineering consists of a hybrid central chilled water system which cools floor-by-floor with steam instead of water. Burn's Mechanical set-up the entire renovation
1180:
The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the
1625:
by a factor of 4-6 times. And broader benefits, such as reductions in greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants have large positive impacts on surrounding communities and on the planet." The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from more
1378:
version is available, however options with lower yields of pollutive waste entertain ideas of upcycling and congregate supplementing; replacing traditional concrete mixes with slag, production waste, and aggregates. Insulation also sees multiple angles for substitution. Commonly used fiberglass has
1315:
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase
794:
throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green
Building practice expands and complements
1785:
The
Reporting Framework contains the core product of the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, as well as Protocols and Sector Supplements. The Guidelines are used as the basis for all reporting. They are the foundation upon which all other reporting guidance is based, and outline core content for
1637:
Studies have shown over a 20-year life period, some green buildings have yielded $ 53 to $ 71 per square foot back on investment. Confirming the rentability of green building investments, further studies of the commercial real estate market have found that LEED and Energy Star certified buildings
1468:
Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold
1296:
accounting for 20% of 2023 vehicle sales, and a potential doubling of China's peak electricity demand by mid-century. India's air conditioner ownership could see a tenfold rise by 2050, causing a sixfold increase in peak electricity demand, which could be halved with efficient practices. By 2050,
1192:
However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design
1711:
At the beginning of the 21st century, efforts were made to implement the principles of green building, not only for individual buildings, but also for neighborhoods and villages. The intent is to create zero energy neighborhoods and villages, which means they're going to create all the energy on
1480:
Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet.
1440:
The Indoor
Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal
1851:
ISO/TS 21931:2006, Sustainability in building constructionâFramework for methods of assessment for environmental performance of construction worksâPart 1: Buildings, is intended to provide a general framework for improving the quality and comparability of methods for assessing the environmental
1681:
Green building codes and standards, such as the
International Code Council's draft International Green Construction Code, are sets of rules created by standards development organizations that establish minimum requirements for elements of green building such as materials or heating and cooling.
1104:
is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site
1629:
Numerous studies have shown the measurable benefit of green building initiatives on worker productivity. In general it has been found that, "there is a direct correlation between increased productivity and employees who love being in their work space." Specifically, worker productivity can be
1525:
When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste â
1230:
As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance â and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database
Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower
1801:
The IPD Environment Code was launched in
February 2008. The Code is intended as a good practice global standard for measuring the environmental performance of corporate buildings. Its aim is to accurately measure and manage the environmental impacts of corporate buildings and enable property
938:
Glass buildings, especially all-glass skyscrapers, contribute significantly to climate change due to their energy inefficiency. While these structures are visually appealing and allow abundant natural light, they also trap heat, necessitating increased use of air conditioning systems, which
1544:
Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized
1506:
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to
1417:
A 2022 report from the Boston Consulting Group found that, investments in developing greener forms of cement, iron, and steel lead to bigger greenhouse gas reductions compared with investments in electricity and aviation. In addition, the process of making cement without producing
1792:
Sector Supplements respond to the limits of a one-size-fits-all approach. Sector Supplements complement the use of the core Guidelines by capturing the unique set of sustainability issues faced by different sectors such as mining, automotive, banking, public agencies and others.
1781:
The Sustainability Reporting Framework provides guidance for organizations to use as the basis for disclosure about their sustainability performance, and also provides stakeholders a universally applicable, comparable framework in which to understand disclosed information.
1488:
Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that determine the indoor air quality. Extensive investigation of such processes is the subject of indoor air scientific research and is well documented in the journal Indoor Air.
862:
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective of green buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:
1158:
Although LCA is often perceived as overly complex and time-consuming for regular use by design professionals, research organizations such as BRE in the UK and the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute in North America are working to make it more accessible.
1476:
will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.
1048:
construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the
1151:. LCA is also included as a pilot credit in the LEED system, though a decision has not been made as to whether it will be incorporated fully into the next major revision. The state of California also included LCA as a voluntary measure in its 2010 draft
914:
found 12 sustainably-designed buildings that cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were overall more satisfied with the building than those in typical commercial buildings. These are eco-friendly buildings.
1760:
is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which
1088:
While the practices or technologies employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: siting and structure design efficiency, energy efficiency,
1226:
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption â both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.
1243:, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (
1085:, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using low-impact building materials or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of groundwater.
988:
or facing the building towards the south to maximize solar exposure for energy or lighting purposes. Given the limitations of city planned construction, bioclimatic principles may be employed on a lesser scale, however it is still an effective
979:
of building as the building sector has the greatest potential to deliver significant cuts in emissions at little or no cost. General guidelines can be summarized as follows: Every building should be as small as possible. Avoid contributing to
1626:
efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. It is projected that different sectors could save $ 130 billion on energy bills. Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost deductions.
1541:", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.
1410:) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through
1802:
executives to generate high quality, comparable performance information about their buildings anywhere in the world. The Code covers a wide range of building types (from offices to airports) and aims to inform and support the following;
2876:
Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a method used to evaluate the environmental impact of a product through its life cycle encompassing extraction and processing of the raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, use, recycling, and final
1398:
than concrete and steel if produced in a sustainable way just as steel can be produced more sustainably through improvements in technology (e.g. EAF) and energy recycling/carbon capture(an underutilized potential for systematically
1904:
put forward the slogan "sustainable development" for the first time. At the same time, the energy-saving building system was gradually improved, and it was widely used in developed countries such as Germany, Britain, France and
1040:", published in 1962, is considered to be one of the first initial efforts to describe sustainable development as related to green building. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more
1674:(India) help consumers determine a structure's level of environmental performance. They award credits for optional building features that support green design in categories such as location and maintenance of building site,
3159:
IEA (2024), More efficient and flexible buildings are key to clean energy transitions, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/commentaries/more-efficient-and-flexible-buildings-are-key-to-clean-energy-transitions, Licence: CC BY
1549:
plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in LĂźbeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create
1234:
To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra
1060:
Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of
1774:
of society as a whole. The process is also intended to allow the alignment of project goals with local conditions and priorities and to assist those involved in managing projects to measure and verify their progress.
899:. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of
2420:
1588:
When sustainable building features are designed, constructed and operated efficiently, peak demand can be reduced so that there is less desire for electricity network expansion and there is less impact onto
3083:
Gan, Vincent J. L.; Lo, Irene M. C.; Ma, Jun; Tse, K. T.; Cheng, Jack C. P.; Chan, C. M. (May 1, 2020). "Simulation optimisation towards energy efficient green buildings: Current status and future trends".
1485:
recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.
953:
According to Global status report from the year 2016, buildings consume more than 30% of all produced energy. The report states that "Under a below 2°C trajectory, effective action to improve building
1789:
Protocols underpin each indicator in the Guidelines and include definitions for key terms in the indicator, compilation methodologies, intended scope of the indicator, and other technical references.
1741:
works to facilitate the transition to low-carbon societies, support climate proofing efforts, improve understanding of climate change science, and raise public awareness about this global challenge.
1630:
significantly impacted by certain aspects of green building design such as improved lighting, reduction of pollutants, advanced ventilation systems and the use of non-toxic building materials. In "
4318:
Pivo, Gary; Fisher, Jeffrey D. Investment Returns from Responsible Property Investments: Energy Efficient, Transit-oriented and Urban Regeneration Office Properties in the US from 1998-2008. 2009.
950:
released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world's total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
1921:
In 1992, because the "United Nations Conference on Environment and Development" promoted the idea of sustainable development, green buildings gradually became the direction of development.
2537:
1522:. The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.
4677: : how to plan and build an affordable, energy-efficient and waterwise home for the future / Josh Byrne. - ISBN 9781743795828 . - Richmond, Vic. : Hardie Grant Books, 2020.
4449:
957:
could limit building final energy demand to just above current levels, meaning that the average energy intensity of the global building stock would decrease by more than 80% by 2050".
939:
contribute to higher carbon emissions. Experts advocate for design modifications and potential restrictions on all-glass edifices to mitigate their detrimental environmental impact.
1843:
IPD estimate that it will take approximately three years to gather significant data to develop a robust set of baseline data that could be used across a typical corporate estate.
1277:
Energy efficiency for green buildings can be evaluated from either numerical or non-numerical methods. These include use of simulation modelling, analytical or statistical tools.
4064:
3420:
1908:
In 1982 Per and Maria Krusche, et al. published an ecological approach to architecture in "Ăkologisches Bauen" (ecological buildings) for the German Federal Environment Agency.
1350:
Building materials typically considered 'green' include lumber( that has been certified to a third-party standard), rapidly renewable plant materials (like bamboo and straw),
4138:
Miller, Wendy; Liu, Lei Aaron; Amin, Zakaria; Gray, Matthew (2018). "Involving occupants in net-zero-energy solar housing retrofits: An Australian sub-tropical case study".
4419:
4321:
4730:
3510:
2132:
904:
4176:
4357:
923:
Buildings represent a large part of energy, electricity, water and materials consumption. As of 2020, they account for 37% of global energy use and energy-related CO
2427:
4244:
2445:"2020 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero-emissions, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector - Executive Summary"
1193:
variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.
3852:
4650:
Prochorskaite A, Couch C, Malys N, Maliene V (2016) Housing Stakeholder Preferences for the "Soft" Features of Sustainable and Healthy Housing Design in the UK.
3910:
2192:
927:
emissions, which the United Nations estimate contributed to 33% of overall worldwide emissions. Including the manufacturing of building materials, the global CO
798:
90:
3024:
2566:
1140:
approach, which assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment, toward the scientific evaluation of actual performance through LCA.
1147:
In North America, LCA is rewarded to some extent in the Green Globes rating system, and is part of the new American National Standard based on Green Globes,
758:
931:
emissions were 39%. If new technologies in construction are not adopted during this time of rapid growth, emissions could double by 2050, according to the
4573:
3712:
4960:
4934:
2842:
Ilgin, Mehmet Ali; Gupta, Surendra M. (2010). "Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO): A Review of the State of the Art".
1057:, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.
1638:
achieve significantly higher rents, sale prices and occupancy rates as well as lower capitalization rates potentially reflecting lower investment risk.
4674:
3442:
5232:
1726:
814:
74:
2512:
1482:
2394:
1518:
To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website
4299:
Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. Green Noise or Green Value? Measuring the Effects of Environmental Certification on Office Property Values. 2009.
3990:
1274:
can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.
842:
4340:
2545:
4723:
2502:"2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction Towards a zero-emissions, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector"
2197:
253:
3531:
Lee, Young S; Guerin, Denise A (2010). "Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified buildings in the US".
3265:
2410:
Allen, E, & Iano, J. (2008). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
1184:
4665:
3240:
3135:
2754:
2665:
2479:
1690:
1394:
Furthermore, embodied energy comparisons can help deduce the selection of building material and its efficiency. Wood production emits less CO
4441:
3764:
4615:
3733:
2009:
1912:
1320:
and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and
932:
802:
4046:
3942:
1511:. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as
4302:
4071:
5237:
4266:
3571:
2019:
1678:, energy, and building materials, and occupant comfort and health. The number of credits generally determines the level of achievement.
1289:
3412:
2737:
Mao, Xiaoping; Lu, Huimin; Li, Qiming (2009). "A Comparison Study of Mainstream Sustainable/Green Building Rating Tools in the World".
2710:
2288:
1749:
The Greenhouse Gas Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations
5036:
4192:
3892:
2897:
855:
is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places.
4644:
580:
5222:
4945:
4716:
2325:
Hu M, Skibniewski MJ (April 22, 2021). "A Review of Building Construction Cost Research: Current Status, Gaps and Green Buildings".
2313:
830:
400:
1370:
can be used in substitution to common building materials with high degrees of energy consumption and carbon/harmful emissions. For
3917:
2790:
5247:
4411:
4319:
3031:
2212:
813:(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) for buildings and large-scale developments or the DGNB System (
751:
188:
3502:
2820:
2618:
121:
5026:
4950:
4923:
4803:
4773:
1762:
1407:
911:
821:
is conducting research on the effects of green buildings on the health and productivity of their users and is working with the
444:
3198:
4173:
4119:. 7th International Conference on Energy and Environment of Residential Buildings, 20â24 November 2016, Brisbane, Australia.
3387:
2960:
Pushkar, S; Becker, R; Katz, A (2005). "A methodology for design of environmentally optimal buildings by variable grouping".
2004:
1897:
In 1975, the Swiss PLENAR-group published the concept of an energy efficient house in "PLENAR: Planning-Energy-Architecture".
1581:, kWh). Green buildings or sustainable buildings are often capable of saving electrical energy but not necessarily reducing
82:
4364:
5217:
5212:
2500:
Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction; International Energy Agency; United Nations Environment Programme (2019).
2101:
1240:
990:
856:
852:
273:
3419:. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (F&ES), University of Washington's College of the Environment.
1725:
Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (
5227:
4236:
4015:
3966:
2237:
1989:
1317:
943:
818:
3844:
5252:
4808:
2024:
1984:
1281:
947:
806:
787:
744:
3785:
1901:
1577:(W). It shows how fast electrical energy is consumed. Residential electricity is often charged on electrical energy (
4540:
3650:
5166:
5105:
2574:
1464:
The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA) in their levelÂŽ sustainability standard.
1244:
960:
614:
4088:
Otterpohl, Ralf; Grottker, Matthias; Lange, JĂśrg (1997). "Sustainable water and waste management in urban areas".
3679:
2308:
Yan Ji and Stellios Plainiotis (2006): Design for Sustainability. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
1327:
Large commercial buildings with water and energy efficiency can qualify for an LEED Certification. Philadelphia's
817:) which benchmarks the sustainability performance of buildings, indoor environments and districts. Currently, the
5161:
5146:
4879:
4763:
2202:
2137:
1994:
1448:
976:
878:
717:
293:
3876:
5151:
5095:
4864:
4849:
4823:
4739:
4565:
4337:
Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. An Investigation of the Effect of Eco-Labeling on Office Occupancy Rates. 2009.
3708:
3592:
2182:
1999:
1606:
1341:
1122:
1045:
666:
604:
278:
233:
223:
153:
3822:
3621:
3171:
5242:
4874:
4859:
4844:
2368:
2232:
2162:
2014:
1025:
731:
609:
599:
303:
238:
42:
2686:
1675:
86:
US EPA Kansas City Science & Technology Center. This facility features the following green attributes:
5141:
4869:
4838:
4828:
4753:
4634:
2501:
2167:
2147:
1361:
838:
695:
504:
489:
437:
298:
218:
946:, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km) of land in the United States are developed. The
5053:
5020:
4889:
4483:
3475:
2389:
2252:
1602:
1411:
1375:
1114:
539:
484:
474:
313:
228:
3982:
2711:"World's second largest building, Shanghai Tower, achieves LEED Platinum | U.S. Green Building Council"
1597:. These sustainable features can be good orientation, sufficient indoor thermal mass, good insulation,
805:
for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings which was developed by the
3003:
1875:
wrote the book "Design Integrates Nature", which marked the official birth of ecological architecture.
5191:
5121:
5111:
5048:
4984:
4798:
4768:
4389:
4338:
4216:
Fedrizzi, Rick, "Intro â What LEED Measures." United States Green Building Council, October 11, 2009.
4147:
3540:
3296:
3093:
3057:
3048:
Simpson, J.R. (November 2002). "Improved Estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use".
2969:
2851:
2247:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1206:
965:
954:
673:
568:
412:
318:
178:
70:
2950:
Hegazy, T. (2002). Life-cycle stages of projects. Computer-Based Construction Project Management, 8.
2459:
1573:
are built based on peak demand (another name is peak load). Peak demand is measured in the units of
1013:
907:. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.
47:
5176:
5171:
5126:
5085:
5015:
4900:
3269:
2227:
2127:
2112:
1570:
1345:
1248:
1236:
1216:
1041:
494:
360:
343:
288:
143:
131:
69:
This article is about sustainable construction principles. For the building on the MIT campus, see
51:
4660:(6th ed.). Canberra, ACT: Australia. Dept. of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. 2021.
4994:
4976:
4965:
4929:
4884:
4854:
4518:
4471:
3756:
3369:
3322:
3246:
3117:
2760:
2157:
2078:
1598:
1444:
1435:
1310:
1285:
1175:
1101:
1097:
1062:
1054:
896:
892:
791:
375:
203:
113:
4697:
3741:
2890:"ISO 14040:2006(en) Environmental management â Life cycle assessment â Principles and framework"
1915:
published the "Our Common Future" report, which established the idea of sustainable development.
1388:
4050:
3934:
3896:
1472:
Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed
1391:
perform more efficiently, however, use may be limited by transportation or installation costs.
5257:
5041:
4918:
4661:
3962:
WBDG Sustainable Committee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from
3361:
3314:
3236:
3109:
2867:
2750:
2661:
2475:
2342:
2309:
1887:
1617:
The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price.
1526:
building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.
1473:
1006:
985:
887:
is a similar concept, usually on a smaller scale and focusing on the use of locally available
449:
365:
4270:
3872:
WBDG Sustainable Committee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved October 28, 2009, from
3567:
1631:
1366:, and other non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable products. Materials with lower
1301:, a smart neighborhood demonstrated 35% to 45% energy savings compared to traditional homes.
5136:
5090:
5057:
5031:
5005:
4955:
4939:
4793:
4788:
4758:
4172:
Kats, Gregory. (September 24, 2010). Costs and Benefits of Green Buildings . Retrieved from
4155:
4120:
4097:
3548:
3353:
3304:
3228:
3101:
3065:
2977:
2931:
2859:
2742:
2653:
2467:
2334:
2280:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2187:
2177:
2117:
2072:
1967:
1534:
1379:
competition from other eco-friendly, low energy embodying insulators with similar or higher
1255:
1202:
1090:
1001:
888:
884:
871:
826:
556:
551:
385:
370:
331:
283:
258:
198:
4196:
2889:
1667:
1247:) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.
5156:
5131:
4999:
4989:
4683:/ Michael Mobbs. - 2nd ed. - Sydney, NSW : UNSW Press, 2010. - ISBN 978-1-920705-52-7
4496:
4344:
4325:
4306:
4180:
4174:
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2010/09/24/205805/costs-and-benefits-of-green-buildings/#
3970:
3880:
3488:
2398:
1659:
1590:
1367:
1351:
1181:
total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project.
1130:
1118:
308:
263:
193:
809:. Other certificate systems that confirm the sustainability of buildings are the British
66:
Structures and processes of building structures that are more environmentally responsible
4151:
3544:
3300:
3097:
3061:
2973:
2855:
5062:
4833:
4778:
2798:
2608:
Goodhew S 2016 Sustainable Construction Processes A Resource Text. John Wiley & Son
2567:"Wasteful steel-and-glass buildings fuel global climate injustice, says climate expert"
2471:
2092:
1594:
1555:
1328:
1017:
900:
678:
651:
624:
592:
575:
454:
213:
4655:
4101:
4014:
Kats, Greg; Alevantis, Leon; Berman, Adam; Mills, Evan; Perlman, Jeff (October 2003).
3136:"More efficient and flexible buildings are key to clean energy transitions â Analysis"
3069:
833:) Market Transformation Program and certification. There are also other tools such as
5206:
4818:
4783:
4629:
4475:
3373:
3326:
3250:
3121:
2828:
2064:
1925:
1894:
to emerge, and energy-saving buildings became the forerunner of building development.
1879:
1618:
1578:
1126:
1066:
1037:
1033:
690:
656:
563:
546:
427:
417:
268:
3341:
2919:
2764:
2444:
1685:
Some of the major building environmental assessment tools currently in use include:
1461:
The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) in their Best Practices Manual
1324:
for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.
5181:
5100:
3552:
3340:
Kuittinen, Matti; Zernicke, Caya; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette (March 11, 2021).
3202:
2981:
2152:
1883:
1865:
1706:
1293:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1050:
1020:, the tallest and largest LEED Platinum certified building in the world since 2015.
981:
629:
514:
183:
148:
4470:
Kadave, P.; Pathak, P.; Pawar, S. (2012). "Planning and Design of Green Village".
4159:
3357:
3342:"How can carbon be stored in the built environment? A review of potential options"
3105:
2863:
2657:
1458:
The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) in their section 01350 standards
2620:
Towards zero-emission efficient and resilient buildings GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2016
1861:
In the 1930s, geothermal hot water district heating of houses started in Iceland.
5116:
3983:"Building Operations and Maintenance Services - GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool"
3309:
3284:
3232:
3201:. California Integrated Waste Management Board. January 23, 2008. Archived from
2645:
2242:
1582:
1551:
1267:
1259:
1220:
1029:
846:
726:
634:
509:
459:
422:
405:
390:
208:
4225:
Green building impacts worker productivity. (2012). CAD/CAM Update, 24(5), 7-8.
4124:
3467:
3285:"Studies on eco-friendly concrete incorporating industrial waste as aggregates"
2746:
1284:(IEA) highlighted that buildings are responsible for about 30% of global final
4680:
4649:
4065:"Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 5 Durability and Adaptability"
2172:
2054:
1891:
1872:
1702:
1559:
1530:
1512:
1263:
1078:
822:
644:
469:
464:
432:
395:
380:
163:
4022:
3963:
3365:
3318:
3113:
2346:
1136:
In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from a
5186:
4909:
3413:"Using more wood for construction can slash global reliance on fossil fuels"
2538:"Experts call for ban on glass skyscrapers to save energy in climate crisis"
2142:
2058:
1953:
1932:
1757:
1538:
1455:
The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) in their LEED rating system
1355:
1321:
499:
479:
248:
158:
4708:
3283:
Palankar, Nitendra; Ravi Shankar, A. U.; Mithun, B. M. (December 1, 2015).
2920:"Life-Cycle Assessment and the Environmental Impact of Buildings: A Review"
2871:
1231:
embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete, or steel.
1032:) crisis and environmental pollution concerns of the 1960s and 1970s. The
17:
3793:
1918:
In 1990, the world's first green building standard was released in the UK.
3755:(CalRecycle), California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery.
3658:
2338:
2122:
2106:
1622:
1508:
1371:
639:
524:
519:
173:
168:
138:
3223:
Jonkers, Henk M (2007). "Self Healing Concrete: A Biological Approach".
2595:
5010:
4657:
Your home : Australia's guide to environmentally sustainable homes
3911:"Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 6 Health and Wellbeing"
2036:
2032:
2028:
1298:
1271:
786:) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are
661:
619:
355:
338:
4047:"In Business magazine Green Builders Get Big Help from Deconstruction"
3687:
3025:"Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 3 Energy Conservation"
2936:
3873:
2040:
1946:
1939:
1663:
1651:
1546:
1144:
are critical to the design of environmentally responsible buildings.
969:
834:
810:
350:
4442:"THE NETHERLANDS WILL SOON BE HOME TO A SELF-SUSTAINING ECO VILLAGE"
4300:
3600:
3227:. Springer Series in Materials Science. Vol. 100. p. 195.
1211:
870:
Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity (see
4117:
Community centre improvement to reduce air conditioning peak demand
3814:
3629:
3503:"Sustainable Facilities Tool: Relevant Mandates and Rating Systems"
3468:"Towards a sustainable cement industry. Substudy 8: climate change"
3443:"Plant-based meat by far the best climate investment, report finds"
2777:
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. N.p.: Houghton Mifflin, 1962. Print.
2421:"GSA Public Buildings Service Assessing Green Building Performance"
849:
and the Green Building Index (GBI) predominantly used in Malaysia.
2687:"Bioclimatic architecture, buildings that respect the environment"
1960:
1671:
1210:
1183:
1149:
ANSI/GBI 01-2010: Green Building Protocol for Commercial Buildings
1012:
1000:
959:
585:
81:
2918:
Khasreen, Mohamad; Banfill, Phillip F.; Menzies, Gillian (2009).
2626:. Global Alliance for Buildings and construction. 2016. p. 8
2360:
1971:
1738:
1655:
1574:
1188:
Exterior Light Shelves - Green Office Building, Denver, Colorado
683:
4712:
4594:
4290:
Langdon, Davis. The Cost of Green Revisited. Publication. 2007.
2739:
2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science
2644:
Watson, Donald (2013), Loftness, Vivian; Haase, Dagmar (eds.),
1422:
is unavoidable. However, using pozzolans clinkers can reduce CO
942:
Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the
4686:
4115:
Liu, Lei; Ledwich, Gerard; Miller, Wendy (November 22, 2016).
1647:
bylaws to reduce the local environmental impact of buildings.
1292:. It noted the tripling of heat pump sales from 2015 to 2022,
26:
4703:
4566:"Is this 3D-printed home made of clay the future of housing?"
4704:
National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NaBERS)
3172:"4 Main Health & Green Building Benefits For Homeowners"
1383:(per inch of thickness) at a competitive price. Sheep wool,
4412:"SmartHood: the self-sufficient neighborhood of the future"
4237:"Linking Green Buildings, Productivity and the Bottom Line"
3893:"Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America Home Remodelling"
2995:
2044:
1882:
caused various building energy-saving technologies such as
1554:
that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting
1166:
offers ratings for 1,500 building materials based on LCA.
4381:
4692:
4358:"Naturally:wood Building Green and the Benefits of Wood"
1959:
In 2015, according to the Berkeley National Laboratory,
1812:
Communicating a commitment to environmental improvement
1519:
4645:
Sustainable Architecture at the Open Directory Project
4510:
4265:
United States Green Building Council (July 27, 2012).
3845:"Health Risks Associated With Poor Indoor Air Quality"
3289:
International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment
1963:
implemented the "Green Building Evaluation Standards".
1332:
of the 58 story, 1.4 million square foot sky scraper.
3388:"Five actions to improve the sustainability of steel"
4195:. California Sustainability Alliance. Archived from
2996:"NREL: U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database Home Page"
867:
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
5072:
4975:
4908:
4746:
4511:"IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
4016:The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings
3757:"Green Building HomeGreen Building: Section 01350"
1966:In 2021, the first, both low-cost and sustainable
1868:proposed a new concept of ecological architecture.
1239:in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy,
1005:Blu Homes mkSolaire, a green building designed by
2133:Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability
1562:is also more costly in energy than this process.
905:public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment
815:Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂźr Nachhaltiges Bauen e.V.
4541:"History of the hot water / Saga heita vatnsins"
1426:emission while in the process of making cement.
4698:Housing Industry Association. GreenSmart Awards
3193:
3191:
3466:Humphreys, K.; Mahasenan, M. (March 1, 2002).
1077:equipment, and using plants and trees through
4724:
2785:
2783:
2460:"Building Energy Efficiency in Cold Climates"
2361:"EDGE Buildings | Build and Brand Green"
2193:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
1716:International frameworks and assessment tools
831:Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies
799:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
752:
8:
2819:WBDG Sustainable Committee (March 8, 2018).
2509:UN environment programme Document Repository
1765:. The number 21 refers to the 21st century.
1691:International Green Construction Code (IGCC)
1483:The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America
2327:Green Building & Construction Economics
975:Green building practices aim to reduce the
4731:
4717:
4709:
4539:ReykjavĂk Energy / Orkuveita ReykjavĂkur.
3964:http://www.wbdg.org/design/optimize_om.php
3266:"Building Materials: Cementing the Future"
2732:
2730:
2401:Transition Culture. Retrieved: 2007-03-30.
759:
745:
120:
104:
3308:
2935:
2652:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 1â30,
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
1280:In a report published in April 2024, the
75:The Green Building (Louisville, Kentucky)
4824:Environmentally healthy community design
2511:. United Nations Environment Programme.
2464:Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies
1956:initiated the "BCA Green Building Mark".
1430:Indoor environmental quality enhancement
1028:can be traced to the energy (especially
4009:
4007:
3272:on 2008-12-05 – via www.time.com.
2265:
1928:created the Green Building Association.
1833:Information systems and data population
1493:Operations and maintenance optimization
1362:copper sustainability and recyclability
843:Global Sustainability Assessment System
112:
4693:Renew : leading in sustainability
4492:
4481:
4267:"The Business Case for Green Building"
3484:
3473:
3411:Dennehymarch, Kevin (March 31, 2014).
2198:List of low-energy building techniques
1821:Performance assessment and measurement
1650:Green building rating systems such as
1566:Reduce impact onto electricity network
1170:Siting and structure design efficiency
1053:of existing structures. Also known as
254:List of low-energy building techniques
73:. For the building in Louisville, see
4687:Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme
2646:"Bioclimatic Designbioclimaticdesign"
1827:Acquisition and disposal of buildings
1515:to reduce matter going to landfills.
7:
3734:"LEED - U.S. Green Building Council"
2109:â high density ecological structures
2010:Green building in the United Kingdom
1949:introduced green building standards.
1942:introduced green building standards.
1935:introduced green building standards.
1632:The Business Case for Green Building
4599:International Active House Alliance
3935:"Indoor Air - Wiley Online Library"
3815:"About ÂŤ BIFMA level Standard"
3566:KMC Controls (September 24, 2015).
3441:Carrington, Damian (July 7, 2022).
2844:Journal of Environmental Management
2020:Green building in the United States
1737:United Nations Environment Program
853:Building information modeling (BIM)
4961:waste-water treatment technologies
4382:"ICC - International Code Council"
3874:http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php
3786:"Best Practices Manual - CHPS.net"
3264:GUMBEL, PETER (December 4, 2008).
2573:. October 19, 2019. Archived from
2472:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10190-3
1913:United Nations Environment Program
1806:Creating an environmental strategy
1778:context of an individual project.
933:United Nations Environment Program
25:
4946:agricultural wastewater treatment
1864:In the 1960s, American architect
1809:Inputting to real estate strategy
5233:Buildings and structures by type
4899:
3568:"What's Your IQ on IAQ and IEQ?"
3170:Lockhart, Olga (February 2019).
2213:National Green Building Standard
2085:
2071:
2057:
1763:humans impact on the environment
1697:Green neighborhoods and villages
993:to reduce environmental impact.
903:, others do, especially through
725:
712:
711:
189:Energy efficiency implementation
31:
5027:List of energy storage projects
4951:industrial wastewater treatment
4804:Environmental impact assessment
4774:Environmental impact assessment
4576:from the original on 2021-06-06
4521:from the original on 2017-09-15
4452:from the original on 2021-11-23
4422:from the original on 2021-01-26
4410:Graaf, Florijn (May 23, 2018).
4392:from the original on 2010-09-14
4247:from the original on 2021-05-10
3993:from the original on 2015-07-02
3945:from the original on 2012-03-19
3855:from the original on 2020-02-09
3825:from the original on 2013-12-05
3767:from the original on 2013-12-12
3715:from the original on 2013-12-05
3574:from the original on 2021-04-12
3513:from the original on 2014-07-14
3423:from the original on 2021-08-15
3006:from the original on 2009-03-18
2900:from the original on 2016-06-17
2536:Tapper, James (July 28, 2019).
2518:from the original on 2020-10-21
2371:from the original on 2019-11-20
2291:from the original on 2021-03-28
1902:World Conservation Organization
1818:Environmental improvement plans
1558:emission. Producing artificial
1441:quality, and lighting quality.
1408:Environmental Protection Agency
1065:, e.g., using sunlight through
912:General Services Administration
891:. Other related topics include
877:Reducing waste, pollution, and
445:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4675:The Sustainable house handbook
4193:"Green Buildings - Challenges"
3680:"BREEAM - Eurofins Scientific"
3553:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.10.019
2982:10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.09.004
2791:"Components of Green Building"
2650:Sustainable Built Environments
2466:, Elsevier, pp. 149â157,
2005:Green building in South Africa
1251:further reduces energy costs.
825:to promote Green Buildings in
1:
4416:Amsterdam smart city platform
4235:BouĂŠ, George (July 8, 2010).
4160:10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.008
4102:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00190-X
3358:10.1080/00038628.2021.1896471
3106:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120012
3086:Journal of Cleaner Production
3070:10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00028-2
2864:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.037
2658:10.1007/978-1-4614-5828-9_225
2102:Alternative natural materials
1721:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
1241:passive solar building design
1164:Green Guide to Specifications
1153:Green Building Standards Code
919:Reducing environmental impact
274:Passive solar building design
4635:Resources in other libraries
4090:Water Science and Technology
3651:"LEED - Eurofins Scientific"
3593:"LEED - Eurofins Scientific"
3346:Architectural Science Review
2238:World Green Building Council
1990:Green building in Bangladesh
1871:In 1969, American architect
1839:Team and personal objectives
1815:Creating performance targets
1658:(United States and Canada),
1318:Point of use water treatment
944:National Resources Inventory
819:World Green Building Council
4809:Environmental impact design
4347:Retrieved: November 5, 2010
4328:Retrieved: November 5, 2010
4309:Retrieved: November 5, 2010
3939:www.blackwellpublishing.com
3843:Faith, S. (April 4, 2018).
3622:"HQE - Eurofins Scientific"
3310:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.05.002
3233:10.1007/978-1-4020-6250-6_9
2825:Whole Building Design Guide
2025:The Model home 2020 project
1985:Green building in Australia
1836:Compliance with regulations
1403:in the built environment).
1282:International Energy Agency
948:International Energy Agency
901:retrofitting existing homes
857:Building information models
807:U.S. Green Building Council
788:environmentally responsible
732:Renewable energy portal
450:Renewable energy transition
57:Proposed since August 2024.
40:It has been suggested that
5274:
5238:Sustainable urban planning
5167:High-performance buildings
2747:10.1109/ICMSS.2009.5303546
2391:A Natural Way of Building.
1700:
1537:, several options exist. "
1449:volatile organic compounds
1433:
1339:
1308:
1200:
1173:
910:A 2009 report by the U.S.
68:
5162:Heat recovery ventilation
5147:Environmental remediation
4897:
4764:Climate smart agriculture
4630:Resources in your library
3709:"IAQ Green Certification"
2203:Living Building Challenge
2138:Deconstruction (building)
1995:Green building in Germany
1979:Green building by country
1607:energy management systems
1096:On the aesthetic side of
879:environmental degradation
294:Sustainable refurbishment
5223:Sustainable architecture
5152:Glass in green buildings
5096:sustainable architecture
4740:Environmental technology
4125:10.4225/50/58107ce163e0c
4021:(Report). Archived from
3533:Building and Environment
2962:Building and Environment
2797:. US EPA. Archived from
2183:Glass in green buildings
2000:Green building in Israel
1642:Regulation and operation
1605:, smart building (home)
1601:, thermal or electrical
1529:To reduce the impact on
1342:Sustainable architecture
1123:global warming potential
1046:environmentally friendly
279:Sustainable architecture
234:Glass in green buildings
224:Environmental technology
154:Compact fluorescent lamp
5248:Sustainable development
3199:"Green Building Basics"
2821:"Sustainable: OVERVIEW"
2233:Tropical green building
2163:Green building and wood
2015:Green building in India
1974:-mixture was completed.
1733:UNEP and Climate change
1026:sustainable development
997:Goals of green building
600:Human-powered transport
304:Tropical green building
239:Green building and wood
91:LEED 2.0 Gold certified
43:Green building and wood
5142:Environmental movement
4839:Sustainability science
4829:Public interest design
4754:Appropriate technology
4491:Cite journal requires
3483:Cite journal requires
3225:Self Healing Materials
2596:"Buildings â Analysis"
2168:Green Building Council
2148:Environmental planning
1824:Life cycle assessments
1603:energy storage systems
1535:water treatment plants
1412:energy rebate programs
1223:
1189:
1021:
1010:
972:
696:Personal rapid transit
438:Tidal stream generator
299:Thermal energy storage
219:Environmental planning
102:
5021:hydrogen technologies
4935:Solid waste treatment
3761:www.calrecycle.ca.gov
2458:Nord, Natasa (2017),
2365:www.edgebuildings.com
2253:Zero heating building
1701:Further information:
1676:conservation of water
1254:Onsite generation of
1219:with a turf roof and
1214:
1187:
1115:life cycle assessment
1109:Life cycle assessment
1016:
1004:
963:
784:eco-friendly building
540:Sustainable transport
485:Floating wind turbine
314:Zero heating building
229:Fossil fuel phase-out
85:
5218:Building engineering
5213:Sustainable building
5192:Water heat recycling
5122:Efficient energy use
5112:Conservation biology
5049:Sustainable lighting
4985:Efficient energy use
4799:Environmental Design
4769:Environmental design
3050:Energy and Buildings
2339:10.37256/gbce.212021
2248:Zero-energy building
1797:IPD Environment Code
1571:Electricity networks
1336:Materials efficiency
1207:Zero-energy building
977:environmental impact
780:sustainable building
674:Personal transporter
569:Wind-powered vehicle
413:Marine current power
319:Zero-energy building
179:Efficient energy use
71:Green Building (MIT)
50:into this article. (
5228:Low-energy building
5177:Nature conservation
5172:Land rehabilitation
5127:Energy conservation
5016:carbon-neutral fuel
4924:dispersion modeling
4440:Salzano, Miabelle.
4152:2018SoEn..159..390M
3545:2010BuEnv..45.1104L
3301:2015IJSBE...4..378P
3098:2020JCPro.25420012G
3062:2002EneBu..34.1067S
2974:2005BuEnv..40.1126P
2856:2010JEnvM..91..563I
2281:"Basic Information"
2228:Sustainable habitat
2128:Building insulation
2113:Autonomous building
1856:Development history
1830:Supplier management
1599:photovoltaic panels
1374:a high performance
1346:Material efficiency
1249:Solar water heating
1217:Findhorn Ecovillage
1162:In the UK, the BRE
1063:renewable resources
964:Hanging gardens of
845:(GSAS) used in the
801:(LEED) is a set of
361:Carbon-neutral fuel
289:Sustainable habitat
144:Building insulation
132:Energy conservation
108:Part of a series on
5253:Sustainable design
4995:Energy development
4977:Sustainable energy
4966:water purification
4930:Industrial ecology
4546:. ReykjavĂk Energy
4343:2011-02-21 at the
4324:2011-07-24 at the
4305:2021-11-23 at the
4179:2014-03-24 at the
3969:2010-02-17 at the
3879:2009-12-23 at the
3819:levelcertified.org
2397:2008-02-03 at the
2388:Hopkins, R. 2002.
2158:Green architecture
2079:Environment portal
1878:In the 1970s, the
1654:(United Kingdom),
1445:Indoor Air Quality
1436:Indoor air quality
1354:, recycled stone,
1311:Water conservation
1290:electricity demand
1286:energy consumption
1224:
1190:
1176:Sustainable design
1105:renewable energy.
1102:sustainable design
1098:green architecture
1055:sustainable design
1022:
1011:
973:
897:green architecture
893:sustainable design
792:resource-efficient
776:green construction
376:Geothermal heating
204:Energy saving lamp
114:Sustainable energy
103:
98:Native Landscaping
5200:
5199:
5037:commercialization
4681:Sustainable house
4667:978-1-922125-78-1
4616:Library resources
4564:Palumbo, Jacqui.
3242:978-1-4020-6249-0
3056:(10): 1067â1076.
2937:10.3390/su1030674
2756:978-1-4244-4638-4
2667:978-1-4614-5828-9
2481:978-0-12-804792-7
1888:geothermal energy
1520:dontwastewood.com
1474:building envelope
1358:, recycled metal
1197:Energy efficiency
1007:Michelle Kaufmann
986:building envelope
955:energy efficiency
889:natural materials
769:
768:
366:Geothermal energy
64:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
5265:
5137:Energy recycling
5058:electric vehicle
5032:Renewable energy
5006:alternative fuel
4956:sewage treatment
4940:Waste management
4903:
4794:Energy recycling
4789:Electric vehicle
4759:Clean technology
4733:
4726:
4719:
4710:
4671:
4603:
4602:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4479:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4363:. Archived from
4362:
4354:
4348:
4335:
4329:
4316:
4310:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4269:. Archived from
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4189:
4183:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4070:. Archived from
4069:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4049:. Archived from
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4020:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3979:
3973:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3916:. Archived from
3915:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3895:. Archived from
3889:
3883:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3792:. Archived from
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3740:. Archived from
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3686:. Archived from
3684:www.eurofins.com
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3657:. Archived from
3655:www.eurofins.com
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3628:. Archived from
3626:www.eurofins.com
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3599:. Archived from
3597:www.eurofins.com
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3268:. Archived from
3261:
3255:
3254:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3030:. Archived from
3029:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2827:. Archived from
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2787:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2544:. Archived from
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2426:. Archived from
2425:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2322:
2316:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2277:
2223:Sustainable city
2218:Natural building
2208:Low-energy house
2188:Healthy building
2178:Green technology
2118:Biophilic design
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2061:
1968:3D printed house
1447:seeks to reduce
1305:Water efficiency
1288:and over 50% of
1256:renewable energy
1215:An eco-house at
1203:Low-energy house
1125:, resource use,
1091:water efficiency
1042:energy efficient
966:One Central Park
885:Natural building
872:healthy building
827:Emerging Markets
761:
754:
747:
734:
730:
729:
720:
715:
714:
552:Electric vehicle
401:Run-of-the-river
386:Hydroelectricity
371:Geothermal power
332:Renewable energy
284:Sustainable city
259:Low-energy house
199:Energy recycling
124:
105:
55:
35:
34:
27:
21:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5157:Green computing
5132:Energy recovery
5068:
5000:Energy recovery
4990:Electrification
4971:
4917:Air pollution (
4904:
4895:
4742:
4737:
4668:
4654:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4490:
4480:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4455:
4453:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4386:www.iccsafe.org
4380:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4345:Wayback Machine
4336:
4332:
4326:Wayback Machine
4317:
4313:
4307:Wayback Machine
4298:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4181:Wayback Machine
4171:
4167:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3996:
3994:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3971:Wayback Machine
3961:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3881:Wayback Machine
3871:
3867:
3858:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3482:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3243:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3142:. April 4, 2024
3134:
3133:
3129:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3007:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2757:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:Wayback Machine
2387:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2053:
1981:
1858:
1718:
1709:
1699:
1689:United States:
1644:
1615:
1613:Cost and payoff
1591:carbon emission
1568:
1504:
1502:Waste reduction
1495:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1397:
1368:embodied energy
1352:dimension stone
1348:
1338:
1313:
1307:
1209:
1201:Main articles:
1199:
1178:
1172:
1131:water pollution
1119:embodied energy
1111:
1024:The concept of
999:
930:
926:
921:
774:(also known as
765:
724:
723:
710:
703:
702:
542:
532:
531:
334:
324:
323:
309:Waste-to-energy
264:Microgeneration
194:Energy recovery
134:
101:
78:
67:
60:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5243:Sustainability
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5063:hybrid vehicle
5060:
5054:Transportation
5051:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4836:
4834:Sustainability
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:Green building
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Eco-innovation
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4652:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4621:Green building
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:External links
4608:
4605:
4604:
4595:"Active House"
4586:
4556:
4531:
4502:
4493:|journal=
4462:
4432:
4402:
4373:
4370:on 2012-05-29.
4349:
4330:
4311:
4292:
4283:
4257:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4184:
4165:
4130:
4107:
4080:
4077:on 2016-05-17.
4056:
4053:on 2008-11-21.
4038:
4003:
3974:
3955:
3926:
3923:on 2013-04-02.
3902:
3899:on 2011-04-22.
3884:
3865:
3835:
3806:
3777:
3747:
3744:on 2013-12-19.
3725:
3700:
3671:
3642:
3613:
3584:
3558:
3523:
3494:
3485:|journal=
3458:
3433:
3403:
3379:
3332:
3295:(2): 378â390.
3275:
3256:
3241:
3215:
3187:
3162:
3152:
3127:
3075:
3040:
3037:on 2012-07-22.
3016:
2987:
2952:
2943:
2930:(3): 674â701.
2924:Sustainability
2910:
2881:
2850:(3): 563â591.
2834:
2831:on 2020-03-10.
2811:
2795:Green Building
2779:
2770:
2755:
2726:
2702:
2678:
2666:
2636:
2610:
2601:
2587:
2558:
2528:
2492:
2480:
2450:
2436:
2433:on 2013-07-22.
2412:
2403:
2381:
2352:
2317:
2301:
2285:Green Building
2264:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:Housing portal
2082:
2068:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:made out of a
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1717:
1714:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1643:
1640:
1614:
1611:
1595:climate change
1567:
1564:
1556:greenhouse gas
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1401:storing carbon
1395:
1337:
1334:
1329:Comcast Center
1306:
1303:
1198:
1195:
1171:
1168:
1110:
1107:
1018:Shanghai Tower
998:
995:
991:passive method
928:
924:
920:
917:
882:
881:
875:
868:
841:in Australia,
829:through EDGE (
803:rating systems
772:Green building
767:
766:
764:
763:
756:
749:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
721:
705:
704:
701:
700:
699:
698:
688:
687:
686:
679:Rail transport
676:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
652:Roller skating
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
625:Cycle rickshaw
622:
612:
607:
597:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:
581:Human-electric
576:Hybrid vehicle
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
560:
559:
543:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
467:
462:
457:
455:Renewable heat
452:
447:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
347:
346:
335:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
244:Green building
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
214:Energy storage
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
130:
129:
126:
125:
117:
116:
110:
109:
100:
99:
96:
93:
87:
65:
62:
61:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5270:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5106:New Classical
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:refurbishment
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:Sustainable (
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Green vehicle
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Ecotechnology
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4609:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4542:
4535:
4532:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4463:
4451:
4448:. ARCHITECT.
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4403:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4273:on 2014-03-24
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4199:on 2010-12-19
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4028:on 2008-10-27
4024:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3854:
3850:
3849:Home Air Care
3846:
3839:
3836:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3796:on 2013-12-11
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3738:www.usgbc.org
3735:
3729:
3726:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3690:on 2018-10-01
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3661:on 2011-09-28
3660:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3632:on 2017-07-03
3631:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3603:on 2011-09-28
3602:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:(2): 91â107.
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3205:on 2009-12-10
3204:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2801:on 2008-10-31
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:. p. 1.
2740:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2716:
2715:www.usgbc.org
2712:
2706:
2703:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2577:on 2021-10-19
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2548:on 2019-07-28
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:7-112-08390-7
2311:
2305:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2065:Energy portal
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:United States
1924:In 1993, the
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:In 1987, the
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:In 1980, the
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:energy crisis
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:GHG Indicator
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:(Japan), and
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:Photovoltaics
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:kilowatt hour
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:electric cars
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:, and waste.
1132:
1128:
1127:air pollution
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:passive solar
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Silent Spring
1035:
1034:Rachel Carson
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
987:
983:
978:
971:
967:
962:
958:
956:
951:
949:
945:
940:
936:
934:
918:
916:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
876:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
742:
740:
739:
733:
728:
722:
719:
709:
708:
707:
706:
697:
694:
693:
692:
691:Rapid transit
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:Skateboarding
655:
653:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
577:
574:
570:
567:
565:
564:Solar vehicle
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:Green vehicle
545:
544:
541:
536:
535:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:Tidal barrage
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
418:Marine energy
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
328:
327:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Passive house
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
133:
128:
127:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
107:
106:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
5182:Permaculture
5101:New Urbanism
5080:
5073:Conservation
4865:food systems
4850:architecture
4813:
4656:
4620:
4598:
4589:
4578:. Retrieved
4569:
4559:
4548:. Retrieved
4534:
4523:. Retrieved
4514:
4505:
4484:cite journal
4465:
4454:. Retrieved
4445:
4435:
4424:. Retrieved
4415:
4405:
4394:. Retrieved
4385:
4376:
4365:the original
4352:
4333:
4314:
4295:
4286:
4275:. Retrieved
4271:the original
4260:
4249:. Retrieved
4240:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4201:. Retrieved
4197:the original
4187:
4168:
4143:
4140:Solar Energy
4139:
4133:
4116:
4110:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4072:the original
4059:
4051:the original
4041:
4030:. Retrieved
4023:the original
3995:. Retrieved
3986:
3977:
3958:
3947:. Retrieved
3938:
3929:
3918:the original
3905:
3897:the original
3887:
3868:
3857:. Retrieved
3848:
3838:
3827:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3798:. Retrieved
3794:the original
3790:www.chps.net
3789:
3780:
3769:. Retrieved
3760:
3750:
3742:the original
3737:
3728:
3717:. Retrieved
3703:
3692:. Retrieved
3688:the original
3683:
3674:
3663:. Retrieved
3659:the original
3654:
3645:
3634:. Retrieved
3630:the original
3625:
3616:
3605:. Retrieved
3601:the original
3596:
3587:
3576:. Retrieved
3561:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3515:. Retrieved
3506:
3497:
3476:cite journal
3461:
3450:. Retrieved
3447:The Guardian
3446:
3436:
3425:. Retrieved
3416:
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3382:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3270:the original
3259:
3224:
3218:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3179:. Retrieved
3175:
3165:
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3032:the original
3019:
3008:. Retrieved
3000:www.nrel.gov
2999:
2990:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2902:. Retrieved
2893:
2884:
2875:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:the original
2824:
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:the original
2794:
2773:
2738:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:
2705:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:
2681:
2671:, retrieved
2649:
2639:
2628:. Retrieved
2619:
2613:
2604:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2570:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:the original
2542:The Guardian
2541:
2531:
2520:. Retrieved
2508:
2495:
2485:, retrieved
2463:
2453:
2439:
2428:the original
2415:
2406:
2390:
2384:
2373:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2293:. Retrieved
2284:
2153:Geo-exchange
1884:solar energy
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1707:Green cities
1684:
1680:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1628:
1616:
1587:
1569:
1552:carbon sinks
1543:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1513:compost bins
1505:
1496:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1443:
1439:
1416:
1405:
1393:
1376:self-healing
1359:
1349:
1326:
1314:
1279:
1276:
1253:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:solar panels
1191:
1179:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:prescriptive
1137:
1135:
1112:
1095:
1087:
1083:rain gardens
1075:photovoltaic
1071:active solar
1059:
1051:retrofitting
1023:
974:
952:
941:
937:
922:
909:
883:
861:
851:
797:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
630:Kick scooter
615:Land vehicle
243:
184:Energy audit
149:Cogeneration
79:
56:
41:
5117:Ecoforestry
4875:procurement
4860:development
4845:agriculture
4515:www.ipcc.ch
3539:(5): 1104.
2968:(8): 1126.
2894:www.iso.org
2333:(1): 1â17.
1892:wind energy
1866:Paul Soleri
1769:FIDIC's PSM
1662:(Germany),
1583:peak demand
1268:hydro power
1260:solar power
1245:daylighting
1079:green roofs
847:Middle East
635:Quadracycle
490:Forecasting
423:Tidal power
406:Small hydro
391:Micro hydro
344:Sustainable
209:Energy Star
95:Green Power
18:Bioclimatic
5207:Categories
5086:insulation
5079:Building (
5042:transition
4885:technology
4870:industries
4580:2021-05-09
4550:2024-07-10
4525:2021-11-22
4456:2021-02-04
4426:2021-02-04
4396:2021-11-23
4277:2014-03-09
4251:2021-01-09
4203:2010-06-16
4032:2008-11-03
3997:2015-07-01
3987:sftool.gov
3949:2011-05-09
3859:2019-09-18
3829:2013-12-05
3800:2013-12-05
3771:2013-12-05
3719:2013-12-05
3694:2011-08-23
3665:2011-08-23
3636:2011-08-23
3607:2011-08-23
3578:2021-04-12
3517:2014-07-03
3507:sftool.gov
3452:2022-07-10
3427:2021-08-15
3397:2022-04-03
3392:www.ey.com
3209:2009-11-28
3181:2020-09-18
3146:2024-04-10
3092:: 120012.
3010:2011-04-23
2904:2021-02-24
2805:2008-11-03
2720:2021-12-10
2696:2022-04-03
2673:2023-07-12
2630:2022-04-01
2581:2021-09-07
2552:2023-09-07
2522:2020-10-20
2487:2022-04-04
2375:2019-09-18
2295:2021-04-14
2287:. US EPA.
2260:References
2173:Green home
1873:Ian McHarg
1847:ISO 21931
1703:Ecovillage
1560:fertilizer
1434:See also:
1389:ThermaCork
1340:See also:
1309:See also:
1264:wind power
1237:insulation
1174:See also:
1030:fossil oil
839:Green Star
823:World Bank
667:Watercraft
645:Velomobile
605:Helicopter
433:Tidal farm
396:Pico hydro
381:Hydropower
164:Eco-cities
5187:Recycling
4910:Pollution
4890:transport
4689:(NatHERS)
4476:130536873
3417:Yale News
3374:233617364
3366:0003-8628
3327:135944819
3319:2212-6090
3251:133848154
3122:214281706
3114:0959-6526
2691:Iberdrola
2347:2737-5021
2143:Eco hotel
1954:Singapore
1952:In 2005,
1945:In 2000,
1938:In 1999,
1933:Hong Kong
1931:In 1996,
1758:Agenda 21
1753:Agenda 21
1670:(Spain),
1539:Greywater
1509:landfills
1406:The EPA (
1385:cellulose
1356:hempcrete
1322:greywater
610:Hydrofoil
475:Community
249:Heat pump
159:Eco hotel
5258:Building
4574:Archived
4519:Archived
4450:Archived
4420:Archived
4390:Archived
4341:Archived
4322:Archived
4303:Archived
4245:Archived
4241:Greenbiz
4177:Archived
3991:Archived
3967:Archived
3943:Archived
3877:Archived
3853:Archived
3823:Archived
3765:Archived
3713:Archived
3572:Archived
3511:Archived
3421:Archived
3004:Archived
2898:Archived
2877:disposal
2872:19853369
2765:22176705
2571:phys.org
2513:Archived
2395:Archived
2369:Archived
2289:Archived
2243:YakhchÄl
2123:Building
2107:Arcology
2051:See also
1623:greening
1381:R-values
1372:concrete
1258:through
718:Category
640:Tricycle
525:Windpump
520:Windbelt
495:Industry
174:Ecolabel
169:Ecohouse
139:Arcology
5091:natural
5011:biofuel
4944:Water (
4919:control
4747:General
4446:Builder
4148:Bibcode
4146:: 390.
3541:Bibcode
3297:Bibcode
3176:PATHWAY
3094:Bibcode
3058:Bibcode
2970:Bibcode
2852:Bibcode
2447:. 2020.
2037:Germany
2033:Austria
2029:Denmark
1905:Canada.
1299:Alabama
1272:biomass
1036:book, "
662:Walking
620:Bicycle
593:Plug-in
557:Bicycle
515:Turbine
505:Outline
356:Biomass
339:Biofuel
52:Discuss
5004:Fuel (
4855:design
4664:
4618:about
4474:
3372:
3364:
3325:
3317:
3249:
3239:
3120:
3112:
2870:
2763:
2753:
2664:
2478:
2345:
2312:
2041:France
1947:Canada
1940:Taiwan
1890:, and
1664:CASBEE
1652:BREEAM
1547:biogas
1387:, and
1360:(see:
1073:, and
982:sprawl
970:Sydney
835:NABERS
811:BREEAM
716:
510:Rights
351:Biogas
48:merged
5081:green
4544:(PDF)
4472:S2CID
4368:(PDF)
4361:(PDF)
4096:(9).
4075:(PDF)
4068:(PDF)
4026:(PDF)
4019:(PDF)
3921:(PDF)
3914:(PDF)
3370:S2CID
3323:S2CID
3247:S2CID
3118:S2CID
3035:(PDF)
3028:(PDF)
2761:S2CID
2624:(PDF)
2516:(PDF)
2505:(PDF)
2431:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
1961:China
1672:GRIHA
1668:VERDE
1575:watts
1531:wells
1270:, or
782:, or
586:Twike
460:Solar
4662:ISBN
4497:help
3489:help
3362:ISSN
3315:ISSN
3237:ISBN
3110:ISSN
2868:PMID
2751:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2343:ISSN
2310:ISBN
1972:clay
1739:UNEP
1727:IPCC
1705:and
1660:DGNB
1656:LEED
1593:and
1344:and
1205:and
1044:and
895:and
790:and
684:Tram
500:Lens
480:Farm
470:Wind
465:Wave
4570:CNN
4156:doi
4144:159
4121:doi
4098:doi
3549:doi
3354:doi
3305:doi
3229:doi
3160:4.0
3140:IEA
3102:doi
3090:254
3066:doi
2978:doi
2932:doi
2860:doi
2743:doi
2654:doi
2468:doi
2335:doi
1533:or
1100:or
837:or
46:be
5209::
4597:.
4572:.
4568:.
4517:.
4513:.
4488::
4486:}}
4482:{{
4444:.
4418:.
4414:.
4388:.
4384:.
4243:.
4239:.
4154:.
4142:.
4094:35
4092:.
4006:^
3989:.
3985:.
3941:.
3937:.
3851:.
3847:.
3821:.
3817:.
3788:.
3763:.
3759:.
3736:.
3711:.
3682:.
3653:.
3624:.
3595:.
3570:.
3547:.
3537:45
3535:.
3509:.
3505:.
3480::
3478:}}
3474:{{
3445:.
3415:.
3390:.
3368:.
3360:.
3350:66
3348:.
3344:.
3321:.
3313:.
3303:.
3291:.
3287:.
3245:.
3235:.
3190:^
3174:.
3138:.
3116:.
3108:.
3100:.
3088:.
3064:.
3054:34
3052:.
3002:.
2998:.
2976:.
2966:40
2964:.
2926:.
2922:.
2896:.
2892:.
2874:.
2866:.
2858:.
2848:91
2846:.
2823:.
2793:.
2782:^
2759:.
2749:.
2729:^
2713:.
2689:.
2660:,
2648:,
2569:.
2540:.
2507:.
2474:,
2462:,
2367:.
2363:.
2341:.
2329:.
2283:.
2268:^
2045:UK
2043:,
2039:,
2035:,
2031:,
2027::
1886:,
1609:.
1585:.
1418:CO
1414:.
1266:,
1262:,
1155:.
1129:,
1121:,
1113:A
1081:,
1069:,
968:,
935:.
778:,
5108:)
5065:)
5056:(
5023:)
4968:)
4926:)
4892:)
4732:e
4725:t
4718:v
4700:.
4670:.
4601:.
4583:.
4553:.
4528:.
4499:)
4495:(
4478:.
4459:.
4429:.
4399:.
4280:.
4254:.
4206:.
4162:.
4158::
4150::
4127:.
4123::
4104:.
4100::
4035:.
4000:.
3952:.
3862:.
3832:.
3803:.
3774:.
3722:.
3697:.
3668:.
3639:.
3610:.
3581:.
3555:.
3551::
3543::
3520:.
3491:)
3487:(
3470:.
3455:.
3430:.
3400:.
3376:.
3356::
3329:.
3307::
3299::
3293:4
3253:.
3231::
3212:.
3184:.
3149:.
3124:.
3104::
3096::
3072:.
3068::
3060::
3013:.
2984:.
2980::
2972::
2940:.
2934::
2928:1
2907:.
2862::
2854::
2808:.
2767:.
2745::
2723:.
2699:.
2656::
2633:.
2598:.
2584:.
2555:.
2525:.
2470::
2378:.
2349:.
2337::
2331:2
2298:.
1424:2
1420:2
1396:2
1364:)
1009:.
929:2
925:2
874:)
760:e
753:t
746:v
77:.
54:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
